197© The Author(s) 2018M. Gómez-Reino, Nationalisms in the European Arena, Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65951-0

List of In-Depth Interviewees

Izaskun Bilbao, ALDE, PNVIñaki Irazabalbeitia, EFA, AralarIan Hughton, EFA, SNPJosep M. Terricabras, EFA, ERCAna Miranda, EFA, BNGJosé L. Linazasoro, EFAFrançois Alfonsi, EFA, PNCMark Demesmaeker, ERC, N-VASalvador Sedó, EPP, UDCRamón Tremosa, ALDE, CDCJosu Juaristi, GUE/GLE, EH BilduBruno Gollnish, EAF, FN, non-attachedGerard Batten, EFDD, UKIPLudovic De Danne, EAF, FNJussi Halla-aho, ERC, PS

Appendix 1

199© The Author(s) 2018M. Gómez-Reino, Nationalisms in the European Arena, Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65951-0

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213© The Author(s) 2018M. Gómez-Reino, Nationalisms in the European Arena, Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65951-0

AAENM, see Alliance of European

National Movements (AENM)AfD, see Alternative for Germany

(AfD)AGE, see Alternativa Galega

d‘Esquerda Galician Left Alternative (AGE)

All for Latvia (NA), 72, 79, 174n7Alleanza Nazionale (AN), 73, 153,

166Alliance for Austrian‘s Future (BZÖ),

72, 79Alliance of European National

Movements (AENM), 168, 169

Alternativa Galega d‘Esquerda Galician Left Alternative (AGE), 98

Alternative for Germany (AfD), 7, 108, 159, 190

AN, see Alleanza Nazionale (AN)ANEL, see Independent Greeks

(ANEL)Anti-establishment, 70, 98, 153Anti-immigrant parties, 65Anti-semitism, 65, 66, 166, 176n26Aralar, vii, 58n10, 58n11, 98, 122,

129, 137, 138, 143n10Arenas

European, ix, x, xiv–xvi, xviii, xix, xxi, xxii, 12, 17–23, 27n23, 52–54, 56, 65, 66, 76–78, 80, 81, 89–91, 93, 95–101, 109, 110, 117, 121, 122, 124, 126, 127, 130, 131, 133, 135, 141, 147, 149–151, 158, 160, 161, 164–166, 170–187

Index1

1Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

214 Index

interaction, 23, 149, 150national, 52, 77, 93, 161regional, 52, 90, 124

Ataka, see Bulgarian National Union Attack (Ataka)

BBloque Nacionalista Galego (BNG),

vii, 26n20, 42, 45, 46, 53, 59n17, 95, 98, 105, 126, 128, 129, 138, 142n3, 143n15

BNG, see Bloque Nacionalista Galego (BNG)

Brexit, viii, 191, 192Bulgarian National Union Attack

(Ataka), 25n9, 70, 72, 79, 80, 82n10, 107, 157, 173n2

BZÖ, see Alliance for Austrian‘s Future (BZÖ)

CCatalan consulta, 130, 135, 144n24CC see Coalición Canaria (CC)CDC, viii, xxxvii, 44, 98, 105, 119,

124, 127, 130, 132, 133, 135, 139, 142n7, 145n30

Centralization EU, 64, 74, 75, 185

CiU, see Convergènca i Unió (CiU)Ciutadans, 128, 143n18Cleavage theory

center-periphery cleavage, 3, 13, 39, 41, 43, 44, 47, 96, 109

cleavage location, 13cleavage translation, 186

functional cleavages, 124, 180, 186geographical presence, 90new cleavage, viii, xxiin1, 4, 109

Coalición Canaria (CC), 26n20, 42, 46, 53, 59n17, 128–130

Coalición Europa de los Pueblos, 91, 106, 128, 138

Coalición Europea, 105, 128Coalición izquierda de los Pueblos,

105, 128Coalición por la Europa de los

Pueblos, 128Coalitions, 126Committee of the Regions, 41, 185Confederal Europe, 75, 185Conservatives party families

