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8/7/2019 Lisa Sabbage, Kings and Queens of England - Printed Designed (2004)(PDF) English
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KINGS AND QUEENS OF ENGLAND
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©2004
Published Printed Designed
TopPublishing
All pictures ©2004 TopFoto unless specied.
Cover:
Detail of “God Save the Queen”, British Railways (Western Region) poster produced as a
tribute to Queen Elizabeth II on the occasion of her coronation in 1953 by artist, Charles
Shepherd.
©National Railway Museum / HIP / TopFoto
Back cover:
The crown of Queen Mary of Modena, c1685. Wife of King James II.©Museum of London / HIP / TopFoto
Contents page (clockwise from top left ):
Tintagel Castle, Cornwall, Dark Ages. Tintagel Castle was the legendary birthplace of King
Arthur.©English Heritage / HIP / TopFoto
Part of The 120ft canvas, painted by Richard Barrett Davies depicting the Coronation
Procession to Westminster Abbey of King William IV.©PA / TopFoto
King George VI with his elder daughter, the future Queen Elizabeth II, 13 December 1936.
The royal seal of King Edward II.
Henry VIII’s pavilion at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520.©The British Library / HIP / TopFoto
12th Century King, probably King Richard I
The Coronation Chair containing the Stone of Scone.
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CONTENTSIntroduction
Roman Rule
The Dark Ages
The Anglo Saxons - Bretwalda Kings
The Anglo Saxons - Kings of Wessex & England
The Normans
The Angevins
The Plantagenets
The Lancastrians
The Yorkists
The Tudors
The Stuarts
The Hanoverians
The Windsors
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Introduction
Adultery, murder, and regicide, civil war, religious upheaval
and abdication – the kings and queens of England
have certainly written a dramatic and intriguing history for their
subjects.From 60AD, when the courageous Boudicca led the Celtic
Iceni in a doomed revolt against the invading Roman army,
through Roman rule and the arrival of William the Conqueror in
1066, to the mysterious death of Princess Diana in 1997, there
has rarely been a dull moment for England’s rulers.
Indeed, when not battling foreign forces they seemed to ll the
time by ghting each other.
Willliam’s death in 1087, for instance, lifted the lid on the sibling
rivalry between his third and favourite son William Rufus, whom
he named as his successor to the English throne, and his eldestson Robert, who had to make do with Normandy.
Poor Robert led several uprisings against his brother before
giving up and embarking on the Crusades. Then, on William II’s
death in 1100, it was their youngest brother Henry who seized the
throne, leaving Robert out in the cold once more.
It didn’t get any easier for the Plantagenets. In the 12th century,
Henry II spent the nal few years of his reign in open warfare
with his rebellious sons, while 14-year-old Edward III, crowned
in 1327, had to contend with the inuence of his mother and her
lover Roger Mortimer, an outbreak of the Black Death, and thebeginning of the Hundred Years War with France.
Edward’s grandson and successor fared even worse. Although
he managed to rule for 22 years and dealt ably enough with the
Peasants’ Revolt in 1381, Richard II never resolved his differences
with his rebellious cousin Henry, who eventually forced his
abdication and death in Pontefract Castle in 1399.
No one knows whether
Richard II died of natural causes
or was murdered. But he was
certainly not the last English king
to suffer a mysterious fate.In April, 1483, 12-year-old
Edward V became King of England. Unfortunately for the young
king, his uncle was appointed as his Protector. Although charged
with guiding the boy until he was old enough to rule on his own,
Uncle Richard had very different plans for the throne.
Richard seized Edward and executed his companions, insisting
that he had acted only to thwart the inuence of the boy’s
maternal family. Then he declared that the boy was illegitimate.
In June, having thrown Edward and his younger brother into
the Tower of London, the putative Protector declared himself Richard III, King of England. Soon afterwards, Richard’s young
nephews disappeared, probably murdered by the usurper or his
agents.
Two years later, Richard III got his comeuppance when he
Queen Boudicca.
The plague of 1348
Robert Mortimer
© The British Library / HIP / TopFoto
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was killed during he Ba le of Boswor h, he nal ba le of
the Wars of the Roses between the rival royal families of
Lancaster and York.
As Richard’s successor, King Henry VII began the Tudor
reign of England that would see his son Henry VIII execute
two of his six wives and break with the Catholic Church in his
desperate quest for a male heir.
If King Henry VIII’s sanity was sometimes questioned
during his turbulent 42-year reign from 1509 to 1547, plenty
of other English sovereigns have raised concerns among
their courtiers and subjects.In the 17th century, King James I was known as the “wisest
fool in Christendom”, while the ineptness of his son Charles I
led to a confrontation with the House of Commons that would
result in Civil War and his own execution for treason in 1649.
James’s great grandson King George I was a German
who came to the throne in 1714 only because he was a
Protestant. He could not speak a word of English and was
so uninterested in the
affairs of the nation
that he gladly leftthem to his ministers.
It was largely thanks to his indifference that the system of
Cabinet government under a Prime Minister evolved.
