Upload
hoangthuan
View
222
Download
5
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Light management in new photovoltaic
materialsFOM programme nr. 131
Mid-term Report 2011-2016
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 62
Light management in new photovoltaic
materialsFOM programme nr. 131
Mid-term Report 2011-2016
FOM Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam
LMPVLight management
in new photovoltaic materials
Colofon
Photography: Mark Knight
Cartoons: Tremani, Henk-Jan Boluijt
Front cover: artist’s impression of InP nanowire solar cell
(Nature Nanotech. 2016)
Rear cover: solar panel test field at AMOLF
October 2016
© FOM Institute AMOLF
Science Park 104
1098 XG Amsterdam, the Netherlands
www.lmpv.nl
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 64
• Three new GROUP LEADERS hired: Erik Garnett, Bruno Ehrler, and Esther Alarcón Lladó.
• NEW LABORATORIES constructed for wet-chemical materials synthesis, hybrid organic/inorganic thin-film materials synthesis, nano-electrochemistry, and opto-electronic characterization.
• PERSONNEL: 14 PhD students hired of which 5 graduated (2 cum laude); 9 postdocs hired; 22 master’s students trained.
• PUBLICATIONS: 66 papers published, 5 papers in press, 10 papers in review.
• IMPACT/QUALITY: 58% of published papers in high-impact journals. Citation impact: 3.36 times world average.
• ADDITIONAL GRANTS: 7.7 M€ acquired (FOM, NWO, TKI, ERC, etc.).
• COLLABORATIONS with top-level international partners: Cambridge, EPFL, Stanford, Caltech, etc.
• COORDINATION of national PV initiatives: establishment of Solardam, NWA Materials Science route, national PV research network, national PV workshops.
• KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER: alliance with ECN; research contracts with ASI, ASML, Bruker, Delmic, DSM, FEI, Philips; 6 patent applications.
• Many AWARDS, outreach activities, and extensive media attention.
Summary of LMPV achievements
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 6 5
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 66
12
3456789
10
Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................... 6
2 Scientific report 2011-2016 ........................................... 7
Group Garnett (Nanoscale Solar Cells) ....................... 7
Group Ehrler (Hybrid Solar Cells) ................................ 7
Group Alarcón Lladó (3D Photovoltaics) .................... 8
Group Polman (Photonic Materials) ............................ 9
Satellite project Vanmaekelbergh ............................. 10
Satellite project Schropp ............................................. 10
3 Personnel ....................................................................... 10
4 Publications ................................................................... 11
5 Programme activities .................................................. 11
6 Finances ......................................................................... 13
7 Knowledge and technology transfer ........................ 13
8 Honors and awards ..................................................... 14
9 Student education, outreach ...................................... 15
10 Research plan 2017-2020 ............................................ 15
Appendix A Personnel ................................................ 18
Appendix B Publications ............................................. 20
Appendix C Additionally acquired grants ............... 25
Appendix D Media attention, outreach .................... 26
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 6 7
Photovoltaics, the direct conversion of sunlight to electricity, is a
promising technology that enables the generation of electrical
power at a very large scale. It has the potential to make a
significant contribution to a clean, affordable and sustainable
energy supply for our society. However, to make photovoltaic
energy sources fully competitive with fossil fuel technologies
and allow very large scale application, generation costs must be
further reduced and, related to that, the efficiency of
photovoltaic energy conversion must be further increased.
These goals cannot be achieved by a simple extension and/or
optimization of existing photovoltaic conversion concepts and
technologies. The key challenge in photovoltaics energy
research is to invent revolutionary new, original, and effective
energy conversion concepts that increase conversion efficiency
and reduce materials and fabrication costs.
In the past decades, photovoltaics research worldwide has very
much focused on the science and engineering of new
photovoltaic materials and geometries. Understanding and
optimizing the flow and capture of light in wavelength-scale
photovoltaic systems, however, has been an overlooked
opportunity for efficiency gains and fundamental discoveries.
Since the establishment of the Center for Nanophotonics at
AMOLF in 2005, a large body of knowledge and expertise has
been built up at AMOLF on the behavior of light at the
nanoscale. In 2011, AMOLF started a new program “Light
Management in New Photovoltaic Materials” (FOM Focus Group
LMPV), taking advantage of the nanophotonics expertise for
photovoltaics. The new program investigates advanced
nanoscale light and carrier management with the aim to
improve photovoltaic energy conversion. The program brings
together expertise in fundamental nanophotonics, materials
synthesis, device physics, spectroscopy, nanofabrication, and
nanocharacterization.
The goal of the LMPV program is to develop fundamental
understanding of the interaction of light with photovoltaic
nanomaterials, and apply this knowledge to -eventually- realize
photovoltaic conversion concepts that surpass existing
technology. The LMPV research program targets three long-term
efficiency goals: (1) towards 30% efficiency: light coupling,
trapping and carrier collection geometries to reach or stretch
the ultimate limits of Si technology; (2) 30-40% efficiency: hybrid
solar cell geometries based on organic/inorganic materials, and
thin-film/wafer-Si tandem cells; (3) beyond 40% efficiency: novel
III-V nanowire geometries and other hybrid architectures.