Agrarian, 52and borderline cases, 7Christian democrat, 24n2, 51,

132Confessional, 52, 78Greens, 41, 51, 52Liberal, 41, 78mainstream, 4, 20, 21, 117, 124,

131, 136, 189minority nationalist/regionalist,

xvii, xix, 5, 10, 11, 21, 24n4, 37–57, 57n1, 57n3, 57n4, 68, 78, 87–89, 96, 99, 100, 104, 120, 124, 126, 180–182, 186

Popular, 132, 133, 180populist nationalist/radical right,

vii–x, xiii–xix, 6–10, 14, 16, 17, 20, 21, 25n8, 43, 63–81, 89, 90, 92, 94–97, 99, 100, 104, 109, 110, 111n2, 113n19, 150, 153, 155, 156, 168, 171, 179–184

Arenas (cont.)

215 Index

Radical Left, 52Socialist, 41, 51, 180

Convergènca i Unió (CiU), xix, 26n20, 41, 42, 46, 49, 53, 59n17, 91, 95, 98, 105, 106, 112n16, 112n17, 124, 127, 129, 132, 133, 135, 143n12

Coppieters, Maurtis, xx, 119, 134Cordon sanitaire, xxi, 65, 66, 95,

149–151, 165–167, 190Corsican National Party (PNC), vii,

92, 104, 106, 128

DDanish People‘s Party (DF), 72, 73,

79, 100, 107, 108, 155, 157, 190

Dédiabolisation, de-demonisation, 66, 150, 158, 161, 166, 171

The Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR), 42, 53, 104, 106, 133

Democratic deficit EU, 47, 54, 74, 160, 173

Devolution, xvii, 8, 15, 47, 48, 50, 52, 54, 90, 92, 95, 111n7, 180, 192

decentralization, 8, 92DF, see Danish People‘s Party (DF)Dimensions of competition

economic left-right, 10, 65GAL-TAN dimension, xiv, 10, 11left-right dimension, xiv, xvii,

xviii, xxi, 5, 6, 10, 19, 20, 24n5, 39, 43–47, 56, 69–74, 81n4, 110, 174n12, 186

EEA, see Eusko Alkartasuna (EA)EAF, see European Alliance for

Freedom (EAF)EFA, see European Free Alliance

(EFA)EFA-DPPE, see European Free

Alliance–Democratic party of the Peoples of Europe (EFA-DPPE)

EFA/Greens, xx, 123–125, 143n20

ELDR, see European Liberal and Democratic group (ELDR)

Electoral coalitions, 18, 94, 112n12, 120–125, 137, 138

EPEN, see Greek National Political Union (EPEN)

ERC, see Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC)

Esquerra Catalana des Traballadors, 142n1

Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC), viii, xix, 26n20, 42, 46, 53, 58n10, 59n17, 99, 106, 112n16, 112n17, 119, 126, 128–130, 133, 138, 142n3

Ethnic diversity, 112n13, 179Ethnic parties, 5, 24n3, 42, 96, 104,

112n13, 141, 188EUL/NGL, see European United

Left/Nordic Green Left (EUL/NGL)

EU party groups, x, 16, 18, 21fragmentation, ix, x

EU position, 26n19, 42, 71, 72Europa de los Pueblos-Verdes

(EdP-V), 106, 129

216 Index

Europarties, ix, xvi, xix–xxi, 15, 16, 18, 21, 24, 26n21, 90, 101, 103, 104, 110, 114–117, 119, 122, 124, 127, 130, 131, 133, 138, 141, 148, 158, 160–167, 181–183, 185, 187–189, 191

European Alliance for Freedom (EAF), vii, 73, 75, 76, 133, 158–162, 164, 166–172, 175n21, 176n29, 188

European Conservative and Reformist (ECR), 134, 157, 159, 167, 173, 174n7

European Democracy and Diversity groups, 152, 153

European electionselectoral results Nationalist party

families, 52, 89, 94, 100, 113n19

electoral results party families, 89, 94, 99, 100, 113n19

electoral system, 18, 94, 175n20

platform, 54, 55, 81, 91, 110, 127

representation minority and populist party families, ix, 93, 109

European enlargements, 104European Free Alliance (EFA), vii,

xx, xxiiin13, 16, 47–50, 58n9, 91, 112n12, 118–120, 123–126, 130, 132–134, 136–141, 142n3, 142n4, 142n5, 142n6, 142n7, 142n8, 142n9, 142–143n10, 143n11, 143n13, 143n20, 144–145n29, 155, 184, 185, 187, 188, 192

