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i

LIST OF AUTHORS

Students

Davide Angelucci

Arni Dewi Boronnia

Masooma Batool

Valentina Bedoya Serrati

Janine van Bon

Rebecca Chudaska

Simone Ciuffi

Jessica Del Real Arriage

Anna Granieri

Pablo Herreros Cantis

Elias Huland

Diane Ingabire

Arianne Kloosterman

Barbora Kuciaková

Petra Kunovska

Enpei Li

Chia-Ju Lin

Erik Logemann

Hafi Munirwan

Hadija Nagujja

Linda Novosadová

Linda Ofori

Francien van Ojen

Irene Peeters

Zulfikar Dinar Wahidayat Putra

Karim Smit

Carolin Wilken

Shan Zhang

Meiwen Zhou

Moniek Zwiers

Lecturers

B. van Vliet

C. Oonk

S. Rickebusch

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents the results from an interdisciplinary research project on the Soutok peri-urban

park, conducted by a team of 30 students from Wageningen University & Research, on behalf of the

Prague Institute of Planning and Development (IPR). The purpose of the research is the identification

and analysis of the current and potential use of ecosystem services in the Soutok area, which is located

at the confluence of the Vltava and Berounka rivers in the south-west of Prague.

Urban expansion, met by lack of coordination and communication in land use planning resulted in the

fragmentation and neglect of the landscape in the area. To inform the the realization of a sustainable

approach to land-use, which considers socio-cultural, environmental and economic aspects, ecosystem

services (ES) are identified and analysed. Ecosystem services are defined as the benefits which humans

derive from nature. To achieve optimal use of and value creation from ecosystem services in the

landscape, coordinated management between the municipalities surrounding Prague and involved

stakeholders is sought for. This maximizes human and environmental well-being.

Considering the social dimension, it can be noted that the largest influence on the area and the

maintenance of its ES, is exerted by private stakeholders; namely farmers and landowners. They are key

for solving conflicts between stakeholders, as they determine land-use, but their limited

communication with IPR and the local government hampers the process. With respect to the economic

dimension, gravel mining, wholesale markets and golf course were identified as the main economic

actors which have a major influence on the condition of ecosystems in the area. The natural dimension

of the Soutok area is addressed in terms of the ES categories: provisioning, regulating, cultural and

habitat services.

Provisioning ES include mainly commercial agriculture and other business activities, providing food

(crops and fish), raw materials (gravel and rapeseed) for construction and biofuel, and freshwater, from

the area. Improvements should address the dependency of farmers on subsidies and monocultural

production, as well as the lack of connection of the local community to ES.

Regulating services mainly include flood control, pollination, noise regulation and climate/air quality

regulation. Strikingly, while economic activities are largely responsible for negative impacts on these

services, they are also dependent on them. This particularly involves pollination which requires

connectivity and less monoculture, as well as less air and noise pollution to enhance the perceived

quality of life and therefore recreational businesses.

Issues concerning cultural services mainly revolve around a lack of recreational facilities and

infrastructure such as paths, benches or trash bins. Markedly, the aesthetic value is perceived as high.

Wild nature is especially appreciated, as opposed to artificial makeup. Yet, social cohesion and sense of

place remain an untapped potential for the area.

Habitat services are provided by ecosystems of rivers, agriculture, forests and abandoned lands which

host a diversity of species. These are mainly at risk to be impaired due to plans for the channelization

of the Berounka river, excessive and environmentally unfriendly infrastructure and recreation

development, as well as mining plans.

Four scenarios were developed as potential future visions for the Soutok area:

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1) The Network-Scenario envisions a bottom-up and laissez-faire planning approach where local

communities and private parties cooperate to function as main spatial planners, but state intervention

remains limited. As a result, cultural and habitat services such as recreation and biodiversity, are

enhanced.

2) The United-Scenario is based on collaborative planning and decision-making between society and

the local government. While cultural and habitat services benefit from this, it comes at the cost of

regulating services, biodiversity, local climate and air quality.

3) The Flexibility-Scenario gives most flexibility to the local government. Diffused land ownership,

guided by self-interest results in incremental planning, more monoculture and more abandoned land.

While provisioning services will be enhanced, habitat services are at risk to be neglected.

4) The Steering-Scenario is a top-down approach where the government is the main actor and holder

of power. Working for the greater good sustains provisioning services but may come at the cost of the

sense of place and social cohesion.

We propose an Integrated ES Management Approach for improved land use management. It improves

stakeholder collaboration by addressing the issue of unevenly distributed landownership, as well as the

lack of environmental awareness and social connectivity in the area. As part of this, communication

between stakeholders is improved by creating new platforms and channels to share and discuss

diverse information and views available. This will especially help improve communication between

private and public stakeholders about the plans for the area, the effects of these plans, as well as who

cooperates and in what form. Additionally, trade-off analysis is used to assess the impacts of different

economic activities, such as the gravel mine, on ES. Furthermore, explicit goals for future developments

in the area are defined, as well as associated indicators used to monitor the degree of achievement of

such goals over time. Finally, adaptation pathways are developed as a means of dealing with future

uncertainties.

This report provides IPR with insights into the existing ES in the Soutok area, the ways in which

stakeholders interact with the ES and the possible routes of development for the Soutok area.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF AUTHORS .................................................................................................................................................................................................... i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................................................................... ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................................................................... iv

ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... v

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... v

1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................................................ 1

The peri-urban park in Prague ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Purpose of the consultancy project ............................................................................................................................................................ 1

Reading guide ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

2 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................................... 4

3 ASSESSMENT OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN THE SOUTOK ARA .............................................................................................. 5

3.1 Social dimension of ecosystem services ........................................................................................................................................... 5

3.2 Economic dimension of ecosystem services ......................................................................................................................... 7

3.3 Nature (ecosystem services) ........................................................................................................................................................ 7

3.3.1 Provisioning ecosystem services.................................................................................................................................................. 7

3.3.2. Regulating ecosystem services ................................................................................................................................................. 10

3.3.3 Cultural ecosystem services ........................................................................................................................................................ 12

3.3.4 Habitat ecosystem services ......................................................................................................................................................... 15

3.4 Importance of ES for the Soutok area .................................................................................................................................... 16

4 SCENARIOS FOR SOUTOK ...................................................................................................................................................................... 17

