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e miljnonti exam :: literarna teorija1
STPART :: POETRY
PROSODY :: is the science of versification. Its a fairly broad
term that covers wide world of poetic terms, also of metre and
stanza formsPOETIC LANGUAGE/POETIC DICTION :: any form of
expressionof grammar which consists of FIGURES OF SPEECH. Figures
of speech are divided into othersubcategories; metaphoric
expressions, rhetorical devices and sound effects.FIGURES OF
SPEECH/FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE :: poetic language concerns any form of
expression or grammatical form which deviates from the most
generallanguageWHEREABOUTS OF THE POETS ::is the poet possibly in
the poem or does he reside outside the poem (is he a protagonist or
not)When I have fears that I may cease to be (e.g.) an
autobiographic poem. A poem in which the speaker of the poem is the
poet himself.The poem is alive. You have to treat it as something
eternal.THE IMPLIED READERSHIP OF THE POEM ::STATUS OF THE POEM IN
RELATION TO SOCIETY :: what position does a certain poem hold in
society. Poem having a certai n position in a society and in
aparticular society; whether the poem is critical or supportive
e.g. Steven Spender :P; Moving through the silent crowd critical
of social, political, economic circumstances; left wing authorafter
the WW2, political ideologicalmanifestoWalt Whitman; Leaves of
grass no criticismTHE STATUS OF THE POEM IN LITERARY TRADITION ::
every poem somehow follows the tradition and somehow breaks the
tradition.Shakespeare, Sonnet 130 very strongly against the
tradition of Elizabethan sonnets, he wanted to write a parodyEdmund
Spenser, Amoretti dead serious in his descriptionsSONORITY SONOROUS
:: which soundsASSONANCE :: repetition of vowels after the last
accented syllableCONSONANCE :: repetition of the same final
consonant in the accented syllables and neighbouring
wordsEUPHONYEUPHONIOUS :: sounds pleasantly, nice to the ear,
gentle, sweet, soft. Is a such a combination of words which sound
pleasantly smooth and musical tothe ear (s,,l normally produce this
euphony).CACOPHONY CACOPHONOUS :: the opposite of euphony, An
arrangement of words which create harsh sound and it doesnt sound
that smooth, its often hard topronounce. (r is used a lot for
examplethe raven)ALLITERATION :: a sequence of repeated consonant
sounds frosty fingersCOLLOCATION :: nonstandard c.(busy heart)
standard c. (weak heart)METAPHORS :: many phrases today dont
anymore stand as metaphors blue blood, new blood/old blood: new
personnel.JUXTAPOSITION :: to juxtapose a verb=to place side by
side, sopostavitev/sopostavljanjePERSONIFICATION :: the verb is
personifiedPOLYSYNDENTON::ANIMATION :: the verb is turned into an
animant oneONOMATOPOEIA ONOMATOPOETIC :: imitating the sounds from
nature. It comes from William Yeatss poem The Lake Isle of
ImmisfreeENJAMBMENT = RUN ON LINE :: semantic or grammatical
extension in the following lineINTER-DEPENDANCE :: every line
depends on another lineBLANK VERSE :: unrhymed iambic
pentameterEPIGRAM :: poem consisting of only one couplet (very
short)IRONY:: indispensable textual element; what distinguishes a
good writer from a bad one;- if you want to avoid being pathetic,
emphatic, sympathetic, youcan use irony and keep distance from the
topic; is more objective- the term refers to a contrast,
discrepancy between appearance or reality- can take a number of
different formsDRAMATIC IRONY :: a state of affairs known to the
reader,audience is the reverse what it is suppose to be(King
Oidipus-Sofokles)SITUATIONAL IRONY :: a set of circumstances is
reverseto what is expected appropriateVERBAL IRONY :: contrast
between what is literally said and what is meant; most common
denotative meaning; dictionary explanation connotative meaning ;
purpose of using a word, the usage
EXAGGERATION/HYPERBOLE/OVERSTATEMENT :: reading between the li
nes, take the opposite meaning from what it is said; a
specialeffect that has ahumorous touch; primarily to amuse the
readerUNDERSTATEMENT/FITOTES/MEIOSIS :: the opposite of hyperbole,
undervalues, underestimates, tells too littleINTERTEXTUALITY :: i
ntertextual link to other sources; complex inter-relationship
between a text and other texts (theyre in a complicated
relationship :P) taken asbasic of the creation or interpretation of
a textBATHOS :: sudden, unexpected changeAMBIGIUITY :: use of the
word that carries 2 or more different meanings, can be found also
in everyday situations although not always welcomed, in poetry
iswelcomed food for thought, it achieves also an i ronic effect;
ambiguity is achieved with homonym (a pun, wordplay)WORDPLAY :: -
homophony- relies on phonetic phonological properties; when you li
sten to a textHOMONYM :: same spelling or pronunciation, different
meaningA PARADOX :: ambigui ty that plays with ideas; statement
that is true in some sense but at first appears absurdand
contradictive; operates on a larger scale: on thetextual scale e.g.
