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LINGUISTIC METASTABILITIES.LINGUISTIC METASTABILITIES.A case-study on Italian idioms.A case-study on Italian idioms.

ENRICO TORREENRICO TORRELancaster UniversityLancaster University

55thth UK Cognitive Linguistics Conference UK Cognitive Linguistics ConferenceLancaster UniversityLancaster University

July 29-31, 2014July 29-31, 2014

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Idiomatic construction: a working definitionIdiomatic construction: a working definition

““AA conventionalconventional constructionconstruction whosewhose meaningmeaning cancan shift,shift, toto somesome extent,extent, betweenbetween aa literalliteral andand aa figurativefigurative level,level, andand whose use whose use isis shapedshaped byby specificspecific formal,formal, semantic,semantic, pragmatic,pragmatic, cognitive,cognitive, affective,affective, socio-cultural,socio-cultural, discursivediscursive andand situationalsituational factorsfactors” ” (see(see CameronCameron andand DeignanDeignan 2006;2006; LanglotzLanglotz 2006; Torre 2013b).2006; Torre 2013b).

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Language as a dynamic systemLanguage as a dynamic system

● Traditional generative theories consider language as an innate Traditional generative theories consider language as an innate codecode, , made up of a list of made up of a list of abstract symbolsabstract symbols and a set of and a set of formal rulesformal rules to to combine them (e.g. Fodor 1975; Jackendoff 1994; Pinker 1999);combine them (e.g. Fodor 1975; Jackendoff 1994; Pinker 1999);

● Nevertheless, nowadays an increasing number of studies show that Nevertheless, nowadays an increasing number of studies show that language is a language is a complex,complex, dynamic system dynamic system, which emerges from , which emerges from intersubjective experienceintersubjective experience and evolves over and evolves over timetime, in an ongoing , in an ongoing self-organizingself-organizing process which involves different dimensions and process which involves different dimensions and time-scales (e.g. Elman 1995; Cowley et al. 2004; Ellis and Larsen-time-scales (e.g. Elman 1995; Cowley et al. 2004; Ellis and Larsen-Freeman 2010; Hodges and Fowler 2010; Cowley 2011; Fowler and Freeman 2010; Hodges and Fowler 2010; Cowley 2011; Fowler and Hodges 2011).Hodges 2011).

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Basic dynamic-systems principlesBasic dynamic-systems principles

● dynamic systemdynamic system: a complex of aspects all evolving in a : a complex of aspects all evolving in a continuous, simultaneous, and mutually determining fashion;continuous, simultaneous, and mutually determining fashion;

● statestate: a set of variables that may change as a function of time;: a set of variables that may change as a function of time;● phase spacephase space: the set of all possible values variables can take;: the set of all possible values variables can take;● trajectorytrajectory: the sequence of states generated by the dynamics;: the sequence of states generated by the dynamics;● attractor stateattractor state: a small stable set of the phase space toward which : a small stable set of the phase space toward which

all nearby trajectories converge;all nearby trajectories converge;● basin of attractionbasin of attraction: a set of points converging to the attractor over : a set of points converging to the attractor over

timetime

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What is metastability?What is metastability?

The co-existence of numerous latent patterns of activity as latent potentialsThe co-existence of numerous latent patterns of activity as latent potentials. . “The probability of any particular pattern organizing into existence is a “The probability of any particular pattern organizing into existence is a function of variables both internal and external to the system. A system function of variables both internal and external to the system. A system becomes more flexible, and more metastable, as its capacity to concurrently becomes more flexible, and more metastable, as its capacity to concurrently hold many distinct latent patterns increases.” (Kello et al. 2008: 1218)hold many distinct latent patterns increases.” (Kello et al. 2008: 1218)

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The inner structure of idiomsThe inner structure of idioms

● Idiomatic constructions have often been dismissed as Idiomatic constructions have often been dismissed as non-non-decomposabledecomposable items of non-literal language, peripheral and items of non-literal language, peripheral and uninteresting. (e.g. Chomsky 1980; Nicolas 1995).uninteresting. (e.g. Chomsky 1980; Nicolas 1995).