4.1 Scenario A: Network ..................................................................................................................................................................... 18

4.2 Scenario B: United ......................................................................................................................................................................... 19

4.3 Scenario C: Flexibility ................................................................................................................................................................... 19

4.4 Scenario D: Steering ..................................................................................................................................................................... 20

4.5 Analysis of Ecosystem services change in each scenario .............................................................................................. 21

5 AN INTEGRATED ECOSYSTEM SERVICES MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................................ 23

5.1 Step 1: Explicit goals and indicators ...................................................................................................................................... 23

5.2 Step 2: Trade-off analysis ........................................................................................................................................................... 25

5.3 Step 2: Zoning ................................................................................................................................................................................. 25

5.4 Adaptive management & development of thresholds .................................................................................................. 25

6 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 28

7 LIMITATIONS ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 30

8 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 31

ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 34

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Annex 1 - Sector reports

1.1 River sector report

1.2 Agriculture sector report

1.3 Recreation sector report

1.4 Transport sector report

1.5 Business sector report

Annex 2 - Best Practices Report

Annex 3 - Frames

3.1 Survey

3.2 Interview frame

3.3 Observation frame

3.4 Analysis of ES

Annex 4 - List of interviewees

ABBREVIATIONS ES Ecosystem Services

IPR Prague Institute of Planning and Development

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Location of the Soutok area in Prague

Figure 2 ES spinner model with three dimensions: nature, economic and social

Figure 3 Stakeholder relation diagram

Figure 4 Key provisioning services in the Soutok area

Figure 5 Perception on provision of crops and harvesting of wild products in the Soutok area, n=503

Figure 6 Key regulating services in the Soutok area

Figure 7 Key cultural services in the Soutok area

Figure 8 Reason for visiting the Soutok area, n=503

Figure 9 Key habitat services in the Soutok area

Figure 10 Current use and importance of ES in the Soutok area

Figure 11 Scenarios development for the Soutok area

Figure 12 Uses of ES in the A) Network; B) United; C) Flexibility; and D) Steering scenarios

Figure 13 The cascade model

Figure 14 Link between common goal, current situation, scenarios and the adaptation pathways

(source: Adapted from Vervoort et al, 2014 and Buurman & Babovic, 2016)

Unless mentioned otherwise, all figures and photo’s are our own contribution.

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1 INTRODUCTION

The peri-urban park in Prague

The peri-urban landscapes of Prague (Info 1) are a recent topic of discussion, due to the need for

urban expansion. The management of these areas is necessary in order to prevent conflicts arising

from diverse socio-economic interests. Developing sustainable strategies for future development

could help to overcome this. The case study in this project is the Soutok area. The area is located

at the confluence of the Vltava and Berounka rivers in the south-west of Prague (Figure 1). In this

area, uncoordinated land-use planning resulted in a fragmented and neglected landscape. In order

to overcome these problems, the Prague Institute of Planning and Development (IPR) initiated the

Soutok peri-urban park, wherein the peri-urban landscape would be transformed into a park.

According to the client, the word ‘park’ will be a metaphor for sustainable development and the

creation of a shared local administration. The Soutok area has the potential to become an attractive

open space for leisure activities, as well as an area for nature preservation and business for the

local inhabitants and the citizens of Prague (IPR Praha, 2017a; IPR Praha, 2017b; Dnes, 2017).

Purpose of the consultancy project This consultancy report especially focusses on the preservation of local ecosystems, by identifying

and analysing ecosystem services (ES) in the Soutok project area. ES can be defined as benefits that

humans derive from nature. They relate to components of nature that provide a fundamental

contribution to human and environmental well-being (TEEB, 2011) (Info 2). The identification of the

ES can potentially provide instruments for coordinated management and care of the Soutok

landscape.

The objective of this consultancy report is therefore formulated as:

“The identification, description and analysis of the ecosystem services in the area and the analysis of

their current and potential use by local communities and Prague, taking both ecological, urban

planning and development into account. Providing also a multidisciplinary analysis including

recommendations which the IPR can use to improve functions and services provided by the park”.

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Figure 1 Location of the Soutok area in Prague

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Reading guide In chapter 2, the methodologies carried out during the fieldwork are presented. Chapter 3 presents the

findings regarding the social, economical and environmental dimensions with special focus on ES. In

order to provide potential future visions for the Soutok peri-urban park, scenarios are developed in

chapter 4. In chapter 5 a management framework is proposed and includes best practice examples of

other European peri-urban parks to help create a vision for the future peri-urban park in the Soutok

area. In chapter 6 conclusions are drawn to later discuss the limitations of the project in chapter 7.

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2 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Three main data collection methods are survey, interview and observation in this research. Observations

and surveys were conducted between 6th-10th June, 2017, covering four weekdays and one Saturday.

Additionally, these results are combined with literature research results in the report. In order to cover

all relevant themes in the Soutok area, five sector groups (river, agriculture, recreation, transport and

business) were formed. The accompanying sector reports can be found in Annex 1.

A two-page questionnaire was developed to explore people’s perception on ecosystem services in the

Soutok area and their opinions regarding public participation in the project. The target groups were

local citizens and visitors of the Soutok area, and the sampling method was convenience sampling inside

of Soutok as well as in surrounding neighbourhood. 503 valid questionnaires were collected and

analysed in IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0. More detailed results and the questionnaire can be found in Annex

3.1.

During the two weeks of fieldwork, 29 interviews were conducted with stakeholders. An interview guide

was developed to prepare questions for themes which were considered important (Annex 3.2). Interviews

were conducted as semi-structured, favouring the possibility for the interviewers to develop new

questions for a better exploration of the topic. The interviewees were representatives of different

organisations, companies and municipalities and were approached because of their expertise or

influence on the project and vice versa. The interviews were transcribed and codified, themes were

created for analysis.

The sector groups used observation frame (Annex 3.3) to frame the observation of current situation of

the Soutok area. The observations were carried out in four subareas and each group visit one key subarea

once on weekday and once on weekend, and other three subareas.

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3 ASSESSMENT OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN

THE SOUTOK ARA To gain insight in how to optimally manage the ES, a spinner with three dimensions was introduced to

evaluate the influences of the social, economic and nature dimension on ES (Figure 2). All three

dimensions influence each other as well, therefore “spinning”. These three dimensions, including the ES,

are analysed in this chapter, followed by the overarching key issues in the area, which developed into

scenarios and recommendations for sustainable ES management in chapter 4 and 5.