the second comingsb walks somewhere to be bornOXIMORON :: when
expressed in 2 words (living dead, a little giant)METONIMYSIMILE ::
AS or LIKE .. The feature that bonds tenor and vehicle together is
TERTIUM COMPARATIONIS
ANADIPLOSIS _____x
x_____ANAPHORA x_____
x_____RHETORICAL QUESTION :: the answer isnt expected and its
presumed
GENRE :: 3 major genres; poetry, prose/fict ion, drama +
numerous subgenres(novel, sonnet, ... )
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- The action after starts close to the climax(crisis); often
begins in Ins medias res in the middle ofthings)- The plotis
reconstructed with flashbacks retrospective- Mush has happened
before the beginning and this is revealed- Characters depicted with
less detail - Has to be more suggestive more leading, directed
towards the ultimate goal, more compact - Choice ofthe narrative
perspective due to the shortage of space, normally 1
perspective
PLOT - what happens. Is the deliberately arranged sequence
ofinterrelated events which makes up its basic narrative structure.
Most plots have an identificiblebeginning, middle and plot . Some
kind of existing state of equilibrium or balance must be broken.
Most plots originate in some kind of conflict; eitherinternal
orexternal.. plotis open to infinite variety;the author does not
need to conform to patterns(the only pattern is his own). The only
requ irements: plot interestingINTERNAL CONFLICT :: within
protagonist, the issue in the protagonists self conflict ; 2 or
more elements are opposed in the protagonist himselfEXTERNAL
CONFLICT :: protagonistis placed against other forces 1)exposition
2)complication 3)crisis 4)falling action 5)resolution/conclusion
this plot structure is repeated in many chapters
Exposition;the beginning section in which the author provides
the necessary background information
Complication;the rising action, develops and intensifies the
conflictCrisis; climax, the moment of breaking, the turning point,
the momentin which the plot reaches the greatest point of emotional
intensityFalling action;the tension subsides, the plot moves
towards the conclusionResolution; recalls the outcome ofthe confl
ict and establishes balance
Highly plotted works; contain distinct stages and generally
follow the structure (detective works)The crisis does not need to
be atthe middle
External conflict .. form of opposition: - 2humans; protagonist
verses human adversary = antagonist -human and nature-human and
society
NARRATOLOGY :: science that explains narrative situations
confides all kinds of fields(linguistic, pragmatic)CONFLICT ::
basic opposition ortension that moves the story forward , arouses
the expectations in the readerDOUBLE CONFLICTS :: both atthe same
timeEPIPHANY :: sudden recognition ofthe state of affairs, sudden
revelation
CHARACTERS who acts .. CHARACTERIZATION ::- The relationship
between plot and characteris vital - Fiction provides with
immediate access to the characters and theirlives and wheneverthe
author withholds some info he provi des some other
crucialinformation- We are concerned with being able to establish:
personality, techniques, wheth erthe characters are credible and
convincing other elements come here and form a
unity :plot, setting, narrationCHARACTER:: any individualin a
literary work; portrayal of a characterin a certain degree,
significant character changePROTAGONIST = central/ main character;
+ and traitsANTAGONIST = person who strongly opposes sb/sth; more
difficultto identify, itis not a human being (hero or villain)
(?)ROUND CHARACTER= a lot of qualities, multidimensional
characteristics, considerable intellectual and emotional
capacities, can grow and change.FLAT CHARACTER= a single
characteristic idea orlimited number ofthem, one -dimensional, dont
grow and change, appears again and again, common in
stockcharacterDYNAMIC PROTAGONIST = in most novels, the events
slowly portray the change
SETTING : where and when do the events take place. Functions as
a background for an action ; as antagonist (partially in Eveline) ;
as a means of revealingcharacters(how character reacts, speaks
about his or her state); as a means of reinforcing them; as a means
of creating appropriate atmosphere
NARRATIVE PERSPECTIVE :: who sees whatTELLING :: direct
commentary by the author- Characterization through the use of names
and appearanceSHOWING :: characters evolve through dialogue what he
say, action what he does, tone of speaking, egoist/gossip,
circumstances: day/night reveals moreHERO/HEROINE :: person who is
admired by many people for doing something good or/and brave.
Person you admire because of part icular quality or skills.ANTIHERO
:: main characterin the story, but one who does not have the
qualities of a typical hero and is either more like an ordinary
person oris morally bad .
NARRATIVE PERSPECTIVE / POINT OF VIEW
3RD
PART :: PREGLED POEMS