Achieving these goals requires synthesis and development of
entirely new materials and solar cell architectures, and
fundamental research on hybridizing strategies combining
concepts from dielectrics and metamaterials, to managing light
on length scales from the molecular scale to that of a solar
panel, and to harness extreme materials properties to reach the
limits of what is possible under reciprocity and thermody-
namics. The LMPV program’s primary goal is to achieve
fundamental understanding of basic physical phenomena that
are relevant for future (>5-10 years) application in photovoltaics.
In many cases, demonstrator devices are made as well, either at
AMOLF or with external collaborators.
The worldwide photovoltaics industry has a turnover
approaching 100 B€ per year, and is mostly based on Si solar
panels with an efficiency of 15-20%. Any new photovoltaic
design concept that can enhance efficiency by 1% absolute, and
that can be applied at a large scale, has a potential value of
several billions of euros. Therefore, more than in any other
research field, major progress in photovoltaics research is
measured in (very) small efficiency steps.
1 Introduction
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 68
1 Introduction
LMPV group leaders Alarcón Lladó, Polman, Ehrler and Garnett
The LMPV Focus Group is headed by Albert Polman. The first
new group leader, Erik Garnett (PhD UC Berkeley, postdoc
Stanford University), started on 1-9-2012 with a research
program on nanowire solar cells. The second group leader,
Bruno Ehrler (PhD and post-doc Cambridge University) started
on 1-11-2014, initiating a research program on hybrid organic/
inorganic solar cells. The third group leader, Esther Alarcón Lladó (PhD at CSIC Spain, postdoc and researcher at A-Star
Singapore, EPFL and UC Berkeley) has started on 1-2-2016, and is
building up a research program on electrochemical growth of
compound semiconductor nanowires. In addition, the LMPV
program funds two satellite PhD projects in the groups of
Daniel Vanmaekelbergh (UU) and Ruud Schropp (TUE).
The LMPV Focus Group is funded by FOM (5.400 k€) and AMOLF
(2.270 k€) for the period 2011-2019. The four research groups
also acquire additional funds (FOM, NWO, TKI, ERC, etc.) to
expand their groups. These external funds (7.690 k€ so far) are
an essential aspect of the LMPV program as they are key to the
growth of the program to the desired size of ~30-35 researchers.
This mid-term report provides an overview of the research
funded through the LMPV Focus Group and the additional funds
so far.
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 6 9
Group Garnett (Nanoscale Solar Cells)Garnett’s group has diverse interests at the border between
chemistry, physics and materials science. His group began in
September 2012. It has reached a steady-state size of 10 people,
with nearly 4 M€ in external funding awarded, 4 patents
submitted and 16 articles published in journals including
Science, Nature Nanotechnology, Advanced Materials and Nano
Letters. All projects have the goal of understanding nanoma-
terials at a deeper level in order to make high-efficiency,
low-cost solar conversion devices. The primary research
directions are described briefly below.
Advanced optoelectronic measurements A novel integrating sphere microscopy setup was constructed
with the unique capability of mapping quantitative
absorptance, internal quantum efficiency and photolumi-
nescence quantum yield with diffraction-limited spatial
resolution. Integrating sphere microscopy allowed us to
measure for the first time the thermodynamic limit of a single
nanowire solar cell, compare that limit to a planar device and
identify/quantify remaining loss mechanisms. A second related
project used super-resolution microscopy for the first time to
understand nanophotonic coupling and resonant effects in
semiconducting nanowires. Nanophotonic coupling plays a
central role in the antenna effect, which has been proposed as a
mechanism for nanowires to break the standard Shockley-
Queisser limit.
Nanophotonic theory and simulations We have investigated the role nanophotonics plays in solar cell
efficiency limits (especially if/where they differ from planar
cells) and created design rules for reaching those limits. The
early work studied metal-semiconductor core-shell nanowire
superabsorbers, which can reduce the semiconductor thickness
required for full solar absorption by a factor of ~100. We then
examined the claim that concentration by nanoscale antennas
can be used to break the standard Shockley-Queisser limit and
discovered that although they appear similar, there are
important fundamental differences between macroscopic and
nanophotonic light concentration. Most notably, the antenna
effect itself cannot be used to break the Shockley-Queisser limit;
it must be accompanied by a change in directivity. We provided
design rules for reaching high directivity values and outlined
the possible gains in efficiency for perfect materials and those
with substantial non-radiative recombination. Most recently, we
began studying photon recycling effects in nanostructures,
which must be considered when nanophotonic solar cells
approach the radiative limit.
Halide perovskite synthesis and characterization The combination of solution-processability and excellent
optoelectronic properties make halide perovskites uniquely
suited for studying nanophotonic effects. To this end, we have
developed novel synthetic routes to make monocrystalline
halide perovskite materials including nanostructures and
nanopatterned thin-films. We have shown that the emission
wavelength and angular distribution can be controlled by the
nanoscale pattern and have recently demonstrated distributed
feedback lasers from such solution-processed structures.
Additionally, we have varied the grain size and surface
passivation layers to study grain boundary and surface recombi-
nation effects and developed a rapid screening tool for
measuring minority carrier diffusion length – one of the most
important quantitative measures of material quality.
