LIST OF TOPICS

SOURCES OF ENERGY

TUSHAR BHARDWAJ Page 1 9810445195, 7503684851

LIST OF TOPICS

1. RENEWABLE & NON RENEWABLE SOURCE

2. FOSSIL FUELS

3. WIND ENERGY

4. SOLAR ENERGY

5. OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY

6. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

7. NUCLEAR ENERGY

FUSION & FISSION

8. BIOMASS ENERGY

9. BIOGAS PLANT

SOURCES OF ENERGY


Energy defined as the capacity to do work. By the process of eating we

provide us energy to do various life activities such as walking, writing,

breathing, etc. A source of energy is that which is capable of providing

enough useful energy at a steady rate.

A GOOD SOURCE OF ENERGY SHOULD BE

Safe and convenient to use: nuclear energy can be used only by highly

trained engineers with the help of nuclear power plants. It cannot

Easy to transport: coal, petroleum, LPG, etc.

Easy to store: LPG, diesel, etc

CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES OF ENERGY

RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

These are those which are inexhaustible i.e. which can be replaced as we use

them and used to produce more energy again and again. It is estimated that

it provide 10% energy of world energy requirement. Such as: solar energy,

wind energy, water energy, etc.

ADVANTAGES

These sources will last as long as the earth receives light from the sun.

These sources are freely available in nature.

They do not cause pollution.

NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

These are those which are exhaustible and cannot be replaced once they

have been used. These sources accumulated in nature over a long period of

time. Such as: coal, oil, natural gas, etc.

ADVANTAGES Classification of sources of energy helps us to differentiate which non-

renewable sources of energy need to conserve for future generation.

SOURCES OF ENERGY


Certain sources are non-renewable has compelled us to look for

alternative sources of energy which in turn has accelerated the pace of

technologies suitable for harnessing new sources of energy.

DISADVANTAGES

Due to their extensive use, these sources are fast depleting.

These are major cause of environmental pollution.

CONVENTIONAL AND NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF

ENERGY

Conventional sources of energy are those which are used extensively

and meet a major portion of our energy requirement. Such as: fossil

fuels and hydro-energy (energy of flowing water)

Non-conventional sources of energy are those which are not used as

extensively as the conventional ones. They meet our energy

requirement only at a small scale. Such as the solar energy, nuclear

energy, etc.

FOSSIL FUELS

These are the remains of prehistoric plants and animals which got buried

deep inside the earth millions of years ago due to some natural processes.

Fossil fuel is the major source of energy for generating the electricity in

power plants.

COAL: It is the most abundant fossil fuel on the earth. It is mainly used as

combustion fuel. It is the complex mixture of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

and some free carbon. Small amount of sulphur and nitrogen compound.

COAL FORMATION

Coal is the product of plants which died millions year ago. The action of

certain bacteria causes release of oxygen and hydrogen and its residue rich

in carbon. As more material accumulated water squeeze out. Due to high

SOURCES OF ENERGY


temperature and pressure material becomes condensed and gases expelled

out. The proportion of carbon continued to increase till it slowly changed

into coal over a period of millions of years. This layer of carbon is called

PEAT and show 27% of carbon.

Apart from peat, there is three another type of coal: lignite (28% -

30%), bituminous (78% - 87%) and anthracite (94% - 98%).

When coal is burnt, carbon is present in it react with oxygen to produce

carbon-di-oxide and lots of heat.

Coke is produced when coal is heating strongly in absence of air. Coke has

high energy value and produce less smoke.

India has about 7% of world’s known coal reserves and these are mainly

found in Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. Coal supplies 50% of the

country’s total energy requirement.

USES OF COAL

It is used as fuel in industries

It is used to produce electricity.

It is used to manufacture of fuel gases like coal gas.

When coal is heating strongly in the absence of air it changes into coke.

It is better quality fuel than coal because it produces more heat.

PETROLEUM

It means the rock oil. It is a complex mixture of many compounds of

hydrogen and carbon which are called hydrocarbon. Small amount of other

compounds of carbon containing oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur are also

present in petroleum. Fractional distillation of petroleum gives rise to

petroleum gas petrol, diesel, kerosene and fuel oil.

Petroleum gas is used as fuel for domestic heating purposes in the form

of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).

