LIST OF ACRONYMS - rareplanet Project Plan.d… · Web viewThe official language of Guam is English and Chamorro with the following breakdown of languages spoken on the island:

GUAHAN RARE PRIDE PROJECT PLAN

Presented by:Cheryl M. Calaustro

Guam Department of Agriculture Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources

May 2008

0

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Acronyms p. 2

Executive Summary p. 3

SECTION A: PROJECT SITE, TEAM & SCOPE1.0 Site Summary p. 102.0 Project Team and Other Stakeholders p. 20

SECTION B: DEVELOP CONCEPT MODEL3.0 Concept Modeling p. 26

SECTION C: THREAT ANALYSIS4.0 Threat Ranking p. 31

SECTION D: FORMATIVE RESEARCH5.0 Focused Conversations p. 356.0 Objective Themes p. 417.0 Establishing a Baseline p. 438.0 Survey Results p. 45

SECTION E: PRIDE CAMPAIGN DESIGN9.0 Understanding Our Audience p. 5910.0 Barrier Removal Partner p. 6211.0 Campaign Design (work plan) p. 6312.0 Target Species (Guam rail, ko’ko’) p. 78

SECTION F: BUDGET & TIMELINE13.0 Budget & Timeline p. 83

Artwork p. 85

Acknowledgements & References p. 87

APPENDICESA: Maps p. 89B: Guam Species Lists p. 94C: Guam Department of Agriculture p. 101D: Focal Group/ Conversation Questions p. 102E: Rules for Interviewers p. 103F: Guam Pre-campaign (Baseline)Survey p. 104G: Guam Pre-campaign (Baseline) Survey Results p. 111H: Chamorro Legend p. 146

1

LIST OF ACRONYMS

BSP Bureau of Statistics and Plans

BTS Brown treesnake

CI Confidence interval

CITES Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species

ESA Endangered Species Act

GAIN Guam Animals In Need

GCMP Guam Coastal Management Plan

GCWCS Guam Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy

GDAWR Guam Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources

GEPA Guam Environmental Protection Agency

GISAC Guam Invasive Species Advisory Council

GTA Guam Telephone Authority

GVB Guam Visitor’s Bureau

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

KAP Knowledge, Attitude, Practice

MIC Micronesians in Conservation

PILN Pacific Invasives Learning Network

USDA United States Department of Agriculture

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

2

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

COUNTRY (UN) & Site name US Territory of Guam, Guahan

Campaign Manager name Cheryl M. Calaustro, Wildlife Biologist III

Lead Agency Wildlife Section, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources,Guam Department of Agriculture

CAMPAIGN THEORY OF CHANGE

In order to reduce the threats of invasive species and feral animals on the terrestrial native species of Guam, the Pride campaign conducted by Cheryl M. Calaustro and the Guam Department of Agriculture, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources, will change behaviors of the local community including the youth.

To inspire this change the campaign will employ several proven strategies for social change, including: demonstrating the cultural benefits to protecting native species, helping the community to protect native habitats, and promoting/creating biosecurity protocols that help to protect native species.

To achieve this we will participate in community events such as fiestas, monitor phone hotlines, and offer school and civic presentations or workshops.

The campaign’s impact will be measured by comparing results of pre and post campaign surveys to measure environmental knowledge, attitude and self-reported behavior. The use of Guam Department of Agriculture reports on levels of captured feral animals, local veterinary statistics of animals spayed or neutered, and shelter population numbers will monitor success of outreach regarding animal control. The efficacy of outreach regarding invasive species will be monitored via the increased use of existing hotlines and adherence to biosecurity protocols. School quizzes will check effectiveness among the youth.

Ultimately, in order to be a true success, the campaign will maintain status quo or decrease the amount of invasive and nuisance animal species on Guam in suitable areas to prepare for future reintroduction of native species.

SITE INFORMATION

Site description

The US Territory of Guam is located at 13°28' N, 144°45' E and is the southernmost and largest island in the Mariana Archipelago. Guam has an area of 210 square miles (544 km2). Guam has a range of habitats including: limestone forest, savanna, coral reef, mangroves, seagrass beds, seaweeds and wetlands.

The northern portion of the island is a limestone plateau, rising nearly 200 meters above sea level. The southern half of the island is volcanic material with a cap of limestone prominently seen on the Mt.Lamlam-Alifan ridge. The highest point of the island is Mt. Lamlam, in the south, rising to an elevation of 406 meters. Guam’s has a tropical climate with daily temperatures ranging from 75-86°F and an average annual rainfall of approximately 218 cm (86 in). The island has a wet season that runs from

3

June to November and a dry season from January to April, with December and May being transitional months.

Terrestrial Ecosystem types (IUCN)

IUCN 1.5 IUCN 1.6

Subtropical/Tropical DryForest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland

IUCN 2.1 Savanna – DryIUCN 3.5 Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical DryIUCN 4.5IUCN 7.1

Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical DryCaves

IUCN 12.1 Rocky ShorelineIUCN 12.2 Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc.IUCN 13.1 Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore IslandsIUCN 14.2 Artificial/Terrestrial – Pastureland

Site map (topographical) See Appendix A

GPS Co-ordinates (Google-Earth) Guam - 13°28' N, 144°45' E

Biodiversity Hotspot Polynesia-Micronesia (Conservation International)

Other protected area status 5 Marine preserves, 3 conservation areas, 2 ecological reserve areas, also Guam National Wildlife Refuge run by US Fish and Wildlife Service at Ritidian. See Appendix A.

CRITICAL SPECIES

Description of flagship species

The Guam rail is a flightless species that was widely distributed in most habitats on Guam, including forest, savanna, scrub, secondary grassland, fern thickets and agricultural areas. It foraged close to cover along field edges and roadsides for snails, slugs, insects, geckos, and also the introduced giant African snail, Achatina fulica. Vegetable matter, seeds and flowers were also browsed from low grasses and shrubs. It breeds throughout the year (birds attain sexual maturity at four months) with a peak period during the rains in July-November. Nests are located on dry ground in dense grass, and clutch-size is 1-4 eggs (2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species).

Species name (common) Guam Rail, ko’ko’

Species name (scientific) Gallirallus owstoni

# of species on IUCN Red Data list Guam has 143 species listed on the IUCN Red Data list. Refer to Table 1 in Appendix B. The status of these species was evaluated by BirdLife International, Mollusc Specialist Group, and Chiroptera Specialist Group – the official Red List Authority for birds, mollusks and bats for the IUCN.

4

# of endemic species Guam has over 550 terrestrial species including 26 endemic species. Please refer to Table 2 in Appendix B.

THREATS

Threats (IUCN)

The following are threats that impact Guam’s terrestrial environment and the Guam rail in particular:

IUCN 1.4 IUCN 2.2

Habitat loss/degredation (human induced) – due to infrastructure developmentInvasive alien species (directly affecting the species) - Predators (ongoing)Decline and extinction in the wild is the result of predation by the introduced brown treesnake.

IUCN 7 Natural Disasters – storms, flooding, extreme precipitation and/or wind events such as typhoons

IUCN 10.5 Human disturbance – fires destroy native habitat

Threats addressed (IUCN) IUCN 2 - Invasive alien species – This plan will address control and eradication of invasive species such as brown treesnake.

IUCN 5 – Persecution – Pest control in regards feral cats and rodents and the prevention of their re-invading after eradication measures.

POPULATION

Population at site

In July 2007, the population of Guam was estimated to be 173,456.

Population summary

The population of Guam is divided among 19 villages with densities highest around the two military bases, Anderson Air Force Base in the north and the Navy base in the center of the island. The most populated villages include Dededo and Yigo. The 2000 Census broke down the population according to the following ethnicities: Chamorro 37.1%, Filipino 26.3%, other Pacific Islander 11.3%, white 6.9%, other Asian 6.3%, other ethnic origin or race 2.3%, mixed 9.8%. Eighty-five percent of the population is Roman Catholic with the other 15% ascribing to other religions. The official language of Guam is English and Chamorro with the following breakdown of languages spoken on the island: English 38.3%, Chamorro 22.2%, Philippine languages 22.2%, other Pacific island languages 6.8%, Asian languages 7%, and other languages 3.5%. Guam has a high rate of literacy with 99% of the total population over the age 15 having the ability to read and write.

The main industry on Guam besides government and military is tourism.

Key targets

The key target of this plan is the general public, in particular the youth and specifically those segments of community where breaches in biosecurity can take place (i.e. boat operators, resort workers).

5

PROJECT SUMMARY

Executive summary of project

Ultimately, the Guam Pride Campaign will be deemed successful if areas on Guam can be identified for reintroduction or release and native species increase in numbers. The campaign will be successful if no new invasive species establishes itself on Guam and established invasive species do not spread to others parts of Micronesia. Success of the Pride campaign will also be indicated by the reduction or elimination of nuisance species populations such as rodents and feral cats in areas deemed suitable for native species recovery or reintroduction such as Cocos Island. It is understood that the goals of this project are long-term in range and scope but short-term successes, such as rodent eradication and maintenance of biosecurity of proposed reintroduction sites, are obtainable.

The general public and youth will be approached to conserve native species by increasing their vigilance and adherence to biosecurity protocols for invasive species and nuisance wildlife. The importance of biosecurity and increased use of associated reporting methods such as hotline numbers and spaying/neutering of pets will greatly enhance the environment for native species survival.

SMART Objectives and Monitoring strategy

Knowledge points to stress:• Know why there are few native species left on Guam.• Know what invasive species are and how they affect the native environment.• Know that feral animals can negatively affect native species.• Know how pet control can positively affect native species.

Awareness Change Objectives:

YOUTHBy the end of February 2009, increase from 25% to 45% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of youth (ages 16-20) who “strongly agree” that spaying/neutering pets helps native wildlife. See question 56.By the end of February 2009, increase from 57% to 77% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of youth (ages 16-20) who state “Invasive species are harmful to wildlife”. See question 50.By the end of February 2009, increase from 4% to 24% the number of youth (ages 16-20) who state that “predation by feral cats” is a threat to the ko’ko’ (a 20 percentage point increase). See question 43.

GENERAL PUBLICBy the end of February 2009, increase from 73% to 93% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of respondents who know Guam rails are only found on Guam. See question 40.By the end of February 2009, increase from 39% to 59% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of respondents who report invasive species to the Department of Agriculture. See question 50.By the end of February 2009, decrease from 13% to 3% (a 10 percentage point decrease) the number of respondents who believe there is a threat to the ko’ko’ but cannot identify what it is.

6

See question 43.

Attitudes to stress:• Feel sad due to the loss of native habitat/species. • Feel good when important habitat is protected for native species.• Pet control is important for the survival of native species.• Pet owners have a responsibility to protect native species via their actions.• We all have a responsibility to report nuisance or unfamiliar species to the local authorities.• We all have the power to make a difference.

Attitude Change Objectives:

YOUTHBy the end of February 2009, increase from 17% to 37% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of youth (ages 16-20) who associate the ko’ko’ with “Chamorro life, culture and ancestry”. See question 37.By the end of February 2009, increase from 67% to 87% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of youth (ages 16-20) who state that “the ko’ko’ are only found on Guam”. See question 40.By the end of February 2009, increase from 75% to 95% the number of youth (ages 16-20) who state that “there is something they can do to protect native wildlife”. See question 44.

GENERAL PUBLICBy the end of February 2009, decrease from 9% to 0% (a 9 percentage point decrease) the number of respondents who believe the ko’ko’ is “just a bird, nothing special”. See question 37.By the end of February 2009, decrease from 30% to 10% (a 20 percentage point decrease) the number of respondents who feel “Neutral” when asked if they can stop the spread of invasive species by telling the proper authorities. See question group 8.By the end of February 2009, decrease from 23% to 3% (a 20 percentage point decrease) the number of respondents who are not sure they can do something to protect native wildlife. See question 44.

Behaviors to stress:• Use reporting methods to report invasive or nuisance species to the appropriate authorities.• Spay and neuter pets.• Don’t release unwanted pets in the wild.• Follow biosecurity protocols in proposed areas of eradication and reintroduction efforts.• Protecting habitat can start small scale such as plant a tree in their backyard; join island clean-up

efforts.

Behavior Change Objectives:

YOUTHBy the end of February 2009, increase from 49% to 69% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of youth (ages 16-20) who will report invasive species to the Dept. of Agriculture. See question 50.By the end of February 2009, increase from 44% to 64% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of youth (ages 16-20) who do not release unwanted pets in the wild. See question 45.By the end of February 2009, decrease from 37% to 17% (a 20 percentage point decrease) the number of youth (ages 16-20) who did not spay or neuter their pets. See question 48.

7

GENERAL PUBLICBy the end of February 2009, increase from 43% to 63% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of respondents who alert authorities of invasive/ foreign1 species. See question 45.By the end of February 2009, increase from 40% to 60% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of respondents who do not release unwanted pets into the wild. See question 45.By the end of February 2009, increase from 23% to 43% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of respondents who spay or neuter their pets. See question 45.

Summary of Key messages Native species are best suited for native habitat. Invasive species can dominate native landscapes and harm natives species. Spaying/neutering your pet benefits native species. Feral animals, such as cats and rodents, are a threat to native species. You can help native species by doing simple things. Be proud of native species, Guam’s natural heritage.

Monitoring the campaign

The campaign will be continually monitored using existing reporting methods, records or reports, the use of a pre and post campaign survey and on-site quizzes where applicable. Additionally, collaboration with key partners, such as GAIN and USDA will facilitate monitoring especially where barriers to behavior change are present.

Conservation benefit (interim success) by 2009• Maintenance of current conservation areas.• Eradication of rodents on offshore islands such as Cocos Island.• Appearances of new invasive species detected through increased use of reporting methods such

as hotlines.• Decrease of potential predators, specifically feral cats/dogs and rodents, of native species.

Sustained Conservation (ultimate success) ground truthed by 2011

• Rodents completely eradicated and re-invasion prevented from Cocos Island, as determined by rodent surveys, snap traps, sticky boards, and bait stations.

• Secure ko’ko’ population in reintroduction areas as determined by periodic transect surveys.• Identification of additional areas on Guam suitable for native species reintroduction.

Possible long range benefits

There are a number of possible conservation benefits for a social marketing campaign on Guam. The island is in need of the basics, such as raising awareness of the importance of Guam’s natural environment. The native bird species and the habitat are almost totally lost. Most native birds have been extinct on Guam for 20 years. Coral reefs are impacted by erosion due to off-roaders, deforestation and other sources. Raising the community consciousness is important to stem further environmental degradation.

Another avenue that social marketing could eventually target is public policy. Public policy on Guam is driven by public perception. The size of the island allows for a more direct impact on the leaders’ decisions. If we can raise the public perception of the importance of native species, habitat and how

1 “Invasive/ foreign species refers to non-native species that can have detrimental impact to the environment such as BTS, Coqui frog and Coconut Rhinoceros beetle.

8

invasive or nuisance species impact the island, policy changes could follow. The impacts on the legislature could be measured by an increase in the number of environmentally friendly policies implemented within the first two years following the initiation of the program.

A more specific benefit would be to provide educational materials and/or training to Guam’s public school teachers. The benefit would be measured in the number of teachers that participate in the program and/or the number of teachers that incorporate materials into the daily curriculum. Guam’s public schools are under-funded and many teachers are supplementing their instructional needs with their own funds. It is not easy for teachers to afford off-island training opportunities. Bringing conservation opportunities to Guam benefits teachers and in turn, benefits the students.

Finally, a social marketing campaign on Guam can provide opportunities to highlight and encourage advantageous partnerships among the public and private sectors working to conserve Guam’s natural resources. Partnerships such as a Safe Harbor Agreement in which private landowners manage their lands for endangered species without added penalties or restrictions is a positive relationship currently utilized to supplement habitat conservation efforts. A Safe Harbor Agreement works to benefit both stakeholders and conservation programs and bring together the community for environmental causes.

9

SECTION A: PROJECT SITE, TEAM & SCOPE

1.0 Site Summary

The Rare Pride Campaign will encompass the entire island of Guam and associated offshore islands.

1.1 Background: Guam (as described by the Guam Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy)

The U.S. territory of Guam is the southernmost island in the Mariana archipelago and is the largest island in Micronesia located at 13°28' N, 144°45' E. It has an area of 210 square miles (544 km²). See map in Appendix A.

The island chain was created through the collision of the Pacific and Philippine tectonic plates. The Marianas Trench, a deep subduction zone, lies beside the island chain to the east. The island experiences occasional earthquakes as it lies on the edge of the Pacific Plate. In recent years, quakes with epicentres near Guam have had magnitudes ranging from 5.0 to 8.2. Unlike the Anatåhan volcano in the northern Marianas, Guam is not volcanically active. However, due to wind direction and proximity, volcanic ash activity does occasionally affect Guam.

The climate is characterized as tropical marine. The weather is generally warm and humid with little seasonal temperature variation. The mean high temperature is 86°F (30 °C) and mean low is 74°F (23 °C) with an average annual rainfall of 96 inches (2,439 mm). The dry season runs from December through June. During the dry season, humidity is relatively low and the island experiences northeasterly trade winds (Engbring and Ramsey 1984). The remaining months constitute the rainy season. During the wet season, humidity is high and weak southerly or southeasterly winds occur.The highest risk of typhoons is during October and November although typhoons can and do occur at anytime during the year. Humidity ranges from 65-90%.

The northern part of the island is a forested coralline limestone plateau. The northern areas have more intact forest but need management actions such as ungulate control and out planting to enhance the quality of the habitat. The southern half of the island is primarily volcanic with large areas of highly erodible lateritic soils. The highest point of the island is Mt. Lamlam in the south, rising to an elevation of 406 meters. Vegetation in the south is characterized by grasslands, ravine forests and wetlands (Fosberg 1960). Areas in the southern part of Guam have habitat in dire need of restoration to replace dominant grasslands with suitable native forest habitat. A fringing coral reef surrounds most of the island, except in areas where bays exist that provide access to small rivers and streams that run down from the hills into the Pacific Ocean and Philippine Sea.

Rivers are found primarily in the southern part of the island. No naturally occurring lakes can be found on Guam however there are several man-made reservoirs mostly built after World War II (Best and Davidson 1981). Many of these reservoirs are no longer used for their original purpose. Fena Lake is the largest and most valuable reservoir for its supply of fresh water and its surrounding habitats. These freshwater habitats support freshwater plants and animals, including the Mariana common moorhen. Conservation areas under local control, including Anao, Cotal, and Balonos, as well as conservation areas under federal control can serve as areas for recovering terrestrial species.