Figure 2 ES management dimensions, from top to left: the connection between nature, economic and social

dimensions is symbolized, and management of ES is represented in the centre

3.1 Social dimension of ecosystem services Several stakeholders play a role in the management of the area. To understand the mutual

(power)relations between stakeholders in the area, a stakeholder analysis diagram was developed

(Figure 3). The main sources of this analysis were interviewed stakeholders involved in management and

development of the Soutok area. The diagram (Figure 3) reveals different categories of stakeholders and

their power/influence relations. Stakeholders are divided according to the three dimensions of the

spinner, to show in which area they fit and how dependent they are on the ES in Soutok. It becomes

evident that private stakeholders have the biggest influence and are predominantly involved in the

economic dimension of ES, but are not very dependent on the ecosystem services of Soutok. The grey

arrows indicate the least influential stakeholders, which are mainly from the public sector.

A major part of the Soutok area is owned by a single landowner, who leases his land for agricultural

activities. One interviewee mentioned that there is limited communication between the main landowner

of the area and IPR (Interview 21). Other stakeholders also identified problems regarding communication

between IPR or the local government and landowners (Interview 21). For example, landowners and

farmers have not been approached in the previous socio-economic study of the area (Interview 21, 22),

even though as (direct) land users, they influence a large proportion of the Soutok area.

Furthermore, landowners could decide to change the land-use, supported by existing laws that enable

the mining company to expand and exploit natural resources in the Soutok area (Interview 7). The

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landowners’ strategies cannot be regulated by any legislation from the local and smaller municipalities

(Interview 22, 18), giving landowners great influence on developments in the area. Good communication

between these stakeholders and IPR is essential when discussing future developments. Communication

can encourage cooperation, as shown in Figure 3 between private stakeholders (landowners and

farmers), IPR and the less influential public sector.

Figure 3 Stakeholder relation diagram. Showing stakeholder’s category, relative power/influence and dependency on

the Soutok ES. Arrows indicate the least influential stakeholders in the area.

Communication between the private businesses is limited. Generally, the majority of the stakeholders

complained about a lack of direction and influence on the project and felt that the communication from

governmental stakeholders was too one-sided and focused on improved land development (Interview

21, 17, 7). Improving communication between the stakeholders is key.

For public perception and communication of the Soutok project, the survey results show that 62% of

respondents have already heard about the project from various sources. Of these people, the majority

was informed about the Soutok project by other people. Only 8% knows about the project through social

media. This provides great potential: nearly half of the respondents want to be informed by social media,

followed by newspapers, posters and events.

Although interviewee 11 states that the willingness of public to participate in the Soutok project is low,

about 20% of the 503 respondents is willing to participate in the project. The level of willingness

decreases with the stages planning and design, developing and maintaining. Only 4% indicated that

they do not want to be informed about the Soutok project.

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3.2 Economic dimension of ecosystem services The main landscape defining activities exploited by businesses are defined as gravel mining, the

wholesale market and the golf course. Gravel mining is currently taking place in southern Soutok near

Baně and is planned to be further expanded in and around northern Soutok. This will affect the

landscape and therefore ES (see Chapter 3.3). The land of the mining company is being rented from

(various) landowners in the Soutok area (Interview 20).

A golf course is situated in southern Soutok and, with 400 visitors per day, is one of the largest business

and recreational facilities in this area (Interview 27). The management is intensive, with artificial

landscape features such as hills, lakes and fields. The golf course is not properly managed, leading to

land exploitation and small-scale gravel extraction, prior to the creation of the above-mentioned

landscape features (Interview 10, 14, 15, 19).

The wholesale market is located in the central Soutok and hosts many companies, of which the biggest

is a food distribution centre. Over 2000 trucks a day pass-by the area, connecting the wholesale market

with other parts of Czech Republic (Interview 11). This requires extensive infrastructure and affects the

present ES in the area, this is elaborated upon in chapter 3.3.2.

3.3 Nature (ecosystem services)

In addition to the social and economic dimensions the ES in the area (nature dimension) are discussed.

This subchapter provides a detailed description of the identified ES, taking the current situation and

stakeholders and policy issues in consideration, which influence the quality of ES.

3.3.1 Provisioning ecosystem services

Provisioning services in the Soutok area mainly include agricultural and mining activities. The key

provisioning ES identified are food, raw materials, and freshwater (Figure 4) (ES Box 1).

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Figure 4 Key provisioning services in the Soutok area

Food

Around half of the Soutok area is used for agriculture, given the high fertility of the soil due to amongst

others floodings (Interview 6). Farmers mainly grow wheat and beans used as stockfeed in monocultural

fields (Interview 15). This monoculture way of producing might partly be motivated by subsidies, on

which farmers are highly dependent (Interview 13, 15). In addition, farmers lack attachment to their land

because of their limited ability to determine land-use, as the contracts given by the landowner last for

one year only (Interview 7). These two factors influence the ES, since proper land-management is not

motivated, which can lead to overexploitation of the soil (Interview 7). The connection of ES with the

local community is also missing, as products are not sold locally (Interview 19). Moreover, interviewees

addressed the lack of communal gardens for own production in the region and identified local and

small-scale agriculture as feasible opportunities to increase local production, since city-dwellers are

willing to garden in their free time (Interview 14, 15, 23).

The ES of food provisioning shows some negative side effects on the landscape, such as abandoned

orchards (Interview 19). Available agricultural land is decreasing due to urban and recreational

developments and the mining expansion (Interview 3, 23).

Another food provisioning service in the Soutok area is the harvesting of wild products. The survey

results show that wild product harvesting is perceived more positively than crops provisioning (Figure

5). A notable outcome is the more positive perception of agriculture from people living in the area (26%

positive; 26% slightly positive) compared to people living outside the area (19% positive; 20% slightly

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positive). Some of the fish caught in the rivers is eaten, making it both provisioning and recreational

services. Also other wild products, such as strawberries, cherries and elderflowers are being picked for

consumption. The area most likely provides more harvestable products, which may be season dependent

(Interview 19).