European Free Alliance–Democratic party of the Peoples of Europe (EFA-DPPE), xx, 16, 120

European Freedom and Direct Democracy Group, 158

European integrationeconomic, viii, 13, 37, 45, 53and globalization, 8, 64jurisdictional architecture, viii, xii,

48, 49political, viii, xiii, 12–15, 26n18,

39, 45, 64, 160politicization, 51, 53, 55, 56, 72–76territorial restructuring, viii

Europeanizationconcept, xiv, 4, 12potential for, xvi, xviii, 89, 109top-down and bottom-up, 19

European Liberal and Democratic group (ELDR), 131, 140, 155

European parliament, ix, xviii, 7, 8, 15–21, 23, 24, 27n21, 27n22, 47, 50, 53, 54, 62, 66, 70, 77n5, 83–89, 93–98, 102–104, 106n11, 107n19, 107n21, 107n23, 111, 113–121, 124–128, 130–135, 137n11, 137n18, 138n29, 139n32, 141–156, 158–162, 164–166, 167n3, 167n4, 168n13, 168n15, 168–169n19, 170n29, 174, 176, 177, 179–187, 187n2

European party system, ix, xiv, xix, xxi, xxii, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15, 18–20, 23, 65, 66, 69, 70, 77, 89–110, 147, 168, 172, 179, 182, 184, 187–191

shape of the EU, 15, 168, 172, 185

217 Index

European United Left/Nordic Green Left (EUL/NGL), xxiin2

Europe of Regions, xvii, 41, 48, 54Europhile, xvii, xxxviii, 14, 16, 21,

37, 38, 40, 43, 46, 47, 56, 81, 111n3, 181

EuroscepticismEuro-critic, 126Eurosceptic vanguard, 63–67hard, 46, 73, 74soft, 46, 57n3

EU salience, 53, 78, 79Euskal Herria Bildu (EH-Bildu), vii,

98, 129, 130, 137, 138, 145n29

Euskal Herriko Alderdi Socialista, 142n1

Euskal Herrritarrok, 128Eusko Alkartasuna (EA), 26n20, 42,

53, 105, 122, 128, 129, 138, 143n10

Exclusive identities, vii, xiii, 8, 77Extreme right, xi, xii, 6–8, 11, 13,

25n8, 25n10, 44, 45, 70, 98, 113n20, 124, 150, 165, 167, 175n25

FFamille spirituelle, 149Farage, Nigel, 148, 156, 157,

159–162, 164, 166, 167, 170, 171, 175n20, 188

FDF, see Front Democratique Francophone (FDF)

Federal Europe, 49, 135, 144n24, 144n27, 185

Fianna Fáil, 123, 153FN, see National Front France (FN)

FNb, see National Front Belgium (FNb)

Framing Europe, xiiiFront Democratique Francophone

(FDF), 42, 53, 92, 105, 117Funding/budget, 16, 26n21

GGaleusca, 106, 127–129, 138Greek National Political Union

(EPEN), 107

HHerri Batasuna (HB), 44, 45, 91, 97,

105, 121, 128, 129, 138, 142n3

Historical institutionalism, 183, 189, 193n1

IIdentity, vii, viii, xi–xiv, xxiiin12,

xxxvii, 4–6, 8, 9, 19, 20, 37, 48, 52, 58n9, 64, 65, 76, 77, 80, 131, 141, 148, 179, 181

Identity, Tradition and Sovereignty, 154Ideology

composite nature, 9heterogeneity, xv, xx, 4, 5, 14, 17,

47, 48, 56, 110, 131, 141, 151, 181

left-right, 10, 44, 45, 70nationalism, thin, proximate, ix,

x, xii–xvi, xxiin5, xxxvii, 4–6, 9, 14, 22, 25n7, 39, 65, 67, 81n3, 120, 131, 141, 151, 160, 182

