List of Killings Ordered or Supported by Muhammad

List of Killings Ordered or Supported by Muhammad

Source: wikiislam.net

The use of assassination to achieve political/religious goals has been important throughout the history of Arabia and the islamic expansion, and the very word

"assassin"[1] has Arabic roots (اشين .(حّش�

This list contains the results and reasons for the targeted killings and assassinations ordered or supported by Prophet Muhammad, as well as the primary sources which mention these incidents.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Ordered by Muhammad Supported but not ordered by Muhammad Women and/or children Apostates

Reasons including writing or reciting poetry Reasons including "causing offence" Reasons including monetary

gain

No. Name DateReason(s) for Ordering or

Supporting KillingResult Notable Primary Sources

1'Asma' bint

Marwan

January

624[2]

Kill 'Asma' bint Marwan for

opposing Muhammad with

poetry and for provoking others

to attack him[3][4][2]

Asma' bint Marwan

assassinated[2][5]

Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq,

Sirat Rasul Allah[6]

Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-

tabaqat al-kabir, Volume

2[3]

2 Abu 'AfakFebruary

624[7]

Kill the Jewish poet Abu Afak for

opposing Muhammad through

poetry[4][6][7][8]

Abu Afak assassinated[7][6][4]



Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-


2[10]

3 Al Nadr ibn al-

Harith

After Battle

of Badr

March

624[11]

According to Mubarakpuri, Al

Nadir was captured during the

Battle of Badr. A Qur'an verse

was revealed ordering the

Nadr bin Harith beheaded

by Ali[11][12]

Qur'an 83:13[13]



execution of Nadr bin Harith, he

was one of two prisoners who

were executed and not allowed

to be ransomed by their clans

because he mocked and

harassed Muhammad and wrote

poems and stories criticizing

him[11][12]

4Uqba bin Abu

Muayt

After Battle

of Badr

March

624[11]

Uqba bin Abu Muayt was

captured in the Battle of Badr

and was killed instead of being

ransomed, because he threw

dead animal entrails on

Muhammad, and wrapped his

garmet around Muhammad's

neck while he was praying[11][12]

Uqba bin Abu Muayt

beheaded by Asim ibn

Thabbit or Ali[11][12]

Sunan Abu Dawud no.

2680 (with commentary

from Awnul Mabud 3/12)

[14]

Sahih Bukhari1:9:499



Tabari, Volume 9, The

last years of the

Prophet[16]

5Ka'b ibn al-

Ashraf

September

624[17][18][19]

According to Ibn Ishaq,

Muhammad ordered his

followers to kill Ka'b because he

"had gone to Mecca after Badr

and inveighed against

Muhammad. He also composed

verses in which he bewailed the

victims of Quraysh who had

been killed at Badr. Shortly

afterwards he returned to

Medina and composed amatory

verses of an insulting nature

about the Muslim women".[20][21]

Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf

assassinated[21]

Sahih

Bukhari5:59:369, Sahih

Muslim 19:4436

6 Abu Rafi' ibn

Abi Al-Huqaiq

December

624[22]

Kill Abu Rafi' ibn Abi Al-Huqaiq

for mocking Muhammad with his

poetry and for helping the troops

of the Confederates by providing

them with money and supplies[23]

[22]

Abu Rafi assassinated[23][22] Sahih


Bukhari 5:59:370,Sahih


Bukhari 5:59:372and

more[24]




foundation of the

community[26]

7Khalid ibn

Sufyan625[27]

Kill Khalid bin Sufyan, because

there were reports he considered

an attack on Medina and that he

was inciting the people on

Nakhla or Uranah to fight

Muslims[27][28]

Khalid ibn Sufyan

assassinated[27][28]

Musnad Ahmad 3:496[29]

Abu Dawud, book 2

no.1244[30]

Ibn Hisham, Sirat Rasul

Allah[27]


last years of the

Prophet[31][32]

8

Abu 'Azzah

'Amr bin 'Abd

Allah al-Jumahi

March

625[33]

Behead Abu 'Azzah 'Amr bin

'Abd Allah al-Jumahi because he

was a prisoner of War captured

during the Invasion of Hamra al-

Asad, that Muhammad released

once, but he took up arms

against him again[34][35]

Abu 'Azzah beheaded by

Ali[34][35]


foundation of the

community[35]