Metal nanowire transparent electrodes for next generation solar cellsMetal nanowire transparent electrodes have already shown
comparable or even better performance compared to
transparent conducting oxide films currently used in thin-film
photovoltaics. We have now developed a
fabrication method that combines the
advantages of controlled nanopatterns
enabled by lithographic processing with
the higher conductivity and lower cost
reached by solution synthesis. We have
also implemented metal nanowire
networks for the first time as both the
transparent electrode and charge-
separating interface (i.e. without a p-n
junction) in both Cu2O and Si solar cells.
Currently, we are investigating
possibilities to make monocrystalline
metal nanowire transparent electrodes
that would double the conductivity of
state-of-the-art electrodes. We are also
2 Scientific report 2011-2016
Limits and losses in nanophotonic
solar cells quantified using
integrating sphere microscopy (Nature
Nanotech. 2016)
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 610
exploring new possibilities for tandem interdigitated back
contact (IBC) solar cells enabled by metal nanowire electrodes.
Group Ehrler (Hybrid Solar Cells)Ehrler’s group focusses on the development and understanding
of novel hybrid organic/inorganic solar cells that could enable
efficiencies beyond the standard Shockley-Queisser limit for a
single-junction solar cell. His group was initiated in November
2014 and currently consists of seven people, with five master
students already graduated. The group attracted almost 900 k€
in external funding. Recent results were published in Science,
Nano Letters, ACS Energy Letters, and The Journal of Physical
Chemistry Letters, among others.
Hybrid singlet fission solar cellsSinglet fission is a process in organic semiconductors by which
a high-energy photon is split into two low-energy particles. That
way a solar cell can produce two electrons per photon instead
of one, drastically increasing the achievable efficiency. We aim
to incorporate this advantage into conventional silicon solar
cells. We recently invented a parallel tandem configuration of a
pentacene solar cell on top of a silicon solar cell and achieved
106% external quantum efficiency, which means that every
incoming photon produced 1.06 electrons. Producing more than
one electron per photon has not been achieved with a silicon
solar cell to date, and shows the potential of singlet fission to
increase solar cell efficiency. We also showed that this parallel
tandem solar cell is very stable against changes in the incoming
solar spectrum. We collaborate with ECN and the Helmholtz
Centre on the silicon/organic interface, and study charge and
energy transfer from the organic singlet fission material into
silicon using time-resolved spectroscopy and cathodolumi-
nescence. The most common singlet fission materials
(pentacene, tetracene and derivatives) are unstable when
exposed to oxygen and light, limiting practical applications. We
have recently made the first solar cells from environmentally
stable singlet fission materials terrylene and perylene diimide.
Singlet fission spectroscopyBesides the solar cells we study the fundamentals of the singlet
fission process. This process depends heavily on the interaction
between the organic molecules, and we change the coupling of
molecules using hydrostatic pressure. Hydrostatic pressure is a
clean way to change the distance between the molecules in a
very controlled fashion, without changing the crystal or
molecular geometry. We are currently using optical
spectroscopy (transient photoluminescence, ultrafast transient
absorption) to study the changes in singlet fission efficiency.
This understanding will help to design more efficient singlet
fission materials.
Hybrid perovskite spectroscopySolar cells made from hybrid perovskites have seen an unprec-
edented rise in power conversion efficiency over the past years.
The most likely path to the market for hybrid perovskites is the
use as a top cell in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. We
have calculated the theoretical maximum efficiency under
realistic conditions for a range of tandem solar cell configu-
rations (module tandem, series tandem and four-terminal
tandem), and found that four-terminal and module tandem
cells are much more stable against spectral changes than
series-connected tandem cells. We also found that the conven-
tional lead iodide perovskites only allow for higher efficiency in
a four-terminal tandem configuration. Yet, the fundamental
understanding as to why these materials are so efficient is
lacking behind the achievements in device efficiency. We
recently found that hybrid perovskites undergo photon
recycling, which promises to bring the solar cell efficiency close
to the value of GaAs solar cells. Hybrid perovskites have always
been thought of as direct bandgap semiconductors due to the
strong absorption and sharp absorption edge. However, we
found that they possess an indirect bandgap just below the
direct bandgap. This protects the charge carriers from recombi-
nation and is responsible for the unusually long charge carrier
lifetime, which explains why they perform so efficiently in
many different device structures. We are now exploring the
origin of this carrier protection, and whether it is a general
property of hybrid perovskites.
Group Alarcón Lladó (3D Photovoltaics)Alarcón Lladó’s group aims at exploiting the extended degrees
of freedom offered in nanostructures to fabricate new
unconventional solar cell designs with high conversion
efficiency at low cost. Her group (3D Photovoltaics) started in
Photon recycling enables ultra-high
efficiency perovskite solar
cells (Science 2016)
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 6 11
February 2016 and has now one PhD student a visiting PhD
student and two master students. All projects are developed in
a synergistic manner between physics, material nanofabri-
cation, photonics and electrochemistry, from both theoretical
and experimental points of view. The primary research
directions are described briefly below.