SOURCES OF ENERGY


Fuel oil is a better fuel than coal because fuel oil burn completely and

does not leave any residue.

The main constituent for petroleum gas is Butane with small

proportion of propane & ethane. A strong smelling agent ethyl

mercaptan is added to LPG cylinder to help in detection of gas leakage.

Its caloric value is 50kj/g. it is clean fuel, it is easy to handle and store.

PETROLEUM FORMATION

When the aquatic plant and animal dies and they sink to the bottom of sea

and get buried in the layer of mud and sand. With the passage of time this

organic material sank deeper and deeper. Anaerobic reaction and heat of

earth help in conservation of material into oil. Oil move upwards and

trapped beneath impermeable rocks in the earth crust.

NATURAL GAS

Natural gas is formed under the earth by decomposition of vegetable matter

lying under water. It is an important fossil fuel and is usually found

underground near an oil source. It is lighter than air and mixture of methane

(95%), ethane propane & butane.

It occurs deep under the earth crust just above the petroleum deposit.

It is environment friendly fuel. CNG is a good alternative in comparison

of petrol and diesel. Largest reservoir for natural gas is Soviet Union.

USE OF NATURAL GAS

It is used as industrial fuel.

It is used as fuel in thermal power plants to generate electricity.

It has been a source of hydrogen in the manufacture

POLLUTION CAUSED BY THE FOSSILS FUEL

It produces the acidic gases such as sulphur-di-oxide and nitrogen

oxide.

It produces large amount of carbon-di-oxide which goes into the air.

SOURCES OF ENERGY


The burning of coal leaves lots of ash.

NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

1) WIND ENERGY

The energy possessed by wind due to its high speed is called wind energy.

Traditional use of wind energy has now been modified by improvement in

technology to generate electricity through wind power generator.

USES: It is used to pump water & To generate electricity.

MERITS OF WIND ENERGY

Its use does not cause any pollution.

It is renewable and sustainable source of energy.

Power generation is cheaper.

Wind Energy

Electricity

Wind Turbine

Pole

LIMITATIONS OF WIND ENERGY

Wind energy farm cannot be placed anywhere. They can be established

only at those places where wind blows throughout the year.

SOURCES OF ENERGY


Wind energy farm require large area.

Setting up of wind energy farm is very expensive.

India’s largest wind energy farm established near Kanyakumari in Tamil

Nadu can generates 380 MW electricity.

World’s most powerful wind turbine generator is installed at Orkney which

is one of the windiest place in british isles. The rotor has span of 60m, turns

at 34 rpm at a wind speed 7m/s to 27m/s and generates 3 MW of electrical

power.

Denmark called as country of wind that generates the 25% of its electrical

power requirement from wind energy.

2) SOLAR ENERGY

The energy obtain from the sun in the form of radiations is called solar

energy. The source of this energy in sun is nuclear fusion reaction. the solar

energy which reach to the ground absorbed by the water body, plants and

lands that cause the phenomenon like storm, wind, rain, snowfall & sea

wave. Approx distance of sun is 15 × 107km.

India receives solar energy equivalent to the 5 × 1021 KWh.

Daily average of solar energy varies from 4 to 7kwh/m2 in our country.

India receives solar energy equivalent to over 5000 trillion KWh/ year,

which is far more than the total energy consumption of country.

Solar constant is the amount of energy which falls in one second on a

one square metre area of the earth. The value of solar constant is

1.4kw/m2.

Solar energy device are those which uses solar energy. All solar energy

devices are designed in such a way that able to trap solar energy as

much possible.

ADVANTAGE OF SOLAR ENERGY

It is pollution free.

SOURCES OF ENERGY


It is available in abundance and that too without cost.

LIMITATION OF SOLAR ENERGY

A lot of costly equipment and infrastructure are required to put solar

energy to practical use.

It is not evenly distributed on the earth and becomes unavailable when

the sky is covered with the clouds.

SOLAR COOKER

The solar cooker is a device which is used to cook food by utilising the heat

energy that radiated by the sun. The temperature is about 100-1400C.

ADVANTAGES

It saves the fuel like coal, LPG, etc.

The use of solar cooker does not produce smoke.

During cooking level of its nutrients remains same.

LIMITATION

Solar cooker cannot be used during the night period.

The box-type solar cooker cannot be used for baking or for frying.