Figure 5 Perception on provision of crops and harvesting of wild products in the Soutok area, n=503

Raw materials

Natural resources present in the area are gravel and rapeseed. Gravel was formed due to geographical

and geological activities in the past and currently is an important business in the area. However,

ecological values might be threatened due to extraction and transportation (see chapter 3.3.2). Rapeseed

grown for e.g. biofuel production is profit-based. Vast land is stressed by the monocultural agricultural

style. It poses a threat of wearing off the land and is a burden due to the recurrent flooding occurring in

the area. Crop density decreases permeability and the water retention ability of designated flood areas

(Interview 13) (see chapter 3.3.2).

Fresh water

Information about the quality of freshwater sources is highly contradictory. One interviewee addressed

the existence of over six studies that determined poor groundwater quality, although other sources find

the groundwater quality sufficient (Interview 23). Current and planned mining activities will however

decrease the groundwater quality, as it affects the soil’s’ ability to filtrate. Currently groundwater cannot

be used as a drinking water source (Interview 23). Opportunities for groundwater extraction however

should not be excluded in the future, but requires further research and proper management of soil and

water. Surface water-bodies in the area are of insufficient quality for freshwater extraction (Interview 6)

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(Annex 1.1). The water is, however, extracted from the river and soil for personal use. Further research

on the quality and use of the water is thus recommended.

3.3.2. Regulating ecosystem services

Four key regulating services identified in the Soutok area are: flood control, pollination, noise regulation

and climate/air quality regulation (Figure 6) (ES box 2). Though noise regulation is not defined in the

TEEB framework, this ES is added because it is especially valuable for (peri-)urban areas (Bolund &

Hunhammar, 1999). It is proposed as a regulating service based on the definition of disturbance

regulation ES by Costanza et al. (1997), since it relates to “aspects of habitat response to environmental

variability mainly controlled by vegetation structure” (Costanza et al., 1997:254).

Figure 6 Key regulating services in the area

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Flood control

Flood control is an important ES in the Soutok area and was described as an essential service (Interview

13, 17, 19, 20, 23, 26). Regular flooding events, some as severe as the floods in August 2002 and June

2013, have shown the importance of flood protection and flood retention areas (Grams et al., 2014;

Ulbrich et al., 2003).

Barriers, flood protection walls and dams, are already in place at Vlatva river to enhance flood safety.

However, the area around the Berounka river functions as a retention area to prevent the city of Prague

from flooding, so flood protection is merely present here. However, economic developments such as the

development of new housing areas and businesses, or development of the riverbanks, can affect the

flood control as obstacles change water flows (Interview 13). Existing infrastructure such as bridges,

roads or pathways can hinder this ES and can, in return, be damaged by floods. Land-use regulations

play a crucial role in the future flood protection, because they regulate (and limit) urban and business

development, hereby supporting (or harming) flood protection. This influences both the nature

protection and landscape value of the Soutok area.

Local citizens, farmers and businesses, in and around the Soutok area, are most dependent on flood

protection. However, flood protection services in the Soutok area will have a far-reaching effect

(socioeconomic) downstream i.e. on the city center of Prague. Another important aspect is the

interdependency between agriculture and flooding: crop choice can determine its resistance and the

amount of flood erosion (Bailey-Serres, Lee, & Brinton, 2012). At the same time, floods can positively

affect the soil fertility (Interview 6, Pinay, Clément, & Naiman, 2002). Acknowledging these

interdependencies can lead to a suitable choice of crops as well the choice of designated agricultural

areas to be flooded.

Pollination

Most of the agricultural areas grow wheat, beans and rapeseed, the latter’s yields can increase through

insect pollination (Abrol, 2007). Fruit crops production is also strongly affected by the performance of

insect pollinators (Garibaldi et al., 2013). For this ES to function properly, pollinators rely on the quality

of the ecosystem. Key aspects for pollination services are land connectivity and the degree of land-use

intensification (Steffan-Dewenter & Westphal, 2008). Connectivity stimulates circulation of pollinators

without barriers and fulfilling their needs (shelter, feeding and reproduction). Land-use intensity, i.e.

using machinery or pesticides, affects biodiversity and thereby the pollinators populations.

Currently, pollination in the Soutok area is hampered by the monocultural and intensive agricultural

landscape (Interview 13, 15) and a lack of patches or corridors in between croplands such as hedgerows.

However, the abandonment of land mentioned by one of the interviewees may have a positive effect by

providing insect pollinators with habitat located nearby croplands (Interview 3).

Noise regulation

Noise regulation decreases man-made noise or reflects noise before reaching humans or animals.

Natural and desirable sounds (e.g. birds), can be enhanced within the noise regulating ES (Ashmore et

al., 2011). This ES is being affected by the highway and regional roads crossing the area, the noise

pollution created by these roads can be found logically alongside its source. However, not only alongside

these roads, but especially further away from the highway and bigger roads in flat (agricultural) areas

noise pollution can be sensed. Moreover, in southern Soutok the noise can also be heard in the forest

around Baně.

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The recreational value of the area might decrease due to the present noise pollution. Further research

of the perception about the recreational value in combination with the noise pollution should be

conducted. Mining, extensive agriculture and trade of products, expansion of business activities or

intensive recreational use of the area may enhance the economy in the region, but will also increase

noise pollution and therefore affect the noise regulating ES.

Local climate and air quality regulation

Survey results show that air quality is valued greatly by the public, it is also appreciated by the

stakeholders during the interviews (Annex 5). Trees and green areas function as mitigators for air

pollutants created by traffic passing the area and primarily by industries and traffic in Prague. The urban

heat island effect (concentration of heat in urban areas) is reduced by green and open spaces, thanks to

evapotranspiration and the flow of windstreams in open spaces (Kleerekoper et al., 2012).

This ES is hampered by factors such as infrastructure development and the consequent increase of traffic.

The impact of trucks driving to and from the wholesale market has not yet been researched. Future

extension of the gravel mine threatens the local air quality by the emission of dust and the increased

industrial traffic.

3.3.3 Cultural ecosystem services

The interaction between nature and humans includes intangible or non-material benefits people obtain

from interaction with ecosystems and are called cultural ES. These include recreational, aesthetic,

spiritual and psychological benefits (Figure 7) (ES box 3).