218 Index

Independence, vii, viii, xii, xxiiin9, 8, 27n23, 39, 49, 54, 55, 73, 135–138, 144n24, 160, 174n15, 180, 185, 186, 190, 192

Independence and Democracy group, 153–155

Independence in Europe, 48, 54, 142n7, 185, 191

Independent Greeks (ANEL), 8, 161Institutionally embedded

transnationalism, xviii, 90, 93–99, 109, 193

Internationalist/isolationist views, 118

Inverted U curve, 45, 46, 69Irish Republican Movement, 142n1Islamophobia, 65, 66, 160Issue structure, xvii, 43, 45, 124, 184

ideology, xvii, 43, 45, 124

JJobbik, 8, 71, 72, 79, 108, 162, 169,

175n21

LLAOS, see Popular Orthodox Rally

(LAOS)Law and Justice (PiS), 72, 73, 79,

82n12Le Pen, Jean Marie, 66, 82n7, 93,

153, 164, 166, 168, 170, 175n23, 176n28

Le Pen, Marine, 66, 73, 82n7, 82n8, 133, 150, 157–162, 164, 166, 167, 169, 170, 172, 173, 175n20, 175n21, 175n23, 188

Lega Lombarda (LL), 91, 105, 119

Lega Nord (LN), xxi, xxiiin9, 11, 26n15, 27n23, 42–47, 53, 59n17, 67, 73, 91, 95, 105, 106, 111n3, 113n19, 122, 124, 133, 141, 154–163, 165, 166, 169, 170, 173n1, 174n9, 174n18, 174n19

LL, see Lega Lombarda (LL)LN, see Lega Nord (LN)Los Pueblos Deciden, 129

MManifestos, 22, 43, 47–50, 56, 73,

75, 76, 126, 131, 142n6, 160, 168, 171

Membership in political groups, viii, ix, xviii, 5, 7, 11, 12, 74, 103, 118–124, 130–132, 136, 141, 142n5, 143n17, 144n26, 166–168, 170, 176n29, 191, 192

MELD, see Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy (MELD)

MEPs, vii, 7, 15, 19, 22, 23, 45, 78n15, 82n15, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89, 93, 95–98, 100–102, 105n1, 107n19, 114, 116–120, 124, 126–134, 137n11, 138n23, 138n27, 142–146, 148–153, 155, 156, 158, 160–162, 165, 168n17, 168n18, 168–169n19, 169n20, 170n26, 170n29, 174, 176, 180, 182, 183, 186, 187, 188n3

219 Index

Minority nationalismbourgeois nationalism, 25n5, 44ethnoregionalist parties, 97internal colonialism, 25n5, 44, 45

Mixed party incentives, xxiiMouvement pour la France (MPF),

71, 72, 79, 154, 163Movement for a Europe of Liberties

and Democracy (MELD), 168, 169, 176n29

Movimento Sociale Italiano (MSI), xxiiin19, 93, 111n1, 151, 153, 165, 173n2, 173n3, 173n6

MPF, see Mouvement pour la France (MPF)

MSI, see Movimento Sociale Italiano (MSI)

Multiculturalism, 11Multilevel political system, ix, xiv,

xviii, xxi, 15, 18, 48, 50, 52, 54, 90, 127, 174–176

vertical and horizontal links, 182

NNA, see All for Latvia (NA)National Democratic Party of

Germany (NPD), 8, 72, 79National Front Belgium (FNb), 107National Front France (FN), xiii, xxi,

xxiiin20, 25n9, 25n11, 27n23, 66, 67, 71–73, 78–80, 81n2, 81n6, 82n7, 82n15, 93, 100, 107, 108, 112n18, 112n19, 150, 151, 153, 156–171, 173n2, 173n3, 173n4, 175n23, 175n25, 184, 188

Nationalismcivic, xi

and ideological malleability, 17, 21, 67

liberal, xi, xiiiscales, xii, 11

Nationalist political groupsassimilation, xvi, xxi, xxii, xxxvii,

11, 181, 190singularity, xvi, xxi, xxii, 134,

181Nativism, xi, xxiin6, 4, 6, 65, 160Niche parties, xiv, 43Niewe-Vlaamse Alliantie (N-VA), vii,

xxxix, 42, 53, 59n17, 97, 99, 106, 112n16, 119, 121, 122, 133, 134, 139, 141, 142n7, 143n10, 143n18, 143n19, 143n20

Non-attached, 18, 136, 137, 148, 150–152, 154, 155, 157–159, 164, 174n17, 174n18, 176n28, 187, 188

NPD, see National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD)

N-VA, see Niewe-Vlaamse Alliantie (N-VA)

OOrder and Justice, 154, 163, 169

PPA, see Partido Andalucista (PA)Pan Europeanism (ethno-

Europeanism, substantialist Europeanism), xviii, 66, 67, 81, 182

PAR, see Partido Aragonés Regionalista (PAR)

220 Index

Paradox of position and salience, viii, 23, 81, 182

Partido Andalucista (PA), 105, 128, 129

Partido Aragonés Regionalista (PAR), 128

Partidul Romania Mare Party of Romanian National Unity (PRM), 25n9, 70, 80, 108, 157, 173n2

Partito Sardo d‘Azione (Psd’A), 105Party for Freedom (PVV), 25n11,

71–73, 78–80, 98, 100, 108, 156–159, 161–163, 166, 169, 172, 185

Party of the Hungarian Community Magyar Közösség Pártja (SMK-MKP), 42, 53, 106

Party strategic dilemmas, xx, xxi, xxxix, 22, 23, 27n27, 117, 149, 158–161, 172, 183

PC, see Plaid Cymru (PC)Perussomalaset Finns (PS), 72, 79,

80, 108, 157, 190PiS, see Law and Justice (PiS)Plaid Cymru (PC), viii, xix, 26n20,

46, 59n17, 92, 105, 106, 112n11, 118, 121, 124, 142n6, 192

PNC, see Corsican National Party (PNC)

Political competition, 52, 55, 103, 148, 171, 172, 187

group membership, 103, 149, 172

Political groupscriteria, 101, 150, 156, 161

formation, xix, 3, 15, 101, 103, 108–110, 147, 149, 152, 161, 162, 164, 165, 172, 183

political affinities, 101, 149, 173n5

resources, 16, 18, 19, 187size, 134, 136

Political parties, vii–ix, xii, xiv, xv, xx, xxi, 4, 5, 7, 11–14, 16–18, 22, 23, 26n18, 26n21, 27n23, 47, 56, 58n9, 66, 69, 70, 77, 81n2, 82n15, 89–91, 95, 101, 103, 113n23, 120, 127, 132, 133, 138, 142n3, 143n18, 148–151, 153, 156, 157, 159, 160, 164, 165, 167, 169, 173n1, 174n15, 187–190, 192

Political sovereignty, viii, ix, xiii, 8, 19, 20, 24, 51, 64, 74

Political stigma, xxi, 65, 66, 149, 150, 165–167, 175n23

Popular Orthodox Rally (LAOS), 25n9, 72, 79, 107, 108, 157, 161, 163

Populism, xi, xxiin3, xxiin4, 6, 25n7, 65, 81n2, 81n3

Populist nationalism, xviiiPRM, see Partidul Romania Mare

Party of Romanian National Unity (PRM)

Process tracing, 23PS, see Perussomalaset Finns (PS)Psd’A, see Partito Sardo d‘Azione

(Psd’A)PVV, see Party for Freedom (PVV)PW, see Walloon Party (PW)

221 Index

RRadical right, xii, xiv, xxiiin10,

xxiiin11, xxiiin19, xxxvii, xxxix, 6–8, 11, 21, 24n2, 25n9, 25n11, 26n15, 27n25, 77, 81n1, 94, 112n19, 148, 156, 161, 173n3, 193n2