Fifty-odd years later, King George III famously went
mad (in fact he was suffering from a condition known as
porphyria). Still, even he was more popular than his son and
successor King George IV, who was widely condemned for
his licentious and extravagant lifestyle.
An indiscreet philanderer, his affairs were as well-reported
as they were numerous, and his 1820 attempt to divorce his
put-upon wife Caroline of Brunswick turned the disapproving
public against him.
When he was not preoccupied with women or his latest
grand building schemes, George IV was thinking about
clothes. His vanity was such that even his friend, the
Duchess of Devonshire admitted that he “is fond of dress
even to a tawdry degree”. Sadly, his considerable appetite
for rich food made him both fat and an easy target for the
press, who published cartoons of the “Grand Entertainment”
he had become.
Ironically, George IV’s relationship withthe media anticipated today’s tension
between the monarchy and the fourth
estate. Indeed, the Windsors have tried
to learn from his misplaced efforts to
woo the public, carefully managing the
abdication of King Edward VIII in 1936
and, rather less successfully, the divorce
of Prince Charles and Princes Diana.
History, it seems, really does repeat
itself. Fortunately for us, the historyof England’s kings and queens is as
colourful as it is long.
©2004 Text by Lisa Sabbage
Satirical cartoon showing the public support for Queen
Caroline c.1820
©The National Archives / HIP / TopFoto
The Duke (formerly King Edward VIII) and Duchess of
Windsor, 1940.
©AP/TopFoto
The wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, 1981.
©PA/TopFoto
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Roman Rule
Notable Romans
- 54
audius
mperor
- 84
ricola
vernor
7 - 138
drian
mperor
8 - 161
onius Pius
mperor
3 - 211
ptimius Severus
mperor
0 - 274
arcus Postumus; Tetricus
eakaway Emperors
6 - 296
rausius; Allectus
eakaway Emperors
6 - 337
nstantine I (the Great)
mperor
4 - 375
agnus Maximus
eakaway Emperor 5 - 410
norius
estern Emperor
Honorius who told Britons in 410
“ Defend yourselves”.
Left: The victory of
Constantine the Great of
Maxentius at the Milvian
Bridge. Detail from the
Fresco of Giulio Romano,Vatican
©Charles Walker / TopFoto
Right: Agricola
Left: Honorius.
Middle Left: Gold aureus consecration coin of Septimius Severus.©The British Museum/HIP/TopFoto
Bottom Left: Hadrian’s Wall, near Walltown Crags.©Woodmansterne/TopFoto
Bottom Right: Boudicca. who ruled the Celtic Iceni against the Romans.
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The Dark Ages
Notable Kings
450 - 850
c.490 - 500
Ambrosius Aurelianus
c.540
Constantine
King of Dumnonia
577
Condidan: Conmail: Farinmail
All killed at Battle of Dyrham
590
Urien
King of Rheged (Cumbria)
633
Cadwallon
King of Gwynedd
642
Owen
King of Strathclyde
750
Teudubr
King of Strathclyde
844 - 872
Merfyn
King of Gwynedd
Top Left: Map of Britain. 593 AD.
Top Right: Gospel of St Luke, Lindisfarne Gospels.
©The British Library/HIP/TopFoto
Right: The death of Arthur.
©The British Library/HIP/TopFoto
Bottom Left: The Holy Grail appearing in a vision before
King Arthur‘s Company.
Bottom Right: Emblem of Sir Owen son of Urien.
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The Anglo Saxons
Bretwalda Kings
9
ngest and Horsa
77 - c.491
lle: King of Sussex
60 - 93
awlin: King of Wessex
60 - 616
thelbert: King of Kent
ed c.627)
edwald: King of East Anglia
6 - 33
win: King of Northumbria
3 - 55
nda: King of Mercia4 - 42
wald: King of Northumbria
2 - 70
wy: King of Northumbria
5 - 705
dfrith: King of Northumbria
8 - 726
: King of Wessex
6 - 57
thelbald: King of Mercia
7 - 96
fa: King of Mercia Above: Saint Augustine of Canterbury (d.604) preaching
before Aethelbert.
©ARPL/TopFoto
Far left: King Edwin of Northumbria, the rst Bretwalda.
Stained glass window in York Minister.©Woodmansterne/TopFoto
Left: Offa’s Dyke.
Below: King Offa sails to Saxony.©The British Library/HIP/TopFoto
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Kings of
Wessex & England
802 - 58
Egbert
856 - 860
Ethelbald
860 - 866
Ethelberht
866 - 871
Ethelred
871 - 899
Alfred
899 - 924
Edward the Elder
924 - 939
Athelstan
939 - 946
Edmund I
946 - 955
Edred
955 - 959
Edwy
959 - 975
Edgar
975 - 979
Edward the Martyr
979 - 1016
Ethelred II the Unready
1016 April - November
Edmund II Ironside
1016 - 1035
Canute
1035 - 1040
Harold Harefoot
1040-1042
Hardicanute
1042 - 1066
Edward the Confessor
1066 January - October
Harold II
The Anglo Saxons
Top Left: Bayeux Tapestry, King Edward The Confessor and King Harold.
