LIQUID AIR ENERGY STORAGE (LAES) · 2017-12-21 · Wide range of services performed by different types of energy storage T&D investment deferral Energy arbitrage T&D system support

Large scale, Long duration

Copyright of Highview Power Storage © All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or otherelectronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of Highview Enterprises Ltd.

LIQUID AIR ENERGY STORAGE

LIQUID AIR ENERGY STORAGE (LAES)Pumped Hydro Capability

No Geographical Constraints

Stuart NelmesEngineering Director

© Highview Enterprises Limited, 2017

Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES)

is based on proven components from century-old industries

and offers a low-cost solution

for high-power, long-duration energy storage

that can be built anywhere.


Agenda

• Highview, a history

• LAES in the market

• Technology overview

• Performance characteristics

• Economics

• Thermal integration examples


Company Timeline

FutureThe power recovery cycle demonstrated in lab-scale tests

2005

2008

Installation of power recovery cycle in pilot plant

2010

Installation of complete pilot CryoEnergyStorage plant

2011

Highview enters into a licence agreement with General Electric

2013

2014

Highview and project partners, Viridor, awarded funding for a 5MW LAES demonstration project by the UK Government

2015

Frost & Sullivan awards Highview with Global Large-Scale Energy Storage Technology Innovation Award

Highview signs co-operation agreement with the Messer group

2012

The new conceptual GigaPlant200MW/1.2GWh

Multiple feasibility studies awarded, including an award from the U.S. Navy

2015 2016

Highview expanding into the US with new office in New York, a key market for LAES

2017

Highview’s grid scale High Grade Cold Store (HGCS) commissioned at the 5MW Pilsworthdemonstration plant


350 kW / 2.5 MWh Pilot


5MW / 15 MWh Demonstrator


Benefit Time End-user Distribution TransmissionUtility System

Independent operators

Energy($/kWh)

Ho

urs

Power($/kW)

Min

ute

s

Reliability($/kW)

Seco

nd

s

Operations($/kWh)

10 kW 100 kW 10’s MW 100’s MW

Ancillaryservices

Systemcapacity

Energy Storage – different needs

Wide range of services performed by different types of energy storage

T&D investment deferral Energy arbitrage

T&D system support

Renewable smoothing

Renewable integration

DESS

Energy Mngt.

Reliability

Batteries

Liquid Air

Flywheels

Super Capacitors

CAES

PumpedHydro


Energy Storage – Main Technologies

Benefit Time End-user Distribution TransmissionUtility System

Independent operators

Energy($/kWh)

Ho

urs

Power($/kW)

Min

ute

s

Reliability($/kW)

Seco

nd

s

Operations($/kWh)

10 kW 100 kW 10’s MW 100’s MW

Ancillaryservices

Systemcapacity

Wide range of services performed by different types of energy storage

T&D investment deferral Energy arbitrage

T&D system support

Renewable smoothing

Renewable integration

DESS

Energy Mngt.

Reliability

Batteries

Liquid Air

Flywheels

Super Capacitors

CAES

PumpedHydro


LOW-CO2

LOW-COSTENERGY

W I D EE

E

P

G W hG

Why energy storage?

Source: Adapted from http://reneweconomy.com.au/californias-duck-curve-has-arrived-earlier-than-expected-36106/

Californian Net Demand “Duck Curve” Mismatch between supply and demand


The liquid air is stored in a tank(s) at low pressure.

How does LAES work?

1. Charge 2. Store 3. Discharge

Off-peak or excess electricity is used to power an air liquefier

to produce liquid air.

To recover power the liquid air is pumped to high pressure, evaporated and heated. The

high pressure gas drives a turbine to generate electricity.

HEATCOLD

The three components are independently sizeable


LAES – Standalone Configuration

High Grade Cold Store

60%AC/AC


Environment

AIR OUTAIR IN

LAES cycle produces zero emissions and works with benign materials


Major Equipment Suppliers for LAES

Leveraging an established supply chain through relationships developed through our projects

High-grade cold storage

Heat storage

Evaporators

Turbines

Cryopump

Air liquefiers

Liquid air tanks


Layout

Adaptable layout to work within your footprint and height constraints

• Indicative footprints for 6h systems:• 20 MW: 0.5 acres

• 200 MW: 4 acres

• Layout can be configured to the available space and shape of the plot.

• Equipment can be selected according to height requirements (vertical/horizontal tanks)


LAES technology benefits

Mature components with lifetime of 30+

years

Cost and revenue improve with scale

60% efficiency in standalone

configuration

Large-scaleGW and GWh

Can be built anywhere

Zero emissions and benign materials

Ready to deploy with an established

supply chain

A highly customisable storage solution offering unique advantages

70%+ efficiency by utilizing waste heat

or cold

$


Performance – Round Trip Efficiency

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

AC

-to

-AC

Ro

un

d T

rip

Eff

icie

ncy

(in

cl. p

aras

itic

)

Power recovery turbine inlet temperature (°F)

Reference efficiency of standalone plant with no waste heat

Liquefier using waste cold (LNG regas)

Efficiency depends on temperature of waste heat and availability of cold and on scale

CAPEX savings and marginal performance enhancements available at low temperatures