Marine habitats include fringing, patch, submerged and barrier reefs, offshore banks, seagrass beds, and mangroves. The combined area of coral reef and lagoon is approximately 69 km2 in nearshore waters between 0-3 mi, and an additional 110 km2 in waters greater than 3 mi offshore (Hunter 1995). Sea surface temperatures range from 27-30°C, with higher temperatures measured on the reef flats and in

10

portions of the lagoons (Paulay 2003a). There are five marine preserves that provide refuge for many marine species.

Given its small size, the entire island of Guam has been designated, both locally and federally, as coastal zone. Guam is divided into 19 watersheds in the southern half of the island. The Northern Guam sub-watershed has no clearly defined drainage ways.

1.3 Biodiversity of Guam

Over the last 50 years Guam has experienced tremendous domestic growth and suffered significant environmental degradation island-wide. Guam’s native flora and fauna have been impacted by various threats, such as the introduction of invasive species, poor land management practices, and overexploitation. These anthropogenic threats are exacerbated by the frequency with which the island is impacted by typhoons. In the last decade, Guam has been hit directly by four storms with sustained winds greater than 150 miles per hour and suffered high wave and winds from large systems passing near Guam (Guard et al. 2003). The various resource agencies of the Government of Guam continue to address these issues, knowing that economic prosperity and preservation of the Chamorro culture are dependent on the successful recovery and sustainable use of the island’s natural resources.

1.3.1 Flora

For generations, the Chamorros used plants to enhance their lives for health, comfort, and safety. There are plants that produce fragrant flowers and trees with edible fruit. Plumeria, ginger, and jasmine landscape the island and provide food for a variety of butterflies. The staples of traditional Chamorro diets include: papayas, bananas, coconuts, breadfruit, mangoes, guavas, mountain apples, limes, and tangerilles. These plants grow well in the island's ideal tropical climate.

There are more than 600 species of tropical plants on Guam, of which 100 are trees. Iron wood and banyan trees provide shade and shelter. Many trees and smaller plants produce medicinal substances while others are used for timber. The ifil tree, famous for its rich-grained timber, is the official tree of Guam. The wood is a favorite of local carvers, who fashion tables, clocks, commemorative plaques, and other decorative items of practical use.

However non-native species such as Guam's territorial flower, the bougainvillea, and African tulip trees also decorate the island and can overwhelm native vegetation (Fosberg 1960).

Guam has more than 320 native plant species of which six deserve greater conservation attention. Unfortunately only one, Serianthes nelsonii, is eligible for funding under the Endangered Species Act (Fosberg 1960).

1.3.2: Fauna

Like other islands in Micronesia, most of Guam's biodiversity is marine life. Approximately 300 forms of hard coral and 50 soft coral inhabit Guam's reefs (GCWCS 2006). In addition, Guam’s marine environment includes more than 5000 known species (Paulay 2003).

11

Nevertheless, despite its isolation from major land masses, Guam has a number of forms of terrestrial wildlife. Most notably invasive or non-native wildlife including introduced deer and wild pigs as well as domesticated water buffalo.

Over 100 species of birds have been documented on the island including migrant, wetland, seabird, grassland, and forest birds (Reichel and Glass 1991, Engbring and Fritts 1988). Every spring migratory shorebirds, such as the American golden plover, Gray-tailed tattlers, and the Mongolian dotteral come to Guam. However native birds such as the Mariana fruit dove, Micronesian kingfishers, and the Guam rail, are endangered species or extinct in the wild. Today, wild chickens and other introduced bird species are numerous.

Three native mammals were also known to Guam, including the Marianas fruit bat, little Marianas fruit bat and Pacific sheath-tailed bat. Today only the Marianas fruit bat remains on Guam. Despite their historical use as a food item, the “fanihi” as the endangered Mariana fruit bats are locally known, dwell in forests on the northern tip of the island.

There are six native reptiles; five skink species, and one gecko species that are still found in the wild. Additionally, anoles and monitor lizards, known locally as iguanas, can be seen throughout the island.

Coconut crabs and several native tree snail species as well as exotic African land snails exist on Guam. Two species of snails, Samoana fragilis and Partula radiolata, have been on the candidate list of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 for more than 10 years and currently do not receive federal protection.

Historically, Guam hosted a unique biodiversity. Unfortunately, the brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis, BTS), accidentally introduced to the island sometime during WWII by cargo ships has become an unwelcomed predator and pest. Indigenous to Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, the brown treesnake caused the extirpation of many native bird species such as the Guam rail as it spread throughout the island (Savidge 1987). The Government of Guam and the US Federal Government have spent millions of dollars in research and control of brown treesnake in order to protect Guam’s natural resources and prevent the spread to other locations (Vice 2000).

Currently with help from US mainland zoos, Guam Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources (GDAWR) maintain captive breeding programs for remnant populations of native species. It is hoped that these individuals can one day be reintroduced to Guam.

The hope for reintroduction of native species may lie with isolated outer islands such as Cocos Island. Cocos Island supports several native species that have been extirpated from Guam. Seasonally, there may be thousands of seabirds nesting on the island. Cocos Island houses approximately 50 or more pairs of Guam’s remaining population of Micronesian starlings. Surveys conducted in the mid 1990s showed Cocos Island supported 12 lizard species, more than any other island in the Marianas. Nesting green sea turtles frequent Cocos Island. The relative richness of Cocos’ biodiversity is due to the lack of brown treesnakes, feral deer, pigs, and cats. However, introduced rodents have become abundant and may be impacting bird, lizard and nesting sea turtle populations on the island. The large rodent population also makes detection of BTS virtually impossible (GDAWR 2005).

12

1.4 Land Tenure and Property

Land traditionally was owned by familial clans as a corporate group. During the reoccupation by the U.S. military, almost half the island was taken by the American government. These acts dispossessed many Chamorros, who had few assets other than their ancestral lands (Pomeroy 1951). The United States Congress later established private ownership of land (PSECC 1994). A lottery regulated by the Chamorro Land Trust gives Chamorros the opportunity to own property on Guam.

Today the US Federal Government owns approximately one third of the island (326ha) in the operation of two military bases on Guam; Anderson Airforce Base in the north and the US Naval Base in the central part of the island. The Government of Guam owns another one third (353 ha) in the form of parks, recreation and conservation areas. The remaining third is owned privately either by foreign or native-born landowners (Crocombe et al. 1987).

With the advent of military build-up in the next 6 years, many once vacant lots are now for sale and the construction of new homes is rampant.

1.5 Demography

Guam is divided into 19 villages. The population of approximately 173,456 is comprised mainly of peoples of Chamorro, Filipino, Caucasian, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Micronesian descent (Bureau of Statistic and Plans 2004). The main industry on Guam besides government and military is tourism.

The demography of Guam is greatly influenced by the presence of a large number of transient military personnel and construction workers. Guam's economy is highly dependent on military spending. In 1980 the population was composed of 20,000 military personnel and their dependents. With the impending move of the US Marines from Okinawa to Guam by 2014, the population of Guam is estimated to grow by one third its current status. The age and sex composition of Guam’s population is influenced by fluctuations in the size of the military population. Guam’s population has a relatively young age structure. Mean age at marriage was 27.8 for males and 25.0 for females. The island is characterized by a high immigration rate, high emigration rate, high fertility rate, and a low mortality rate (Bureau of Statistic and Plans 2004).

1.6 Threats to Guam’s Biodiversity (as described in literature)

Many studies have been conducted on Guam regarding its biodiversity or the threats that impact it, especially in regards to invasive species. Five key pieces of literature reviewed for this plan include:

Extinction of an Island Forest Avifauna by an Introduced Snake. Julie A. Savidge Ecology, Vol. 68, No. 3 (Jun., 1987).

Natural History of the Guam Rail. Mark J. Jenkins The Condor, Vol. 81, No. 4 (Nov., 1979).

Guam Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. Guam Department of Agriculture, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources (2006).

Cocos Island Restoration Plan. Guam Department of Agriculture, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources (2005). Cocos Island Biosecurity Plan. US Department of Agriculture – APHIS/Wildlife Services (2007).

13

The main conservation threats on Guam stem from introduced invasive species and loss or degradation of habitat. The brown treesnake or “kulepbla” as it is locally referred to, was accidentally introduced to Guam following WWII and is responsible for decimating the island’s forest bird populations. Additionally, introduced ungulates destroy the understory within the forest and make it difficult for released captive-bred rails to escape feral cat predation.

Native trees do not propagate without protection from rooting pigs and browsing deer. Many introduced plants are not palatable to the ungulates and are therefore able to take over native forest areas and form monotypic stands. Typhoon conditions exacerbate the problem; wind-damaged native tree stands do not recover due to the proliferation of invasive vines. Either the forest remains a mass of dead stumps covered in vines or introduced tree species invade the area (GDAWR 2005).

To establish Guam rails, colloquially know as ko’ko’, in the wild on Guam, captive-bred birds need a release site that is predator-controlled and provides forest habitat without the damages caused by feral deer and pigs. Although the ko’ko’ are able to reproduce in the presence of low snake densities, past efforts to reintroduce birds to the wild have been met with limited success. Maintenance of physical barriers, damage by typhoons, and feral animals have been hard obstacles to overcome. Presently GDAWR is looking to off-shore islands to aid recovery of native species. One of these areas is Cocos Island, an atoll-like island lying 2.5 km southwest of mainland Guam. Cocos Island provides a unique opportunity for recovery of Guam’s native flora and fauna, as it is ungulate and cat free

and few snakes have been reported there. However, the high density of rodents on Cocos Island poses a risk of predation for rail eggs and prevents the detection and removal of any incipient brown treesnake populations (GDAWR 2005).

Another major conservation threat to Guam is wildfires. Wildfires resulting from poachers, arson or by accident wreak havoc on reforestation efforts and result in heavy erosion on coral reefs. Four-wheelers operating in cleared areas also increase erosion and subsequent impacts to coral reefs.

Native flora and fauna are in jeopardy due to both civilian and military development. Forested areas are being cleared throughout the island for housing, facilities and training activities to support the impending increase in military presence on Guam.

Furthermore, native species survival is also threatened by the lack of natural history information and resulting conflicts in captive propagation management programs (GDAWR 2006).

1.8 Management of Guam’s Natural Resources

As a territory of the United States, Guam has an elected Governor who oversees control of the island through local government. There are separate legislative and judicial branches in the forms of an elected Senate and Supreme Court system that oversee policy making. However local government agencies are tasked with overseeing natural resource enforcement and regulation.

The Guam Department of Agriculture was established under Public Law (P.L.) 3-103, to protect and promote the agricultural resources and economy of the Territory of Guam by research, quarantine, control and conservation. GDAWR is equivalent to a U.S. State Fish & Game Agency. It is responsible for the control and regulation of fish and game in and about Guam and the administration of laws pertaining to them (5 Guam Code Annotated (GCA), Chapter 63, §63102). The Department is also given regulatory power over endangered species (Title 5 GCA, Chapter 63, §63205). It has the authority to

14

promulgate a list of endangered species to be adopted through the Administration Adjudication Act and approved by the Guam Legislature. Title 5 GCA, §63205 also authorizes the Department to enter into agreements with federal, or public agencies, or any person for the purpose of administration, research or management of these resources. The Department, in cooperation with the Department of Parks and Recreation and other agencies of the Government of Guam, also has the authority to control and manage conservation reserves (Title 5 GCA, Chapter 63, §63401).

Pursuant to Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act, a cooperative agreement exists between the Department of Agriculture and the USFWS. This agreement obligates the Department to protect US listed species. It also provides for funding and implementation of programs for endangered species research and recovery activities. The Department is also required to enforce other Federal laws such as the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 and Lacey Act of 1981.

Guam Department of Agriculture is also tasked with reducing the number of stray animals in the community and providing education on proper and lawful animal importation, exportation and pet care.

The divisions of the Department of Agriculture include the Division of Aquatic & Wildlife Resources, Forest and Soil Resources, Agricultural Development Services, the Plant Inspection Station, and Animal Control. Refer to Appendix C for details on departmental organizational structure.

Other Government of Guam resource agencies have mandates related to management of natural resources. Public Law 11-191 established the Guam Environmental Protection Agency (GEPA). GEPA’s mission is “to provide a united, integrated, and comprehensive island wide program of environmental protection and to provide a framework to fulfill that task” (Title 10 GCA, Chapter 45, §45102). The Government of Guam’s Bureau of Statistics and Plans (BSP) administer the Guam Coastal Management Plan (GCMP) through the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (PL 92-583, as amended; PL 94-370). The GCMP guides the use, protection, and development of land and ocean resources within Guam’s coastal zone.

1.8.1 Guam Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy (GCWCS)

Guam’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy identifies 65 species, including 31 terrestrial, 7 freshwater and 27 marine organisms as species of greatest conservation need. A conservation table is devoted to each summarizing their status, goals, objectives, and action plans. In addition to identifying actions necessary for each species, other conservation actions that affect general groups of species were identified and included the development of memoranda of understanding, rehabilitation of habitats, public education, and law enforcement.

The GCWCS presents the location and relative conditions of habitats and conservation areas important to the conservation and recovery of Guam’s species of greatest conservation need.

Guam’s CWCS suggests utilizing existing survey programs to develop the information base for monitoring the status of the species; such as sampling plots, and bird, reef, and aerial surveys. The plan identifies local action strategies that address human activities that impact freshwater and marine ecosystems. Programs to monitor these activities and their impacts must be implemented. Information gathered by this effort will be used to address changes in the status of species, and will be incorporated in the five and ten year review.

The GCWCS incorporates a holistic approach by including public education and law enforcement as vital components of the plan. While implementing actions to improve the status of species of greatest conservation need, it is key to involve the public in the stewardship resources (GCWCS 2006).

The entire CWCS document can be downloaded from www.guamdawr.org.

15

1.8.2 Forestry & Wildlife Legislation

The following is a summary of legislation authorizing natural resource management on Guam and associated proposed conservation areas such as Cocos Island.

Federal Laws and Executive Orders

Animal Damage Control Act and the Rural Development Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriations Act – authorize and direct federal agencies to reduce damage caused by wildlife in cooperation with other agencies.

Coastal Zone Management Act – to encourage coastal states, Great Lake states, United States territories and commonwealths to develop comprehensive programs to manage and balance competing uses of and impacts to coastal resources.

Convention of International Trade of Endangered Species of 1975 (CITES) - an international agreement between governments that ensures international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.

Endangered Species Act – a federal policy that all federal agencies shall seek to conserve endangered and threatened species and shall utilize their authorities in furtherance of the purposes of the ESA (Sec.2(c)). Sec. 7 consultations with the USFWS are conducted to use their expertise to ensure that “any action authorized, funded, or carried out by such an agency...is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered or threatened species. Each agency shall use the best scientific and commercial data available” (Sec. 7 (a) (2)).

Sec. 10 gives non-Federal entities such as states, counties, local governments, and private landowners the ability to conduct an otherwise lawful activity that might incidentally, but not intentionally, "take" a listed species permitted by an incidental take permit (ESA section 10(a)(1)(B)). To receive a permit, the applicant must submit a Conservation Plan or Habitat Conservation Plan that meets the criteria included in the ESA and its implementing regulations. This also provides an opportunity to develop strong partnerships with local governments and the private sector.

Executive Order 12898 “Impacts on Minority and Low Income Persons or Populations” – requires federal agencies to make environmental justice part of their mission and to identify and address disproportionately high and diverse human health and environmental effects of federal programs policies and activities on minority and low income persons or populations.

Executive Order 13045 “Protection of Children from Environmental Health and Safety Risks” – Children may suffer disproportionately from environmental health and safety risks including their developmental physical and mental status. Legally available and approved damage management methods should be utilized in situations or under circumstances where it is likely that children would be adversely affected.

Executive Order 13112 “Invasive Species” – directs federal agencies to use their programs and authorities to prevent the spread or to control populations of invasive species that cause economic or environmental harm, or harm to human health.

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act – requires the registration, classification and regulation of all pesticides used in the United States. The Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for implementation and enforcement.

16

Lacey Act of 1981 – has implications for regulating introductions of invasive species. This law administered by the Secretaries of the Interior, Commerce, and Agriculture makes it unlawful for any person to import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire or purchase (or attempt to commit any such act) in interstate or foreign commerce of any fish, wildlife, or plant taken, processed, transported, or sold in violation of any federal, tribal, state or foreign law. Thus, while the statute does not substantively grant authority to regulate the importation, transportation, exportation, or possession of any species, violation of another federal, state, tribal or foreign law governing these activities would become a violation of federal law and subject to particular civil and criminal penalties. The Secretaries of the Interior and Commerce have the authority to enforce laws involving fish and wildlife, while the Secretary of Agriculture has the authority to enforce laws involving plants.

Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 - protects marine mammals in US waters and from US citizens on the high seas and regulates the importation of marine mammals and marine mammal products into the US.

Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 - affords protection to specifically listed migrant species.

National Environmental Policy Act – requires that federal actions be evaluated for environmental impacts, that these impacts are considered by the decision makers prior to implementation, and that the public be informed.

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 – requires federal agencies to: 1) evaluate the effects of any federal undertaking on cultural resources; 2) consult with the State Historic Preservation Office regarding the value and management of specific cultural, archaeological and historic resources; and, 3) consult with appropriate American Indian tribes or Native Hawaiians to determine whether they have concerns for traditional cultural properties in area of these federal undertakings.

Guam Organic Act of 1950 - a federal law that redesignated the island of Guam as an unincorporated territory of the United States; established executive, legislative, and judicial branches; and transferred Federal jurisdiction from the United States Navy to the Department of the Interior. The Organic Act established a measure of limited self-governance for the people of Guam.

Sikes Act of 1960 - promotes effectual planning, development, maintenance, and coordination of wildlife, fish and game conservation and rehabilitation on military reservations.

Territory of Guam Laws

Endangered Species Act of Guam – provides authorization for the protection and conservation of resident endangered or threatened species. The Act authorizes the Guam Department of Agriculture to annually promulgate a list of endangered species and to conduct research and management actions in cooperation with federal or other local agencies for the conservation, protection and enhancement of listed species. Guam Department of Agriculture is authorized to issue permits for actions that lead to the enhancement, conservation and survival of listed species.

Fish, Game, Forestry and Conservation, 5 GCA, 63101-63117 - laws protecting Guam’s fish resources.

Game, Forestry and Conservation, 5 GCA, Chapter 63, PL 6-85 - describes the authority of the Department of Agriculture to manage Guam’s natural resources.