SOLAR CELL

It is a device which converts solar energy directly into electricity. It is made

up of silicon. First solar cell was designed in year 1954 and has capacity to

convert 0.7% of solar energy into electric energy. The best designed solar

cells can generate 240w/m2 in bright light.

Solar cell panel consist of a large number of solar cells joined together in a

definite pattern and provided with protective encapsulation.

ADVANTAGES

It is environment friendly.

It is available in abundance.

SOURCES OF ENERGY


It converts visible as well as infra-red radiation into electricity.

LIMITATION

The initial coast of installing is much high.

Material used in connecting the solar cells to form solar panel is costly.

The efficiency of energy conversion is low as compared to the other

device

USES

a) Domestic lining

b) Street lighting

c) Water pumping

d) Railway signals

e) Village electrification

3) OCEAN ENERGY SYSTEM

Ocean is large water body that covers 70.8% of earth’s total surface area and

hold about 1445 cubic km of saline water. The energy from sea can be

obtained mainly in three forms:

SOURCES OF ENERGY


A) Tidal energy

The energy derived from rising and falling ocean tides is called tidal energy.

Tides are due to gravitational pull of moon on water in the ocean. Water

level near coasts rises up and falls twice a day (the time interval b/w two

consecutive rises is 12h, 25min.)

The largest tide-powered plant is on the river Rance in France.

Estimated tidal power potential of India is about 15000MW. Some sites

are gulf of Cambay (7000Mw)etc

MERITS

It is inexhaustible and renewable sources of energy.

It is a pollution free source of energy.

It does not require large area.

LIMITATION

Due to variation in tidal range, the power output is variable.

There are very few suitable sites available for construction of dam.

WAVE ENERGY

The energy possessed by sea waves and ocean is called wave energy. The

unequal solar heating of the earth generates wind and wind blowing over

water generates waves.

SOURCES OF ENERGY


The wave energy potential of India is about 40000MW.

Total power available in the world from wave energy is roughly 2 to 3

million MW.

Merits

It is a pollution free source of energy.

It does not require large area.

It does not require a specific area; it can generate at any coastline.

LIMITATIONS

Power output is of variable nature.

Wave power is expansive with presently available technology.

By this marine animals affected.

OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY

Solar energy stored in the oceans in the form of heat is called ocean thermal

energy (OTE).

Sun warms the ocean water at the surface and the wave motion mixes

the warmed water to the depth of about 100m. This mixed warm layer

is separated from the deep cold water layer and the temperature

difference b/w these layers ranges from 10 to 300C.

World’s first OTEC plant with a capacity of 100MW is proposed off the

coast of Tamil Nadu.

a. Pressurised ammonia is vaporised in an evaporator. Through which

sea water (240c to 300c) flows.

b. Resulted becomes expanded through a turbine to generate electricity

with the help of a generator.

c. Cold ocean water (at 40c to 80c) is transported to the surface from

depth (from 800m to 1000m) and is used to condense ammonia

vapour through a condenser.

d. NH3 condensate & pumped back to the evaporator through a pump.

SOURCES OF ENERGY


Since ammonia circulates in closed loop. This OTEC power plant is called

closed cycle OTEC system.

The sun warms the water surface of ocean and wave motion mixes the

warmed water downwards to the depth of 100m. This mixed warm layer is

separated from the deep cold water layer and the temperature difference

b/w these layer ranges from 100C to 300C.

The process of harnessing thermal energy of sea called OTEC.

MERITS

It is pollution free and renewable sources of energy.

OTEC system does not have daily or seasonal variations in their output

as is the case with other solar energy devices.

OTEC is the one of the most clean power production technology.

LIMITATIONS

OTEC system requires a lot of capital investment.

Due to small temperature difference conversion efficiency is low.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

It is the heat of earth and is the naturally occurring thermal energy found

within the rock formations.

The total quantity of heat inside the earth is vast. This mainly due to

the molten core of earth. On earth there are certain hot spot areas

(bubbling mud holes, volcanoes, etc.).

These hot spot are formed when geological changes push the molten

rocks, called magma, upwards where it gets settled at some depths

below the surface of earth.

India has vast potential for geothermal power. North –

western Himalayas and western coast are considered geothermal

areas. Near about 350 hot water spring with average temperature of

800C to 1000C.