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Figure 7 Key cultural services in the Soutok area

Recreation and health

The majority of the respondents (38%) stated that recreational use is the most important facility in the

area. Figure 8 shows that 40% of the respondents stated to visit the area as an escape possibility from

the city, and 29% use the area for physical activities, such as cycling, inline skating, golfing, jogging or

walking. Fishing, birdwatching, weekend cottages or community gardens provide the same benefits in

the area. Another modern recreational activity mentioned is geocaching (Interview 3).

ES can also be negatively affected by human activities, such as decreasing natural qualities due to

fishermen driving cars into wild nature areas, making “illegal” bonfires on non-designated places or

excessive littering by visitors (Interview 4). These activities can be stopped by developing recreational

facilities and infrastructure, such as trash bins. Also physical infrastructure is lacking, such as clear paths

for various users (pedestrians, cyclists, skaters, etc.). Potential to increase the economic value of the area

could be found in the development of (small) restaurants and cafés for recreants. Although this

recreational infrastructure would negatively affect wild nature, which is appreciated by an interviewee

and the local community (Interview 4). In order to deal with this trade-off, a balance between recreational

developments and nature should be strived for.

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Figure 8 Reason for visiting the Soutok area, n=503

Aesthetic appreciation and inspiration

As observed during the fieldwork, the Soutok area is comprised of open agricultural fields, meadows,

patches of forest, rivers, surrounded by hills, viewpoints, birdwatching spots as well as observation

towers. Some interviewees assigned the largest value to wild nature areas which are overgrown and

without human interventions, whereas others prefer well-maintained nature areas and constructed

facilities. Furthermore, more than half of the survey respondents claim that the beautiful scenery of the

Soutok area is important for them, meaning that the aesthetic value of nature in the Soutok area is high.

This is affected by abandoned places, brownfields and industrial sites in the Soutok area. Also, future

human activities and interventions could influence the aesthetic value of Soutok, by further

developments of infrastructure, businesses etcetera, as well as a fragmented landscape or a lack of

proper land-use management.

Spiritual experience and sense of place

The importance of spiritual and religious services in general is growing. Experts, like nature conservation

practitioners, have argued that these ES values can promote biodiversity protection among policy

makers and experts (Daniel et al., 2012). Based on observations and interviews, there is not a religious

nor a spiritual value in the Soutok area. To assess the sense of place, interviews with different

stakeholders and informal conversations with the public have been considered as data sources.

According to interviewee 4 the current state of the landscape is already beautiful. This interviewee

suggested that nature should be enhanced more. Additionally, citizens encountered during the fieldwork

expressed an equal opinion about the importance of protecting wild nature against its future

development in case the park is developed.

Although the survey showed around 65% people feel emotionally connected to the Soutok area, there

is still a lack of social cohesion and bonding between people (Interview 11). This aspect is important to

take into consideration for enhancing the sense of place, which can create a stronger identity of the

Soutok area.

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3.3.4 Habitat ecosystem services

The category of habitat services is classified into habitats for species and maintenance of genetic

diversity, they are defined in ES box 4. Among them, habitats for species (Figure 9) is the more relevant

service for the Soutok area compared to maintenance of genetic diversity. Habitats for species is

important for the deliberation of any management option in the Soutok area because many species exist

and many drivers entail implications that could either enhance or decrease the habitats for these species.

Figure 9 Key habitat services in the Soutok area

The relevance of maintenance of genetic diversity for the Soutok area is limited, as there are neither

any known endemic species nor considered endangered species. Therefore this service is not discussed

in this report.

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Habitats for species

The Soutok area is important for providing habitat for animals, plants and other living organisms, and

its biodiversity level is above average according to the Fifth National Report of the Czech Republic to

the Convention on Biological Diversity (Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic, 2014). The

rivers in the area provide habitat for fish, waterfowls, amphibians, beavers, many invertebrates and for

water plants. Many of these species contribute to other, mainly cultural, ES of the area. Some species,

like kingfishers and beavers, stand out by being considered as especially precious and valuable (Machar,

2008). These services would be under pressure if Berounka river is being channelization, if too many

visitors come to the park, and too much infrastructure is being built.

Agricultural ecosystems provide habitat for small mammals, such as moles, rabbits and mice, and thereby

also for birds of prey. Solitary trees, bushes and wild meadows around the fields provide shelter for a

number of bird and insect species. Among these insects, some can make valuable contributions for

pollinating adjacent agricultural fields and fruit trees (Schulp et al., 2014). Several abandoned areas

provide habitats for animals like pheasant, butterflies and other wild pollinators. Protecting and

managing these areas, however, could be an opportunity to reintroduce rare native rodent species (e.g.

ground squirrels or hamsters), to provide stopover sites for migratory birds and to protect native

amphibians, reptiles and insects. In contrast to that, the implementation of the current mining plans

would severely affect and minimize the habitat services. In the long term, a sustainable revitalization

after the mining could minimize its negative effects or even develop new valuable habitats.

Lastly, forests ecosystems, and especially one small river forest near Zbraslav, provide habitats for birds

e.g. woodpeckers, amphibians and many invertebrates. In all terrestrial ecosystems mentioned, the

provision of habitat is impaired by fragmentation, mainly by roads. The impact differs among species,

but especially toads are severely impacted. In the future, river regulation, overcrowding of visitors, and

too much new infrastructure would have strong impacts on the habitat provision of the various

ecosystems. Increasing environmental awareness, and thus better protection, and abandonment of

land could, on the other hand, lead to an improved provision of this service.

3.4 Importance of ES for the Soutok area

Figure 10 shows the key ES identified divided in provisioning, regulating, habitat or cultural services (see

colours). ES are ranked according to their importance for the area, showed by the size of the circles ES.

Importance is measured through the results of the surveys, interviews and our personal expertise. The

graph is also showing to what extent the ES is using its full potential currently. The analysis are a

combined outcome of all data collected during fieldwork (interviews, observations as well as

questionnaires). An example of this analysis: The provisioning of crops. All the interviewees were asked

to rank the ES in the area on importance, dominancy, need for further development and degree of

endangerment. From this information a graph is conducted showing that crops are the dominant ES in

the area, but it was not considered to be the most important ES in the area. Therefore the provisioning

of crops is medium in size, so medium important for the area. Although the provisioning of crops is the

main ES, it is not used in its full potential. This is for example because they only produce monocultural.