Guam Pesticides Act - authorizes the GEPA to regulate the importation, production, sale, distribution, use and application of pesticides used on Guam that are registered with the U.S. EPA. The Act also authorizes GEPA to implement and enforce such regulations.

17

Protection of Wild Animals, 5 GCA 63121 - list species that are considered protected in Guam.

Other Relevant Plans and Agreements

Brown Tree Snake Control Activities Environmental Assessment - US Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services issued a Finding of No Significant Impact for BTS control activities on Guam.

Memorandum of Understanding with USDA – signed agreements that contracts rodent eradication work to be conducted on Cocos Island as well as the development and implementation of a biosecurity plan.

Native Forest Birds of Guam and Rota of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Recovery Plan. – USFWS issued a final recovery plan which included the establishment of Guam rails in the wild on Guam as a recommended recovery action.

Safe Harbor Agreement - to establish rails on Cocos Island; is intended to support the recovery action, and rodent control of the island.

USFWS Cooperative Agreement - an agreement that allows Guam to implement endangered species recovery programs.

1.8.3 Department need and allocations for awareness

The GCWCS identified the need to foster an informed population in regard to conservation and the importance of natural resources to the island. This is critical to the success of any long-term conservation efforts. GDAWR and its partners in the GCWCS have identified a lack of public awareness as a priority threat to many of the Department of Agriculture’s conservation actions.

To increase the awareness of the general public and private industry, the following objectives must be implemented:

• Develop, implement and utilize existing programs to increase public awareness of natural resources and issues pertaining to them.

• Develop outreach campaigns; educate the public and private industry of the value of preserving Guam’s wildlife and habitats.

• Develop a plan to address public awareness and education of conservation issues - to include the development of websites, posters, presentations, and public service announcements.

It was identified at the 2007 Guam Strategic Planning Session organized by The Nature Conservancy that public awareness was an area in which the department was lacking. Among the reasons for this gap in outreach included lack of funding and insufficient staff to run programs. GDAWR’s Wildlife Section receives yearly appropriations from Pittman Robertson, Endangered Species Section 6, State Wildlife Grant and Office of Insular Affairs’ Brown Treesnake Grant. However, expenditures for environmental education or public outreach efforts are restricted. The department’s ability is limited to funding associated with Endangered Species Section 6. Furthermore, due to US legislative decisions and wartime efforts, existing funding for conservation has dramatically decreased.

Currently there is funding for awareness associated with the “Ko’ko’ for Cocos” project through a Safe Harbor Agreement or non-traditional Endangered Species Section 6 and Aquatic Nuisance Species grants. The implementation of the “Ko’ko’ for Cocos” project will develop regional expertise and provide a model environment to develop strategies for future reintroductions of Guam rails and other native bird

18

habitat restoration efforts on Guam, other Pacific islands and offshore islets. Moreover, Cocos Island provides a public venue for outreach activities regarding conservation of Guam rails, invasive species control, and successful partnerships between the public and private sectors (GDAWR 2005).

Sustainability of outreach efforts

The Department of Agriculture is committed to the sustained impact of this project. Cheryl M. Calaustro has a “salaried position” and will be in post after this initial project has concluded in mid 2009. It is the Department’s intention that Cheryl will used the skills learned from attending Rare’s Diploma Course and its practical application in the project to train additional Department staff. It is anticipated that her work will extend to mitigating additional threats to Cocos Island, as well as to those on mainland Guam. The department recognizes that most threats facing Guam are human-induced and that education plays, and will continue to play, a critical role in their mitigation. At the present time, Guam Department of Agriculture is forced to look for alternatives to fund public outreach for long term projects.

19

2.0 Project Team and other Stakeholders

The project team will be comprised of GDAWR and its cooperating federal and local agencies and other various stakeholders both from the public and private sector.

2.1 Lead Agency and Project Manager

In order to address key conservation elements of the GCWCS, GDAWR has decided to focus efforts on available restoration sites such as Cocos Island. This work plan aims to:

• Build upon past research work and identify threats to Guam’s biodiversity in general and its endemic ko’ko’ in particular;

• Garner public support for rodent eradication programs at restoration sites such as Cocos Island.

In early 2007, GDAWR approached Rare for assistance in training Cheryl M. Calaustro to conduct a Pride Campaign to focus public attention on Guam’s areas with a vision to mitigate threats posed to the Guam rail. In an MOU signed by the Governor of Guam, Guam Department of Agriculture, agreed to:

• Identify a suitable Campaign Manager (Cheryl M. Calaustro) who meets eligibility criteria as determined by Rare, including payment of any and all costs associated with making this assessment (e.g. the costs of ILETS/TOEFL English-language proficiency tests).

• Assign the Campaign Manager to the Pride Campaign full time for the duration of the project, not less than 18 months, including the University Components and Field Based Component.

• Pay the full-time salary and any other benefits duly owed to the individual during the 18 months of the Pride Campaign, at locally approved rates and within the Guam Department of Agriculture’s existing salary ranges.

• Provide full-time access to suitable local transportation for the Campaign Manager during the Field-Based Component of the Pride Campaign.

• Cover internet and telephone costs incurred by the Campaign Manager while maintaining the distance-learning component of the Project, and other miscellaneous administrative costs such as photocopying, faxing, phone calls, and mail.

• Assign a mentor (Diane Vice) to help guide the Campaign Manager (during the Field-Based Component of the Pride Campaign). The mentor will review important project documents (including this project plan), as well as monthly reports from the Campaign Manager and the Pride Campaign’s financial reports. The mentor will serve as a source of support to the Campaign Manager during the Project, and may contact Rare at anytime with any questions or concerns.

• Finance any visa fees, airport departure taxes or local fees that are not specified specifically under Rare’s contribution.

• Provide Campaign Manager transportation to and from the airport of departure

Finally, Diane Vice has committed to identifying resources to support the program in its follow up phase including the production of additional materials if required. This Project Plan provides documentary evidence of the first phase of the Guahan Pride Project outlining how threats to Guam where identified and ground-truthed, how the sources of these threats were validated and prevailing behaviors identified.

20

It describes the processes used to develop concept models and rank threats, as well as how and why the audience was segmented and messages created. The project objectives set out in this plan and the monitoring strategies outlined have been reviewed by key stakeholders and the entire plan has been read and approved by the Director of Guam Department of Agriculture.

2.2 Other groups working on (or having an interest in) Guam and proposed conservation areas:

To coordinate wildlife restoration efforts on Guam, GDAWR’s Wildlife Section works closely with other agencies, including:

Funding sources and/or technical assistance such as: US Department of Interior, US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Dept of Agriculture’s Natural Resource Conservation Service, Fisheries Section of GDAWR, Guam Division of Forest and Soil Resources, US Dept of Agriculture APHIS/ Wildlife Services, US Geological Survey.

Landowners and Signatories on the Safe Harbor Agreement for “Ko’ko’ for Cocos Project” including Cocos Island Resort, Guam Department of Parks and Recreation and US Fish and Wildlife Service.

Regulatory agencies such as Guam Environmental Protection Agency.

In-kind donations and support by Guam Visitor’s Bureau, Guam Telephone Authority, GuamCell.

Guidance and cooperation on captive breeding programs via the American Zoological Association.

2.3 Stakeholder Analysis Matrix

The research conducted for the background section of this Project Plan helped to identify stakeholders who might provide additional insights into the threats facing Guam and who might play a valuable role in developing an outreach campaign to build awareness, as well as change attitudes and behaviors. Stakeholders are defined as those individuals or groups that may positively, negatively, directly or indirectly affect the campaign site in some significant way or another.

In general, past experience has shown that conservation efforts without public input have not been as successful as expected. Without the involvement of key stakeholders, conservation projects were ultimately more costly and less productive. Soliciting views and defining together through dialogue and collaboration helps managers become familiar with the various stakeholders positions regarding issues and activities that could have an impact on the site. Individuals were identified that could contribute to such dialogue. This matrix was used to identify participants who were invited to an initial planning meeting where threats to Guam’s native terrestrial wildlife were identified and discussed. The following stakeholders were identified and invited.

21

Table 1 – Stakeholder Matrix

NoParticipant/ Stakeholder

Organisation/ Affiliation

Sector:(Private,

NGO, Government, Individual, Education

etc.)

Name

Key Issues of organization/

person

Stakeholder’s Contribution

(what the stakeholder may

bring to the meeting)

Stakeholder’s Interest/Motive

(what the meeting can give to stakeholder)

1Project Lead, Guam Captive

Breeding Program

Local Government

Suzanne Medina

Native wildlife restoration, grant funding issues

potential for buy in/endorsement, knowledge in government structural issues, budget for development project

alternatives in creating government proposal/ project for developing the area, get input directly from community level

2 Biologist Local Government

Caplan Anderson

Captive breeding

Biological concerns for the species

Captive and wild Welfare issues of species and habitat

3NOAA Coral

Reef Management

Fellow

Federal Government

Elaina Todd

Aquatic issues regarding, People, Integrity, Excellence, Teamwork, and Ingenuity Science, Service, and Stewardship

To understand and predict changes in Earth’s environment and conserve and manage coastal and marine resources to meet our Nation’s economic, social, and environmental needs

comprehensive understanding of the role of the oceans, coasts, and atmosphere in the global ecosystem to make the best social and economic decisions

4 Forester Local Government Bel Soliva

Knowledge of reforestation techniques and native plants

potential for buy in/endorsement, knowledge in government structural issues, budget for development project

alternatives in creating government proposal/ project for developing the area

5 Guam Visitor’s Bureau

Local Government

Amy Pangelina

n

Maximizing tourism and conservation efforts,

Tourism endorsement, future prospects, community outlook


6Chief

Conservation Officer

Law Enforcement

Mike Reyes

Law enforcement regarding conservation issues

knowledge in law enforcement and conservation in the area

support and cooperation in finding ways to reduce destructive practices

7Marianas Audubon Society

NGO Pat Rankin

community access to nature resource, community participation, nature resource management

potential for collaboration, knowledge on key contacts in media and community in each village,

project benefit for the birding community

8 NOAA Federal Government

Chuck Retorman


understand and predict changes in Earth’s environment and conserve and manage coastal and marine resources to meet our Nation’s economic, social, and environmental needs

informed society that uses a comprehensive understanding of the role of the oceans, coasts, and atmosphere in the global ecosystem to make the best social and economic decisions

9 GAIN NGO Karon Johnson

Feral animal issues, environment

Legal advice on current laws and legislation

Insight regarding causation and community impression

22

destruction/ degradation, legalities within the area

of feral animal problems, legalities

10 The Nature Conservancy NGO Trina

Leberer

knowledge of community empowerment program

buy in, knowledge on community's problem, skills and experience in community gathering/mobilization

alternative in creating project proposal, might get new perspectives on project planning and implementation



Sector:(Private,


etc.)

Name


person






11 Guam Visitor Bureau

Marketing Officer

Felix S. Reyes

visitor number, new business prospect

trend in tourist visitation and itinerary

nature resources as tourism attraction, expanding markets

12 Private Consultant Individual Peggy

Denny

Recycling/ composting issues

Knowledge of public outreach, contacts, networking with communities

Recycling specific education materials and activities

13 Fisherman/Hunter Individual Chris

Jones

fishing and hunting issues

fishing technology and tools, traditional insight

improve tools and technology in fishing, alternative food technology, traditional resources usage

14Guam Costal Resources

ManagementGovernment Romina

King

Knowledge of coastal issues and procedures, community organization

knowledge in environment issues in the area, environment perspectives from young generation, potential collaboration for youth activities

ideas and design for youth activities, increase young generation role in nature conservation

15 NOAA Federal Government

Valerie Brown


understand and predict changes in Earth’s environment and conserve and manage coastal and marine resources to meet our Nation’s economic, social, and environmental needs

informed society that uses a comprehensive understanding of the role of the oceans, coasts, and atmosphere in the global ecosystem to make the best social and economic decisions

16 Private Contractor Individual

Anne Marie Gawal

Local community input

Military insight incorporate traditional knowledge and practices in this project

17 Teacher Individual Jen Farley

school curriculum, conservation/environment material, quality of educational tools, quality of public education

educational quality and condition at present

education material and activity

18 National Park Service

Federal Government

Allison Palmer

helps communities preserve and enhance important local heritage and close-to-home recreational

provides a living model for other nations wishing to establish and manage their own protected areas

sharing what we've learned, and gaining knowledge from the experience of others

23

opportunities

19 Individual Roland Quitugua



incorporate traditional knowledge and practices in this project

20 Teacher Individual Linda Tatreau

school curriculum, conservation/environment material, quality of educational tools, quality of high school

educational quality and condition at present


21 Biologist Federal Government

James Standford

Federal government agency endorsement

Knowledge of current invasive species research, rapid response procedures

Interagency cooperation, capacity building



Sector:(Private,


etc.)

Name


person






22Director,

Northern Soil & Water

Local Government

Frank Eclaven

Environmental terrestrial issues

innovative approach for addressing the Island's water resource issues

Interagency cooperation, capacity building, public awareness, Establishing executive and legislative support, landowner issues

23 Military US Navy Mark Defley

Military issues Military agenda and perspective

Coordination of efforts especially regarding restoration on military lands

24 Student Individual Ashley Martinez

Student involvement in environmental issues

Youth perspective Stewardship for youth

25 Professor University of Guam

Ross Miller

school curriculum, conservation/environment material, quality of educational tools, quality of graduate students

Knowledge, research of invasive species,educational quality and condition at present


26 Dept. of Parks & Rec.

Local Government

Joseph W. Duenas

representing stakeholder of Cocos Island

Cultural/historic preservation issues

Maintains Dano Park, public side of Cocos Island, logistical assistance

27 National Park Service

Federal Government

Mark Capone

helps communities across America preserve and enhance important local heritage and close-to-home recreational opportunities

provides a model for other nations wishing to establish and manage their own protected areas

sharing what we've learned, and gaining knowledge from the experience of others

28 Biologist/Resource user

Local Government

Jeffrey Quitugua

Wildlife restoration

Technical expertise, local perspective

Capacity building, cooperation

24

29Cocos Island

Resort – Employee

Representative

Private company

Larry Mullikin

Representing stakeholder of Cocos Island

Logistical support and access

Technical expertise on environmental issues in the area, increased tourism

30Cocos Island

Resort – General Manager

Private company

Renny Loren

Representing stakeholder of Cocos Island

Logistical support and access

Technical expertise on environmental issues in the area, increased tourism

31 Teacher Individual Ellen Petra

school curriculum, conservation/environment material, quality of elementary education

Elementary educational quality and condition at present

Elementary education material and activity

32 Village Head & Staff

Community Representative

Mayor Sherry

Chargulaf

Merizo community concerns



33 Chamorro Nation Individual Trini

Torres

Chamorro rights


alternatives in creating government proposal/ project for developing the area, get input directly from community level, use of traditional methods



Sector:(Private,


etc.)

Name


person






34 teacher Individual Kathy Candaso

school curriculum, conservation/environment material, quality of elementary education

Elementary educational quality and condition at present

Elementary education material and activity

35 Retiree Individual Buck Cruz




36 Retiree Individual Tom Barcinas




37 Guam Legislature

Community Representative

Senator Jimmy V. Espaldon

Community and legislative concerns regarding Judiciary, Natural Resources, Infrastructure, and Cultural Affairs

Legislative experience, insight into tourism, maritime, military, veterans and foreign affairs

Insight into environmental issues on the community level

38 Individual Viqui Gayer

Animal rights/welfare



25

26

Absent/Held Focal Conversation Invited & Attended

SECTION B: DEVELOP CONCEPT MODEL

3.0 Concept Model

On Thursday, February 7, 2008 a stakeholder meeting to discuss the threats to Guam’s native wildlife was held in the conference room of Guam Department of Agriculture. A total of 20 participants from various sections of Guam society worked together to build a concept model to illustrate the relationships between direct, indirect and contributing factors of Guam’s declining natural resources. The project’s scope (Guam’s terrestrial environment) formed the context for these discussions. Diane Vice, Rare project supervisor and project lead for Brown Treesnake Program for GDAWR and Suzanne Medina, Acting Wildlife Supervisor and project lead for the captive breeding program, assisted during the first meeting.

3.1 Methodology

Direct threats were identified, and then written on cards that were placed onto a sticky wall and linked to the appropriate target(s) using arrows. Participants then discussed the contributing factors (indirect threats) that led to, or exacerbate, the direct factors. Contributing factors were then placed on the sticky wall and linked to direct threats by arrows. The result is a simple “map” of what is impacting the target. After the stakeholder meeting, Miradi software (www.miradi.org) was used to develop and articulate the model into a standardized nomenclature using a threat taxonomy developed by the IUCN.

Initial Concept Model as “drawn” by key stakeholders – February 2008

27

http://www.miradi.org/

Figure 1 - Concept Model in MIRADI

Key: Pink boxes = direct threats, Orange boxes = Indirect threats and contributing factors

3.2 Initial Concept Model narrative

The biodiversity of Guam’s terrestrial environment can be directed to one key “target”, the Guam rail. This target is threatened by a complex of one or more direct threats.

After the stakeholder meeting was conducted, the following environmental direct threats affecting the terrestrial environment were identified as:

erosion/ run-off IUCN 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and/or species)feral/ nuisance animals IUCN 8. Changes in native species dynamicspollution/ litter IUCN 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and/or species)invasive species IUCN 2. Invasive alien species (directly affecting the

species)habitat loss IUCN 1. Habitat Loss/Degradation (human induced)over-harvesting IUCN 3: Harvesting (hunting/gathering)cultural hunting IUCN 3: Harvesting (hunting/gathering)wildland arson IUCN 10: Human disturbance

All were identified as human-induced threats. An explanation of the threats identified is as follows:

28

DIRECT FACTORS

Erosion/run-off – Deforestation results in sedimentation of coral reefs. Runoff is a result of poor solid waste management, sewage and garbage control, and the lack of awareness.

Feral animals – The lack of knowledge leads to rampant feral dog and cat populations existing throughout the island. This past year children as well as wildlife have been victims of feral animal attacks.

Invasive species – As the transportation hub of Micronesia, Guam is susceptible to invasive species of all types not just brown treesnake. Current threats include the Coconut Rhinoceros beetle, Coqui frog, invasive vines and snakehead fish. Early detection is highly dependent on the amount of public knowledge.

Tourists – Guam’s economy heavily relies on tourism. With the impending build-up of military forces, Guam tourism economy is expected to boom. Ecotourism should be promoted since some Asian foreign visitors already come to Guam to enjoy Guam’s reefs and see wildlife. Additionally analogous species such as the Okinawan rail face similar challenges of the Guam rail More opportunities to educate tourists on the plights of native wildlife should be utilized if Guam is to be promoted as an ecotourism destination.