● Against this view, in the last decades psycholinguistic and corpus-Against this view, in the last decades psycholinguistic and corpus-linguistic studies have shown that idioms can often undergo linguistic studies have shown that idioms can often undergo structural modificationstructural modification and display different and display different variation patternsvariation patterns (e.g. Langlotz 2006; Naciscione 2010; cf. also Gibbs and Colston (e.g. Langlotz 2006; Naciscione 2010; cf. also Gibbs and Colston 2012).2012).

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Langlotz's (2006) criteria for the classification of Langlotz's (2006) criteria for the classification of idiomatic entry formsidiomatic entry forms

● CompositionalityCompositionality: the derivational predictability or regularity of : the derivational predictability or regularity of the composite structure by adding up the values of its component the composite structure by adding up the values of its component parts.parts.

● Figurative-literal isomorphismFigurative-literal isomorphism: the contribution of a component : the contribution of a component structure to the overall compositional value.structure to the overall compositional value.

● MotivationMotivation: a speaker's ability to make sense of an idiomatic : a speaker's ability to make sense of an idiomatic expression by reactivating or remotivating its figurativity, i.e. to expression by reactivating or remotivating its figurativity, i.e. to understand why the idiom has the figurative meaning it has, given understand why the idiom has the figurative meaning it has, given its literal meaning.its literal meaning.

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Motivation patternsMotivation patterns

● Conceptual metaphor Conceptual metaphor (e.g. Lakoff and Johnson 1980).(e.g. Lakoff and Johnson 1980).

● Conceptual metonymy Conceptual metonymy (e.g. Barcelona 2000).(e.g. Barcelona 2000).

● Conceptual blending Conceptual blending (e.g. Fauconnier and Turner 2002)(e.g. Fauconnier and Turner 2002)..

● EmblemsEmblems (Langlotz 2006). (Langlotz 2006).

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An empirical analysisAn empirical analysis

● A sample of 50 idiomatic constructions collected from Sorge's A sample of 50 idiomatic constructions collected from Sorge's (2010) (2010) dictionarydictionary of Italian idioms. of Italian idioms.

● 70 to 100 70 to 100 occurrencesoccurrences per idiom, retrieved in the per idiom, retrieved in the ItTenTenItTenTen corpus, investigated via the online corpus-query system corpus, investigated via the online corpus-query system Sketch Sketch EngineEngine ((http://www.sketchengine.co.ukhttp://www.sketchengine.co.uk))..

● A A totaltotal of 4,809 occurrences of idiomatic constructions in use. of 4,809 occurrences of idiomatic constructions in use.

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An exampleAn example

Essere un sepolcro imbiancato.Essere un sepolcro imbiancato.

Be:inf a.msg sepulchre.sg whitewashed.sgBe:inf a.msg sepulchre.sg whitewashed.sg

““to be a whitewashed sepulchre”, meaning to be a to be a whitewashed sepulchre”, meaning to be a hypocrite and a fake. hypocrite and a fake. (to some extent, “sepolcro imbiancato” can be seen as (to some extent, “sepolcro imbiancato” can be seen as close to the English “holier-than-thou”).close to the English “holier-than-thou”).

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An exampleAn example

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An empirically-detected attractor stateAn empirically-detected attractor state

DefinitionDefinition: : the bundle of (both the bundle of (both lexical and syntactic) lexical and syntactic) constructionsconstructions which are which are statistically (and, in some cases, statistically (and, in some cases, analogically or ironically) analogically or ironically) associated with the associated with the keywordskeywords of of an idiom, together with the an idiom, together with the particular semantic, pragmatic, particular semantic, pragmatic, affective, and socio-cultural affective, and socio-cultural valuesvalues related to their related to their co-co-occurrenceoccurrence. If the bundle includes . If the bundle includes several possible structures, these several possible structures, these may differ in terms of the may differ in terms of the attractive force they have.attractive force they have.

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An empirically-detected attractor stateAn empirically-detected attractor state

The attractor emerges as a result of the constant, non-The attractor emerges as a result of the constant, non-linear linear interactioninteraction of linguistic, cognitive, and socio- of linguistic, cognitive, and socio-cultural factors in actual language usage events.cultural factors in actual language usage events.