New fabrication method for 3D nanostructures: III-V nano-semiconductors for solar cellsThe group focuses on extending the boundaries of 3D additive
nano-manufacturing for the bottom-up fabrication of functional
semiconductor nanostructures in solution. We expect that the
flexibility and low-cost of the fabrication method will open up a
new range of possibilities for the generation of novel device
geometries in the domain of photonics and energy conversion.
In particular, III-V semiconductors, such as GaAs, have shown
best solar energy conversion efficiencies so far in single
junction and tandem devices. However, one of their main
disadvantages is the large material and fabrication costs. In this
sense, our aim is to develop and exploit a bottom-up synthesis
method of inorganic III-V 3D-nanostructures towards the
fabrication of efficient low cost energy conversion devices. Our
approach is based on confined electrochemical deposition
through a scanning probe nanoelectrode. In order to ensure a
rapid successful development of the technique, we have
engaged a relationship with the Bruker company to coopera-
tively develop the application tool for nanoelectrochemical
growth with their atomic force microscopes. This will result in a
powerful platform offering new grounds to current additive
nanomanufacturing tools with the potential to a sheet-to-sheet
fabrication by using multielectrode arrays. The flexibility and
low-cost of the fabrication method will open a new range of
possibilities for the generation of novel devices, in particular in
the domain of photonics and energy conversion. As a first task,
we are currently working on assessing the limits of the
nano-deposition technique in all 3 dimensions via the
deposition of one-element metallic structures.
Integrated PVNot only is the group interested in high conversion efficiencies,
but also in widening the range of functionalities of
photovoltaics, such as the integration of PV with small
consumer electronics or large building components. In
particular, the characteristic interaction between light and
sub-wavelength semiconductors results in optical responses
uncorrelated to their bulk counterparts. Depending on the
nanostructure morphology and collective arrangement, the
photovoltaic active material can be tuned in color and/or
transparency. This modulation in turn affects the PV
performance not only by the absolute number of photons that
are absorbed, but also through the spectral and angular
distribution of absorption/emission. As a result, larger open
circuit potentials can be achieved than in compositionally
equivalent bulk semiconductors.
2D materials for solar energyLayered materials, such as graphene or metal chalcogenides,
have raised great interest in the fields of electronics, optoelec-
tronics and catalysis, due to their particular electronic band
structure and its dependence on layer stacking. We previously
demonstrated, in collaboration with A. Kis at EPFL, that
monolayer MoS2 on silicon can also be used to convert solar
energy into electricity. Despite the reduced thickness of the
MoS2, it can act as a good electron scavenger with excellent
in-plane conductivities. We want to exploit these properties to
achieve highly conducting transparent contacts for silicon PV
and nanowire-based solar cells. On the other hand, structural
defects such as under-coordinated sulfur atoms or strained
sulfur vacancies, possess a metallic character that allow a
catalytic reduction of protons into hydrogen. This makes the
combination of MoS2-like layers with other semiconductor
materials ideal for the cost-effective direct conversion of solar
energy to hydrogen. There is still limited quantitative
understanding on the correlation between the catalytic activity
and the microscopic structure of MoS2-like materials. Our goal
is to provide an insight to the interplay between crystal
structure and hydrogen reduction properties by using a
combination of electrochemical probe microscopy, transmission
electron microscopy and morphologically controlled defects.
Group Polman (Photonic Materials)Polman’s group focuses on the development of optical
metasurfaces and metamaterials for enhanced light coupling
Nano-electro-chemical growth of
3D photovoltaic architectures
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 612
and trapping in thin-film and Si wafer-based solar cells. The
group also explores alternative energy conversion mechanisms
and develops new tools for nanofabrication and nanocharacteri-
zation.
Plasmonic and dielectric resonant metasurfacesResonant light scatterers such as plasmonic noble metal
nanoparticles and dielectric Mie scatterers, have high optical
cross sections and can store and reradiate light in controlled
ways. We have investigated how SiO2 nanoparticles can be
embedded in ultra-thin copper-indium-gallium-selenide (CIGS)
solar cells. A strongly enhanced near-infrared photocurrent was
observed due to enhanced light trapping, in conjunction with
an enhanced photovoltage, due to a reduction in carrier
recombination at the CIGS/Mo back contact. Furthermore, we
have demonstrated that Ag nanowire networks show
anomalous optical transmission and can serve as efficient
transparent conductors. We fabricated these arrays on Si
heterojunction solar cells made using industrial conditions and
found they can enhance the efficiency compared to cells with
conventional indium-tin-oxide top contacts.
Plasmo-electric effectWe have discovered a new optical phenomenon, in a collabo-
ration with Caltech, that we termed the plasmo-electric effect.
It is observed when a nanohole array in an ultrathin Au film is
illuminated with monochromatic light. When these fully-metal
nanostructures are illuminated with a wavelength off the
plasmon resonance a large photovoltage (100 mV) is observed,
with a polarity that can be controlled by the excitation
wavelength. The measurements are described by a thermo-
dynamic model we have developed in which the entropic gain
due to light-induced heating is balanced by the electrostatic
energy build-up due to charging. The reverse effect, a control of
the plasmon resonance in Au nanocircuits under electrical
excitation, was also observed.