9Muawiyah bin

Al Mugheerah

March

625[33]

Kill Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah,

because he was accused by

Muhammad of being a spy. He

went to Uthman (his cousin) for

shelter, and Uthman arranged

for his return to Mecca, but he

stayed too long in Medina. After

Muhammad heard he was still in

Medina, he ordered his death[34]

[36]

Muawiyah bin Al

Mugheerah captured and

executed[34][37]



10

Al-Harith bin

Suwayd al-

Ansari

March

625[33]

Kill Al-Harith bin Suwayd

because according to Islamic

tradition, Allah revealed Qur'an

3:86, which indicated that those

who reject Islam after accepting

it should be put to death. Al-

Harith bin Suwayd was a Muslim

who fought in the Battle of Uhud

and killed some Muslims, he

then joined the Quraysh and left

Islam. Al-Harith sent his brother

to Muhammad for his

forgiveness. Muhammad allowed

his return but then decided to kill

him.[37][38][39][40]

Al-Harith bin Suwayd

beheaded by Uthman[37][38]

[39]

Qur'an 3:86[38][39]



11 Abu Sufyan 627[41] Amr bin Umayyah al-Damri sent

to assassinate Abu Sufyan 3 polytheists killed by Tabari, Volume 7, The

(Quraysh leader)[42][42] Muslims[42]foundation of the

community[43]

12Banu Qurayza

tribe

February–

March

627[44]

Attack Banu Qurayza because

according to Muslim tradition he

had been ordered to do so by

the angel Gabriel.[45][46][47][48][49]

[50]One of Muhammad's

companions decided that "the

men should be killed, the

property divided, and the women

and children taken as captives".

Muhammad approved of the

ruling, calling it similar to God's

judgment,[48][49][51][52][53]after which

all male members of the tribe

who had reached puberty were

beheaded[46][54]

Muslims: 2 killed[45]

Non-Muslims:

1. 600-900 beheaded

(Tabari, Ibn

Hisham)

[45][46][55]

2. All Males and 1

woman beheaded

(Hadith)[56][57]

Qur'an 33:26,[46]Qur'an

33:09 & 33:10[58][59]

Abu Dawud38:4390

Sahih


Bukhari 4:57:66and

more

Tabari, Volume 8,

Victory of Islam[60]

13Abdullah ibn

Ubayy

December

627[41]

(during

Invasion of

Banu

Mustaliq[61] )

Kill Abdullah ibn Ubayy, who was

accused by Muhammad of

slandering his family by

spreading false rumors about

Aisha (his wife).[62] His son

offered to behead him[63][64]

Muhammad calls off

assassination and says to

Umar "if I had had him

(Abdullah bin Ubai) killed, a

large number of dignitaries

would have furiously

hastened to fight for

him"[65] Later he reveals a

Quran verse forbidding

Muslims from attending the

funeral of disbelievers and

"hypocrites"[66][67]

Sahih


Bukhari 5:59:462

Ibn Hisham, Sirat Rasul

Allah[65]

14Al-Yusayr ibn

Rizam

February

628[41]

Kill Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam

because Muhammad heard that

his group was preparing to

attack him[68][69]

30 killed by Muslims[68][69]

Tirmidhi no. 3923[70]



15 Eight men from

'Ukil

February

628[41]

Kill 8 men who came to him and

converted to Islam, but then

apostatized, killed one Muslim

and drove off with Muhammad's

Muslims: 1 killed

Non-Muslims: 8 tortured to

death[72][73]

Qur'an 5:33-39[72][74]

Sahih


camels[72]

Bukhari 5:59:505,Sahih

Bukhari7:71:623 and

more

16Rifa’ah bin

Qays629[75][76]

To kill Rifa’ah bin Qays, because

Muhammad heard they were

allegedly enticing the people of

Qais to fight him[76]

1 beheaded,[77] 4 women

captured by Muslims[78]



Tabari, Volume 8,

History of Islam[78]

17Abdullah bin

Khatal

During/after

Conquest of

Mecca

(Jan 630)[79]

[80][81]

Kill Abdullah bin Khatal for killing

a slave and fleeing, as well and

for reciting poems insulting

Muhammad[79][80][81]

2 Muslims execute him,

after finding him hiding

under the curtains of the

Ka'aba[79][80][81]

