LIPIDS

are large class of naturally occurring compounds that are characterized by their solubility in non-polar organic compounds and insolubility in water.

Definition:

are organic substances made up of fatty acids and their naturally existing compounds and derivatives.

FATTY ACIDS-monocarboxylic acids that contains long, unbranched hydrocarbon chains (generally 12-16 C atoms)

O

R C OH

#1 Carbon Acid Group O

R C OH

Non-polar End - Hydrophobic End (Fat-soluble tail)

Polar End - Hydrophilic End

These are the building blocks of all saponiafiable lipids

Rarely found free in nature (ex: D-galactose)

Melting point depends on the bond length

CHARACTERISTICS:

A. Saturated fatty acid- have a carbon chain in which C-C are single bonds. (gen formula: CnH2nO2)

C L A S S I F I C A T I O N :

NAME RATIO Formula Source

Butyric acid 4:0 CH3(CH2)2COOH BUTTER FAT

Caproic acid 6:0 CH3(CH2)4COOH BUTTER FAT

Caprylic acid 8:0 CH3(CH2)6COOH COCONUT OIL

Capric acid 10:0

CH3(CH2)8COOH PALM OIL

Lauric acid 12:0

CH3(CH2)10COOH LAUREL OIL

Myristic acid 14:0

CH3(CH2)12COOH NUTMEG OIL, COCONUT OIL

Palmitic 16:0

CH3(CH2)14COOH PALM OIL, LARD, COTTONSEED OIL

Stearic acid 18:0

CH3(CH2)16COOH PEANUT OIL, LARD

Arachidic acid 20:0

CH3(CH2)18COOH PEANUT OIL

Butter fatNutmeg oilCoconut oilPalm OilPeanut oilCottonseed oil

Lard

Laurel Oil

Gaucher's Disease is caused by a buildup of glucocerebrosides in tissues. glucocerebrosides, which are a product of fat

metabolism, accumulate in tissues. is the most common lipidosis. is most common among Ashkenazi (Eastern

European) Jews leads to an enlarged liver and spleen and a brownish

pigmentation of the skin. Accumulations of glucocerebrosides in the eyes cause yellow spots called pingueculae to appear. Accumulations in the bone marrow can cause pain and destroy bone.

DISORDERS OF LIPID METABOLISM

Tay-Sachs Disease is caused by a buildup of gangliosides in the tissues.

This disease results in early death. gangliosides, which are products of fat metabolism,

accumulate in tissues. most common among families of Eastern European

Jewish origin. At a very early age, children with this disease become

progressively intellectually disabled and appear to have floppy muscle tone. Spasticity develops and is followed by paralysis, dementia, and blindness. These children usually die by age 3 or 4. The disease cannot be treated or cured.

During pregnancy, Tay-Sachs disease can be identified in the fetus by chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis

Niemann-Pick Disease is caused by a buildup of sphingomyelin or cholesterol in

the tissues. This disease causes many neurologic problems.

the deficiency of a specific enzyme results in the accumulation of sphingomyelin (a product of fat metabolism) or cholesterol

The most severe forms tend to occur in Jewish people. The milder forms occur in all ethnic groups.

In the most severe form (type A), children fail to grow normally and have several neurologic problems. These children usually die by age 3. Children with type B disease develop fatty growths in the skin, areas of dark pigmentation, and an enlarged liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. They may be intellectually disabled. Children with type C disease develop symptoms during childhood, with seizures and neurologic deterioration.

Fabry's Disease is caused by a buildup of glycolipid in tissues. This disease

causes skin growths, pain in the extremities, poor vision, recurrent episodes of fever, and kidney or heart failure.

glycolipid, which is a product of fat metabolism, accumulates in tissues. Because the defective gene for this rare disorder is carried on the X chromosome, the full-blown disease occurs only in males.

The accumulation of glycolipid causes noncancerous (benign) skin growths (angiokeratomas) to form on the lower part of the trunk. The corneas become cloudy, resulting in poor vision. A burning pain may develop in the arms and legs, and children may have episodes of fever. Children with Fabry's disease eventually develop kidney failure and heart disease, although most often, they live into adulthood. Kidney failure may lead to high blood pressure, which may result in stroke.