Soft imprint technologyTogether with Philips Group Innovation IP&S, we have
developed substrate conformal imprint lithography (SCIL) as a
technique to fabricate large-area nanopatterns integrated with
solar cells of several different types. When combined with
lift-off and reactive ion etching techniques, SCIL can create
metallic and dielectric nanostructures with features as small as
10 nm. SCIL is now a well-established technique in our
cleanroom and is used by many users within the LMPV
program. We are supporting Philips IP&S towards their goal to
spin off a company that will market a high-throughput SCIL tool
for research and commercial applications.
Cathodoluminescence imaging spectroscopyWe have developed angle- and polarization-resolved cathodolu-
minescence spectroscopy (ARCIS) as a tool to study optical
phenomena with 10 nm spatial resolution. The technique
employs a 30 keV scanning electron microscope as an excitation
source, in combination with a broad range of optical detection
capabilities. It has been used to investigate localized resonant
optical modes in a broad range of resonant plasmonic and
dielectric nanostructures. It has also been used to investigate
spatially-resolved radiative emission in perovskite and organic
thin films. Most recently, a new ARCIS microscope has been
installed which features time-resolved excitation (1 ns electron
pulse width) enabling lifetime imaging of photovoltaic materials
with a spatial resolution far below the emitted optical
wavelengths.
Satellite project VanmaekelberghThis project focused on three main topics. The first topic was
the understanding of nonradiative loss mechanisms in
nanocrystal quantum dots. Important findings were that the
rate of Auger recombination, which occurs at high charge
carrier densities, is suppressed in quantum dots with a
core-shell geometry, where the shell can be spherical or
rod-shaped. Furthermore, temporary charge carrier trapping
was discovered to occur after 10-50% of the absorption events in
a quantum dot, depending on the shape and composition. This
process is therefore much more frequent than commonly
assumed, and must be considered to understand the fate of
excitations in quantum dots. The second topic of the project
was the self-assembly of nanocrystals from a dilute dispersion
into ordered device-scale superstructures. Scattering
experiments were performed at the ESRF synchrotron in
Grenoble, France, to follow the self-assembly in situ and in real
150% photon-to-electron conversion efficiency in solution-pro-cessable singlet-fission solar cells (Nano Lett. 2015)
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 6 13
time. They revealed how the shape and ligand coverage of
nanocrystals can be used to control the crystallographic
orientation in the final superstructure. The last topic studied
was spectral conversion using lanthanide ions, including
upconversion and downconversion. Using analytical and Monte
Carlo modelling, the energy transfer processes occurring in
several lanthanide-doped (nano)crystals were analyzed in
detail. Important results are that the efficiency of nonradiative
energy transfer can be increased by reducing the density of
optical states, and that YAG:Ce3+,Yb3+ is not a downconversion
material (converting one photon to two) despite recent claims.
Satellite project SchroppThis project investigates how the efficiency of c-Si cells can be
boosted to ~30% by focusing on the light management in
4-terminal hybrid tandem junction solar cells consisting of
wide-bandgap thin film “top” cells and crystalline silicon
“bottom” cells. As wide-bandgap top cell we focus on perovskite
materials as this type holds promise for a low cost complement
to the c-Si cell. We studied the chemical stability of perovskite
layers during Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of a highly
transparent In2O3:H electrode layer for solar cells that was
newly developed at the TUE. Iodide perovskite decomposes
during In2O3:H deposition due to the water vapor used as an
oxidant in this process. Bromide perovskite is found to be
considerably more stable. A protection layer of 10 nm thermally
evaporated MoOx was found to significantly improve the
stability of iodide perovskite. Most recently, we found that an
ultrathin ALD Al2O3 layers boosts the initial efficiency (+3%
absolute) of cells with medium high (~15%) efficiency and
greatly reduces hysteresis in illuminated I-V measurements.
Moreover, their ambient degradation due to humidity is
drastically decreased, which may provide a path to perovskite
solar cells with increased reliability and industrial relevance.
Plasmo-electric effect creates
photovoltage in resonant
plasmonic nanohole arrays
(Science 2014)
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 614
3 Personnel
The total staff hired for the LMPV program is shown in Table I. A distinction is made
between personnel hired from the LMPV grant (FOM or AMOLF contribution) and from
additional grants acquired by the group leaders. An overview of all personnel working
within LMPV is given in Appendix A. In addition to those listed in Table I, LMPV has
provided research projects to 22 master’s students and 4 bachelor’s students.
LMPV grant (FOM)
LMPV grant (AMOLF)
Additional grants
TOTAL
Group leaders 2 1 1 4
PhD students 5 1 8 14
Postdocs 1 0 8 9
Visiting professors, guests 0 0 5.3 5.3
Technicians 1 1 0 2
Total 9 3 22.3 34.3
Table I Personnel that works/worked on the LMPV program (status 1-9-2016)
LMPV team meeting
Group leaders, PhD students and postdocs working for LMPV either directly funded by LMPV (blue) or on additional grants acquired by LMPV group leaders (red)
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 6 15
So far, 66 articles from LMPV research have been published in
peer-reviewed international journals, 5 papers are in press and
10 papers are under review (see Appendix B). So far, 5 PhD
theses were completed (2 cum laude), and 14 master’s theses and
4 bachelor’s theses were fi nalized.