Pollution/litter – Guam is in the process of identifying a site to open a sanitary landfill. The existing Ordot dump is full and overflowing. The stakeholders identified the pollution/litter on Guam as a result of lack of awareness and chemical pollution. The greenhouse effect is seen as a cause of environmental pollution. Furthermore personal choices regarding littering such as using a garbage can and not throwing things out the window can be emphasized.

Habitat loss – The impending military build-up is causing a boom in real estate on Guam. Land is being cleared for development. Existing lands suitable for conservation measures tend to be on military lands that have restrictive access. Habitat loss is also a result of Guam’s local growing population and lack of awareness of family planning. Stakeholders stated that mitigation can be done to offset loss of habitat (i.e. tree planting of Sella Bay by military).

Over-harvesting – Over fishing of reef fish populations and illegal deer and pig hunting were considered detrimental to native species. Traditional practices and lack of awareness were factors also leading to over-harvesting.

Cultural hunting – Subsistence hunting of deer, pig, fish, game birds and bats is referred by the stakeholders as cultural hunting; This is usually a result of traditional practices.

Wild-land arson - This is a practice occurs in conjunction with cultural hunting but can also be an act of nature or man either pre-meditated or not. This practice can leads to erosion and run-off.

Off-roading – Favored by tourists and locals, this activity directly destroys habitat and increases erosion.

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS

Lack of awareness – There is a lack of environmental education in formal and informal settings. Environmental education can prevent damage to wildlife and habitats.

Lifestyle choices – The stakeholders identified traits such as greed and laziness as detrimental characteristics of those in prominent positions, visible in the public eye (i.e. government officials). Personal choices influences lack of awareness, population size and corruption in government.

29

Increased population – Related to the military build-up and visitors but also the various minority populations within the larger Guam community. Some stakeholders mentioned the lack of birth control knowledge in the poor. Increased population directly influences habitat loss as more space is needed for housing. Urban development and construction – Military build-up, sprawl of villages and observed lack of zoning laws increases development of the island and directly results in habitat loss.

Lack of money – Regarding poor minority groups, the lack of money results in a more hunter/gatherer or traditional lifestyle. Sometimes resources are overexploited. The lack of funds can also be referred to the lack of funding for specific conservation projects.

Cultural migration – The wealth or poverty of surrounding islands in Micronesia can be the reason for migration to Guam. Often traditional practices influence how resources are used by migrants.

Traditional practices – Cultural observances and traditions can influence how one hunts or harvests their resources. These practices can be sustainable or unsustainable.

Corruption in government – Dishonest leaders in government have been a source of financial loss but also legislative shortfalls. Often conservation efforts take the brunt of these deficiencies.

Unemployment – Without a job, many are left with little money and few choices. Often those choices most appealing have negative effects on the environment such as over-harvesting and wildland arson as a hunting technique.

Legislative and legal directives – When written, proposed and supported by corrupt officials, legislation has very little positive effect for conservation. Poorly written laws encourage over-harvesting, pollution and habitat loss.

Military build-up and national security – Guam houses both the US Navy and Air Force. The increased US military efforts in the Pacific have the potential to increase the population of Guam exponentially. This will put a dramatic strain on already dwindling resources.

Mitigation – Easements are a positive way to counteract environmental degradation by businesses or the military. It includes actions such as tree planting and coral reef conservation.

Greenhouse/gas emissions – Atmospheric changes are caused by rising world temperatures and the use of less gas efficient vehicles. Increased gas emissions are a cause of environmental pollution.

Chemical pollution – Stakeholders recognized the bioaccumulation of pesticides in vegetables and deer or pigs that browse upon such vegetation as a threat. The pollution is also observed in the aquatic environment. It contributes to the overall problem of pollution.

Smoke – The stakeholders attributed smoke to forest fires, diesel engines, personal burning of trash and possibly even VOG from the neighboring Anatahan volcano in the CNMI. Poor air quality ultimately leads to pollution.

Changes in the light cycle – Changes in photoperiod have effected growth cycles of plants and animals. These changes are also thought to influence global warming.War – Increased military efforts in the Middle East has increased the number of military personnel on Guam.

Weather events – Random events such as typhoons and earthquakes can be detrimental to habitat and sensitive species populations. Weather can positively or negatively influence the tourism economy.

30

Global warming – This is an over-arching cause of decline in habitat and loss of species. The increasing trend of rising temperatures is thought to lead to more greenhouse/gas emissions.

Sewage load/spills – Poor management and structural design of aging and overloaded sewage systems results in unintentional sewage leaks and directly causes run-off.

Further discussions

Through comments of the community during public meetings and focal conversations, the following clarifications to the concept model were made:

Tourism initially thought of as a direct threat was in fact a positive factor and not a negative one. The increase of tourism and subsequent increase of economy would be beneficial to Guam. It was stated that ecotourism can be an impetus for conservation both in funding and changing attitude.

Off-roading, which was originally listed as an indirect factor, was redefined as a direct factor because it directly impacts Guam’s environment.

Greenhouse gas emissions was corrected to be listed as an indirect factor caused by global warming and both identified to be contributing factors to the degradation of Guam’s terrestrial wildlife and environment.

31

SECTION C: THREAT ANALYSIS

4.0 Threat Ranking

Participants at the key stakeholder meeting provisionally ranked the direct threats that they identified. This work was subsequently ground-truthed by Guam Department of Agriculture. A threat ranking survey was distributed to the biologists and technicians of GDAWR, Wildlife Section. The following are results from returned threat ranking surveys.

4.1 Scope, Severity & Irreversibility of threats

First threats are ranked by the area of the site they affect (scope), by the severity or level of damage caused by the threat, and by the level of irreversibility (if not preserved it is likely to be eliminated with little or no chance of regeneration). See key below.

Table 2 – Threats ranked according to scope, severity, irreversibility

KEY TO THREAT CRITERIA (Based on Miradi definitions)

A: SCOPE (Area)4 = Very High: The threat is likely to be very widespread across all or much of your site.3 = High: The threat is likely to be widespread in its scope, and affect conservation targets at many locations at your site.2 = Medium: The threat is likely to be localized in its scope, and affect the conservation target at some of the target’s locations at the site.1 = Low: The threat is likely to be very localized in its scope, and affect the conservation target at a limited portion of the target’s location at the site.

B: SEVERITY – The level of damage to the conservation target that can reasonably be expected under current circumstances (i.e., given the continuation of the existing situation).4 = Very High: The threat is likely to destroy or eliminate the conservation target over some portion of the target’s occurrence at the site.3 = High: The threat is likely to seriously degrade the conservation target over some portion of the target’s occurrence at the site.2 = Medium: The threat is likely to moderately degrade the conservation target over some portion of the target’s occurrence at the site.1 = Low: The threat is likely to only slightly impair the conservation target over some portion of the target’s occurrence at the site.

C: IRREVERSIBILITY – The importance of taking immediate action to counter the threat.4 = Very High: The effects of the direct threat are not reversible (e.g., wetlands converted to a shopping center).3 = High: The effects of the direct threat are reversible, but not practically affordable (e.g., wetland converted to agriculture).2 = Medium: The effects of the direct threat are reversible with a reasonable commitment of resources (e.g., ditching and draining of wetland).1 = Low: The effects of the direct threat are easily reversible at relatively low cost (e.g., off-road vehicles trespassing in wetland).

32

THREAT( FACTOR) RANKING CUMULATIVE SCOPE, SEVERITY, IRREVERSIBILITY

INVASIVE SPECIES IUCN 2.2 HIGHFERAL/ NUISANCE ANIMALS IUCN 2.5 HIGHPOLLUTION/LITTER IUCN 6.2/6.3 MEDIUMTOURISTS IUCN 10.1 MEDIUMINCREASED POPULATION IUCN 10.6 HIGHWILDLAND ARSON IUCN 1.7 HIGHHABITAT LOSS IUCN 1.4 HIGHEROSION/ RUN-OFF IUCN 6.3 MEDIUMOVER-HARVESTING IUCN 3.1.1 MEDIUMCULTURAL HUNTING IUCN 3.5 MEDIUM

4.2 Ability to influence & impact

A second screening of threats was then conducted to determine GDAWR’s ability to influence each of them. The Department recognizes that while it is always desirable to focus on the threats ranked highest in the previous exercise, there is little point focusing on one for which the agency has no competence or resources in mitigating. See key.

Table 3 – Threats ranked according to organizational ability, social practicality, and political feasibility

THREAT FACTOR RANKING CUMULATIVE ORGANIZATIONAL ABILITY, SOCIAL PRACTICALITY, POLITICAL FEASIBILITY

INVASIVE SPECIES IUCN 2.2 MEDIUMFERAL /NUISANCE ANIMALS IUCN 2.5 MEDIUMPOLLUTION/LITTER IUCN 6.2/6.3 MEDIUMTOURISTS IUCN 10.1 LOWINCREASED POPULATION IUCN 10.6 LOWWILDLAND ARSON IUCN 1.7 MEDIUMHABITAT LOSS IUCN 1.4 MEDIUMEROSION/ RUN-OFF IUCN 6.3 MEDIUMOVER-HARVESTING IUCN 3.1.1 MEDIUMCULTURAL HUNTING IUCN 3.5 MEDIUM

KEY TO ABILITY TO INFLUENCE & IMPACT THE THREAT

A: Organizational ability: Does your group (or a partner) have the technical competencies and/or resources to address this threat. Does it have experience with the issue at hand?4 = Very High: Organization (or partner) has the technical competences and resources on hand to address threat or remove barrier to threat mitigation3 = High: Organization (or partner) can access the technical competences and resources to address threat or remove barrier to threat mitigation2 = Medium: Organization has some technical competency and/or resources to address threat or remove barrier to threat mitigation1 = Low: No competency or resources available

B: Social practicality: What barriers need to be removed to truly mitigate the threat. How difficult will it be to remove these barriers with the resources you have at hand, recognizing the prevailing, cultural, socio-economic climate?4 = Very Easy: Barriers to behavior change easy to adopt, at little cost, and minimal disruption3 = Easy: Barriers to behavior change require some expense, some disruption to the “normal way of doing things”2 = Moderate: Barriers to behavior change require significant sacrifice, cost, loss of profits, new learning1 = Difficult: Barriers to behavior change very high. New behavior requires high cost to adopt, new skills to be learned, traditional concerns overcome

C: Political feasibility: How supportive might the local political environment be. (This might include government, community leadership etc)4 = Very Feasible: Government or community leadership already articulated strong support3 = Somewhat feasible: Government or community leadership expressed support2 = Unsure or unknown: The threat probably will need to be countered in the next 5-10 years, but does not need to be dealt with before then.1 = Likely unfeasible: High socio-political barriers to overcome. Government or communities unlikely to support or endorse initiative

The ability of Guam Department of Agriculture to address these threats has been varied in response. Some issues, such as the impending military build-up and consequent urban development and construction, are of great biological and social concern but out of agency reach to halt or mitigate. However, the agency’s ability to positively change the community’s behavior regarding litter, invasive species and feral/nuisance animals seems feasible. Prioritizing and focusing in on these issues will also support current on-going projects such as the Cocos Island Restoration Project. This would entail educating the community on invasive and feral/nuisance species and biosecurity protocols. A recycling campaign called iRecycle launched the autumn of 2007 and engages schools and the public to collect

33

aluminum cans. A littering campaign on Cocos Island may be advantageous in controlling rodent populations but efforts on Guam may be redundant.

The research conducted to date is built upon the foundation of a literature review and a stakeholder meeting that designed a Concept Model and ranked the factors that appeared in it. The result is based upon a number of assumptions that need to be tested before the launch of a campaign.

34

SECTION D: FORMATIVE RESEARCH

Assuming that the information gathered from the review of literature and from the stakeholder meeting is accurate, the threat of highest priority is determined to be invasive species and feral/nuisance species. Identified were 2 key target groups (the youth and general public). This was achieved by working backwards along the causal chain beginning with the target (Guam rail) and the direct threat of “invasive species” and “feral/nuisance species”. We can see from the causal chains illustrated below – taken from the Miradi software used to generate our Concept Model - which “segments” of the general public are linked to the threat and how.

Figure 2 - Causal chain with isolated invasive species threat

Figure 3 - Causal chain with isolated feral/nuisance animal threat

35

5.0 Focused conversations

The project assumes that the general public and youth could continue to play a key role in the spread and prevention of invasive species and feral/nuisance wildlife. For example, with the “Ko’ko’ for Cocos” project, unless the visitors and employees of Cocos Island modify their existing behaviors and comply with biosecurity guidelines, there is a chance of accidental reintroduction of rodents and other invasive species.

Focal conversations with representatives of the community were held and those who could not attend the stakeholder meeting were sought. In general, each group or person was asked the causes/threats and solutions regarding Guam’s native terrestrial wildlife. From these conversations and meetings, the following community “truths” were established.

See Appendix D for focus group/conversation questions specifically asked.

5.1: Focus conversations with key target audiences gathered from public and private meetings and telephone conversations

Discussions with community eldersDiscussions with the manamko, or community elders including Buck Cruz, former mayor of Merizo and Tom Barcinas, a retired educator, led to discussions on ways people can help native wildlife. Furthermore, the senior citizens were more than welcoming in sharing their stories and local knowledge and stated that they probably know native species, such as the ko’ko’, best. Main points included:

The need to develop a recycling plan for the island. The community supports the reintroduction of the ko’ko’ but in places where it is conducive to

its survival. The need to develop a better feral animal control plan. Don’t use poisons on Cocos Island. Encourage native wildlife by providing nestboxes in areas adjacent to conservation areas.

Discussions with indigenous rights activistsDiscussions with Chamorro Nation, including Trini Torres, Debbie Kanata, and “Rose” resulted in the following main points:

We want to make pride in Chamorro culture. The ko’ko is ours – give it to the people to raise. Why is the ko’ko’ on Rota? It should be on Guam. Don’t use rat poison, use traps on Cocos Island. The local people have been building and using traps successfully for years. Introduce the ko’ko’ somewhere on Guam. The brown treesnake was not the cause of the disappearance of native birds – DDT, spraying

during WWII; etc resulted in decrease of bugs for wildlife to eat.

They stated that native species, such as the ko’ko’ are the Chamorro peoples’ heritage. More opportunities should be given to the local people to participate in conservation efforts. Whether it is in manpower or local knowledge, the people should be able to give input. The issue of restricted access to common lands was brought up but not made into a huge issue.

Discussions with PoliticiansDiscussions with Senator James V. Espaldon from the Guam legislature:

He is not opposed to GDAWR’s efforts to promote native species. We need to give the community a sense of ownership.

36

The Senator was concerned that information was not being passed in a timely manner. The community needs to be a part of the process and given ownership. Talking with the community can be trying at times but it is necessary. Keeping communication open should eliminate the awkwardness of misinformation. Patience and persistence and thick skin is needed when working with outspoken community members.

Discussions with VeterinariansDiscussions with animal control and territorial veterinarian Dr. Tom Poole:

Animal control has been a constant topic in the news especially since a child was mauled by a pack of dogs at the beginning of the 2008.

Animal control is hard to do on an island, even if you’d think it should be easy. Due to cultural and social beliefs, the control of feral animals is hard to do. Inexpensive burglar

alarms, dog fighting and apathy are reasons why some community members continue to feed and encourage strays.

Animal Control via the Guam Department of Agriculture is underfunded and therefore the staff is overworked and lacking in needed supplies and manpower.

In addition, GAIN (Guam Animals in Need), the only animal shelter on Guam, is lacking in proper space and funding.

There is much the average citizen can do such as spaying and neutering pets and not feeding strays.

Discussions with animal rights advocatesDiscussions with animal rights advocate, Viqui Gayer concluded with:

There were several misconceptions that she had that needed clarification.• The issue of “past mistakes” - the introduction of game birds, biological controls• Placement, use, duration of rodenticides on Cocos Island. • There are other “native” animals to take care of such as monitor lizards and other smaller

native lizards. • Basic natural history of native species.

The tourists love the monitor lizards. We must insure that if we are going to restore habitat for one species that it does not hurt another species. We should look to see if there are alternatives to what is already being done, since it seems like what is being done now is not working.

Discussions with NGOs, such as the Marians AudubonDiscussions with members of the Marianas Audubon concluded with:

How do we protect native species? The brown treesnake is a virulent animal. If rails are reintroduced how do we keep them safe

from predators? Natural occurrence are also a liability but cannot be avoided. What will be done to keep species safe? Will birds raised in captivity be able to survive in the

wild? Will their needs be met? Is there a suitable place on the mainland where native species can

survive despite the presence of feral animals and snakes?

Conservation efforts on Guam should consider all native species. Whole ecosystem restoration will benefit native species.

Discussions with iRecycle Program CoordinatorDiscussions with Peggy Denny:

37

Many different facets of the community must be involved, everyone from aquaculture to golf-course maintenance crews.

Recycling will do much for this island. Schools are starting to recycle and we must support them.

Many people should be catalyzed to spread the news on invasive species. People in industries not normally approached should be approached. Also, the input of locals such as Roland Quitugua should be sought. Recycling on the island will aid to create suitable habitats for native species and for the community. There is much to be done and recycling is a good way to start.

Discussions with local school representativesDiscussions with local school teachers, Kathy Candaso:

Reintroduction efforts are good for Guam – we need more opportunities for kids to see native animals.

Only older generations have had personal experiences with the ko’ko’. The younger generations have not had this luxury. The children need and deserve this opportunity.

Middle-aged residents have also been robbed of this opportunity to experience native wildlife. Many things have caused a decline in native species but we can work and educate the youth to

become stewards.

More outreach and educational opportunities need to be available for students. With our shrinking island, due to technology and military build-up more opportunities need to be given for students to learn about their surrounding environment. Guam is unique and we want to share that with students. There is much we all can learn from our environment. If we can bring the students somewhere to show them how Guam used to be, to hear birds no longer seen and walk within a pristine forest – that lesson would be priceless.

Discussions with Cocos Island employeesDiscussions with anonymous Cocos Island employees:

What will happen to monitor lizards? The ko’ko’ is confused with other birds. Many did not even know what a ko’ko’ looked like. It was

confused with migratory species such as the golden plover or yellow bittern. Something should be done for native wildlife but most were unsure of exactly what should be

done.

There is work that can be done on Cocos Island but there is some fear as to what that may entail. The employees care about the safety of the ko’ko’. If they were released on Cocos Island, they fear that monitor lizards may eat them. Monitor lizards are fierce. Many have watched them climb trees and rip birds to shreds. Most believe that bringing the ko’ko’ back into the wild could be a risk but one that is generally worth taking. (Ko’ko’ are able to defend themselves and chicks from lizards).