Rassamblement Walloon, 123Regional autonomy, 41, 48Regionalization, 90, 192Representation

functional, 186territorial, 52, 103, 104, 113n23,

156, 158, 162, 187Republikaner, 67, 173n2, 173n6RKP-SFP, 42, 53Rules of procedure

evolution of rules, 101, 104, 109, 122

requirements for group formation, 101–104, 106–108, 122, 154, 167, 172, 183

SScottish National Party (SNP), vii,

viii, xix, 26n20, 42, 46, 53, 59n17, 92, 95, 99, 105, 106, 117, 119, 121, 123, 126, 139, 142n7, 191, 192, 194n3

SD, see Sweden Democrats (SD)Second-order effects, 93Self-government, xx, 37–39, 43, 44,

48, 50, 54, 75, 110, 122, 133–135, 139, 142n7

SF, see Sinn Féin (SF)SfP, see Swedish People‘s Party (SfP)

Sinn Féin (SF), 38–41, 49, 53n5, 89, 118, 131, 132, 136n3

Slovak National Party (SNS), 72, 79, 80, 107, 108, 157, 161, 163

SMK-MKP, see Party of the Hungarian Community Magyar Közösség Pártja (SMK-MKP)

SNP, see Scottish National Party (SNP)

SNS, see Slovak National Party (SNS)

Spirit, 97, 143n10State

bypassing, 20, 38, 185hollowing, 64, 185

Subsidiarity, 48, 75, 76Sudtiroler Volksparteit (SVP), 42,

53, 91, 105, 106, 117, 124, 132, 142n8, 143n12, 145n31

Support for EU, xvii, xxxvii, 14, 37, 45, 48, 72

SVP, see Sudtiroler Volksparteit (SVP)

Sweden Democrats (SD), 72, 79, 108, 157, 158, 161, 162, 167, 169

Swedish People‘s Party (SfP), 42, 59n17, 106, 124, 132, 143n12

TTrajectories of transnational party

coordination, ix, xviii–xxii, 22, 109, 184, 189

Transnational elites, 17, 19, 183, 184, 192

222 Index

Transnationalism, internationalism, Europeanism, x, xix, 67, 101–103, 113n21, 183, 190, 191

Transnational party coordination, ix, x, xv, xvi, xviii–xxii, 5, 12, 17, 19, 21–24, 27n24, 56, 57, 81, 90, 109–139, 141–170, 181–184, 187–189, 193

Transposition, x, xxi, 110, 117, 147Treaties

Amsterdam, 51, 78Lisbon, 46, 70, 112n14Maastricht, vii, xviii, 64, 67, 75

UU Mallorquina, 128, 129U. Menorquia, 129UDB, see Union Democratique

Bretonne (UDB)UDC, viii, 111n6, 124, 130, 132,

133, 135, 144n24, 145n31UDMR, see The Democratic Alliance

of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR)

UKIP, see United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP)

Union Democratique Bretonne (UDB), 45, 118, 142n2

Union do Povo Galego (UPG), 57n2, 142n1

Union for Europe of the Nations, 153, 154

Unión Pueblo y Democracia (UPyD), 143n18

Unión Valencia (UV), 105, 121, 129

United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), vii, viii, xxiiin20, xxxvii, 7, 25n9, 72–74, 79, 80, 82n13, 100, 107, 108, 112n11, 154–157, 159, 161–164, 166–172, 174n9, 174n13, 175n20, 176n26, 185, 188

UPG, see Union do Povo Galego (UPG)

UPyD, see Unión Pueblo y Democracia (UPyD)

UV, see Unión Valencia (UV)

VVlaams Belang (VB), xxiiin9, 11,

25n8, 25n14, 27n23, 67, 72, 79, 80, 82n15, 107, 108, 112n19, 124, 155–158, 160, 162, 163, 169, 172, 173n2, 176n29, 185

Volatility (group), 16, 97, 98, 155, 162, 187

Volksunie, xx, 97, 105, 134

WWalloon Party (PW), 92Wilders, Geert, 158, 159, 161, 162,

166, 169, 171

XXenophobia, xi, 6, 65, 81n2, 166,

167