Table II summarizes the journals in which LMPV papers were
published, as well as their impact factors. Overall, 58% of the
LMPV papers are published in high-impact factor (IF>10)
journals. A citation analysis was carried out by CWTS (Leiden)
on all papers published from 2011-2016. This study shows that
the impact factor of journals in which LMPV papers appeared is
3.43 times the world average. The fi eld-normalized average
citation impact of LMPV papers (2012-2014) is 3.36 times the
world average. These papers are represented 4.10 times more
than average in the top-10% most-highly cited papers
worldwide. The paper that provided the initial ideas that led to
the establishment of the LMPV program (Nature Mater. 9, 205
(2010)) is the most highly cited article published in Nature
Materials since 2010 (> 3400 citations). It was not included in the
citation analysis above.
Impact Factor # papers
Nature Mater. 38.9 2
Nature Nanotech. 35.3 2
Science 34.7 5
Adv. Mater. 19.0 1
Nano Lett. 13.8 12
Light. Sci. Appl. 13.6 2
ACS Nano 13.3 10
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 13.0 2
Nature Comm. 11.3 2
Other <10 28
TOTAL 66
papers in high impact journals (IF>10) 58%
Table II LMPV publications
4 Publications
PhD thesis covers Journal and citation impact data of LMPV papers relative to fi eld-nor-
malized worldwide average, and relative representation within top-10% most
cited papers worldwide (CWTS, 2016).
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 616
LMPV progress meetingsThe LMPV program holds quarterly Progress Meetings at AMOLF.
Each meeting has the following schedule:
• Invited presentation by an external speaker from another
Dutch university/institute.
• Poster session at which all LPMV team members present
their work.
• 1-slide oral presentations of all collaborative projects
between two or more research groups.
• Plenary discussion on new developments, equipment,
collaborations.
LMPV/Nanophotonics colloquia, meetings Every week, AMOLF’s Nanophotonics department, which is
composed of seven research groups including the four LMPV
groups, holds the “Nanophotonics colloquium”. The program is
alternatingly a colloquium in which two PhD students, postdocs
or master students give a 45 min. presentation, or a poster
session in which every group presents ~2-3 posters. In 2015, a
4-day Nanophotonics/photovoltaics summer school (55 attendees)
was held in Friesland at which lectures were given on
fundamental aspects of nanophotonics/photovoltaics. The
seven nanophotonics/photovoltaics group leaders hold a weekly
work lunch to coordinate activities and discuss recent
developments. In addition, the four LMPV group leaders hold a
bi-weekly meeting to discuss LMPV-related items. A strategic
planning workshop to review all projects was held with all
LMPV PhD students and postdocs in September 2016.
LMPV summer symposiaThe LMPV program has started a tradition of a yearly
symposium at which the entire Dutch PV research community
is invited. The program is usually composed of 4 invited talks by
renowned international speakers and a poster session at which
all attendees can present a poster. The three LMPV tenure-track
group leaders serve as symposium chairs. So far, LMPV summer
symposia (attracting some 80 attendees) were held in June 2013,
2015 and 2016; the next one will be held on June 23, 2017. In
November 2015, a symposium Our solar energy future, was held
to celebrate the 60th anniversary of Wim Sinke (150 attendees).
SolardamLMPV has played a key role in establishing Solardam, the
consortium of all researchers in Science Park Amsterdam that
are active in solar energy research at AMOLF, the University of
Amsterdam (UvA), the VU University Amsterdam, and ECN.
5 Programme activities
Attendees at annual LMPV Summer Symposium (2015)
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 6 17
A total of over 100 PhD students and postdocs, supervised by
some 20 PIs are working in Amsterdam on photovoltaics,
photocatalysis and photosynthesis. Solardam had its official
kick-off in 2015 with the hiring of 8 postdocs funded by the
UvA/VU alliance program. The Solardam partners submitted a
research proposal to the NWO “Zwaartekracht” round in 2016
that is presently under review.
National Science AgendaIn 2016, AMOLF took the lead in one of the routes for the
National Science Agenda (NWA), entitled “Materialen – made in
Holland”. In this NWA route research on photovoltaic materials
is one of the main themes. This initiative was built on the report
“Dutch Materials – Challenges for materials science in the
Netherlands” that was completed in 2015 by a committee of
specialists from academia and industry under the guidance of
Albert Polman. This report presents a plan for a national
materials research initiative that will be carried out by NWO in
the coming years. The first Program Call, entitled “Materials for
Sustainability” (11 M€) will open in the Spring of 2017.
National PV research network and National Roadmap Large-scale Research InfrastructureIn 2016, LMPV took the lead to make an inventory of all
researchers active in photovoltaic research in the Netherlands.
The aim of this inventory is to have PhD students, postdocs and
research leaders be informed about each other’s research
activities, in order to stimulate exchange of information,
materials, know-how and technology. Such network will also
help the creation of collaborative national research proposals.
A first joint proposal (“Towards high-efficiency hybrid tandem
solar cells”), is being drafted between AMOLF, ECN, TUD, TUE,
and UvA and will be submitted to NWO in the Fall of 2016.
