12
Lisa Maenpaa, Sean Zelenka, Dave Wolfmeyer & Mardee Wacura

Lisa Maenpaa, Sean Zelenka, Dave Wolfmeyer & Mardee …classes.geology.uiuc.edu/10SprgClass/eses222/The Niger River.pdf · Dams along the Niger river have reduced the fish and shellfish

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Lisa Maenpaa, Sean Zelenka, Dave Wolfmeyer & Mardee Wacura

• Length: 4180 km• Annual Average Water Discharge: 5923

m3/s• Peak Discharge: 1420 m3/s• Mean Annual Water Discharge:1100

m3s-1• Drainage Basin Area: 2,117,700 km2• Has the ninth largest drainage area’s of

the world’s rivers and the third largest in Africa.

• The Niger River drains into the Niger Delta, which is one of the world’s largest wetlands, encompassing over 20,000 km in southeastern Nigeria.

• The Niger Delta is composed of four ecological zones: costal barrier islands, mangroves, freshwater swamp forests, and lowland rain forests.

There are considerable amounts of oil in the Niger River Basin, estimated at highs of up t0 80 billion barrels. Nigeria exports 2.5 million barrels of oil a day

The move is controversial because many worry such drilling will destroy the ecosystemGroups like MEND‐The Movement for the Emancipation of the Nigerian Delta have arisen to violently oppose the oil refinery

• Dams along the Niger river have reduced the fish and shellfish stocks of the coastal areas and particularly the freshwater swamps of the delta because of smaller floods and lower nutrient inputs.

• Fishing is the most important economic activity in rural delta communities.

• 400,000 fishermen supply 80% of the total catch.

• It is important to ensure the continued viability of both forest zones as nurseries for fish caught elsewhere.

Kainji Dam Jebba Dam

Selingue Dam

Major Problems or ContributorsOverpopulationIncreased FarmingErosionFlooding

• Rapidly growing area– 100 million people depend 

on the river– Goes through 9 countries

• Dams built to support these people

• Leads to impoundments of rivers, flooding and loss of lands, lands converted to cities for growing population, etc.

• Farming has increased to support growing population– Yams, cassava, cattle, rice, groundnuts, millet, plantains, and cocoa beans – depending on location

• Converts natural lands to agriculture fields– Deforestation, farming of marginal lands, exhausting soil fertility

• Increases erosion rates• Cattle may also enter streams, eroding banks

• Farming industry still unstable due to rapid growth, so dramatic price swings are common

Dams have removed sediment from river flowSo less buildup further downstream, making erosion easier and faster

Bank erosion destroys 400 ha of land every year40% of delta inhabited land will be lost within 30 yearsLoss of cultivation land, damage to homes, buildings, and infrastructure

• Due to sediment build‐up behind dams, flooding has actually increased in these areas

• Forces people to leave their lands, and without ways to farm or work

• Damages or destroys homes and buildings, and can severely erode already degraded agricultural lands

• Damages to fisheries due to changing hydrological conditions

The Niger River travels through Guinea, Mali, Niger, Benin, and NigeriaThese countries all have a low standard of living, and much of the population lives 

Weak GovernmentsEx. Nigerian President UmarMusa Yar'Adua has been sick and out of the country with a heart condition for several monthsThe problem therein however is that these countries are economically poor and have weak central governments making it highly difficult to coordinate any project

Abam, T.K.S. “Impact of dams on the hydrology of the Niger Delta” Bull Eng Geol Env (1999) 57 : 239–251. 

Chukumeka Hemanachi Onu, N. “The Oil Rich Niger Delta Region: A Framework for Improved Performance of the Nigerian Regulatory Process”  AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment pp. 325–326.

David Moffat and Olof Lindén. “Perception and Reality: Assessing Priorities for Sustainable Development in the Niger River Delta”  Ambio, Vol. 24, No. 7/8, Research and Capacity Building for Sustainable Coastal Management (Dec., 1995), pp. 527‐538. 

De Groote, H. (July 22, 2002). “Economic impact of biological control of water hyacinth in Southern Benin” Ecological Economics 45 (2003) 105_/117.

Fagbami, A.A. “Vegetation Damage in an Oil Field in the Niger Delta of Nigeria” Journal of Tropical Ecology, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Feb., 1988), pp. 61‐75. 

Ohimain, Elijah “Environmental Impacts of Dredging in the Niger Delta” Terra et Aqua –Number 97 – December 2004. 

Oil Spill Intelligence Report 2/11/2010, Vol. 33 Issue 8, p2‐2, 2/3p

Okonta, Ike, and Douglas, Oronto. Where Vultures Feast:  Shell, Human Rights, and Oil.  New York:  Crown Publishers, 2003. 

Marriott, James; Rowell, Andy; Stockman, Lorne(2006, March 22)“Black gold: the U.S. looks to Nigeria for energy security despite 40 years of unrest.” Oil and Gas Royalties.

“Regional hydroiogical research perspectives in the Niger Delta” Hydroiogical Sciences‐Journal‐des Sciences Hydrologiques, 46(1) February 2001.