SOURCES OF ENERGY


ADVANTAGE

It is relatively inexpensive.

It can be harnessed 24 hours.

As compared to solar and wind energy its power is higher.

DISADVANTAGE

Overall power production is lower than the fossils fuel.

Noise pollution is caused by drilling.

NUCLEAR ENERGY

The energy obtained from the nucleus of an atom is called nuclear energy.

The source of energy is same in both types of nuclear reaction is same.

Certain mass is disappearing in this type of reaction mainly in the form of

energy.

The difference in the mass of reactant and product is called mass defect,

which appear in the form of nuclear energy according to Einstein by

equation: E = mc2 . This equation was derived by Albert Einstein in 1905.

A) NUCLEAR FUSION

It is the phenomenon of combining of two or more lighter nuclei to form a

more stable heavy nucleus with the liberation of vast amounts of energy.

Such nuclear reactions are the source of energy in the sun other than stars.

These reactions are called Thermo nuclear reaction.

It is used in formation of Hydrogen Bomb. There is extremely high

temperature near about 107degree. It is quite more powerful than

hydrogen bomb.

Two deuterons can join to form triton and a proton with release of

4.03Mev energy. The nuclear reaction is 2H1 + 2H1 3H1 + 1H1 + 4.03Mev

SOURCES OF ENERGY


Two deuteron can join together to form a helium nucleus and a

neutron and it is represented as: 2H1 + 2H1 3He2 + 1n0 + 3.27Mev

B) NUCLEAR FISSION

The phenomenon of splitting of an unstable nucleus of a heavy atom into

two lighter nuclei with the liberation of an enormous amount of energy. This

occurs when it bombarded with neutron.

This phenomenon was discovered by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman in

the year 1939.

235U92 + 1n0 139Ba56 + 94kr36 + 31n0 + E

Energy produced by burning of one kilogram of uranium is equal to the

energy produced by burning of 2500 tons of coal.

Nuclear power plant in India, Tarapur in Maharashtra, Kalpakkam in

Tamil Nadu, etc. Nuclear Bomb or Atomic Bomb based on the

phenomenon of nuclear fission.

1Mev = 1.602 × 10-13J

1U = 1.492 × 10-10J

ADVANTAGE

It produce large amount of energy from small amount of nuclear fuel.

Once the nuclear fuel loaded into the reactor, nuclear power plant can

on producing electricity for two to three years.

DISADVANTAGES

Leakage of nuclear radiation from reactor.

Disposal of nuclear wastes.

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

India’s uranium supply comes from jadugada mines of Bihar. Heavy water is

prepared in heavy water plant at Nangal, kota, Vadodra and Talchar.

SOURCES OF ENERGY


Boron rod called the control rod because they absorbed the excess

neutrons and prevents the fission reaction from out of control.

Graphite or heavy water is called a moderator. It slows down the speed

of neutrons.

NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION

In this particle that initiate the reaction is also produced during the reaction

and it carries the reaction further and further. Such as fission of uranium-

235.

This is called uncontrolled nuclear reaction. It is the basis of Atomic Bomb.

Energy released in nuclear fusion is more than that released in nuclear

fission and it does not pollution problem.

SOURCES OF ENERGY


BIOMASS ENERGY

Biomass is defined as the living matter or its residues and is renewable

source of energy. It includes forest residue, sewage, biodegradable effluent,

etc.

Bio energy is the energy that obtained from biomass. Biogas is the mixture

of gasses produced by anaerobic degradation of biomass in the presence of

water but in the absence of oxygen. More than 200000 biogas plants have

been built in the country to provide biogas for coking and generate

electricity. Bio-energy is used in different ways:

Human and other animals use this energy to carry out their life

activities It is used to generate electricity.

ADVANTAGE OF BIOMASS

It is a clean fuel, Main constituent are methane (that has high calorific

value).

Biogas plant can easily build, it is used for lightening and to run vehicle.

SOURCES OF ENERGY


WOOD AS FUEL

Wood is still used as a source of heat by burning it in traditional chullahs to

cook food and heat water. Wood when used as fuel it is called as fire wood.

DISADVANTAGE OF WOOD AS A FUEL

The calorific value of wood is only 17 kj/g. Thus we need large quantity

of wood to produce a small amount of heat.