Discussions with a Military representativeA short conversation with Mark Defley, from US Navy, revealed:

Working with the community is very important. From his previous experience with similar conservation projects in Hawaii, a community advisory

board may be helpful in executing future projects. Personal relationships with the community were very important to build community support. This

process usually takes some time to build.

Community support is very important since you do not want negative feelings to persist from one project to another.

38

Additional information

Distrust of the government, especially the federal government was apparent. The general plan to restore native birds to Guam has not been opposed but the methods have been questioned. The decision to use rodenticides has been controversial. In most cases, trying to convince the public to support offshore island conservation was met with some resistance or hesitation. However, the reintroduction of rails and problems preventing reintroduction on mainland Guam were readily discussed. Precursors to creating suitable areas on Guam for reintroduction were identified and included the need for recycling and feral animal control. Local ownership of the species was suggested as a plan to increase captive population numbers.

Some individuals chose not to believe or hear what science has proven to be correct, such as the mass extinction of native bird due to the introduction of the brown treesnake. History and personal experience have influenced peoples’ beliefs.

Tourism was seen as generally a good thing for Guam, a source of income, employment and economy for the territory. Attraction to places like Cocos Island is the native wildlife. Monitor lizards, which are not a native species but one that was introduced in pre-colonial times, is a draw for some tourists. Guam’s unique natural flora and fauna should be utilized to attract more visitors. More must be done to support ecotourism.

5.2 Benefits & Barriers

The benefits of invasive, feral and nuisance animal eradication on Guam and offshore islands, such as Cocos Island, extend beyond simply helping the island’s biodiversity to include benefiting the lives and livelihoods of target groups (Youth, General Public). Behavior change is far more likely if targets see a personal benefit to behavior change, rather than simply one that revolves around biodiversity in its abstract sense.

The following table summarizes how the targeted behavior changes, barriers to change and how target groups will benefit:

By increasing vigilance, communities will aid the in the detection of newly arrived species and protect Guam’s remaining wildlife. The lack of awareness regarding invasive species, their impacts on native species, how people can report invasive species will be mitigated by the Pride Campaign with the help of schools, local business and local and federal governments. The pre and post campaign survey as well as departmental reports will be used to monitor success of the campaign by the spring of 2009.

By increasing the occurrences of spaying/neutering among pet owners, communities will aid the in the decrease of predatory species on Guam and protect Guam’s remaining wildlife. The lack of awareness regarding animal control, their impacts on native species, how people can support animal control will be mitigated by the Pride Campaign with the help of GAIN, veterinary clinics, pet shops and Animal Control. The pre and post campaign survey as well as departmental reports will be used to monitor success of the campaign by the spring of 2009.

By decreasing the amounts of unwanted pets released in the wild, communities will aid the in the decrease of feral animals and predatory species on Guam and protect Guam’s remaining wildlife. The lack of awareness regarding animal control, their impacts on native species, how people can support animal control will be mitigated by the Pride Campaign with the help of GAIN, veterinary

39

clinics, pet shops and Animal Control. The pre and post campaign survey as well as departmental reports will be used to monitor success of the campaign by the spring of 2009.

By supporting the eradication or control of nuisance wildlife, communities will aid the in the creation of a safe environment for people and native wildlife. The lack of awareness regarding nuisance wildlife such as rodents, their impacts on native species, how people can assist in habitat improvement will be mitigated by the Pride Campaign with the help of schools, local businesses and local and federal governmental agencies. The pre and post campaign survey as well as departmental reports will be used to monitor success of the campaign by the spring of 2009.

40

Table 3 – Barriers and Benefits to Behavior Change

Behaviour Change Benefit of Behaviour Change

Barrier to Behaviour Change

Barrier Removal Techniques

Barrier Removal Partner

Monitoring Success

Target Completion Date

Increasing vigilance and adherence to biosecurity protocols

Increased rate of detection of invasive species, preservation of remaining native wildlife.

Lack of awareness about reasons for protecting native species from invasive species

Pride Campaign Schools Pre and Post Campaign survey

Quizzes

March 2009

People don’t know how to report invasive species or to whom.

Pride Campaign GuamCell, GTA Pre and Post Campaign Survey, DAWR reports

March 2009

People are unable to identify an invasive species.

Pride Campaign Local & state government, GISAC

Pre and Post Campaign survey. Reports from veterinary clinics and GAIN

March 2009

Spaying or neutering petsDecreasing number of predatory species on Guam

People don’t know where to spay or neuter their pets

Pride Campaign GAIN, vet clinics, pet shops

Pre and Post Campaign survey.

March 2009

People are unaware of the effects of pets on native wildlife

Pride Campaign GAIN, vet clinics, pet shops

Pre and Post Campaign survey.

March 2009

Local tradition/beliefs of pet control

Pride Campaign GAIN, Elders

Pre and Post Campaign survey. Reports from GAIN, vet clinics

March 2009

Lack of resources Provide alternatives – financial support

Local & state government,Local veterinary clinics.

Reports from GAIN, vet clinics,

March 2009

Not releasing unwanted pets into the wild

Decrease the amount of feral animals

People are unaware of the effects of feral animals on native species

Pride Campaign GAIN, schools

Pre and Post Campaign survey, Reports from GAIN & Animal Control

March 2009

Local tradition/beliefs of pet control

Pride Campaign GAIN, Elders

Reports from GAIN March 2009

People don’t know where to bring unwanted pets

Pride Campaign GAIN, Animal Control Pre and Post Campaign survey, GAIN reports, Animal control reports

March 2009

Lack of resources to spay/neuter pets

Spay/neuter clinic GAIN,Local veterinary clinics

Reports from GAIN, vet clinics

March 2009

Support for eradication or control of nuisance species

Cleaner, safer environment for all.

People are unaware that nuisance species can be harmful to native wildlife

Pride Campaign Schools Pre and Post Campaign survey

March 2009

Lack of resources to eradicate or control nuisance wildlife

Provide alternative – free traps

USDA Pre and Post Campaign survey

March 2009

Local tradition/beliefs Pride Campaign Elders Pre and Post Campaign survey

March 2009

6.0 Objective ThemesGDAWR recognizes that to reduce the threat of invasive species on Guam’s terrestrial biodiversity they must do the following:

1. Promote the use of reporting tools of nuisance animals (invasive species and pests) in Guam.2. Protect the areas in which native species are found.3. Create areas for reintroductions of native species.4. Reduce the number of feral animals.5. Eradicate of nuisance animals, specifically control rodents.

However, these objective themes have several possible ways of accomplishing them:

Objective Theme #1

Promote the use of reporting tools of nuisance animals (invasive species and pests) on Guam.

Option 1 (Preferred) Island-wide marketing campaign advertising reporting methods – TV, radio, and newspaper.Option 2 Workshops with high risk groups: vendors to Cocos Island, Cocos Resort security guards & employeesOption 3 Civic presentations to Mayor’s Council, Rotary clubs, Chamber of Commerce etc., schoolsOption 4 Outside advertising: billboards, posters, signs.

Objective Theme #2

Protect the areas in which native species are found.

Option 1 (Preferred) Increase access to protected areas (military owned).Option 2 Petition with local people to hand over military land to the local environmental agencies.Option 3 (Preferred) Work with military to help conserve lands currently used by endangered species.Option 4 (Preferred) Work with private landowners of areas where native species are found or could be reintroduced.

Objective Theme #3

Create areas for reintroductions of native species.

Option 1 (Preferred) Utilize appropriate offshore islands.Option 2 (Preferred) Work with military to create more refuges on base.Option 3 (Preferred) Work with Guam National Wildlife Refuge to create a suitable area.Option 4 (Preferred) Fence-in suitable existing park/conservation areas on Guam.

Objective Theme #4

Reducing the number of feral animals.

Option 1 (Preferred) Increase number of people who spay and neuter their pets. Option 2 (Preferred) Increase number of people who do not release unwanted pets into the wild.Option 3 (Preferred) Work with GAIN to publicize effects of feral animals on native wildlife.Option 4 (Preferred) Periodic catch and cull program.

Objective Theme #5

Control of invasive and nuisance animals, especially brown treesnakes and rodents.

Option 1 Use rodenticides and traps to eradicate rodents in areas slated for conservation work.Option 2 Increase community awareness on the effects of rodents on native wildlife.Option 3 (Preferred) Integrated species specific pest management plans for specific areas on Guam.Option 4 Use bounty to call attention to nuisance species.

6.1 Prioritizing themes

The Department recognized the need for additional research to decide which approach or approaches represent the best use of limited resources. At the present time, access to military lands is limited and with the current plans for joint basing, the US Navy will have authority over all Department of Defense lands on Guam. Future access and land used is unknown or tentative. Therefore the ability to protect and create new areas for reintroduction of native species is limited. It would be advantageous for the Department of Agriculture to focus efforts and resources on promoting the use of reporting methods for invasive species and reducing the number of feral and nuisance animal species on Guam. This effort will

42

support current restoration projects objectives such as the need for biosecurity for Cocos Island. Finally with a decrease of predatory species on Guam, areas can be identified for possible restoration and reintroduction of native species.

43

7.0 Establishing a Baseline

GDAWR conducted a 68-question quantitative survey to establish a baseline for Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) and to help better understand and test assumptions about their audiences for the Pride Campaign. Three hundred and eighty-four respondents were sampled systematically in face–to-face surveys. Questions (see Appendix F) were closed and open-ended, prompted and unprompted. The survey solicited information on prevailing levels of knowledge, attitude and behavior toward Guam’s terrestrial environment and the threats it faces in particular. There were also questions regarding media preferences, willingness to change behaviors and trusted information sources.

7.1 Survey Methodology

Using the current total population estimate and the web site (http://www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm) a sample size of 383 was calculated. This will guarantee a confidence level of 95% at a confidence interval of 5% which is acceptable for most Pride campaigns as per Rare guidelines.

Randomization of the sample population was accomplished through stratification of the sampling area, which is the entire island of Guam. Current census information was collected for Guam’s 19 villages. By using Table 4 below, the number of interviews conducted in each village was approximated by calculating what percentage of the villages’ population contributed to the total island population. This percentage was then used to calculate the number needed to survey from each village within the sample population.

Example

Population of Agana Heights 4336 = x = 2.5% percentage Population of Guam 173,456 100 of total population

2.5% = x = 9.5 number needed to survey within Agana Heights100 383 target sample size

Additionally, systematic sampling was accomplished by randomly picking a household or group, and then sampling every 5th household or person moving throughout the village until the quota is complete. If a household or group had more than one person who fits the sample criteria (age etc), one eligible respondent was randomly selected.

Six volunteer enumerators were utilized to administer the survey to a sample population of 384 random individuals. Volunteers canvassed specific villages according to the breakdown in Table 4 below. No one below the age of 14 was surveyed for legal reasons. Interviews took place during the day or early evening at a time when most people are not working. Due to deadline constraints, places where large numbers of individuals congregated were targeted. These locations included laundry shops, public parks, schools and dense neighborhoods. Questions were read aloud by the enumerators, who were trained by the campaign manager. See Appendix E for “Rules for Interviewers”. Answers were carefully recorded and written on the sheets by the enumerators themselves. Surveys were checked carefully before sampling the next person.

One volunteer failed to return any surveys. This contributed to discrepancies in actual and target number of individuals surveyed per village. The original goal was to complete 598 surveys to increase accuracy to within 4%. It was not attained due to the lack of cooperation from one volunteer.

44

http://www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm

Table 4 – Geographical Distribution of Survey

Village

Population REQUIRED # to survey for target Confidence Interval

ACTUAL # surveyed

DIFFERENCE between CI @ 5 and actual #

surveyed

Name of Enumerator responsible for village

According to 2007 Census

CI @ 5

GUAM 173,456 383 384 +1Agana Heights 4336 10 11 +1 S. LarkinAgat 6418 14 14 0 S. Larkin

Asan 2428 5 8 +3 S. Larkin, C. Calaustro

Barrigada 9714 21 30 +7 L. TatreauChalan Pago/Ordot 6591 16 19 +3 L. Tatreau

Dededo 48,221 106 75 -31 C. Calaustro, M. Blas

Hagatna 1214 3 3 0 S. LarkinInajaran 3469 8 8 0 C. CalaustroMangilao 14917 33 33 0 L. Tatreau

Merizo 2428 5 10 +5 P. Rankin, V. Sayers

Momgmong/Toto/Maite 6591 15 18 +3 L. TatreauPiti 1908 4 6 +2 C. CalaustroSanta Rita 8326 18 6 -12 C. CalaustroSinajana 3122 7 9 +2 S. LarkinTalofofo 3643 8 8 0 C. CalaustroTamuning 20,294 45 48 +3 E. PetraUmatac 1041 2 6 +4 C. CalaustroYigo 21,855 48 48 0 C. CalaustroYona 7285 16 16 0 C. CalaustroPreferred to not reply 8 +8

7.2 Guahan Pride Campaign – Pre-Campaign (Baseline) Survey

The survey was designed and analyzed using Survey Pro. See Appendix F for the Guam Pre-Campaign (Baseline) Survey.

45

8.0 SURVEY RESULTS

The 384 questionnaire surveys were returned by the enumerators and loaded into Survey Pro. A summary of the results are included in this section of the project plan. For a complete analysis, please refer to Appendix G.

8.1 Summary of bio-data

Please refer to Table 4 in Survey Methodology.

50.5% of respondents surveyed were male and 49.5% female.

More than half of the respondents (57.3%) were ages 21 and older. The remaining 42.7% was comprised of respondents age 16-20.

Two teachers were recruited as enumerators and may have biased the data by interviewing only high school aged children.

46

8.2 Media preference by key segment

86.9% of respondents surveyed watch television at least once a week.

86.4% of respondents surveyed read newspapers or magazines at least once a week.

86.2% of respondents surveyed listen to the radio at least once a week.

47

8.2.1 Analysis – Radio, Newspaper and Television

The majority of local communities on Guam are tuned into their local media either through television, newspaper or radio.

The preferred television stations of respondents included cable/satellite stations and KUAM, a local NBC affiliate with news, local programming and sports being chosen as favorite programs to watch. Of those respondents who watched television, most showed an affinity for watching television after 6:01pm but there were also many that did not have a preferred watching time or watched on and off all day.

The top three publications read on Guam include: the Pacific Daily News, the Marianas Variety and Marine Drive Magazine. Of those respondents who read that paper, headline news, feature stories and comics were favorite sections to read.

The three most popular radio stations are: Hit Radio 100, Power 98, and I94 with local and international music being favorite genres. Of those respondents who listened to the radio, the majority did not have a preferred listening time or listened on and off all day. However 26% of respondents did listen to radio between 6am and 10am.

See Appendix G – cross tabulation section for analysis of media preference according to targeted age group.

8.3 Trusted Sources

43.2% of respondents trust government environment officials with environmental information.

48

8.4 Knowledge and attitude about key issues

72.7% of respondents know that Guam rails are only found on Guam. Since 43% of respondents were youth (aged 16-20) surveyed by teachers, they may have had

pre-existing knowledge of native species and contributed to the high percentage of respondents knowing about the Guam rail.

49

53.7% of respondents know that the brown treesnake is a threat to the ko’ko’.

50

The top 3 actions as identified by respondents that people can do to protect native wildlife include not littering (71.7% of respondents), recycling (59.1% of respondents), and planting a tree (48.1% of respondents).

51

68% of respondents can name an invasive species. 52.5% of respondents know that invasive species are harmful to wildlife. 43.4% of respondents know that invasive species originate from other places. 38.7% of respondents know to contact Guam Department of Agriculture regarding invasive

species.

60.9% of respondents surveyed strongly agree that litter harms wildlife and 45.4% of respondents surveyed disagree that rodents are not attracted to litter.

28.8% of respondents surveyed strongly disagree that releasing unwanted pets into the jungle does not harm wildlife. Additionally, 45.9% of respondents surveyed are neutral whether spaying and neutering with help native wildlife.

31.5% of respondents surveyed believe invasive species are harmful to native wildlife and 31.7% of respondents surveyed believe they can stop the spread of invasive species by telling the proper authorities.

52

ATTITUDES

8.5 – Analysis of control

Establishing a “control” group was considered an important aspect of the project, but unfortunately not possible as media to be used (radio, press) would likely reach everyone on Guam and possibly even to nearby islands in the CNMI, where a concurrent Pride campaign is occurring. It would be difficult to isolate a single control (comparison) population. The pre-project (baseline) survey will be repeated after the project to determine changes in knowledge, attitude and practice. Respondents will be asked where they gained new information, and information that may have resulted in modified behaviors in an attempt to attribute changes to our campaign.

Some questions were added to the survey to monitor the level of knowledge, attitudes and practice before and after the Pride Campaign. Some questions referring to media outlets will gauge where people are hearing their information and how much has been heard. Other questions will show how many people know “Che’lu” – the proposed mascot for Guam’s Pride Campaign.

Respondents of the pre-campaign survey chose newspapers (60%), posters (41.7%) and advertising “spots” (19.4%) as the top 3 recent sources of native species information.

53

14 4.0%

44.4% of respondents surveyed know “Che’lu”.

However of these respondents, only 5.4% associate the name Che’lu with GDAWR’s ko’ko’ mascot.

54

5.4%9

8.6 Cross tabulation By utilizing the SurveyPro software, the data was manipulated to stratify responses of specific questions according to age group. Youth (aged 16-20) were identified as an integral target audience. Therefore it was imperative to isolate results from this age group. More detailed analysis of the survey can be found in Appendix F. The results are as follows:

The majority of respondents, (48.37%), aged 16 - 20 were neutral when asked if they thought spaying or neutering pets will help native wildlife.

The majority of respondents, (50.0%), aged 16 - 20 believe predation by brown treesnake is the most important threat to the ko’ko’.

55

When shown a picture of the ko’ko’, the majority of respondents, (26.14%), aged 16 - 20 associated the ko’ko’ as being endangered.

The majority of respondents, (66.88%), aged 16 - 20 know that the ko’ko’ are only found on Guam.

56

The majority of respondents, (75.32%), aged 16 - 20 believe there is something they can do to protect the native wildlife of Guam.

The majority of respondents, (68.83%), aged 16 - 20 know examples of invasive species are brown treesnake, rhinoceros beetle, strangling vines and snakehead fish on Guam.

57

The majority of respondents, (75.32%), aged 16 – 20 know not littering protects or encourages native wildlife.