Higher temperatures may be utilised


Ancillary loads and parasitic losses

Highview’s patented cycle maximizes recoverable energyR

eco

vere

dEn

ergy

70

%

Fluid &

exergy losses

BALANCEDISCHARGECHARGE

with 500 °F heat


Performance – power recovery response

0 5 10Minutes

Mode of Operation Time to export Ramp rate

Standard < 5 minutes 20% Pn / min

Spingen < 30 seconds 5% Pn / sec

0 10 20 30Minutes

Liquid production Liquefier LoadPower export

Mode of Operation Time to load Ramp rate Time to liquid production

Standard < 5 minutes 20% Pn / min 10 - 20 minutes from cold

Load bank Instantaneous 10 - 20 minutes from cold

Capable of dispatch faster than a classic peaking unit


Economy of scale

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

40.0 100.0 400.0

[$/k

W]

Output Power Rating [MW]

All-in installed cost ranges for 4h systems

Costs reduce with scale and can be optimised by careful configuration


Lifetime cost

0 200 400 600

Underground CAES

Pumped-Hydro

Lithium-Ion

Zinc

Liquid Air (Standalone)

$ / MWh

CONSTRAINED

LOCATABLE 20-year LCOS for a 100 MW system

Lowest cost large-scale energy storage technology that can be built anywhere

SOURCE: Data from Lazard LCOS 2.0 (https://www.lazard.com/media/438042/lazard-levelized-cost-of-storage-v20.pdf)

Levelized Cost of Storage = σ𝑡 ቁ൫𝐶𝐴𝑃𝐸𝑋𝑡+𝑂&𝑀𝑡+𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑡+𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑡 ∗ 1+𝑟 −𝑡

൯σ𝑡൫𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑡∗(1−𝑟)−𝑡

https://www.lazard.com/media/438042/lazard-levelized-cost-of-storage-v20.pdf


0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

$/k

W y

ear

Market Revenue vs All-in cost (Present Values)

Additional time-shifting revenue(with excess solar & wind) PVMarket Revenues PVs

Total Revenue PV

Fixed OM PV

Revenue stacking

Further revenues available for thermally-integrated plant:

• O&M savings from reduced cycling

• Reduced emissions

• Potential performance improvements or OPEX savings through LAES process integration

Positive returns add up by stacking sources of revenue


Reserve capacity

Low marginal cost of additional energy capacity(as little as 20 $/kWhCAPEX

*)

Cycling capacity

Reserve capacity

100%

50%

0%

Stat

e o

f C

har

ge

12am 12am12pm

*as low as $20/kWh with heat available, as low as $40/kWh without.

Low-cost Reserve Capacity can be held for events such as black start or infrequent peak events to avoid T&D upgrades.


Potential benefits of thermal integration

Optimise plant operation with potential to:• Reduce cycling• Reduce fuel costs• Influence merit order placement

Improve performance of the whole system by:• boosting LAES efficiency• potentially boosting power plant efficiency• leveraging plant synergies

Reduce cost with potential to:• remove LAES sub-systems• share components• share services

Integration of LAES with thermal plant offers mutual benefits


Example 1: Peaker plant

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Minutes

GT power LAES power Total power GT speed Exhaust Temperature

Improved Peaker offering: enhanced capacity and storage services

• 900 °F waste heat

• Up to 70% Round-Trip Efficiency

• Charge off peak / dispatch with the gas turbine

• Developed in collaboration with General Electric


Example 2: steam cycle

LAES with a baseload plant can be a more flexible asset

12am 12am12pm

Po

we

r

Baseload plant

0LAES

Total

Duck Curve (reference)


Coal Plant

Cryo-expander

Mai

n H

eat

Exc

han

ger

Ph

ase

Sep

arat

or

Re

cycl

e A

ir C

om

pre

sso

r

JT

Boiler

Evaporator

Air

Pu

rifi

cati

on

Un

it

Generator

Air Liquefier

Liquid Air Tanks

High-Grade Cold Store

Power Recovery UnitCryopump

Mai

n A

ir C

om

pre

sso

r

Air Inlet

Generator

Thermal Store

Waste Heat Recovery Unit

Flue Gas Desulphurization

Mak

e-u

p w

ate

r

Coal Dryer

220,000 kW

• Access to up to 15% cost saving on CAPEX

• Performance enhancements through process synergy

300 °F heat

Example 2: steam cycle

Dry Air

Share services

Remove components

Cooling

Alleviate pinch points

Steam-driven compressors


Next generation LAES (Hybridisation)

Enhanced LAES system utilising ultra capacitor and flywheel technologies

Demonstration project currently in construction phase will be operational summer 2018

The benefits include;• Near instantaneous import response• Near instantaneous export response• Reduced main turbine start-up

Copyright of Highview Power Storage © All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in anyform or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or otherelectronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permissionof Highview Enterprises Ltd. © Highview Enterprises Limited, 2017

Highview Power Storage

[email protected]

www.highview-power.com

+44 (0)207 484 5600

Contact Us

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.highview-power.com/

Documents

LIQUID AIR ENERGY STORAGE (LAES) · 2017-12-21 · Wide range of services performed by different types of energy storage T&D investment deferral Energy arbitrage T&D system support