Top Right: King Alfred the Great statue in Worthing.
Above Left: Athelstan.
Above Right: The barge of Edgar King of England.
Left: Ethelred II, The Unready.
Bottom Left: Edmund Ironside.
Bottom Right: Canute I.
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The Normans
The Normans
66 - 1087
liam I (the Conqueror)
87 - 1100
liam II
00 - 1135
nry I
35 - 1154
ephen
Top: Henry I sails for England. From Chron-
icle of Florence of Worcester c.1130-40..
Left: Stephen.
Right: King Henry I.©The British Library/HIP/TopFoto
Bottom Left: King William I accompanied
by knights and soldiers, 14th century. Page
of illustrated Latin text showing William the
Conqueror riding a horse bearing his coat
of arms of three gold lions on a red
ground.
©The British Library/HIP/TopFoto
Bottom Right: Portrait of William II.
Otherwise known as Rufus, apparently
because of his ruddy complexion. From
“Historia Anglorum” by Matthew Paris.©The British Library/HIP/TopFoto
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The Angevins
The Angevins
1154 - 1189
Henry II
1189 - 1199
Richard I
1199 - 1216
John
Top Left: Henry II at Waterford.
Above: Richard the Lionheart, statue by Marochetti, Westminster.
Left: King John hunting.©The British Library/HIP/TopFoto
Right: King John signing the Magna Carta at
Runnymede. 1215.
Bottom: Kings of England, 14th century.
Above: King Henry II and Richard I. Below:
King John and King Henry III.
©The British Library/HIP/TopFoto
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The Plantagenets
The Plantagents
16 - 1272
nry III
72 - 1307
ward I
07 - 1327
ward II
27 - 1377
ward III
77 - 1399
chard II
Top Left: Efgy of King Henry III on his tomb in Westminster
Abbey.
Top Right: King Henry III with a representation of Westminister
Abbey.
©The British Library/HIP/TopFoto
Left: King Edward III depicted on the wall of St. Stephen’s
Chapel, Westminster.
Right: King Richard II. A painting in Westminster Abbey.
Left: Coronation of Edward I.
Bottom: Tomb of Edward II,
Gloucester Cathedral.©English Heritage/HIP/TopFoto
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The Lancastrians
The Lancastrians
1399 - 1413
Henry IV
1413 - 1422
Henry V
1422 - 1461 & 1470 - 1471
Henry VI
Top Left: Hoccleve Presents his Book to Prince Henry V.©The British Library/HIP/TopFoto
Top Right: Coronation of Henry lV, 1399.©The British Library/HIP/TopFoto
Bottom Left: King Henry VI and his wife Margaret of Anjou.
Bottom Right: Henry IV, King of England from 1399. The son of John
of Gaunt.
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The Yorkists
The Yorkists
61 - 1470 & 1471 - 1483
ward IV
83
ward V
83 - 1485
chard III
Left: Richard III and Queen Anne.
Right: King Edward IV.
om Left: Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth.
om Right: The Princes in the Tower. Duke of York and King Edward V.
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The Tudors
The Tudors
1485 - 1509
Henry VII
1509 - 1547
Henry VIII
1547 - 1553
Edward VI
1553 - 1558
Mary I
1558 - 1603
Elizabeth I
Top Left: Portrait of Henry VIII
by Holbein at Belvoir Castle.
Top Right: Henry VII holding a
Tudor rose.
Right: Edward VI.©Corporation of London/HIP/TopFoto
Bottom Left: Queen Mary.
Bottom Right: Queen
Elizabeth I by M. Geerarts.
Woburn Abbey.
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The Stuarts
The Stuarts
03 - 1625
mes I of England
25 - 1649 (executed)
arles I
49 - 1685
arles II
85 - 1688 (Died 1701)
mes II
89 - 1702
liam III
02 - 1714
ne
Top Left: Queen Anne
Top Right: Charles II
Left: James VI of Scotland and I of England andGreat Britain.
Right: Successors to the throne abandoned
by James II were his daughter Mary II and her
husband William of Orange.
Bottom Left: Portrait of Charles I as a Martyr
King
©Museum of London/HIP/TopFoto
Bottom Centre: William III
Bottom Right: King James II
©The British Library/HIP/TopFoto
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The Hanoverians
The Hanoverians
1714 - 1727
George I
1727 - 1760
George II
1760 - 1820
George III
1820 - 1830
George IV
1830 - 1837
William IV
1837 - 1901
Queen Victoria
Top Left: King George II by Robert Edge Pine
Top Centre: The Duke of Clarence, later William IV, the “Sailor King”.
Top Right: George IV 1762-1830 King of Great Britain, Ireland and of Hanover.
Right: George I
©Corporation of London/HIP/TopFoto
Bottom Left: Queen Victoria.
Bottom Right: George III, by Allan Ramsey.
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