The majority of respondents who own pets, (36.77%), aged 16 – 20 did not have them spayed or neutered.

58

8.7 Flagship species

As the territorial bird of Guam, the ko’ko’ is a natural choice as a flagship species for an inaugural Pride Campaign. The questionnaire survey conducted as part of this study solicited respondent input regarding knowledge of the Guam rail. 85% of those polled replied that they have heard of the ko’ko’ (Question 38). 73% of those polled knew the species was endemic to Guam (Question 40) and 77% of respondents know that the ko’ko’ are in danger of dying out (Question 41). 54% of respondents can cite the brown treesnake as the cause of species extinction (Question 43) and 71% believe there is something they can do to protect native wildlife (Question 44). Finally when questioned, only 11% of respondents replied “nothing” or “I don’t know” when asked “what does the ko’ko’ mean to you” (Question 37). Therefore, since a large part of the population have knowledge of the ko’ko’, it’s threats, and believe they can help native wildlife, the Guam rail is best to represent current conservation efforts and can be used as a symbol of Guahan pride.

When shown a picture of the Guam rail, 28.1% of respondents stated that the bird is endangered and 17.2% of respondents stated that bird is a representation of the island and is the territorial bird of Guam.

10.9% of respondents associate it with Chamorro life, culture, and ancestry. 5.2% of respondents believe the ko’ko’ is going extinct. Smaller percentages of respondents have associated the species with personal

experiences/significance and with native environment and wildlife.

59

4 1.2%

SECTION E: PRIDE CAMPAIGN DESIGN

9.0 Understanding our audience

The survey conducted by GDAWR helped to better understand the primary audiences that a social marketing campaign -- focusing on invasive, feral and nuisance animal eradication -- would need to target. From the surveys conducted, we now have greater understanding about their levels of KAP, who they trust as information sources and what kinds of media they like. This information will be used to focus outreach objectives, as well as to determine the messages that we will use (see also section 12: Campaign Design).

TARGET AUDIENCE – YOUTHWhat do we know about this group?

Between 16-20 yrs old Have some High School education completed Primarily go to school, do not have a full-time job From observation, they are “mainstream”. There is great influence

from mainland US/Western culture Family-oriented Active in church community

Knowledge In general, they have a better understanding than the general public of invasive species, feral animals, pet control and reporting methods.

Refer to Survey Question 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, and 51.Attitude They want to report invasive species but may not know how.

They may not be protecting or maintaining protected habitat because of inability to stop deforestation.

Do not spay or neuter pets possibly due to cultural practices. Still release pets in the wild possibly due to social stigma. Possibly do not eradicate rodents due to financial reasons. Refer to Survey Question 37,40,41, 42, 44,47, Question group 8

Practice According to the surveys, youth are more likely to change their behavior in relation to reporting invasive species, pet control, and feral animals.

Refer to Survey Question 39,45,48, 51Comments Important sources Teachers, government environmental officials, family and friends,

people on television.Media sources printed media, radio, television

TARGET AUDIENCE – GENERAL PUBLIC What do we know about this group?

• Use protected areas• Would report nuisance animals• Are pet owners• Can be part of Indigenous groups • Encompasses all ages beyond age 20• Work in a variety of sectors anywhere from self employed to

government positions• Can encompass a variety of backgrounds including Chamorro,

Filipino, Caucasian and a diversity of Micronesian ethnicities• Family oriented and Catholic by majority• Supportive of Military endeavors on the island and abroad• Cultural heritage very important.

Knowledge • A large percentage have not spayed or neutered their pets and have neutral tendencies toward the release of unwanted pets harm and

60

spaying and neutering wildlife• Most know not to litter and recycle • Most know to alert authorities regarding invasive species.• Refer to Survey Question 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 51

Attitude • The majority of people know there is something they can do to protect wildlife

• They want to report invasive species but may not know how.• Do not spay or neuter pets possibly due to cultural practices.• Still release pets in the wild possibly due to social stigma.• Possibly do not eradicate rodents due to financial reasons or believe

that conventional methods are better than new technology.• Refer to Survey Question 37,40,41, 42, 44,47, Question group 8

Practice • According to the surveys, adults rarely spay/neuter their pets, would reporting invasive species to someone not necessarily an authority, and are neutral toward implementing pet and feral animal control measures.

• Refer to Survey Question 39,45,48, 51Comments Some are very distrustful of the federal government due to past discrepancies

with the military. There is much pride in Chamorro culture and language. There can be discrepancies between “outsiders” and “locals”.

Important sources Governmental environmental officials, people on TV or radio, friends and family

Media sources Television, newspaper, radio

9.1 Results Chains

The Pride campaign is shown to have causal impact (arrows) on each of the behavior change stages that people pass through on their way to the adoption of a new behavior.

Figure 4 - Stages of Behavior Change

The Pride social marketing campaign is shown to have causal impact on each of the behavior change stages that youth and the general public pass through on their way to the adoption of a new behavior,

61

reporting invasive/nuisance species, to prevent the incursion of new invasive species and spread to other islands in Micronesia. GDAWR will seek partners such as GuamCell and GTA to assist in procuring resources to support later stages in the theory-of-change model, the reporting of invasive species to authorities.

The Pride social marketing campaign is shown to have a causal impact on each of the behavior change stages that youth and the general public pass through on their way to the adoption of a new behavior, increasing and maintaining protected native habitat, to increase the current amount of land available for conservation efforts such as reintroduction of native species. GDAWR will seek to improve relations between landowners, especially the military, to procure access and possible acquisition of properties with suitable habitat for conservation efforts.

The Pride social marketing campaign is shown to have a causal impact on each of the behavior change stages that youth and the general public pass through on their way to adoption of a new behavior, spaying/neutering pets, to decrease the amounts of predatory species on Guam. The Pride campaign is shown to be responsible for building ownership within the community, while Rare's partners, GAIN and local veterinarians, will assist by providing resources and the capability to spay/neuter pets.

The Pride social marketing campaign is shown to have a causal impact on each of the behavior change stages that youth and the general public pass through on their way to adoption of a new behavior, not releasing unwanted pets in the wild, to decrease the amount of feral animals and ultimately the amount of predatory species in the wild. The Pride campaign is shown to be responsible for building ownership within the community, while Rare's partners, GAIN and local veterinarians, will assist by providing supplemental information regarding native species.

The Pride social marketing campaign is shown to have a causal impact on each of the behavior change stages that youth and the general public pass through on their way to adoption of a new behavior, eradicating nuisance species, to decrease the amount of predatory species and prey items in the wild especially in current restoration projects such as “Ko’ko’ for Cocos”. The Pride campaign is shown to be responsible for building ownership within the community, while Rare's partners, USDA – APHIS/WS, are responsible for implementing and monitoring the rodent eradication program.

62

10.0 Key barrier removal partner

Due to the overwhelming complexity of socioeconomic factors surrounding the prevention and spread of invasive, feral and nuisance species the following collaborations may benefit and facilitate behavior change:

The use of a mediation center/facilitator, such as Inafa’ Maloek, will help the public overcome its mistrust of government.

Working with NGOs, such as the Marianas Audubon Society and The Nature Conservancy, will help to overcome the public’s mistrust of government. However, these groups usually aggravated causes in the past.

Partnering with a Teacher / Education Authority will aid the building of a curriculum to be used during school visits that incorporate both the objectives of DAWR and the school system.

Collaboration with Guam Animals in Need (GAIN) will maximize visibility for the shelter and its activities such as its spaying/neutering clinics.

The enthusiastic youth of Marine Mania can possibly help to catalyze the formation of other youth groups with a terrestrial emphasis.

Professors at the University of Guam and Guam Community College can be utilized to lend support and credibility to GDAWR efforts. Creating ownership in students will be advantageous.

Cushing Zoo has native species on exhibit. By collaborating with them to create signage and informational brochures, this may be a vehicle to increase awareness in both the local and tourist community.

Collaboration with veterinary clinics and animal hospitals to increase the knowledge regarding the effects of feral/nuisance wildlife on native species will support native wildlife restoration efforts.

Increase vigilance of Cocos Island vendors and employees will aid in keeping Cocos Island biosecure – especially after rodent eradication.

Contracting USDA will help DAWR reach conservation objectives by providing the necessary staff and resources to complete projects such as rodent eradication of Cocos Island.

Partnering with local businesses and autonomous agencies – GuamCell, GTA, and Guam Visitor’s Bureau will help set an example for the community by in creating visible ownership and pride in native species.

Communicating with groups such as GISAC (Guam Invasive Species Advisory Council), PILN (Pacific Island Learning Network) and MIC (Micronesians in Conservation) can create synergistic relationships that can further the research, funding and outreach capabilities.

63

11.0 Campaign design

The data collected and the results chains outlined on page 60-61 of this plan were used to refine the original “objective themes” (see page 32-33) ensuring they are aligned with key targets, that they are “SMART” and to see if GDAWR is in fact impacting people to move along the behavior change continuum. If attained, these objectives will, through shifting the knowledge, attitudes and practice of key resource user groups (as well as their peers and influencers), create a constituency supportive of reporting invasive species, pet control and nuisance wildlife (rodent) eradication and comply with biosecurity protocols. The activities linked to these objectives will provide the knowledge needed and support required, thereby promoting the benefits of changed behavior while removing the barriers for doing so. It will move key target groups along the behavior change continuum from pre-contemplative (not knowing or thinking about the issue) through contemplative (thinking about changed behavior and weighing the options) to action. Action in this campaign will be active support for native species through the reporting of invasive species to authorities, spaying/neutering and control of pets, the eradication of nuisance species, as well as mitigating the possible routes of rodent reinvasion through self compliance with biosecurity guidelines.

Thus, the aim of the “Pride” campaign will be to simultaneously move the two key audience segments along the behavior change continuum by building awareness of critical issues. These include: the reasons for lack of biodiversity on Guam, the importance of offshore island such as Cocos Island, the environmental and anthropogenic threats posed by invasive species, how rodents can reach Cocos Island, and how the increase of invasive, feral, and nuisance species might be stopped simply, safely and effectively. If the campaign is successful it will inspire action in youth and the general public - invasive species will be reported to authorities, pet owners will control their pets, and biosecurity will be maintained to preserve the remaining native biodiversity on Guam and offshore islands to eventually create habitat for future reintroductions of captive-bred species.

64

TARGET AUDIENCE 1 –YOUTH

What do we want YOUTH to know(Moving from pre-contemplation to contemplation)

1. Know the importance of protected habitat for native species.2. Be aware of the effects of pet control on native species. 3. Be aware of the effects of feral animals on native species.

Barriers to knowledge: Ignorance of parents to importance of protected habitat. Lack of awareness or education regarding threats to native species being taught in schools. Pet and nuisance species control subject to cultural norms and practices.Benefits: Can educate others, have pride in having knowledge.

SMART Objective 1By the end of February 2009, increase from 25% to 45% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of youth (ages 16-20) who “strongly agree” that spaying/neutering pets helps native wildlife. See question 56.

SMART Objective 2By the end of February 2009, increase from 57% to 77% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of youth (ages 16-20) who state “Invasive species are harmful to wildlife”. See question 50.

SMART Objective 3By the end of February 2009, increase from 4% to 24% the number of youth (ages 16-20) who state that “predation by feral cats” is a threat to the ko’ko’ (a 20 percentage point increase). See question 43.

ACTIVITIES: PRIMARY AUDIENCE – YOUTH

Activity 1Channel: Radio Why do this task? The pre-project survey showed that 85% of

youth listen to the radio at least once a week. See question 32.Vehicle: Talk show, popular song, PSAs How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager

will solicit the assistance of Malafunction and other DJs.Key messages:

Native species need unpolluted, good habitat. Take ownership of your pets to protect native wildlife. Invasive species harm native wildlife.

Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. CalaustroWho will be the target audience? Youth radio listeners Where will this task take place? Hit 100, Power 98, and I94When will this task take place? Airing PSA’s throughout the day, according to the survey, the youth do not have a specific favorite listening time and listen on and off all day. Popular song played throughout the day.Popular morning showsPre-requisites: Moderator, permission from GovGuam, promotional items (t-shirts, stickers)Budget: None required (donated air time)

65

Activity 2Channel: Printed media Why doing this task? The pre-project survey showed that 89%

of youth read printed media at least once a week. See question 29.

Vehicle: interview, article, school newspaper story How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of newspaper editors, reporters and possibly write article herself.

Key messages: Native species need unpolluted, good habitat. Take ownership of your pets to protect native wildlife. Invasive species harm native wildlife.

Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. CalaustroWho will be the target audience? Youth readersWhere will this task take place? PDN, Marine Drive Magazine, Marianas Variety, Guahan Magazine, VIBEWhen will this task take place? At least once a monthPre- requisites: Permission from GovGuam, moderatorBudget: None required (donated space)

Activity 3Channel: television Why doing this task? The pre-project survey showed that 84%

of youth watch television at least once a week. See question 25.

Vehicle: interview, commercial PSA How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of news editors, reporters and possibly report herself.


Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? Youth viewersWhere will this task take place? FOX, KUAMWhen will this task take place? Throughout the year, especially before media events.Pre- requisites: Permission from GovGuam, moderatorBudget: None required (donated air time)

Activity 4Channel: Internet Why doing this task? Although it was not officially survey,

through focus conversation, the Internet was found to be a popular source of information.

Vehicle: Social networking sites: MySpace, Facebook How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of other social networking site users.


Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? Youth Where will this task take place? MySpace, FacebookWhen will this task take place? ASAPPre- requisites: Working knowledge of sitesBudget: None required

66

TARGET AUDIENCE 1 – YOUTH

What do we want YOUTH to think/feel(Moving from contemplation to preparation)

1. Feel sad due to the loss of native habitat/species. 2. Feel good when important habitat is protected for native species.3. Pet control is important for the survival of native species.4. Pet owners have a responsibility to protect native species via their actions.5. They have a responsibility to report nuisance or unfamiliar species to the local authorities.6. They have the power to make a difference.

Barriers to attitude: Parents/mentors do not see loss of habitat as problem and so the people they look up to are not passing on good messages. Cultural norms allow pet control practices that harm native wildlife and so it is difficult to encourage responsible behaviors. Fear or mistrust of government, the perception of “uncoolness”/peer pressure and laziness are barriers to reporting unfamiliar or nuisance species. Lack of self-esteem or low pride in culture.Benefits: Increase self-esteem and pride in cultural heritage. Becoming or feeling like a responsible adult.

SMART Objective 1By the end of February 2009, increase from 17% to 37% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of youth (ages 16-20) who associate the ko’ko’ with “Chamorro life, culture and ancestry”. See question 37.

SMART Objective 2By the end of February 2009, increase from 67% to 87% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of youth (ages 16-20) who state that “the ko’ko’ are only found on Guam”. See question 40.

SMART Objective 3By the end of February 2009, increase from 75% to 95% the number of youth (ages 16-20) who state that “there is something they can do to protect native wildlife”. See question 44.


Activity 1Channel: Face to face meetings Why doing this task? The pre-project survey showed that 41%

of youth trust government environment officials with environmental information. 17% of youth trust teachers with environmental information. See question 24.

Vehicle: School presentations How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance school teachers to coordinate class presentations

Key messages: Ko’ko are an important part of Chamorro history & culture. Everyone has the responsibility to ensure the survival of

native species. Pet owners must take responsibility of their pets to ensure

native species are safe.

Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? School classesWhere will this task take place? In school class roomWhen will this task take place? Throughout the school yearPre- requisites: Permission from schools and teachers to present.Budget: Free

67

Activity 2Channel: Media Why doing this task? The pre-project survey showed that 54%

listened to international music and 48% listened to local music. See question 34.

Vehicle: Music concert How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of musical talent, DJs, vendors/sponsors, and Guam Visitors Bureau.

Key messages: We can make a difference in our environment. Keep invasive species out of Guam.

Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? High school studentsWhere will this task take place? YPAO beach park or other area where Ko’ko’ road race is occurring.When will this task take place? Late autumn 2008. To conincide with Ko’ko’ Road Race, Micronesian Cup?Pre- requisites: Permission from GovGuam, Guam Visitors Bureau, Dept. of Parks and RecreationBudget: Advertising - $1000, Rentals - $5000



Vehicle: Button badges How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of teachers.

Key messages: Everyone has the responsibility to ensure the survival of

native species. Native wildlife can benefit from small actions. Ko’ko are an important part of Chamorro history & culture.

Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? YouthWhere will this task take place? In school classroom or place of presentationWhen will this task take place? Throughout the school yearPre- requisites: Permission from schools and teachers to present.Budget: Production of buttons - $700



Vehicle: Flagship mascot How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of teachers.


native species. Native wildlife can benefit from small actions. Ko’ko are an important part of Chamorro history & culture.

Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? YouthWhere will this task take place? In school classroom or place of presentationWhen will this task take place? Throughout the school yearPre- requisites: Permission from schools and teachers to present.Budget: Production of costume $7000-$8000.

68

Activity 5Channel: Face to face meetings Why doing this task? The pre-project survey showed that 75%

of youth believe there is something they can do to protect native wildlife. See question 44.

Vehicle: Onsite visit to conservation area (Cocos Island)

How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance landowners and teachers.


native species. Native wildlife can benefit from small actions. Native species need unpolluted, good habitat. Take ownership of your pets to protect native wildlife. Invasive species harm native wildlife.

Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? High school aged studentsWhere will this task take place? To be determined – possibly an area where a release may happen – Cocos Island.When will this task take place? Before release of ko’ko’Pre- requisites: Permission from landowner where exercise would take place.Budget: Possibly transportation - $1000

69

TARGET AUDIENCE 1 – YOUTH

What do we want YOUTH to do(Moving from preparation to action)

1. Use reporting methods to report invasive species or nuisance species.2. Protecting habitat can start small scale such as plant a tree in their backyard. 3. Spay and neuter pets or encourage their family to. 4. Don’t release unwanted pets in the wild.

Barriers to practice: Fear of reprisals. Peer pressure and confusion of hotline numbers. Financial constraints. Cultural norms and practices. Benefits: Protecting habitat and species and so increasing pride in cultural heritage. Less “boonie” animals running around/ less attention from “boonie” animals. Increase and protect number of native species.

SMART Objective 1By the end of February 2009, increase from 49% to 69% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of youth (ages 16-20) who will report invasive species to the Dept. of Agriculture. See question 50.

SMART Objective 2By the end of February 2009, increase from 44% to 64% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of youth (ages 16-20) who do not release unwanted pets in the wild. See question 45.