AMOLF has coordinated with ECN and TNO to contribute a
national solar research facility to the National Roadmap for
Large-scale Research Infrastructure. In the Fall of 2016, the
Roadmap committee has accepted this proposal. Following up
on this, a proposal for an NWO-Big application will be made in
2017.
Strategic alliance with ECNThe Energy Research Center of the Netherlands (ECN) has
announced it is planning to move its entire Petten-based solar
energy division (>60 researchers and technicians) to Amsterdam
Science Park (ASP). The choice for ECN to move to ASP is largely
motivated by the strong activities and technical facilities in
solar energy research within LMPV, as well as UvA and VU. ECN
aims to bring to ASP its advanced wafer-based silicon cell and
module processing and characterization facilities, and a strong
network of industrial partners. Pilot production facilities of
Tempress and Levitech will then also move with ECN to ASP.
The final decision on the move of ECN Solar from Petten to ASP
is now pending due to the restructuring of the organizational
model of ECN.
Long-lived charge-separated states control emission of CdSe quantum dots
(Nano Lett. 2015)
Interplay between direct absorption and indirect recombi-
nation explains exceptional efficiency of perovskite solar
cells (2016)
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 618
Academic national and international collaborationsThe LMPV program has established collaborations with many
institutes and universities inside and outside the Netherlands:
DIFFER: plasmonic nanomaterials for photocatalysis
TUD: high-resolution TEM of complex nanostructures; novel
singlet fission materials
TUE: InP nanowire array and single nanowire solar cells;
polymer solar cells with nanowire transparent contacts
TUE/ECN: metal-insulator-semiconductor solar cells with metal
nanowire networks
UvA: single-crystal x-ray diffraction of halide perovskites
WUR: silicon surface coating for organic-silicon hybrid
structures
VU: theory on hybrid interfaces
Caltech, USA: light management in PV, plasmoelectric effect
EPFL, Switserland: (Al)GaAs nanowire solar cells and photo-
electrodes
Fudan University, China: AgFeS2 nanowire/BiVO3 photoelectro-
chemical cells
Helmholtz Center, Berlin: light trapping in ultra-thin CIGS cells;
charge injection from singlet fission into silicon
ICN2 Barcelona: Transmission electron microscopy of 2D
materials
MPI, Germany: inverse opal photonic crystal halide perovskite
films
Northwestern University, USA: novel singlet fission materials
Oxford University, UK: perovskite materials and devices
Stanford University, USA: light management in PV
UC San Diego, USA: x-ray fluorescence mapping of halide
perovskite single crystals
University College London, UK: GaAsP and GaAs single
nanowire solar cells
University of Bath, UK: theory on perovskites
University of Cambridge, UK: singlet fission, quantum dot solar
cells
UT-Austin, USA: fundamental efficiency limits of nanowire
solar cells, theory on metasurfaces
The paper that provided the initial ideas for the LMPV program is the most highly
cited article published in Nature Materials since 2010 (> 3400 citations)
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 6 19
The LMPV Focus Group budget is 7.670 k€ for a period of 10
years (2011-2020) and is composed of contributions from FOM
(5.400 k€) and AMOLF (2.270 k€). In addition, all LMPV groups
acquire additional funds (FOM, NWO, TKI, EU, etc.) to expand
their groups. These external projects are an essential element of
the LMPV program, as they are key to the growth of the program
to the desired size of ~30-35 researchers. So far, a total amount
of 7.690 k€ was acquired in additional external grants (see
Appendix C).
Table III presents the budget spent and assigned for the present
personnel LMPV so far and the amounts that remain to be
assigned from the LMPV grant (total: 888 k€). A plan for the
remaining budget for the period 2017-2020 is described in
Section 10.
Budget (k€) Total grant
Spent and assigned
Remaining
FOM part 5.400 4.628 772
AMOLF part 2.270 2.154 116
Total 7.670 6.782 888
External grants 7.690
Table III LMPV Budget (situation 1-10-2016)
6 Finances
Silver nanowire grids improve light coupling in silicon heterojunction solar cells (Nano Energy 2016)
Metal-insulator-semiconductor nanowire network solar cells (Nano Lett. 2016)
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 620
The LMPV program has set up many collaborations with
industrial companies and technological institutes. The following
collaborations are part of formal research contracts/collabo-
rations.
ASI: low-background electron detector for diffraction
measurements of hybrid perovskites
ASML: development of a roadmap for nanolithography for
photovoltaics
Bruker: application development for nano-electrochemical
deposition
Delmic: development of cathodoluminescence microscopy for
photovoltaic materials
ECN: joint research on high-efficiency solar cells, development
of common research agenda
FEI: development of 3D nanostructure imaging in the SEM by
multienergy deconvolution, time-resolved cathodolumi-
nescence imaging
Global Climate and Energy Program (GCEP), funded by
ExxonMobil, GE, Schlumberger, and Toyota: ultrathin Si solar
cells
Philips Group Innovation IP&S: establishment of soft imprint
lithography spin-out company
Philips Research: joint research within Industrial Partnership
Program Nanophotonics for solid state lighting
ultrathin Si solar cells
TKI Solar Energy: AMOLF is member of the Silicon Competence
Center (SiCC) a consortium within the TKI Solar Energy. with
Tempress, Levitech, Meyer Burger, Eurotron, and ECN. Goal is to
develop new technologies for the Dutch solar cell and solar
panel industry.