Use of wood cause pollution in the form of smoke.

Wood occupies large area and its transportation is difficult.

BIO-GASS

It is a mixture of gasses produced by anaerobic degradation of bio-mass in

the presence of water but in the absence o oxygen.

It mainly composed of methane (75%), carbon-di-oxide (25%) and

traces of other gases such as nitrogen and hydrogen.

Bio-gas is prepared in bio-gas plants which are of two types: fix dome

and floating gas hold0er.

ADVANTAGE OF BIO-GAS

A bio-gas plant is quite simple , can easily be built in rural areas.

Bio-gas is clean fuel that burns without smoke and leave no ash.

By using bio-gas, firewood is saved and deforestation is reduced.

More than 200000 bio-gas plants have been built in the country to provide

bio-gas for cooking and generate electricity.

BIOMASS ENERGY POTENTIAL OF INDIA

A 10 MW rice straw based thermal plant, the first of its kind, has been

settled by BHEL.

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

SOURCES OF ENERGY


Electricity that produced from the kinetic energy of flowing water is called

hydroelectricity and a plant which generates electricity on a large scale from

flowing water is called hydroelectric power plant. 24% of the country’s

electric power is being generated by hydropower plant. Annual potential of

our country is 150000 MW. Approx 80% of projects of this type are running

at Maharashtra

ADVANTAGE OF HYDROELECTRICITY

It is cheapest source, It has high efficiency than load

It has low maintenance coast and They have quick start up.

DISADVANTAGES

Initial investment is high. It is not suitable for all areas and for all

rivers.

1. Which of following is more environments friendly? (a) Burning of coal

(b) burning of fire wood (c) burning of charcoal (d) Burning of diesel.

2. Major problem in harnessing nuclear energy is to (a) split heavy

nucleus (b) sustain nuclear reactions (c) Convert nuclear energy into

electricity (d) dispose of nuclear waste.

3. Fusion reaction is also known as (a) chemical reaction (b) elastic

scattering (c) thermonuclear reaction (d) photo nuclear reaction

4. India exploded her first underground nuclear device at (a) Ranchi (b)

Kota (c) Jaipur (d) Pokhran

5. Although charcoal is a clean and deter source of heat energy yet it

cannot be used as a domestic fuel because it

(a) cause environmental pollution (b) produce less heat energy (c)

cannot be stored easily (d) is expensive fuel

6. Write two advantages of using solar cooker?

7. Suggest two ways to reduce energy consumption?

SOURCES OF ENERGY


8. What is geothermal energy? Write its advantages?

9. Why are many thermal power plants set up near coal or oil fields?

10. Name three forms in which energy from ocean is made available for

use. What are OTEC power plants? How do they operate?

11. List three forms of energy we use when we wake up from morning till

we reach the school. Also from where we get these different forms of

energy?

12. Compare and contrast biomass and hydro-electricity as source of

energy. The production cost of hydroelectricity is cheaper than the

electricity produced in a thermal power station. Explain why?

13. What kind of mirror concave, convex or plane would be best suited for

the use in a solar cooker. Why? What is the role of glass sheet used in a

solar cooker? Also write two disadvantages of using a solar cooker?

14. What is biogas? Name two main combustible components of biogas?

15. What are hot springs?

16. Mention any two fuels that form the renewable sources of energy.

17. State two advantages of wind energy.

18. If you could use any source of energy for heating your food, which one

would you use and why?

19. What are the advantages of nuclear energy?

20. Name two energy sources that you would consider to be renewable.

Give reasons for your choices.

21. What are qualities of an ideal source of energy?

22. What is geothermal energy? What are its advantages?

23. What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels?

24. What are the limitations of the energy that can be obtained from the

oceans?

25. What kind of mirror-concave, convex or plane would be best suited for

use in solar cooker? Why?

26. Hydrogen has been used as a rocket fuel. Would you consider it a

cleaner fuel than CNG? Why or why not?

SOURCES OF ENERGY


27. Electricity generated by a windmill can be considered to be another

form of solar energy. Why.

28. State two disadvantages of geothermal energy.

29. Explain how tidal energy can be used to generate electricity?

30. Write two disadvantage of using a solar cooker.

31. What are the advantage and disadvantage of using a solar cooker? Are

there places where solar cookers would have limited utility?

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LIST OF TOPICS