Therefore the provisioning of crops is medium high in the use of their potential. For more analyses see

Annex 3.4.

17

Figure 10 Key habitat services in the Soutok area

4 SCENARIOS FOR SOUTOK The four scenarios developed are based on current development trends and provide stakeholders with

an insight into the potential causes and effects of different management decisions. Two axes, derived

from information gathered from interviews, surveys and observations, were used for scenario making in

order to represent possible future developments in Soutok. The two axes, also considered the main

drivers of change, are used for baseline (macro-level) scenario description of Resource Regulation and

Connectivity (Figure 11). ‘Resource regulation’ is an umbrella term that is used to combine the identified

drivers, which are all a form of regulation, such as land-use planning, river management, land ownership

and public/private investments. ‘Connectivity’ is another umbrella term, which is used to illustrate the

social and physical connectivity of the area, which includes accessibility, social cohesion, presence of

green spaces and availability of recreational infrastructures.

Resource regulation and connectivity are put on two scales, where resource regulation can be

managed in either a laissez faire manner or by state intervention, and the degree of connectivity in the

area can be either high & connected, or low & disconnected. The scenario development is also

considering eight pressures which have an impact on the delivery of ES. These pressures include

18

environmental awareness, infrastructure, number of users in the area, abandoned land, gravel mine

intensity, land ownership, river regulation and land-use intensity.

Figure 11 Scenarios development for the Soutok area

4.1 Scenario A: Network

Network represents a condition where citizens, local community and private parties are the main actors

in making the place (laissez-faire), through strong cooperation between them. The bottom-up planning

approach is reflected through the flood management measures which are established by the community.

The flood protection will be more suitable to the residents’ needs, because of local knowledge; however,

the flood control services will be steady due to the limited budget owned by residents to establish

artificial flood protection measures. With less artificial flood protection measures, the area can offer a

stable habitat service for species similar to the current situation.

In Network, landowners are taking ES into account when developing the area. Due to this, pollination

will increase since sustainable agricultural practices will be implemented and a higher quality of

biodiversity will be ensured. Community-oriented land ownership implies that community and private

sectors cooperate. Although the amount of food produced will remain stable, the food will be sourced

mainly from local crops. Furthermore, it will decrease the abandonment of land.

The increased community environmental awareness in this scenario enhances the value of sense of place

and knowledge amongst local people and positively influences the quality of habitat services.

Investments and financing will be mainly sourced from the private sector as the sense of community is

high, meaning they actively seek improvements. For example, there is joint collaboration in developing

paths in areas not easily accessible, favouring the accessibility of current and new recreational areas. This

19

might have slightly negative impacts on the ecological connection of natural habitats and the regulation

of noise and air quality. In addition, due to the high social local connectivity and little state intervention,

people will directly turn against the development of the gravel mine by creating a committee. Finally, an

increase in the number of users (local and new local users) in Soutok area, will increase the cultural

services value.be considered and the opinion of recreational fishers should be included.

4.2 Scenario B: United

With a connected society and local government intervention, collaborative planning can emerge. Both

governmental and non-governmental parties are involved in the decision-making process which leads

to an inclusive river management that involves suitable actors that have knowledge of and expertise on

water management. The river management consists of a cooperation between experts and locals, with

investment from the government, which leads to better managed floodings, lands, and vegetation in

areas along the rivers. This scenario is characterized by consolidated land ownership which implies more

attachment to the land and possible investments or partnerships with private, public or non-profit

organisations. It will also result in a more responsible and long-term land-use which gives space for the

ecosystem to enhance biodiversity in green spaces and an increase of food provisioning in the area.

Consequently, abandoned areas will decrease which results in better flood protection management and

increased biodiversity. Additionally, an increase in physical infrastructure leads to an improvement in the

accessibility of recreational areas. However, more transport facilities in the area will also cause more

noise and air pollution.

Considering the local community’s reluctant attitude towards the development of the gravel mining,

governments and local municipalities will try to negotiate a better plan for the future mining. ES

enhancement is supported by communities and local government initiatives (i.e. environmental

policies) and the increase in environmental awareness is translated into higher quality of the

environment. Communities feel empowered and heard by the government, which is willing to enhance

the wellbeing of local people. Finally, the number of users (local people and visitors) in Soutok area will

raise. Therefore, recreational activities and the aesthetic appreciation will increase. Yet, the increased

number of visitors might lead to a decrease in the sense of place.

4.3 Scenario C: Flexibility

With a more disconnected society and less government intervention, incremental planning emerges. The

lack of planning in river management leads to an unintegrated flood control which ultimately decreases

20

effective flood protection. Thus, despite previous measures taken by the government for flood

protection, the possibility of flooding remains.

The lack of connectivity causes a diffused land ownership. In this scenario, landowners mainly focus on

their personal interests, leading to individualistic land use. This reduces sense of place and attachment

for the residents visiting the area. In addition, the willingness to invest in agriculture could influence

regulating ES, such as pollination.

No significant changes will be implemented regarding physical connectivity, since neither government

nor local people have it as a priority. Recreational activities will not be fully developed and the habitat

services will not be enhanced due to a reduced ecological connectivity. In conclusion, there will be no

significant changes in the impact of infrastructure on ES.

The mining plan will executed without strong resistance, due to the disconnected nature of the public.

There are not many investments and subsidies in the area, because of the fragmented relations

amongst stakeholders, government and private parties. Due to this flexibility, the focus of private

parties will mainly be on their own interests that may prevail over public and environmental interests.

This might affect the quality and delivery of ES in the area.

4.4 Scenario D: Steering

In this scenario the government is the main actor that steers the development of the park. The land-use

planning is implemented in a top-down process, which results in less cooperation with the local

community. Furthermore, the river management is exclusive,which prioritizes proper river management

over other developments in the area. This implies that public participation in decision making may be

low. While the flood protection service will increase, the habitat services will decrease due to the

establishment of artificial flood protection measures. The top-down planning results in a shift in the

importance of river management: it switches from local enhancements to working for the greater good.

Infrastructure development will be fostered by the government, resulting in the construction of more

main roads. The increased number of roads will worsen the air quality, noise pollution and habitat

connectivity, hampering also the viability of species. However, the infrastructure development will also

decrease the abandonment of land and increase the accessibility to and the number of recreational

areas.