SMART Objective 3By the end of February 2009, decrease from 37% to 17% (a 20 percentage point decrease) the number of youth (ages 16-20) who did not spay or neuter their pets. See question 48.


Activity 1Channel: Printed materials Why doing this task? The pre-project survey showed that

48% of youth have neutral feelings whether spaying/neutering will help native wildlife. See question 56.

Vehicle: Feral animal specific bookmark How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of pet store owners, breeders, clinics and kennels.

Key messages: Pet owners must take responsibility for their pets. Feral animals can harm native wildlife.

Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? High school studentsWhere will this task take place? Placed at GAIN, veterinary clinics and pet stores, kennels.When will this task take place? Throughout the year.Pre- requisites: Permission from store, clinic and kennel owners.Budget: Printing - $1500

70

Activity 2Channel: Volunteer opportunity Why doing this task? The pre-project survey showed that

75% of youth believe there is something they can do to protect native wildlife. See question 44.

Vehicle: Onsite habitat restoration/cleanup How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance landowners and teachers.


native species. Native wildlife can benefit from small actions.

Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? High school aged studentsWhere will this task take place? To be determined – possibly an area where a release may happen – Cocos Island.When will this task take place? Before release of ko’ko’Pre- requisites: Permission from landowner where exercise would take place.Budget: Possibly transportation, snacks for volunteers and supplies - $1000

Activity 3Channel: face-to-face meeting Why doing this task? The pre-project survey showed that

48% of youth have neutral feelings whether spaying/neutering will help native wildlife. The pre-project survey showed that 41% of youth trust government environment officials with environmental information. See question 56 & 24.

Vehicle: civic presentation How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of pet store owners, breeders, clinics and kennels.


Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? High school studentsWhere will this task take place? Kids social groups: Island Girl Power, Girl/Boy Scouts, Kennel clubs, University school groupsWhen will this task take place? Throughout the year.Pre- requisites: Permission from teacher, group executive director. Budget: Free

71

TARGET AUDIENCE 2 – GENERAL PUBLIC

What do we want GENERAL PUBLIC to know(Moving from pre-contemplation to contemplation)

1. Know the importance of protected habitat for native species.2. Be aware of the effects of pet control on native species. 3. Be aware of the effects of feral animals on native species.

Barriers to knowledge: Ignorance to importance of protected habitat, possibly perpetuated by expected financial gains of military buildup. Lack of awareness or education regarding threats to native species. Pet and nuisance species control subject to cultural norms and practices.Benefits: Have pride in having knowledge. Have pride in native species. Can pass on cultural heritage to younger generations.

SMART Objective 1By the end of February 2009, increase from 73% to 93% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of respondents who know Guam rails are only found on Guam. See question 40.

SMART Objective 2By the end of February 2009, increase from 39% to 59% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of respondents who report invasive species to the Department of Agriculture. See question 50.

SMART Objective 3By the end of February 2009, decrease from 13% to 3% (a 10 percentage point decrease) the number of respondents who believe there is a threat to the ko’ko’ but cannot identify what it is. See question 43.

ACTIVITIES: PRIMARY AUDIENCE – GENERAL PUBLIC

Activity 1Channel: Radio Why doing this task? The pre-project survey showed that 86%

of the general public listen to the radio at least once a week. See question 32

Vehicle: Talk show, popular song, PSAs How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of DJs such as Malafunction.


Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. CalaustroWho will be the target audience? General radio listeners Where will this task take place? Hit 100, Power 98, and I94When will this task take place? Airing PSA’s throughout the day, according to the survey, the youth do not have a specific favorite listening time and listen on and off all day. Popular song played throughout the day.Popular morning showsPre- requisites: ModeratorBudget: None required (donated air time)

72

Activity 2Channel: Printed media Why doing this task? The pre-project survey showed that 86%

of the general public read printed media at least once a week. See question 29.

Vehicle: interview, article, monthly article, trade newspapers

How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of newspaper editors, reporters and possibly write article herself.


Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. CalaustroWho will be the target audience? General readersWhere will this task take place? PDN, Marine Drive Magazine, Marianas Variety, Guahan Magazine, When will this task take place? At least once a weekPre- requisites: Approval from GovGuam and specific editorsBudget: None required

Activity 3Channel: television Why doing this task? The pre-project survey showed that

86.9% of the general public watch television at least once a week. See question 25.

Vehicle: interview, commercial PSA How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of news editors, reporters and possibly report herself.


Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? General viewersWhere will this task take place? FOX, KUAMWhen will this task take place? Before and after scheduled conservation efforts.Pre- requisites: Approval of GovGuam and producers. Budget: None required

Activity 4Channel: face-to-face meeting Why doing this task? The pre-project survey showed that 17%

of youth trust teachers with environmental information. See question 24.

Vehicle: teacher workshop How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of teachers and school administration


Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? TeachersWhere will this task take place? At schools or possibly at a conservation areaWhen will this task take place? Before and after scheduled conservation efforts.Pre- requisites: Approval of GovGuam and school systemBudget: Teaching materials - $1500

Activity 5Channel: Internet Why doing this task? Although it was not officially surveyed,

through focus conversation, the Internet was found to be a popular source of information.

Vehicle: Website How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of website developer

Key messages: We can make a difference in our environment. Keep invasive species out of Guam. Feral and nuisance animals can harm native wildlife. Rodents can have negative impact on native bird species.

Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? General publicWhere will this task take place? In cyberspaceWhen will this task take place? ASAPPre- requisites: Permission from GovGuam,Budget: Website development - $5000

73

TARGET AUDIENCE 2 – GENERAL PUBLIC

What do we want GENERAL PUBLIC to think/feel(Moving from contemplation to preparation)

1. Feel sad due to the loss of native habitat/species. 2. Feel good when important habitat is protected for native species.3. Pet control is important for the survival of native species.4. Pet owners have a responsibility to protect native species via their actions.5. They have a responsibility to report nuisance or unfamiliar species to the local authorities.6. They have the power to make a difference.

Barriers to knowledge: Adults do not see loss of habitat as problem and so do not pass on good messages. Cultural norms allow pet control practices that harm native wildlife and so it is difficult to encourage responsible behaviors. Fear or mistrust of government and the lack of a bounty/reward can be barriers to reporting unfamiliar or nuisance species. Lack of self-esteem or low pride in culture.Benefits: Increase self-esteem and pride in cultural heritage. Being a responsible adult.

SMART Objective 1By the end of February 2009, decrease from 9% to 0% (a 9 percentage point decrease) the number of respondents who believe the ko’ko’ is “just a bird, nothing special”. See question 37.

SMART Objective 2By the end of February 2009, decrease from 30% to 10% (a 20 percentage point decrease) the number of respondents who feel “Neutral” when asked if they can stop the spread of invasive species by telling the proper authorities. See question group 8.

SMART Objective 3By the end of February 2009, decrease from 23% to 3% (a 20 percentage point decrease) the number of respondents who are not sure they can do something to protect native wildlife. See question 44.


Activity 1Channel: Outdoor media Why doing this task? The pre-project survey showed that

73% of the general public know that ko’ko’ are only found on Guam. See question 40.

Vehicle: signage How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of landowners

Key messages: We can make a difference in our environment. Keep invasive species out of Guam and restoration areas. Ko’ko are an important part of Chamorro history & culture. Everyone has the responsibility to ensure the survival of


native species are safe. Guam has unique natural history.

Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? General publicWhere will this task take place? Around public and private parks, piersWhen will this task take place? ASAPPre- requisites: Permission from GovGuam, Dept. of Parks and Recreation, Cocos islandBudget: Advertising - $2000

74


28% of the general public associate the ko’ko’ with the island and Chamorro cultural history. See question 37.

Vehicle: Manamko (Senior citizen) interviews to compile oral history of personal experiences with ko’ko’ (possible article, book,TV special?)

How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of Mayor’s Council and Senior Citizen’s groups

Key messages: We can make a difference in our environment. Keep invasive species out of Guam. Ko’ko are an important part of Chamorro history & culture. Everyone has the responsibility to ensure the survival of



Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? Senior citizensWhere will this task take place? At senior citizens centers or mayor’s officeWhen will this task take place? Throughout the yearPre- requisites: Permission from GovGuam, Mayor’s Council, Senior Citizen’s centerBudget: Recording materials - $500

Activity 3Channel: media Why doing this task? The pre-project survey showed that

43% of the general public trust government environmental officials with environmental information. See question 24.

Vehicle: Conservation area specific brochure (ex. Cocos Island, Masso Reservoir, etc.)

How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of department project leaders.




Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? General publicWhere will this task take place? Around public and private parks, piers, mayor’s officesWhen will this task take place? ASAPPre- requisites: Permission from GovGuam, Dept. of Parks and Recreation, Cocos IslandBudget: Printing - $1500


43% of the general public trust government environmental officials with environmental information. See question 24.

Vehicle: fiesta (or participation in other public events – Liberation Day parade)

How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of Mayors’ Offices

Key messages: We can make a difference in our environment. Keep invasive species out of Guam. Feral and nuisance animals can harm native wildlife. Rodents can have negative impact on native bird species.

Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? General publicWhere will this task take place? In specific villages (Merizo) or at public functionsWhen will this task take place? Concurrent with village fiestas, public eventsPre- requisites: Permission from GovGuam, Mayor’s office, production of materials and mascotBudget: none

75

TARGETAUDIENCE 2 –GENERAL PUBLIC

What do we want GENERAL PUBLIC to do(Moving from preparation to action)

1. Use reporting methods to report invasive species or nuisance species.2. Protecting habitat can start small scale such as plant a tree in their backyard. 3. Spay and neuter pets or encourage their family to. 4. Don’t release unwanted pets in the wild.

Barriers to knowledge: Barriers to practice: Fear of reprisals. Peer pressure and confusion of hotline numbers. Financial constraints. Cultural norms and practices. Benefits: Protecting habitat and species and so increasing pride in cultural heritage. Less “boonie” animals running around/ less attention from “boonie” animals. Increase and protect number of native species. Can prepare suitable areas for reintroduction of native species.

SMART Objective 1By the end of February 2009, increase from 43% to 63% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of respondents who alert authorities of invasive/ foreign2 species. See question 45.

SMART Objective 2By the end of February 2009, increase from 40% to 60% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of respondents who do not release unwanted pets into the wild. See question 45.

SMART Objective 3By the end of February 2009, increase from 23% to 43% (a 20 percentage point increase) the number of respondents who spay or neuter their pets. See question 45.


Activity 1Channel: Printed materials Why doing this task? The pre-project survey showed that 3%

of the general public know that feral cats kill native wildlife (birds). See question 43.

Vehicle: Pet control/Feral animal specific brochure/poster

How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of pet store owners, breeders, clinics and kennels.


Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? General publicWhere will this task take place? Placed at GAIN, veterinary clinics and pet stores, kennels.When will this task take place? Throughout the year.Pre- requisites: Permission from store, clinic and kennel owners.Budget: Printing $1500

Activity 22 “Invasive/ foreign species refers to non-native species that can have detrimental impact to the environment such as BTS, Coqui frog and Coconut Rhinoceros beetle.

76

Channel: face-to-face meeting Why doing this task? The pre-project surveys showed that 0.3% of the general public know that rodents can impact native birds. See question 43.

Vehicle: biosecurity workshop How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of USDA.

Key messages: Feral and nuisance animals can harm native wildlife. In areas, where reintroductions of endangered species

take place, it is important to minimize its predators. Rodents can have negative impact on native bird species. Checking for rodents and BTS is easy and effective. Check boats for signs of rats, snakes, cats. Keep litter contained.

Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? Boat operatorsWhere will this task take place? Merizo and Agat (public and private) piers, parksWhen will this task take place? Throughout the year.Pre- requisites: Biosecurity brochureBudget: Free

Activity 3Channel: Printed materials Why doing this task? The pre-project survey showed that 43%

of the general public trust government environmental officials with environmental information. See question 24.

Vehicle: Biosecurity checklist How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of USDA.

Key messages: Feral and nuisance animals can harm native wildlife. In areas, where reintroductions of endangered species

take place, it is important to minimize its predators. Rodents can have negative impact on native bird species. Checking for rodents and BTS is easy and effective. Keep litter contained.

Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? Boat operatorsWhere will this task take place? Merizo (public and private) and Agat piersWhen will this task take place? Throughout the year.Pre- requisites: Knowledge of biosecurity protocols.Budget: Printing $1500

Activity 4Channel: face-to-face meeting Why doing this task? The pre-project survey showed that 43%

of the general public trust government environmental officials with environmental information. See question 24.

Vehicle: Resort/Hotel Employee workshop How will the activity be delivered? The campaign manager will solicit the assistance of Cocos Island Resort.



native species are safe. Guam has unique natural history. Check area for signs of rats, snakes, cats. Keep litter contained.

Who will be in charge of this activity? The campaign manager, Cheryl M. Calaustro.Who will be the target audience? Cocos Island employeesWhere will this task take place? At Cocos Island

When will this task take place? ASAPPre- requisites: Permission from GovGuam, Cocos Island Resort, biosecurity brochureBudget: free

77

11.1 Measuring the Success of the Campaign

To measure the success of the campaign, monitoring must be done throughout the progression of the campaign. Monitoring will enable one to accurately and reliably assess the on-going impact of a project’s interventions to determine whether it has achieved its goals and objectives, and what needs to be done to improve efficacy. A number of techniques will be utilized. Refer to Table 3 for details on exact measures and timelines.

Short term measures include:

Pre and Post Campaign survey - to monitor changes in KAP Number of calls to hotlines – both the Coqui frog and Ko’ko’ hotlines will be utilized to measure

changes in usage by the community Number of feral animals being picked up by Animal Control – records from Animal Control Number of pets being spayed/neutered - records from vet clinics and GAIN Number of animals brought to GAIN (Guam Animal in Need) animal shelter Pre and post quizzes at schools/community meetings during campaign

Long term measures include:

Reintroduction of flagship species - increase in population sizes, taken from DAWR reports The maintenance or possible increase in number of maintained protected areas – taken from

DAWR reports

Other information to be collected includes:

Number of volunteers engaged Number of schools visited Numbers of children/ community members spoken to Number of community meetings held Number resort/vendors spoken to Number radio/tv spots broadcasted Number posters/brochures distributed Number newsprint articles Number stickers or other promotional materials distributed

78

12.0 Target species

A successful Rare Pride campaign requires the identification and use of an appropriate flagship species. This inaugural Guam campaign intends to elevate the status of the Guam Rail and make it a visible symbol of native wildlife conservation.

12.1 The process of flagship species selection

As the territorial bird of Guam, the Guam rail or ko’ko’ as it is colloquially called, is a natural choice for a flagship species. Likenesses of the bird have already been used in the community for advertising and recognition3. As the authority on Guam’s natural resources, the Guam Department of Agriculture has used the bird to symbolize endangered native wildlife. Whenever possible, a live bird mascot has accompanied biologists to presentations to not only expose the public to the species but also raise awareness and support for current conservation projects on Guam.

A Rare Pride campaign in support of the ko’ko’ will not only clarify the threats and issues surrounding its demise but also threats to other remaining endangered native species of Guam. By focusing on a well known icon, it will rally island-wide support for conservation on a grand, uniform scale that has yet to be witnessed. With backing from the territorial Governor and leadership by the GDAWR, the Guahan Pride campaign will indubitably be successful in changing knowledge, attitudes and behaviors in support of protecting the ko’ko’ and its conspecifics.

12.2 Biological characteristics

Gallirallus owstoni as the ko’ko’ is referred to in scientific literature is unique. It is endemic to Guam within the Mariana Islands. As part of the order Gruiformes, it belongs to one of the older lineages of modern birds and is one of the last remaining flightless rails in the Pacific region. Currently no closely related species occur in Micronesia though remains of ancient rails were found in Rota (Steadman 2006). This ancestral lineage can be used to highlight its significance and uniqueness in evolutionary history. This is a focal point to emphasize in a flagship species.

The body of a ko’ko’ is elongated and laterally compressed, allowing the bird to move rapidly through dense vegetation. The

plumage of both sexes is similar; however males are often larger in size. Their coloration of varying shades of brown, grey, black and white, combined with their ability to move and sit silently makes detection in the wild difficult (Jenkins 1979). The manamko or community elders of Guam compare their WWII experiences of hiding in the jungles from Japanese invaders to the stealth movements and camouflage abilities of the ko’ko’ (Buck Cruz, personal communication March 2008).

As members of the family Rallidae, the species exhibits considerable diversity in both prey and habitat preferences. This species is a generalist, preferring animal over vegetable matter. Guam rails use its beak to kill prey but when confronted, can also kill predators such as the brown tree snake. In an anthropogenic sense, the protective nature of rails can be seen as an admirable attribute. Historically, ko’ko’ were common throughout the island in all habitat types except wetlands although Jenkins considered both savanna and mature limestone forest marginal habitat (1979). Observations from an

3“ Ko’ko’ Road Race” logo courtesy of Guam Visitor’s Bureau. “Ko’ko’ Kidz Klub” logo courtesy of Outrigger Guam Resort.79

experimental population on Rota show ko’ko’ like to live in brushy areas mixed with grassland or forest (Paul Wenninger, personal communication, November 2007). Once again, the adaptability of the species is seen as an characteristic worth emulating especially by the elders of Guam’s community.

Having evolved without predators, the flightless Guam rail is easy prey for dogs, cats, rats and monitor lizards brought by the various peoples who colonized the island. The species builds a shallow nest on the ground, making it easy for these predators to catch the ko'ko' and its chicks. The ease of predation can stimulate sympathy in the public and incite the need for protection from invasive or feral species.

Guam rails are naturally fecund and successfully breed in captivity, making individuals available for future reintroductions economically and logistically feasible. They mature at six months of age and have been known to produce up to 10 clutches per year in captivity. Ko'ko' lay up to four large, freckled eggs and young fledge when they are only one day old (Jenkins 1979). The animal has the attraction of rearing cute, robust chicks which need minimal human intervention. This characteristic facilitates the ease of setting up captive breeding programs. From the media’s perspective, the use of photogenic, charismatic animals are an added benefit for an intense marketing campaign such as the Rare Pride program. Captive raised Guam rails have been known to exhibit distinct characteristics and personality. They can be charismatic which deems them good for public, promotional, and educational opportunities. The public will be able to relate to personable animals.

The invasive brown treesnake is the cause of Guam’s dramatic loss of endemic avian species (Savidge 1987). Today only two native forest bird species remain in precariously low numbers due to the hardiness of this invasive snake. Attempts to establish ko’ko’ in snake-reduced areas utilizing traps and barrier technology on mainland Guam have had limited success. In low snake densities, reintroductions of ko’ko’ are feasible. Almost immediately, rails breed and chicks can be successfully reared within 6 months. Past experiments prove that with effort and continued support, gains against invasive species and feral animals are possible. The Guam rail is a species that can be brought back from the brink of extinction.