Sahih


Bukhari 3:29:72



Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-


2[83]

18 Fartana

During/after

Conquest of

Mecca

(Jan 630)[79]

[84]

Kill Fartana (a slave girl of

Abdullah ibn Khatal), because

she used to recite poems

insulting Muhammad[79][81]

Fartana is killed[79][81][84]

Abu Dawud14:2678



Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-


2[83]

19 Quraybah

During/after

Conquest of

Mecca

(Jan 630)[79]

Kill Quraybah (a slave girl of

Abdullah ibn Khatal), because

she used to recite poems

insulting Muhammad[79]

Quraybah converts to Islam

and is pardoned[79][83]

Abu Dawud14:2678



Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-


2[83]

20Huwayrith ibn

Nafidh

During/after

Conquest of

Mecca

(Jan 630)[79]

When Muhammad's daughters

were fleeing Medina, he stabbed

their camels, causing injuries. He

was a poet who "disgraced and

abused" Islam[79][81][86]

Huwayrith ibn Nafidh

killed[81][86] by Ali[79]



21Miqyas ibn

Subabah

During/after

Conquest of

Mecca

(Jan 630)[79]

Miqyas killed a Muslim who

accidentally killed his brother,

and escaped to Mecca and

became an apostate by

embracing polytheism[79][81][82][86]

Miqyas killed[79][81][86] Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq,


22 Sarah

During/after

Conquest of

Mecca

(Jan 630)[79]

Kill Sarah, because Muhammad

claimed that she used to molest

him while he was in Mecca[79][82]

Conflicting reports:

1. Ibn Ishaq reports

that she embraced

Islam but was

killed later, during

the time of Umar[82]

2. Tabari reports she

was killed[87]



Tabari, Volume 8,


23Harith ibn

Hisham

During/after

Conquest of

Mecca

(Jan 630)[79]

Kill Harith ibn Hisham, reason

unknown[79][82]

According to Ibn Sa'd,

Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah

and Harith ibn Hisham both

sought refuge in a Muslim

relatives house, the relative

pleaded with Muhammad

for mercy, so he pardoned

them on the condition they

embrace Islam[79][88]



Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-


2[88]

24Zubayr ibn Abi

Umayyah

During/after

Conquest of

Mecca

(Jan 630)[79]

Kill Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah,

reason unknown[79][82] See above result[79][82] Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq,


25

Habbar Ibn al-

Aswad bin

Ka`b al-Ànsi

During/after

Conquest of

Mecca

(Jan 630)[79]

Kill Habbar ibn al-Aswad

because he was a "liar",[89][90] he

claimed he was a Prophet[89]

Habbar ibn al-Aswad

killed[89][90]

Sahih


Bukhari 4:56:817




last years of the

Prophet[89]

Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-


2[91]

26 Ikrimah ibn

Abu Jahl

During/after

Conquest of

Mecca

(Jan 630)[79]

Kill Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl, bcause

he was hostile to Muhammad

like his father Abu Jahl[79][82]

Conflicting reports

1. Ibn Ishaq says, his



Tabari, Volume 8,

wife "became a

Muslim and asked

for immunity for

him and the

apostle gave it"[82]

2. Tabari says he was

"eliminated"[92]


27Wahshi ibn

Harb

During/after

Conquest of

Mecca

(Jan 630)[79]

Kill Wahshi ibn Harb, for killing

Muhammad's uncle during the

Battle of Uhud[79]

Wahshi ibn Harb pardoned

by Muhammad after he

asks for forgiveness and

offers to convert to Islam[79]

[93]

Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-


2[93]

28

Ka'b ibn

Zuhayr ibn Abi

Sulama

During/after

Conquest of

Mecca

(Jan 630)[79]

Assassinate Ka'b ibn Zuhayr ibn

Abi Sulama for writing satirical

poems about Muhammad[79][94][95]

[96]

Ibn Ishaq wrote that

Muhammad said "Leave

him alone, he has become

a repentant Muslim after

the disposal of his past.",

so he was pardoned[95][96]



29Al-Harith bin

al-Talatil

During/after

Conquest of

Mecca

(Jan 630)[79]

For mocking Muhammad

through poetry[79]

Al-Harith bin al-Talatil is

killed by Ali[79][97]



30Abdullah ibn

Zib'ari

During/after

Conquest of

Mecca

(Jan 630)[79]

Kill Abdullah ibn Zib'ari, for

writing insulting poems about

Muhammad[79]

Abdullah ibn Zib'ari repents

and converts to Islam, so

Muhammad pardoned

him[79]


Sirat Rasul Allah

31 Hubayrah

During/after

Conquest of

Mecca

(Jan 630)[79]

Kill Hubayrah, for mocking

Muhammad through poetry[79]

Tabari Volume 39 states,

Hubayrah "ran away when

Mecca was conquered, and

died in Najran as an

infidel"[79]

Tabari, Volume 39,

Biographies of the

Prophet's companions

and their successors[98]

32 Hind bint

Utbah

During/after

Conquest of

Mecca

Kill Hind bint Utbah (wife of Abu

Sufyan) for cutting out the heart

of Muhammad's uncle Hamza

Tabari said, Hind "swore

allegiance and became a

Abu Dawud33:4153

Tabari, Volume 8,

(Jan 630)[79]after he died, during the Battle of

Uhud[79]

Muslim.",[99] she was

pardoned by Muhammad[79]History of Islam[99]

33

Amr ibn Jihash

(convert to

Islam)[100]

During the

Invasion of

Banu

Nadir[100]

(Aug 625)[101]

According to Ibn Kathir and Ibn

Ishaq, Muhammad said to Yamin

bim Umayr, about Amr ibn Jash

"Have you seen the way your

cousin has treated me and what

he proposed to do?"[102]

[100]Muhammad accused him of

trying to assassinate him[103]

Amr ibn Jihash is

assassinated after a

Muslim offers a reward for

his killing[100]



34

King or Prince

of Dumatul

Jandal

October

630[104]

Attack the chief of Duma for

Jizyah and booty[105][106] 1 killed, 2 taken captive[107]

Abu Dawud19:3031

Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-


2[108]


last years of the

Prophet[105]

35

Umaiya bin

Khalaf Abi

Safwan

Unknown

Kill Umaiya bin Khalaf,

Muhammad's reason is

unknown.[109] But Bilal wanted to

kill him for torturing him[110]

Umaiya bin Khalaf killed by

Bilal[109][110] Sahih Bukhari4:56:826

36Blind man's

wife/concubineUnknown

Muhammad supported this killing

because the women insulted

him[111][112]

Blind Muslim kills his

wife/concubine[111][112]

Abu Dawud38:4348

Sunan al-Nasai no.

4081

37 Ibn Sunayna Unknown

Muhammad reportedly ordered

his followers to "kill any Jew that

falls into your power", Muhayissa

heard this and went out to kill Ibn

Sunayna (a Jew)[113][114]

Ibn Sunayna killed by

Muhayissa[113][114]

Abu Dawud19:2996



38 Abdullah ibn

Sa‘ad

Unknown Kill Abdullah ibn Sa‘ad, because

he became and apostate (left

Islam) and fled to Mecca. He

also claimed that he was the one

who wrote the Qur'an and

started to mock Muhammad,

which made him angry[116]

A misunderstanding leads

to his pardoning. Abdullah

ibn Sa‘ad was brought in

front of Muhammad and

offered his loyalty,

Muhammad upheld his

hand to indicate that his

followers should kill him,

but the Muslims thought he

Abu Dawud38:4346



pardoned him.[116] He said

"Was not there a wise man

among you who would

stand up to him when he

saw that I had withheld my

hand from accepting his

allegiance, and kill him?"[117]

39Ibn an-

NawwahahUnknown

According to Ibn Kathir,

Muhammad once said about Ibn

an-Nawwahah "I would have cut

off your head, if it was not that

emissaries are not killed"

because he claimed Musaylimah

was a Prophet, so Abdullah ibn

Masud killed Ibn an-Nawwahah

when he was no longer an

emissary[118][119]

Abdullah ibn Masud

beheads Ibn an-

Nawwahah[118][119]

Abu Dawud14:2756

Tabari, Volume 10,

Conquest of Arabia[120]

40 Blind Jew Unknown

Muhammad's followers kill a

blind Jew for throwing dust at his

face[121][122]

Blind Jew killed by Sa'd ibn

Zayd[121][122]




foundation of the

community[122]

41 Nameless spy UnknownKill a man Muhammad

suspected of being a spy[124][125]

Salama bin Al-Akwa

chases and kills the

suspected spy[124][125]

Sahih Bukhari4:52:286

42Man from

Aslam tribeUnknown

Kill a man from the Aslam tribe

for Adultery[126][127]

Man from Aslam tribe

stoned to death[126][127] Abu Dawud38:4414

43Kinana ibn al-

RabiJuly 628[128]

Torture Kinana ibn al-Rabi to find

location of allegedly hidden

treasure[129][130]

Kinana ibn al-Rabi

beheaded[129][130]



REFERENCES

1. ↑ McCarthy, Kevin M., American Speech, Volume 48, pp. 77–832. ↑ to: 2.0 2.1 2.2 William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p.

130, 18613. ↑ to: 3.0 3.1 Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan

Historical Society. “SARIYYAH OF ÙMAYR IBN ÀDI. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of Ùmayr ibn Àdi Ibn Kharashah al-Khatmi against Àsma' Bint Marwan, of Banu Umayyah Ibn Zayd, when five nights had remained from the month of Ramadan, in the beginning of the nineteenth month from the hijrah of the apostle of Allah.”

4. ↑ to: 4.0 4.1 4.2 Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Ellison Banks Findly (1985). Women, religion, and social change. NewYork: SUNY Press, 24.

5. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is āq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 210.ḥ

6. ↑ to: 6.0 6.1 6.2 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is āq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 675-676.ḥ

7. ↑ to: 7.0 7.1 7.2 William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 133, 1861

8. ↑ De Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad, Darussalam, A Biography of the Prophet of Islam (Vol 1 & 2), p. 433.


10. ↑ "Then occurred the "sariyyah" of Salim Ibn Umayr al-Amri against Abu Afak, the Jew, in [the month of] Shawwal in the beginning of the twentieth month from the hijrah" - Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 31.

11. ↑ to: 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Safi ur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 274.

12. ↑ to: 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Mu ammad usayn Haykal, Isma il R. Al-Faruqi, ḥ Ḥ ʼThe life of Mu ammad: Volume 1976, Part 2, p. 223.ḥ

13. ↑ to: 13.0 13.1 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is āq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 162-163.ḥ

14. ↑ Safi ur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 274 (footnote 1).


16. ↑ Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, p. 121, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990 (online)

17. ↑ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. “SARIYYAH FOR SLAYING KA'B IBN AL-ASHRAF Then (occurred) the sariyyah for slaying Ka'b Ibn al-Ashraf, the Jew. It took place on 14 Rabi' al-Awwal (4. September AC 624))”

18. ↑ Montgomery Watt, W.. P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.

19. ↑ Stillman, Norman (1979). The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 0827601166 p. 13.

20. ↑ Uri Rubin, The Assassination of Ka b b. al-Ashraf, Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), ʿpp. 65-71.

21. ↑ to: 21.0 21.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.151-153. (online)22. ↑ to: 22.0 22.1 22.2 William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam

to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 1423. ↑ to: 23.0 23.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 204. (online)24. ↑ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al, The Sealed Nectar, Darussalam

Publications, p. 204, 200525. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of

Muhammad: a translation of Is āq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 482. "THE ḥKILLING OF SALLAM IBN ABU'L-HUQAYQ"

26. ↑ Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 100, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008

27. ↑ to: 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 186-187. (online)

28. ↑ to: 28.0 28.1 Gabriel, Richard A., Muhammad, Islam's first great general, University of Oklahoma Press, p. 126, ISBN 9780806138602, 2008

29. ↑ Sunnah.org, says Ahmad 3:496, al-Waqidi 2:533, archive30. ↑ Abu Dawud 2:1244, hadithcollection.com (archive)31. ↑ Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the

Prophet, State University of New York Press, pp. 121, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990 (online)

32. ↑ Ismā īl ibn Umar Ibn Kathīr, The life of the prophet Mu ammad: a ʻ ʻ ḥtranslation of al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya, Garnet, p. 190, ISBN 978-1859640098, 2000

33. ↑ to: 33.0 33.1 33.2 Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. “The expeditions to Hamra' al-Asad and Qatan (March and June 625)” (free online)

34. ↑ to: 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 183. (online)35. ↑ to: 35.0 35.1 35.2 Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State

University of New York Press, pp. 141–142, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008 pp. 141-142

36. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is āq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 390.ḥ

37. ↑ to: 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is āq’s Sīrat rasūl ḥAllāh, pp. 755-756 (footnotes).

38. ↑ to: 38.0 38.1 38.2 S. A. Rahman, Punishment of Apostasy in Islam, pp. 25-26.

39. ↑ to: 39.0 39.1 39.2 Asbab al-nuzul by al-Wahidi, Commentary of Quran 3:86, (online)

40. ↑ De Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad, Darussalam, A Biography of the Prophet of Islam (Vol 1 & 2), p. 433.

41. ↑ to: 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 Abū Khalīl, Shawqī (2003). Atlas of the Quran. Dar-us-Salam.

42. ↑ to: 42.0 42.1 42.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211. (online)

43. ↑ Tabari, Al, The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 147, ISBN 978-0887063442, 2008

44. ↑ William Muir, The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing, p. 317, ISBN 9780766177413, 2003

45. ↑ to: 45.0 45.1 45.2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 201-205. (online)46. ↑ to: 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir

Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited, pp. 213, ISBN 9781861796110, 2009(online)

47. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is āq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 461-464.ḥ

48. ↑ to: 48.0 48.1 Peters, Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, p. 222-224.49. ↑ to: 49.0 49.1 Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source

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51. ↑ Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume (translator), The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah), Oxford University Press, pp. 461–464, ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1, 2002 pp. 461–464.

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56. ↑ Abu Dawud 14:266557. ↑ Sahih Bukhari 4:52:28058. ↑ Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA

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61. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 208-210. (online)62. ↑ Ibn Kathīr, Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 18

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63. ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 209-210. (online)64. ↑ Haykal, Hussain, The Life of Mohammed, Islamic Book Trust, p. 354,

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69. ↑ to: 69.0 69.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 241. (online)

70. ↑ Tirmidhi (Partial translation), see no. 3923, p. 182.71. ↑ (1998) The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is āq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. ḥ

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73. ↑ Sahih Bukhari 1:4:23474. ↑ Tafsir ibn Kathir, Surai Madiah 5:39, "The Punishment of those who

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76. ↑ to: 76.0 76.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 242. (online)77. ↑ to: 77.0 77.1 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The

life of Muhammad: a translation of Is āq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 671-672.ḥ78. ↑ to: 78.0 78.1 Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory

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79. ↑ to: 79.00 79.01 79.02 79.03 79.04 79.05 79.06 79.07 79.08 79.09 79.10 79.11 79.12 79.13 79.14 79.15 79.16 79.17 79.18 79.19 79.20 79.21 79.22 79.23 79.24 79.25 79.26 79.27 79.28 79.29 79.30 79.31 79.32 79.33 79.34 79.35 79.36 79.37 79.38 79.39 79.40 79.41 79.42 Wahid Khan, Maulana, Muhammad: a prophet for all humanity, Goodword, pp. 327–333, 2002 pp. 327–333

80. ↑ to: 80.0 80.1 80.2 Sahih Bukhari 5:59:58281. ↑ to: 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 81.5 81.6 81.7 81.8 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed

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82.11 82.12 82.13 82.14 82.15 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Is āq's Sīrat rasūl ḥAllāh, p. 551.

83. ↑ to: 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society.

84. ↑ to: 84.0 84.1 Hussain Haykal, The Life of Mohammed, p. 440.85. ↑ to: 85.0 85.1 85.2 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator),

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68.87. ↑ to: 87.0 87.1 Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory

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89. ↑ to: 89.0 89.1 89.2 89.3 Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator), The last years of the Prophet, State University of New York Press, p. 167, ISBN 978-0887066917, 25 Sep 1990 (online)

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93. ↑ to: 93.0 93.1 Ibn Sa'd, Syed Moinul Haq (translator), Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2, p. 179.

94. ↑ M. Th. Houtsma, E.J. Brill's first encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936, p. 584.95. ↑ to: 95.0 95.1 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 287.96. ↑ to: 96.0 96.1 96.2 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator),

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101. ↑ Tabari, The foundation of the community, p.161.102. ↑ to: 102.0 102.1 Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume

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103. ↑ Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 28 (Part 28): Al-Mujadila 1 to At-Tahrim 12 2nd Edition, p. 43. (online)

104. ↑ Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam.

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