The government will have more control over land, influencing land-use and food provision. Local people

just follow the plans which results in less attachment to the land and a decrease of the value of sense of

place. As a result, local communities have less influence on the development of the area, limiting social

cohesion, but safety of the area is ensured. Since public investments increase, the effect of land-use

intensity on ES will vary from positive impact (food provisioning) to negative impacts (pollination). Due

21

to the disconnectivity between landowners and government, the gravel mine will develop and therefore

its impact on ES will grow.

Environmental awareness is closely related with government initiatives to improve people’s behaviour

towards the protection of the river ecosystems. Finally, the number of users of the Soutok area will

increase, in terms of “outside the area” visitors. This situation will lead to an increase of recreation

activities but the sense of place might be hampered due to the presence of visitors coming from the

whole country, with less attachment to the area.

4.5 Analysis of Ecosystem services change in each scenario The way in which ES will develop in the four scenarios is influenced by the behaviour of the main drivers

and pressures explained previously. An overview of the consequences for the ES are shown in the

following Figure 12. The interpretation of the figure is explained in chapter 3.4.

22

As shown in Figure 12, scenario A ‘Network’ is mainly positive for the cultural services as well as the

habitat services. Within the provisioning services as well as regulating services the situation will remain

similar. Scenario B ‘United’ will improve the cultural services as well as habitat services but this will cause

a decrease of certain regulating services, like local climate and air quality. In Scenario C ‘Flexibility’ the

provisioning services will be positively influenced, especially the provisioning of food, but with a

decrease of the regulating services as a consequence. In scenario D ‘Steering’ the provisioning services

will grow the most, but some aspects of the cultural services, like sense of place, will decrease.

Figure 12 Figure 12 Uses of ES in the A) Network; B) United; C) Flexibility; and D) Steering scenarios

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5 AN INTEGRATED ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

MANAGEMENT One of the main problems in the Soutok area is the inconsistency between different visions, goals and

interests. Plus, the scenarios reflect the uncertainty and variability of possible policy outcomes in the

area. In order to integrate these on the management level, an integrated ES management is proposed.

This approach presents four steps that constitute the planning process. Through an integrated approach,

a balance between economic, human developments and the present natural resources in the area is

reached (Carlson & Stelfox, 2009) and scenarios can be integrated. Within each step, good practices are

described to give clear examples (see Annex 2 for further information about best practices). The four

steps included in the integrated ES management are 1) defining explicit goals & indicators, 2) trade-off

analysis, 3) zoning and 4) adaptive management. These elements are defined below to later apply them

on the Soutok case. Throughout all steps, stakeholder collaboration is an essential ingredient for the

success. Both beneficiaries and providers of ES should be taken into account in the dialogue, besides

the regulating stakeholders, such as the government at different levels. In order to succeed in

collaboration, resources for coordination, communication and administration must be provided by the

initiator or administrator in charge of the land-use planning to enhance “consensus-based decision

making” and common goal development in a process of participatory planning.

5.1 Step 1: Explicit goals and indicators To begin with, the process requires the development of defined common goals regarding the

management of ES. Since ES management is closely related to land-use policies, it is likely that

disagreement on interests and values will constrain the process from the beginning. Hence, stakeholders

collaboration is essential and the willingness to participate from the public (20% of respondents) must

be taken into account in order to develop the social cohesion around land-use management in the area.

Once explicit goals have been collaboratively developed, the common vision should be assessed and

monitored through the use of indicators (example box 5.1). Pressures in the environment, such as land

ownership, abandonment of land and the lack of environmental awareness are affecting the performance

of different ES, and their impact can be assessed through the use of the “cascade model of ES” (Potschin

and Haines-Young, 2011).

24

Figure 13 The cascade model shows how ES connect ecosystems and human well-being

The cascade model (figure 13) provides a framework to develop indicators that assess the impacts of

different developments on ecosystems (e

cological process and functions), and the impacts on human well-being (benefits and values). On the

left, state indicators (e.g. leaf area index) measure the status of ecosystems and biodiversity to assess

the environmental quality behind the provisioning of ES. On the right, benefit and value indicators (e.g.

economic benefits of flood control) are used to assess the contribution of ES to human well-being

(Potschin and Haines-Young, 2011). Therefore, a better understanding on how pressures and

developments in the area impact ES can be achieved and management measures can adapt according

25

to them in order to mitigate and restore impacts on ES. Examples of managerial measures are regulating

the amount of visitors or traffic in the area, rezoning areas of exclusive natural conservation or restoring

damaged ecosystems such as the riparian forests.

5.2 Step 2: Trade-off analysis During the development of common goals and visions, different environmental and socioeconomic

goals converge in an area with limited capacity. To consistently reach consensus, economic growth must

be planned considering the ecological trade-offs that in the long term might even bring economic

decline (intergenerational trade-offs). Trade-off analysis can be done by adding ES and their different

value to determine their evolution in a long term vision. This should be done assuming different

management practices, as well as the evolution of the access to ES and the benefits for the different

stakeholders, understanding that some ES are mutually exclusive as it happens between economic and

environmentally driven policies. To generate trade offs, the variability between scenarios can be used to

confront different possible policy-making outcomes. In the area, it is important to analyse trade-offs

between, for example, recreational and hábitat ES, infrastructure development and its impact on the

connectivity of the area, and mining and agriculture.

5.3 Step 2: Zoning As explained in the previous step, trade-off analysis show that there are some developments that are

mutually exclusive, meaning that the enhancement of certain ES implies the impairment of others. For

this reason, zoning is used as a mechanism to maintain different economic and ecological interests. Plus,

it can provides a possible solution in case of conflict between land-use interests, providing an alternative

to meet all the management goals spatially without jeopardizing the provision of certain ES in the area.

5.4 Adaptive management & development of thresholds Dealing with uncertainty and unknown future developments in ES management is hard. With the

development of the scenarios, this uncertainty is only partly tackled. However, to further elaborate on

this, an adaptive way of managing can be used. Adaptation pathways can be developed, in which

uncertain developments are dealt with (Buurman & Babovic, 2016). The influence one can have on the

evolvement into one of the scenarios is limited, but adaptive management deals with this limitation by

its flexible design for which adaptation pathways are developed. Adaptation pathways are a set of

measures over time, which can be implemented progressively, depending on how the future unfolds.