The existing flock cannot be penned in protected facilities indefinitely. To escape the threat of stochastic events such as disease and natural disasters, the flock should be separated into multiple populations. Future plans anticipate that community supported reforestation measures will aid in the identification of additional suitable habitat for endangered species reintroduction. Free-roaming birds will cultivate innate wild behaviors susceptible to the effects of selective breeding and time. It should be stressed that the secret to the species’ interesting and important biology lies in its relationship to its habitat. Ko’ko' are best suited to native habitat, free from invasive and feral animals and plants. Therefore to be able to reintroduce the ko’ko’ in the wild, whole ecosystem restoration must take place. The outcome will benefit not only the ko’ko’ but other endangered species and the community as well.

12.3 Social or cultural characteristics

The ko’ko’ is part of Chamorro cultural heritage. It is thought to have lived on the island since ancestral times and used as a source of food and companionship. A Chamorro legend tells how the ko'ko' got its stripes (see Appendix H). Historically, the ko'ko' was so common that local hunters were able to hunt them for sustenance. This fact connects the species to human history and cultural inheritance.

Monogamy and dedication of parents to young are attributes that are seen as admirable to the local community and biologists. From a scientific standpoint, management of a captive breeding program is logistically simple, with pairs mating easily and consistently for seasons or years at a time. From the viewpoint of a Roman Catholic dominated society, Guam residents can identify with the admirable characteristic of a committed relationship to one spouse and family.

80

Guam Department of Agriculture hopes to provide more accessible viewing of this species to the general public. Currently efforts to release Guam rails on Guam have failed due to feral cat and brown treesnake predation. Most releases occurred on military lands where access for the general public is restricted. On the island of Rota in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands where environmental conditions are similar to Guam and there are no brown treesnakes, an experimental wild population of rails is being established. Annually, approximately 100 ko'ko' are released. High mortality primarily due to feral cat predation slows population establishment and may be the primary cause of population decline (Paul Wenninger, personal communication November 2007). Exact rates of survival are difficult to determine. However credible sightings of ko’ko’ are made periodically by both locals and “birders” interested in seeing the species in a natural setting. Here, the public has the opportunity to experience the species on a personal level, an experience one cannot have on Guam.

Before the boom in brown treesnake population, the numbers of rails on Guam was estimated in the thousands (Jenkins 1979). Primarily, only the elderly have had personal experiences with the bird species. Many of the manamko can recall tales of when ko’ko’ were plentiful on Guam and often relate stories of easily observing ko’ko’ running along roadsides in tall grass or of birds bathing in the morning dew. Now, generations of have grown up only experiencing the bird in books and legends or limited interaction when a tame ko’ko’ is provided during an educational visit. Those that can remember, state Guam rails are quite vocal and active during the early and late hours of the day. Since the introduction of the brown tree snake, Guam’s forests have been silent. Successful reintroduction of the species will fill the silence with a cacophony of calls and song not yet heard by the young people of Guam.

Sometimes seen as dejected or defeated because of its hunched stance, the ko’ko’ has persevered like the Chamorro people who have withstood the onslaught of time and colonization. Hope in the face of almost total extinction should be focused upon and emphasized as relatable analogies can be easily drawn to touch the heartstrings of both the young and old to conserve Guam’s natural heritage.

12.4 Economic benefits and considerations

The Guam rail is now one of the most critically endangered rails in the world; it was federally listed as endangered in 1984 and currently listed as extinct in the wild (IUCN 2007). Since the ko’ko are few in numbers, it is worth 'cherishing' in the eye of the public. This fact can help generate local pride and a sense of ownership of the species. Alternatively, the ko’ko’ can be deemed destined to extinction and seen as a possible waste of resources. The pre-project survey suggests that the majority of the public believe there is something that can be done to protect the species thereby projecting that community support of conservation will override the sense of ecological doom.

An avian flagship species is advantageous as birds are a typical focus of conservation and likely to attract funding and in-kind support. The Government of Guam and the US Federal Government have spent millions of dollars in research and control of brown treesnake in order to protect Guam’s resources and prevent the spread to other locations (Vice 2000). Without these measures, millions in lost revenue is possible in locales unprepared to handle such an invasion. Furthermore, snake-induced power outages have damaged transformers, electrical substations and subsequently have become a drain on the local economy. Neighboring islands can learn from Guam’s mistakes. Prevention and monitoring of invasive species is cheaper than eradication and control once the invasive species is established.

In 1983, the remaining 21 ko’ko’ were successfully brought into captivity to establish a captive breeding program ensuring that the species does not become extinct. Currently, the captive population stands at over 200 birds on Guam and in various zoos throughout the continental United States (Suzanne Medina, personal communication November 2007). For mainland zoos, exhibiting rare species such as the ko’ko’ are a draw for professional conservationists and wildlife enthusiasts alike that bring profit and prestige to zoological institutions.

81

Due to the high cost of barrier maintenance and nuisance animal removal, offshore areas without these limitations are being groomed for future native species reintroductions. Although the ko’ko’ are able to reproduce in the presence of low snake densities, they cannot withstand the presence of feral cats in an environment where deer and pig eat and trample the vegetation (Wiles et al. 2003). Safe Harbor Agreements signed between the landowners and regulating authorities will ensure land management practices will benefit endangered species without added restrictions to the landowner. With successful restoration and positive results, partnerships between the public and private sectors can prove beneficial for wildlife. The landowners will gain a sense of ownership and possibly even prestige. While monetary benefits are not emphasized, there may be some small financial gains for persistence of the species in the form of ecotourism opportunities.

Easily recognizable, effigies of the ko’ko’ are used by local businesses and the tourist industry to promote the island’s natural heritage on a local and international scale. At present, tourists from primarily Asia come to Guam to not only shop but experience wildlife and nature related activities. The Guam Visitor’s Bureau has made a committed effort to market Guam as an ecotourism locale (Amy Pangelinan, personal communication, June 2008). By increasing conservation efforts and restoring native species and habitats, new opportunities for the tourism sector will be available thereby strengthening the economy of Guam.

12.5 Other species considered for flagship status

Brown treesnake – As a non-native, invasive species, a negative campaign must be planned to ensure compliance to eradication and biosecurity measures to prevent (re)colonization of the snake or its prey. While it is plausible that increased knowledge can rally support for native wildlife protection against this virulent species, increased media exposure may cause unwarranted panic in the local community. Emphasis of its biological characteristics (its aggressive, prolific, persistent and adaptable nature) could be detrimental for the tourism industry. Guam’s economy may suffer as most tourists may not want to visit an island with extremely high snake densities. Furthermore, reiteration of the bleak outlook for Guam’s wildlife is not encouraging for the morale of the local community and the professionals that work to eradicate the snake.

Marianas Fruit Bat – Historically this species was an important food source. Like the ko’ko’ only elders have memories of the abundance of this species. Currently, low population numbers are a result of human persecution and loss of habitat. Since this species is capable of becoming critically endangered or even extinct in a very short time period, the fruit bat would be an unsuitable flagship species because conservation efforts might be doomed to failure (IUCN 2007). The existing colony is restricted to military lands which are hard to physically and logistically access. Community support of this species may be hard to gather as many may feel disconnected due to the lack of visibility. Alternatively, increased knowledge of roosting sites could cause poaching to occur.

Serianthes nelsonii – Due to invasive plant species and the browsing of feral ungulates, native plant species are extremely rare. Only one solitary tree exists on Guam in a remote, inaccessible area. The inability to visit the tree may result in feelings of disconnection within the community. Furthermore, plants used as a “mascot” may not be received as well as a charismatic animal mascot. Plants can seem one-dimensional, not personable, and difficult to relate to. Regeneration efforts of this species have had little or no success. The difficulty in propagation harms this species chance at flagship status as it may be fated for extinction. Finally, since cultural belief marks these trees as the traditional homes of the spirits of the ancestors (the Taotaomona) locals may fear association with this species altogether.

82

12.6 Justification

The latest trend within environmental education has encouraged all facets of community to cooperate to identify and resolve socio-ecological problems (Palmer 1998). All interested parties should work together to create environmental literacy which will ultimately result in environmental behavior change. The ko’ko’ would be an ideal Rare Pride flagship species as it is already identified as a familiar, existing icon for science, commerce, and Chamorro culture. It can unify not only the vision but also the agencies conducting conservation and species restoration. By increasing pride in Guam’s natural and cultural resources, awareness and positive action for Guam’s environmental problems will increase and economic gains will rise accordingly. Additionally, other threatened or endangered species will benefit from ecosystem restoration. Both the local community and native species of Guam will not only benefit but hopefully prosper and multiply.

83

SECTION F: BUDGET & TIMELINE

13.0 Project budget & timelineThe sum of $25,000 will be used during FY 2008-2009.

13.1 Project budget

This budget includes the donation of core funds pledged under the Pride Program, $25,000. It is understood that expenditure from these funds is restricted to covering the production of materials, and other items as defined in the MOU. It is not, and will not be spent on salaries or transportation. The budget also does not reflect the funds donated by the Fish and Wildlife Safe Harbor Grant to support the eradication work on Cocos Island ($30,000).

Table 5 - Estimated Budget for Guahan Rare Pride Campaign FY 2008/2009

Estimated Costs Subtotals Grand totalCONTRACTUAL

Reprinting of bird posters $4,500

$17,000

$25,000

Printing - pet control bookmark, invasive species brochure, Conservation area specific brochure $2,500 PSA: 1. pet control 2. invasive species $1,500 Advertising $1,500 Rentals (chairs, sound system, venue) $1,500 Website Development $5,000 Making photocopies $500

SUPPLIES Supplies for island restoration/clean-up (garbage bags, gloves) $1,000 $3,000 Poster board display $1,000 Office supplies (paper, ink, CDs) $1,000

EQUIPMENT desktop printer/copier/scanner $550

$5,000

Video camera $1,000 Computer & associated accessories $2,000 Software $1,000 Digital Camera $300 Digital Voice Recorder $75 Microphone $75

red = already paid and received in UK

84

13.2: Project timeline (Gantt)ESTIMATED GUAHAN PRIDE PROJECT TIMELINE

Project/Activities Pre-project Mo 1 Mo 2 Mo 3 Mo 4 Mo 5 Mo 6 Mo 7 Mo 8 Mo 9 Final Phase

mid-Dec to mid May 08 Jun 08 Jul 08 Aug 08 Sept 08 Oct 08 Nov 08 Dec 08 Jan 09 Feb 09Mar 09

Project preparation: 1st Stakeholder meeting Feb 7, 2008 Pre-project survey May 3, 2008 2nd Stakeholder meeting TBAProject Plan Completion June 2, 2008

Project implementation:

Printed materials draft Final, implement implement implemen

t implement implement implemen

t implement

Button badges design Final, implement implement implemen

t implement

implement implement

implement

Mascot order implement implement

implement

implement implement

implement

Website canvass design launch implement

implement

implement implement

implement

Social marketing sites design & launch

implement

implement

implement

implement

implement implement

implement

Television draft canvass implement implement

implement

implement implement

implement

Radio draft canvass implement implement

implement

implement implement

implement

Newspapers/magazines draft canvass implement implement

implement

implement implement

implement

Workshops draft implement implement

implement

implement

implement implement

implement

Presentations: School, Civic design implement implement

implement

implement

implement implement

implement

Popular song design canvass implement implement

implement

implement implement

implement

Ko’ko’ oral histories design canvass implement implement

implement

implement implement

implement

Music concert canvass planning planning planning To coincide w/ Ko’ko’

85

fun run

Fiestas/ parades etc. design display

Liberation Day

Parade

Village Fiesta:

Agat/Piti

Melesso Fiestan

Tasi

Ko’ko’ fun Run/Road

Race

Akimatsura Autumn Festival

Christmas Holiday Festival

Village Fiesta:

Tumon/ C. Pago

Post project questionnaire survey

Do survey

Back to UK

86

ARTWORK

From previous projects, artwork has already been created. It would be advantageous to utilize existing artwork to save time and money. To create an overarching theme in which specific conservation projects can associate with would be useful in maintaining support and visibility of various GDAWR efforts. A general “brand” would provide longevity and usefulness for other projects.

87

Brooke Sadowsky from Rare HQ suggested how to assimilate previous projects with the Rare Pride campaign:

Keep same font and cartoon style mascot but change the slogan (e.g. Go Native – Protect Guam’s Wildlife or something similar) and the colors so that they are brighter – maybe Guam territory colors or rail feet yellow.

Media options – go for wider exposure than the “Ko’ko’ for Cocos” Project – this may entail utilizing large billboards, big stuff and not stickers, t-shirts like the Cocos Project.

Distribution – keep “Koko for Cocos” materials localized, in the region of the south and the Pride Campaign materials should be Guam wide.

When coordinating with the “Ko’ko’ for Cocos” project use the example of Budweiser & Bud Light – one umbrella brand with a sub-brand.

Use the same design company as the “Ko’ko for Cocos” project and ask for brand guidelines e.g. font and colors (CMYK) to be able to have a play at designing materials.

The graphics designers used for the Cocos Island campaign have been contacted and details regarding the specific colors and fonts previously used were obtained. Brooke Sadowsky is currently assisting in the creation of the logo. The slogan and tag line to be used is tentatively:

“Go Native! – Prutehi I Islan Guahan”

88

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSGDAWR would like to acknowledge the assistance given by Diane Vice (BTS Project Lead) and Suzanne Medina (Captive Breeding Project Lead), as well as all the various stakeholders who participated in the drafting of this document. GDAWR also acknowledges the financial assistance provided by the US Department of Interior Office of Insular Affairs and Rare who are the principal sponsors of this project, as well as Cocos Island Resort who donated countless ferry hours and visitation privileges. Finally, the Department must acknowledge the generosity of the US Department of the Interior and appropriations from the Aquatic Nuisance Species, Safe Harbor and Endangered Species grants that has pledged funds to support outreach of current restoration work. GDAWR is thankful for the technical support and in-kind contributions from cooperating agencies and local business such as: USFWS, USDA, GEPA, GVB, GTA, GuamCell, and Guam Parks and Recreation. It is GDAWR’s sincere hope that the campaign outlined here will not only garner support for native species conservation but also approval for invasive, feral, and nuisance species eradication programs, such as the “Ko’ko for Cocos” project, and the prevention of reinvasion once removal in commensal settings occurs. The department’s use of social marketing techniques is expected to continue in tandem with future conservation projects.

REFERENCES

Best, B. R., and C. E. Davidson. 1981. “Inventory and Atlas of the Inland Aquatic Ecosystems of the Marianas Archipelago”. University of Guam. Technical Report Number 75.

IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 06 May 2008.

Bureau of Statistical & Plans, Office of Governor Felix P. Camacho, 2005. “2004 Guam Statistical Yearbook”. Hagatna, Guam.

Crocombe, R.G. (ed.). 1987. “Land tenure in the Pacific”. South Pacific University, Institute of Pacific Studies, Fiji. 3. ed., p. 211-225.

Cunningham, L.C. 1992. Ancient Chamorro Society. Honolulu, HI: Bess Press, Inc

Engbring, J., and T. H. Fritts. 1988. “Demise of an insular avifauna: the brown tree snake on Guam”. Transaction of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society 24: 31–37.

Engbring J., and F. L. Ramsey. 1984. “Distribution and abundance of the forest birds of Guam: results of a 1981 survey”. United States Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/OBS-84/20.

Fosberg, F. R. 1960. “The vegetation of Micronesia”. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 119: 1–75.

Guam Division of Aquatic & Wildlife Resources. 2005. Cocos Island Restoration Plan. Mangilao, Guam.

Guam Division of Aquatic & Wildlife Resources. 2006. Guam Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Stategy. Mangilao, Guam.

Guard, C., A. N. L. Chiu, and M. A. Lander. 2003. “NOAA/NWS meteorological assessment for Typhoon Pongsona in: Pohnpei State, FSM; Chuuk State, FSM; Guam; and Rota, CNMI”. NOAA/NWS. Tiyan, Guam.

89

Hunter, C. L. 1995. “Review of coral reefs around American flag Pacific islands and assessment of need, value, and feasibility of establishing a coral reef fishery management plan for the western Pacific region”. Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council. Final Report.

Jenkins, J. M. 1979. “Natural history of the Guam rail”. Condor 51:404-408.

Palmer, J.A. 1998. Environmental Education in the 21st Century - Theory, Practice, Progress and Promise. London and New York: Routledge Falmer.

Paulay, G. 2003. “Marine biodiversity of Guam and the Marianas: overview”. Micronesica 35-36: 563-583.

Paulay, G. 2003a. “The Bivalvia (Mullusca) of Guam”. Micronesica 35-36: 218-243.

Political Status Education Coordinating Commission (PSECC). 1994. “Hale’-ta: I ma gobetna-ña Guam, governing Guam: Before and after the wars”. Agana, Guam: Political Status Education Coordinating Commission.

Pomeroy, E. S. 1951. “Pacific outpost: American strategy in Guam and Micronesia”. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Reichel, J. D, and P. O. Glass. 1991. “Checklist of the birds of the Mariana Islands”. Elepaio 51: 3-10.

Savidge, J. A. 1987. “Extinction of an island forest avifauna by an introduced snake”. Ecology 68:660-

668.

Steadman, D. W. 2006. “Extinction & Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds”. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

UNEP ISLANDS Web Site. UN SYSTEM-WIDE EARTHWATCH Web Site ISLAND DIRECTORY Islands of Guam (United States) http://islands.unep.ch/ILI.htm Downloaded on 06 May 2008.

USDA – APHIS/Wildlife Services. 2007. Cocos Island Biosecurity Plan. Barrigada, Guam.

Vice, D. S. and M. E. Pitzler. 2000. “Brown treesnake control: Economy of Scales”. USDA National Wildlife Research Center Symposia Human Conflicts with Wildlife: Economic Considerations. Lincoln: University of Nebraska.

Wiles, G.J., Bart, J., Beck JR, Robert E. & Aguon, C.F. 2003, "Impacts of the Brown Tree Snake: Patterns of Decline and Species Persistence in Guam's Avifauna". Conservation Biology, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 1350-1360.

All photos courtesy of the author unless otherwise specified.

90

Documents

LIST OF ACRONYMS - rareplanet Project Plan.d… · Web viewThe official language of Guam is English and Chamorro with the following breakdown of languages spoken on the island: