List of Particles

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5/12/13 List of particles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles

List of particlesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

See also: Timeline of particle discoveries

This is a list of the different types of particles found or believed to exist in the whole of the universe. For individual

lists of the different particles, see the individual pages given below.

Contents

1 Elementary particles

1.1 Fermions

1.1.1 Quarks

1.1.2 Leptons

1.2 Bosons

1.3 Hypotheticalparticles

2 Composite particles

2.1 Hadrons

2.1.1 Baryons

2.1.2 Mesons

2.2 Atomic nuclei

2.3 Atoms

2.4 Molecules

3 Condensed matter

4 Other

5 Classification by speed6 See also

7 References

Elementary particles

Main article: Elementary particle

Elementary particles are particles with no measurable internal structure; that is, they are not composed of otherparticles. They are the fundamental objects of quantum field theory. Many families and sub-families of elementary

particles exist. Elementary particles are classified according to their spin. Fermions have half-integer spin while

bosons have integer spin. All the particles of the Standard Model have been experimentally observed, recently

including the Higgs boson.

Fermions

Main article: Fermion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Classification_by_speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Otherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Moleculeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Atomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Atomic_nucleihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Mesonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Hadronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Composite_particleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Hypothetical_particleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Quarkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Fermionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Elementary_particleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Classification_by_speedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Otherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Condensed_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Moleculeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Atomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Atomic_nucleihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Mesonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Baryonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Hadronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Composite_particleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Hypothetical_particleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Bosonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Leptonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Quarkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Fermionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#Elementary_particleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_particle_discoveries


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Fermions are one of the two fundamental classes of particles, the other being bosons. Fermion particles are

described by FermiDirac statistics and have quantum numbers described by the Pauli exclusion principle. They

include the quarks and leptons, as well as any composite particles consisting of an odd number of these, such as al

baryons and many atoms and nuclei.

Fermions have half-integer spin; for all known elementary fermions this is 12. All known fermions are also Dirac

fermions; that is, each known fermion has its own distinct antiparticle. It is not known whether the neutrino is a

Dirac fermion or a Majorana fermion.[1]Fermions are the basic building blocks of all matter. They are classified

according to whether they interact via the color force or not. In the Standard Model, there are 12 types of

elementary fermions: six quarks and six leptons.

Quarks

Main article: Quark

Quarks are the fundamental constituents of hadrons and interact via the strong interaction. Quarks are the only

known carriers offractionalcharge, but because they combine in groups of three (baryons) or in groups of two

with antiquarks (mesons), only integercharge is observed in nature. Their respective antiparticles are theantiquarks which are identical except for the fact that they carry the opposite electric charge (for example the up

quark carries charge +23, while the up antiquark carries charge 23), color charge, and baryon number. There ar

six flavors of quarks; the three positively charged quarks are called up-type quarksand the three negatively

charged quarks are called down-type quarks.

Quarks

Name Symbol Antiparticle Charge

(e) Mass (MeV/c2)

up u u+

2

31.53.3

down d d 13 3.56.0

charm c c +23 1,1601,340

strange s s 13 70130

top t t +23 169,100173,300

bottom b b 13 4,1304,370

Leptons

Main article: Lepton

Leptons do notinteract via the strong interaction. Their respective antiparticles are the antileptons which are

identical except for the fact that they carry the opposite electric charge and lepton number. The antiparticle of the

electron is the antielectron, which is nearly always calledpositronfor historical reasons. There are six leptons in

total; the three charged leptons are called electron-like leptons, while the neutral leptons are called neutrinos.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antileptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparticlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_quarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_quarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_quarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charm_quarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_quarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_Quarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_(particle_physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparticlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorana_fermionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparticlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_fermionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_numbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Dirac_statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson


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Neutrinos are known to oscillate, so that neutrinos of definite flavour do not have definite mass, rather they exist in

superposition of mass eigenstates. The hypothetical heavy right-handed neutrino, called a sterile neutrino, has been

left off the list.

Leptons

Name Symbol Antiparticle Charge

(e) Mass (MeV/c2)

Electron e e+ 1 0.511

Electron neutrino e e0 < 0.000 0022

Muon

+ 1 105.7

Muon neutrino 0 < 0.170

Tau

+ 1 1,777

Tau neutrino

0 < 15.5

Bosons

Main article: Boson

Bosons are one of the two fundamental classes of particles, the other being fermions. Bosons are characterized by

BoseEinstein statistics and all have integer spins. Bosons may be either elementary, like photons and gluons, or

composite, like mesons.

The fundamental forces of nature are mediated by gauge bosons, and mass is believed to be created by the Higgsboson. According to the Standard Model (and to both linearized general relativity and string theory, in the case of

the graviton) the elementary bosons are:

Name Symbol Antiparticle Charge (e) SpinMass (GeV/c2)Interaction mediated Existence

Photon Self 0 1 0 Electromagnetism Confirmed

W boson W

W+ 1 1 80.4 Weak interaction Confirmed

Z boson Z Self 0 1 91.2 Weak interaction Confirmed

Gluon g Self 0 1 0 Strong interaction Confirmed

Higgs boson H0 Self 0 0 125.3 Mass Confirmed

Graviton G Self 0 2 0 Gravitation Unconfirmed

The graviton is added to the list[citation needed]although it is not predicted by the Standard Model, but by other

theories in the framework of quantum field theory.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_and_Z_bosonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_and_Z_bosonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_neutrinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_(particle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon_neutrinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_neutrinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterile_neutrinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenstatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavour_(particle_physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation


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The Higgs boson is postulated by electroweak theory primarily to explain the origin of particle masses. In a proces

known as the Higgs mechanism, the Higgs boson and the other gauge bosons in the Standard Model acquire mass

via spontaneous symmetry breaking of the SU(2) gauge symmetry. The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model

(MSSM) predicts several Higgs bosons. The graviton is not a Standard Model particle. Furthermore, gravity is

non-renormalizable.The Higgs boson has been observed at the CERN/LHC dated 14th March in 2013 around the

level of energy 126,5GeV and at the accuracy of five-sigma (>99,4% which accepted as definitive)

Hypothetical particles

Supersymmetric theories predict the existence of more particles, none of which have been confirmed experimental

as of 2011:

Superpartners (Sparticles)

SuperpartnerSuperpartner

of Spin Notes

neutralino neutral bosons

1

2

The neutralinos are superpositions of the superpartners of neutral Standard

Model bosons: neutral higgs boson, Z boson and photon.

The lightest neutralino is a leading candidate for dark matter.The MSSM predicts 4 neutralinos

charginocharged

bosons12

The charginos are superpositions of the superpartners of charged Standard

Model bosons: charged higgs boson and W boson.

The MSSM predicts two pairs of charginos.

photino photon 12 Mixing with zino, neutral wino, and neutral Higgsinos for neutralinos.

wino, zinoWand Z0

bosons12

Charged wino mixing with charged Higgsino for charginos, for the zino see

line above.

Higgsino Higgs boson 12For supersymmetry there is a need for several Higgs bosons, neutral and

charged, according with their superpartners.

gluino gluon 12 Eight gluons and eight gluinos.

gravitino graviton 32Predicted by Supergravity (SUGRA). The graviton is hypothetical, too se

next table.

sleptons leptons 0 The superpartners of the leptons (electron, muon, tau) and the neutrinos.

sneutrino neutrino 0

Introduced by many extensions of the Standard Supermodel, and may be

needed to explain the LSND results.

A special role has the sterile sneutrino, the supersymmetric counterpart of

the hypothetical right-handed neutrino, called sterile neutrino

squarks quarks 0The stop squark (superpartner of the top quark) is thought to have a low

mass and is often the subject of experimental searches.

Note: Just as the photon, Z boson and Wbosons are superpositions of the B0, W0, W1, and W2fields the

photino, zino, and winoare superpositions of the bino0, wino0, wino1, and wino2by definition.

No matter if you use the original gauginos or this superpositions as a basis, the only predicted physical particles ar

neutralinos and charginos as a superposition of them together with the Higgsinos.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpartnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterile_neutrinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSNDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneutrinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgsinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_and_Z_bosonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauginohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpartnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superpositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charginohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_Supersymmetric_Standard_Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpartnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superpositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpartnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Hadron_Colliderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_Supersymmetric_Standard_Modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_mechanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson


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Other theories predict the existence of additional bosons:

Other hypothetical bosons and fermions

Name Spin Notes

graviton 2 Has been proposed to mediate gravity in theories of quantum gravity.

graviscalar 0 Also known as radion

graviphoton 1 Also known as gravivector[2]

axion 0A pseudoscalar particle introduced in PecceiQuinn theory to solve the strong-CP

problem.

axino 12Superpartner of the axion. Forms, together with the saxion and axion, a

supermultiplet in supersymmetric extensions of PecceiQuinn theory.

saxion 0

branon ? Predicted in brane world models.

dilaton 0 Predicted in some string theories.

dilatino 12 Superpartner of the dilaton

X and Y bosons 1These leptoquarks are predicted by GUT theories to be heavier equivalents of the

W and Z.

W' and Z' bosons 1

magnetic photon ?A. Salam (1966). "Magnetic monopole and two photon theories of C-violation".

Physics Letters 22 (5): 683684

majoron 0 Predicted to understand neutrino masses by the seesaw mechanism.

majorana fermion12;32?...

gluino, neutralino, or other is its own antiparticle

Chameleon

particle0

a possible candidate for dark energy and dark matter, and may contribute to

cosmic inflation.

irror particlesare predicted by theories that restore parity symmetry.

agnetic monopoleis a generic name for particles with non-zero magnetic charge. They are predicted by some

GUTs.

Tachyonis a generic name for hypothetical particles that travel faster than the speed of light and have an imaginary

rest mass.

Preonswere suggested as subparticles of quarks and leptons, but modern collider experiments have all but ruled

out their existence.

Kaluza-Klein towersof particles are predicted by some models of extra dimensions. The extra-dimensional

momentum is manifested as extra mass in four-dimensional space-time.

Composite particles
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluza-Klein_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colliderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_unification_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_monopolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_inflationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparticlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorana_fermionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seesaw_mechanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majoronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%27_and_Z%27_bosonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_unification_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptoquarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_and_Y_bosonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilatinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilatonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane_cosmologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion#Predictionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermultiplethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion#Predictionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong-CP_problemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccei%E2%80%93Quinn_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviphotonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviscalarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton


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A combination of three u, d or s-

quarks with a total spin of 32form

the so-called baryon decuplet.

Proton quark structure: 2 up

quarks and 1 down quark.

Hadrons

Main article: Hadron

Hadrons are defined as strongly interacting composite particles. Hadrons are either:

Composite fermions, in which case they are called baryons.

Composite bosons, in which case they are called mesons.

Quark models, first proposed in 1964 independently by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig (who called quark

"aces"), describe the known hadrons as composed of valence quarks and/or antiquarks, tightly bound by the colo

force, which is mediated by gluons. A "sea" of virtual quark-antiquark pairs is also present in each hadron.

Baryons

See also: List of baryons

Ordinary baryons (composite fermions) contain three valence quarks or

three valence antiquarks each.

Nucleons are the fermionic constituents of normal atomic nuclei:

Protons, composed of two up and one down quark (uud)

Neutrons, composed of two down and one up quark (ddu)

Hyperons, such as the , , , and particles, which contain one

or more strange quarks, are short-lived and heavier than nucleons.

Although not normally present in atomic nuclei, they can appear in

short-lived hypernuclei.

A number of charmed and bottom baryons have also beenobserved.

Some hints at the existence of exotic baryons have been found recently;

however, negative results have also been reported. Their existence is

uncertain.

Pentaquarks consist of four valence quarks and one valence

antiquark.

Mesons

See also: List of mesons

Ordinary mesons are made up of a valence quark and a valence antiquark.

Because mesons have spin of 0 or 1 and are not themselves elementary

particles, they are compositebosons. Examples of mesons include the pion,

kaon, the J/. In quantum hydrodynamic models, mesons mediate the residual strong force between nucleons.

At one time or another, positive signatures have been reported for all of the following exotic mesons but their

existence has yet to be confirmed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_mesonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual_strong_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J/%CF%88http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_quarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mesonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentaquarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_baryonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_quarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charm_quarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_quarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_baryonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Zweighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quark_structure_proton.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baryon_decuplet.svg


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Mesons of spin 0 form a nonet

A semi-accurate depiction of the helium atom. In

the nucleus, the protons are in red and neutrons are

in purple. In reality, the nucleus is also spherically

symmetrical.

A tetraquark consists of two valence quarks and two valence antiquarks;

A glueball is a bound state of gluons with no valence quarks;

Hybrid mesons consist of one or more valence quark-antiquark pairs and one or more real gluons.

Atomic nuclei

Atomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons. Each type of nucleus

contains a specific number of protons and a specific number of neutrons,and is called a nuclide or isotope. Nuclear reactions can change one

nuclide into another. See table of nuclides for a complete list of isotopes.

Atoms

Atoms are the smallest neutral particles into which matter can be divided

by chemical reactions. An atom consists of a small, heavy

nucleus surrounded by a relatively large, light cloud of

electrons. Each type of atom corresponds to a specific

chemical element. To date, 118 elements have beendiscovered, while only the elements 1-112,114, and 116

have received official names. Refer to the periodic table for

an overview.

The atomic nucleus consists of protons and neutrons.

Protons and neutrons are, in turn, made of quarks.

Molecules

Molecules are the smallest particles into which a non-elemental substance can be divided while maintaining the

physical properties of the substance. Each type of molecule

corresponds to a specific chemical compound. Molecules

are a composite of two or more atoms. See list of

compounds for a list of molecules.

Condensed matter

The field equations of condensed matter physics are remarkably similar to those of high energy particle physics. A

a result, much of the theory of particle physics applies to condensed matter physics as well; in particular, there are

selection of field excitations, called quasi-particles, that can be created and explored. These include:

Phonons are vibrational modes in a crystal lattice.

Excitons are bound states of an electron and a hole.

Plasmons are coherent excitations of a plasma.

Polaritons are mixtures of photons with other quasi-particles.

Polarons are moving, charged (quasi-) particles that are surrounded by ions in a material.

Magnons are coherent excitations of electron spins in a material.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaritonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_holehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_latticehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phononhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_matter_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_nuclideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(particle_physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glueballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraquarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helium_atom_QM.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noneto_mes%C3%B4nico_de_spin_0.png


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Other

An anyon is a generalization of fermion and boson in two-dimensional systems like sheets of graphene which

obeys braid statistics.

A plekton is a theoretical kind of particle discussed as a generalization of the braid statistics of the anyon to

dimension > 2.

A WIMP (weakly interacting massive particle) is any one of a number of particles that might explain dark

matter (such as the neutralino or the axion).The pomeron, used to explain the elastic scattering of Hadrons and the location of Regge poles in Regge

theory.

The skyrmion, a topological solution of the pion field, used to model the low-energy properties of the

nucleon, such as the axial vector current coupling and the mass.

A genon is a particle existing in a closed timelike world line where spacetime is curled as in a Frank Tipler o

Ronald Mallett time machine.

A goldstone boson is a massless excitation of a field that has been spontaneously broken. The pions are

quasi-Goldstone bosons (quasi- because they are not exactly massless) of the broken chiral isospin

symmetry of quantum chromodynamics.

A goldstino is a Goldstone fermion produced by the spontaneous breaking of supersymmetry.

An instanton is a field configuration which is a local minimum of the Euclidean action. Instantons are used in

nonperturbative calculations of tunneling rates.

A dyon is a hypothetical particle with both electric and magnetic charges

A geon is an electromagnetic or gravitational wave which is held together in a confined region by the

gravitational attraction of its own field energy.

An inflaton is the generic name for an unidentified scalar particle responsible for the cosmic inflation.

A spurion is the name given to a "particle" inserted mathematically into an isospin-violating decay in order to

analyze it as though it conserved isospin.

What is called "true muonium", a bound state of a muon and an antimuon, is a theoretical exotic atom whichhas never been observed.

Classification by speed

A tardyon or bradyon travels slower than light and has a non-zero rest mass.

A luxon travels at the speed of light and has no rest mass.

A tachyon (mentioned above) is a hypothetical particle that travels faster than the speed of light and has an

imaginary rest mass.

See also

Acceleron

List of baryons

List of compounds for a list of molecules.

List of fictional elements, materials, isotopes and atomic particles

List of mesons

Periodic table for an overview of atoms.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mesonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_elements,_materials,_isotopes_and_atomic_particleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compoundshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_baryonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceleronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massless_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muoniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_inflationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geon_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instantonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldstinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isospinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldstone_bosonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Malletthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tiplerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timelikehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyrmionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regge_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regge_polehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_scatteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_Interacting_Massive_Particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plektonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braid_statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyon


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Standard Model for the current theory of these particles.

Table of nuclides

Timeline of particle discoveries

References

1. ^B. Kayser, Two Questions About Neutrinos, arXiv:1012.4469v1 [hep-ph] (2010).

2. ^R. Maartens (2004). "Brane-World Gravity" (http://www.emis.de/journals/LRG/Articles/lrr-2004-7/download/lr2004-7BW.pdf).Living Reviews in Relativity7. p. 7. Also available in web format at

http://www.livingreviews.org/lrr-2004-7.

C. Amsler et al. (Particle Data Group) (2008). "Review of Particle Physics".Physics Letters B667(15)

1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1P (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhLB..667....1P).

doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2008.07.018). (All

information on this list, and more, can be found in the extensive, biannually-updated review by the

Particle Data Group (http://pdg.lbl.gov))

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List of Particles