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An empirically-detected attractor stateAn empirically-detected attractor state

FORMAL POLEFORMAL POLEVerbal form Phrase order

Present IIIpl (27%)Present IIIsg (25%)Present IIpl (8%)Present Ipl (7%)Infinitive (5%)

NP(S) V NP(SC) (39%)V NP (SC) (18%)

NP(S) (7%)NP(S) V AdjP(SC) (6%)

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An empirically-detected attractor stateAn empirically-detected attractor state

MEANING POLEMEANING POLECombination of motivation patterns

conceptual metaphor: PEOPLE AS CONTAINERSconceptual metaphor: PEOPLE AS CONTAINERSimplying: PERSONAL QUALITIES AS CONTENTimplying: PERSONAL QUALITIES AS CONTENTelaboration: BAD QUALITIES AS DISGUSTING CONTENTelaboration: BAD QUALITIES AS DISGUSTING CONTENT

conceptual metonymy: OBJECT FOR EMOTIONconceptual metonymy: OBJECT FOR EMOTIONelaboration: ROTTEN FLESH FOR DISGUSTelaboration: ROTTEN FLESH FOR DISGUSTimplying: TOMB AS A CONTAINER OF DISGUSTING implying: TOMB AS A CONTAINER OF DISGUSTING

CONTENTCONTENTconceptual metonymy: WHITEWASHING FOR EMBELLISHMENTconceptual metonymy: WHITEWASHING FOR EMBELLISHMENT

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Idiomatic constructions in dynamic-systems termsIdiomatic constructions in dynamic-systems terms

● Idiomatic expression = Idiomatic expression = dynamic systemdynamic system;;● Each particular usage-event of the idiom = Each particular usage-event of the idiom = statestate;;● The set of possible uses of the idiom = The set of possible uses of the idiom = phase spacephase space;;● The amount of all the observed instances of usage of the The amount of all the observed instances of usage of the

idiom = idiom = trajectorytrajectory;;● The combination of motivation patterns = The combination of motivation patterns = basin of basin of

attractionattraction..

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The behavioral tendencies of Italian idiomsThe behavioral tendencies of Italian idioms

● Idioms in use show several variation patterns, which differ with regard to distinct Idioms in use show several variation patterns, which differ with regard to distinct aspects of their form and/or meaning. Stickaspects of their form and/or meaning. Sticking to Langlotz's (2006) three-way ing to Langlotz's (2006) three-way scheme, we can say that idiomatic scheme, we can say that idiomatic formform can be modified in terms of can be modified in terms of morphosyntaxmorphosyntax, , syntaxsyntax, and the , and the lexiconlexicon, whereas idiomatic , whereas idiomatic meaningmeaning can vary can vary with regard to with regard to polysemypolysemy, , adaptationadaptation, and , and ambiguationambiguation..

● The variational behavior of idiomatic constructions can be observed and The variational behavior of idiomatic constructions can be observed and evaluated from a evaluated from a quantitativequantitative perspective, since some idioms are quite flexible, perspective, since some idioms are quite flexible, and thus more likely to undergo modification, whereas some others are more and thus more likely to undergo modification, whereas some others are more rigid, and thus display a tendency to be more stable.rigid, and thus display a tendency to be more stable.

● Idiomatic variants can also be the object of Idiomatic variants can also be the object of qualitativequalitative considerations, as they considerations, as they range from plain lexicogrammatical adaptations to striking instances of range from plain lexicogrammatical adaptations to striking instances of wordplay. They can be thus seen as distributed along a cline of conventionality wordplay. They can be thus seen as distributed along a cline of conventionality and conspicuousness. and conspicuousness.

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The behavioral tendencies of Italian idiomsThe behavioral tendencies of Italian idioms

Each construction can be seen as a Each construction can be seen as a dynamic systemdynamic system, regulated by a principle , regulated by a principle of of causal circularitycausal circularity (e.g. Kelso 1995; (e.g. Kelso 1995; Deacon 2003), whereby:Deacon 2003), whereby:

● On the one hand, a bundle of formal, On the one hand, a bundle of formal, semantic/pragmatic, cognitive, affective, semantic/pragmatic, cognitive, affective, socio-cultural, discursive, and situational socio-cultural, discursive, and situational factors works as an factors works as an attractor stateattractor state, toward , toward which the occurrences of an idiomatic which the occurrences of an idiomatic construction tend to converge;construction tend to converge;

● On the other hand, the On the other hand, the trajectorytrajectory of of occurrences of the construction in context occurrences of the construction in context constantly (re-)shapes the attractor state, in constantly (re-)shapes the attractor state, in a a self-organizingself-organizing fashion. fashion.