The steps of the pathways, implemented in each of the four scenarios, should lead to the common goal.

Thus for development of the pathways, the following question should be addressed at every moment:

26

‘IF the situation evolves into the scenario X, WHAT steps should be taken to reach the common goal?’.

Figure 14 gives an example of how such adaptation pathways could look like. As visible, also changes

from the one scenario to another are taken into account within this approach, since a change of scenario

would demand other measures in order to reach the common goal.

Within the development of adaptation pathways, thresholds should be developed to set the minimum

desired quality (and quantity) of the ES, related to the indicators set in step 1. This threshold indicates

the moment in which new actions/policy are needed (Example box 5.1). These are indicated in figure 14

as Adaptation Tipping Points.

Figure 14 Link between common goal, current situation, scenarios and the adaptation pathways

27

28

6 CONCLUSION

In this chapter, the conclusions of the research and the accompanying recommendations are given. It is

divided in the social, economic and natural dimensions and the scenarios. The social dimension has been

explored through a stakeholder analysis. The results point out the multitude of different interests in the

area, categorized as public, private and government parties. The private parties are identified as having

larger influence on the ES, but less dependending on them than other parties. The interests of the public

include, good living environment, quality of the landscape and economic benefits such as job

opportunities. The interests of the private parties are primarily about economic gains. The governmental

parties have been criticized to focus too much on a better development of land-use planning, but less

on the effect it has on the citizens. Additionally, it has become clear that there is a lack of communication

between the different stakeholders. This finding underlines that communication is important for the

success of the program. This includes communication about the plans for the area, the effect of these

plans, who cooperates and in what form and primarily communication between private parties and

governmental parties.

It is recommended that IPR and other governmental bodies to improve

communication by creating new platforms and channels, to share information

and views and discuss them. Additionally, stakeholder collaboration can be

improved by tackling the lack of environmental awareness, lack of social

connectivity and the unevenly distributed landownership in the area.

From an economic perspective, gravel mining, the wholesale market and the golf court are identified as

main activities in the area. The mining company is currently operating in the area, and will expand in the

coming years. This expansion may have a big impact on the ES of noise regulation, air quality, aesthetics

and habitat services.

It is recommended to make a trade-off analysis by using ES to assess and

communicate the impacts of different possible arrangements of the practices

related to the gravel mine.

Additionally, the pollution from transport to the wholesale market and the insufficient management of

the golf court can cause negative impacts on the ES.

To improve the management of the economic activities, it is recommendable

that municipalities start to develop and apply zoning strategies which are able

to combine the main land uses into management categories.

From the natural perspective, the ES in the area are categorized in provisioning, regulating, cultural and

habitat services. In this area, the main provisioning service refers to agricultural and business related

activities. Most of the land of the Soutok area is used for monocultural agriculture and businesses that

make use of the raw material provided by the local nature, such as gravel and rapeseed. However, mining

may decreases the water quality. Flooding control is an important regulating ES for local citizens, and

there are dams in the area to improve the flood protection. On the other hand, the future development

of the riverbank may influence the flooding management.

29

It is recommended to develop trade-off analyses to obtain insight regarding

the management of land development and the river related conflicts such as

floodplains.

With regard to the cultural dimension of ES, recreation and health, aesthetic value and sense of place

are identified as important aspects for local people and visitors of this area. Cultural ES is important to

improve the life quality and well-being for humans. For the habitat ES, the main focus is on habitat for

animals, plants and other living organisms. The habitat is mainly located in river, agricultural land, forest

and abandoned land.

When developing recreational activities and facilities, it is recommended to

develop a trade-off analysis between infrastructural development combined

with recreational activities (and its consequential increase in the users of the

area) and nature conservation policies.

The two main drivers (resource regulation and connectivity) for scenario development are based on

findings from the data analysis, which showed that these two factors define the developments in the

area. The resource regulation driver was chosen, because it encompasses all forms of regulation (such

as planning) which is affected by governmental and private parties. The connectivity driver encompasses

the effects of the resource regulation on the area, in the form of physical and social connectivity. Based

on these two drivers, four future scenarios are developed which indicate the potential future use of ES.

ES can be preserved and enhanced in each one but differ in the types of ES.

To be able to manage the preservation and enhancement of ES in each

scenario, it is recommended to apply the Adaptation Pathways from the

Integrated ES Management Approach. By using these pathways, IPR and the

other stakeholders can anticipate the needed measures in order to reach a

commonly defined goal in each scenario (chapter 5, Step 4).

Based on the entire analysis, overall recommendations are given:

It is recommendable that IPR develops explicit goals for development and

indicators that contribute to monitoring the degree of success and impact on

the area at the social, environmental and economic dimensions.

To successfully develop the ES in the Soutok area, it is recommended that IPR will use the

Integrated ES Management Approach. This will increase the level of success, as it forces the

stakeholders to collaborate and set a common goal, creates awareness of ES and simplifies

monitoring by setting concrete goals.

30

7 LIMITATIONS This report represents the final result of two-month of intensive collaborative research work of 30

students, including two-week fieldwork period. The data of this report is reliable while some limitations

might have influenced the result.

Most stakeholders identified by ourselves and provided by IPR were interviewed, although we were not

able to contact all the stakeholders in the given period of time. Due to the language barrier, some

information can be missed or misunderstood by translation from Czech to English, however with 13 out

29 interviews conducted in English, and we have three native speakers in the team, most of the

information is reliable. There were some limitations regarding incorporating ES within the chosen

research methods. Some services, which were also important in the project area, were excluded. For

instance, habitat services were not included in the survey and noise regulation was not included in the

survey as it was decided to be mainly assessed through interviews and observations.

Data collection was conducted during weekdays and one weekend, however, it was only in June, which

might not be representative for the whole year. However, the survey was able to cover the age range

from 10-81, and average age is 37 (Annex 3.1 Question 12), which is representative compared to the

average age of Czech population 41.5 (Statista, 2017). Also, it covered respondents from all six defined

nearby neighbourhoods as well as from other places in Prague and outside of Prague.

Despite the limitations above presented, this report provides the commissioner with elaborate data and

useful recommendations that can be used for the future development of the Soutok peri-urban park.

31

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