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Metastabilities in a network of attractor statesMetastabilities in a network of attractor states

This persistent tension lies at the roots of This persistent tension lies at the roots of linguistic variation and leads the system linguistic variation and leads the system into a state of into a state of metastabilitymetastability, where , where linguistic events can be seen as linguistic events can be seen as networksnetworks of attractor states. of attractor states. In this landscape, the In this landscape, the utterances tend to converge to specific utterances tend to converge to specific constructions (the attractors states) over constructions (the attractors states) over time, but they remain sensitive to the real-time, but they remain sensitive to the real-time dynamics of the ongoing interaction time dynamics of the ongoing interaction (e.g. R(e.g. Rąączaszek-Leonardi 2013; Torre czaszek-Leonardi 2013; Torre 2013c, 2013d). From this perspective, the 2013c, 2013d). From this perspective, the linguistic system linguistic system simultaneouslysimultaneously displays a certain degree of stability and displays a certain degree of stability and plasticity (Bressler and Tognoli 2006; plasticity (Bressler and Tognoli 2006; Kello et al. 2008; Kelso 2008, 2012)Kello et al. 2008; Kelso 2008, 2012)

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Metastabilities in a network of attractor statesMetastabilities in a network of attractor states

Language can be conceived as a Language can be conceived as a constantly evolvingconstantly evolving dynamic dynamic system, characterized by inherent system, characterized by inherent flexibility, fuzziness, emergence, flexibility, fuzziness, emergence, and context-dependence (Elman and context-dependence (Elman 1995, 2004; R1995, 2004; Rąączaszek-Leonardi czaszek-Leonardi and Kelso 2008; Torre 2014). and Kelso 2008; Torre 2014). Linguistic interactions are then Linguistic interactions are then driven by the interplay of form, driven by the interplay of form, meaning, and contextual factors, meaning, and contextual factors, which lead to the formation of which lead to the formation of relatively stable complex patternsrelatively stable complex patterns (R(Rąączaszek-Leonardi 2013; Torre czaszek-Leonardi 2013; Torre 2013d)2013d)..

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Multiple time-scales and a fractal architecture?Multiple time-scales and a fractal architecture?

● The The balancebalance between between rigorrigor and and flexibilityflexibility proper of a dynamic-systems proper of a dynamic-systems perspective allows the analyst to loosen the traditional dichotomy between perspective allows the analyst to loosen the traditional dichotomy between synchrony and diachrony, providing a more integrated account of linguistic synchrony and diachrony, providing a more integrated account of linguistic phenomena phenomena underlining the fact that their patterns are the emergent result of the underlining the fact that their patterns are the emergent result of the persistent interplaypersistent interplay of several factors over distinct of several factors over distinct scales of timescales of time (e.g. (e.g. RRąączaszek-Leonardi 2010; Torre 2013a; cf. Leonardi 2014).czaszek-Leonardi 2010; Torre 2013a; cf. Leonardi 2014).

● Since the same mechanisms seem to be working at different dimensions, time-Since the same mechanisms seem to be working at different dimensions, time-scales, and levels of granularity, the linguistic system appears to display a self-scales, and levels of granularity, the linguistic system appears to display a self-similar structure, asimilar structure, a consideration which can be extended to the broader eco- consideration which can be extended to the broader eco-socio-cognitive “picture”. Consequently, a socio-cognitive “picture”. Consequently, a fractal architecturefractal architecture seems to be able seems to be able to describe the enormous level of intricacy which characterizes human linguistic to describe the enormous level of intricacy which characterizes human linguistic and social interactions (Van Orden et al. 2010; Wallot and Van Orden 2011; and social interactions (Van Orden et al. 2010; Wallot and Van Orden 2011; Thibault 2011, 2014).Thibault 2011, 2014).

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Multiple time-scales and a fractal architecture?Multiple time-scales and a fractal architecture?

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THANK YOU!THANK YOU!

e.torre@lancaster.ac.uke.torre@lancaster.ac.uk

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