In addition, the LMPV program is carrying out collaborations
and/or has held meetings to explore collaborative activities
with:
ASMI: thin-film deposition for photovoltaics
BASF: photocatalysis, solar fuels
DSM: nanopatterning for anti-reflection, light trapping and
transparent conductor coatings, development of singlet fission
coating
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems: high-efficiency
Si solar cells
IMEC: high-efficiency Si solar cells
Merck: solar energy storage in chemical products
Oxford PV: low-bandgap perovskite solar cells
TNO: transparent conductors, deposition of organic films,
quantum dot synthesis, CIGS cells.
The following patent applications were made:
1. Nanopatterned antireflection coating, P. Spinelli, J. van de Groep,
A. Polman (2013)
2. Metal-semiconductor core-shell nanowire devices, E.C. Garnett,
B. Sciacca, S.A. Mann, S. Oener (2014)
3. Nanophotonic spectrum splitting devices, E.C. Garnett and
S.A. Mann (2014)
4. Method for manufacturing a patterned monocrystalline film,
E.C. Garnett, B. Sciacca, A. Berkhout (2016)
5. Multijunction back contact solar cell, E.C. Garnett,
G.W.P. Adhyaksa, L.J. Geerligs (2016)
6. Perovskite contacting protection layer for solar cells, Y. Kuang,
R.E.I. Schropp, D. Koushik, M. Creatore (2016).
7 Knowledge and technology transfer
RTL-Z television program “Future makers” featuring LMPV
was seen by 330.000 people
Development of new instrument for time-resolved cathodoluminescence imaging of exciton diffusion in photovoltaic materials
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 6 21
The LMPV program received the following honors and awards:
• ERC Advanced Grant, Albert Polman (2011)
• ENI Renewable and Non-Conventional Energy Prize (with Harry Atwater), Albert Polman (2012)
• ERC Starting Grant, Erik Garnett (2013)
• Julius Springer Prize for Applied Physics (with Harry Atwater), Albert Polman (2014)
• Innovation and Materials Characterization Award, Materials Research Society (USA), Albert Polman (2014)
• Physica Prize, Netherlands Physical Society, Albert Polman (2014)
• Cum laude PhD, Utrecht University, Freddy Rabouw (2015)
• Cum laude PhD, University of Amsterdam, Jorik van de Groep (2015)
• MRS Gold Student Award, Materials Research Society, Jorik van de Groep (2015)
• Rubicon Grant NWO, Freddy Rabouw (2015)
• Knight in the Order of the Dutch Lion, Wim Sinke (2015)
• Rubicon Grant NWO, Jorik van de Groep (2016)
• ERC Advanced Grant, Albert Polman (2016)
• VIDI Grant NWO, Erik Garnett (2016)
• Public’s prize, Master’s of physics symposium UvA/VU, Verena Neder (2016)
• PUK Utrecht Province best thesis award, Freddy Rabouw (2016)
8 Honors and awards
Cum laude PhD for Jorik van de Groep Royal decoration for Wim Sinke
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 622
To train a new generation of students in the field of
photovoltaics, LMPV group leaders contribute to the master’s
courses Advanced Materials and Energy Physics (AMEP) at the
University of Amsterdam and Science for Energy and Sustainability
at the VU University Amsterdam. Since 2012, over 100 students
have followed this course. Furthermore, 22 master’s students
and 4 bachelor’s students have carried out for research projects
at AMOLF within the LMPV program. The titles of completed
theses are listed in Appendix B.
A large number of outreach activities were held, most notably
presentations at the AMOLF Open Day, and through lab tours for
numerous visitors to AMOLF: politicians, science policy makers,
high school students, etc. Furthermore, LMPV research was
reported in a large number of articles in national newspapers
(27), and on radio and television (20). A television program
featuring AMOLF’s LMPV work by RTL-Z (2015) was seen by over
330.000 people.
A solar panel test field was installed near the AMOLF building.
It is composed of 24 panels of 6 different types, including
efficiency Si, CIGS and CdTe. A data logging system continuously
records IV characteristics of each panel type, the solar influx
(spectrum, intensity), and the associated weather conditions.
The data is being made available online and forms the source of
many different projects for bachelor and master’s students from
UvA and Amsterdam University College and elsewhere.
A lecture-theatre performance was developed by Albert Polman,
together with producer Jan van den Berg, entitled: “Voor niets
gaat de zon op” (“A 60-minute demonstration of the beauty of light,
and how light from the sun can be used to generate energy for our
society. With lasers, rainbows, satellites, solar panels, the periodic
table of the elements, and a movie of the nanoworld. Followed by a
question-and-answer session with the audience.”). It is meant to
stimulate interest in solar energy for the general audience. So
far, 15 performances were given in city theatres all over the
Netherlands for a total audience of over 2000 people.
9 Student education, outreach
Making blueberry solar cells at AMOLF Open Day
Poster session of UvA photovoltaics master’s students at AMOLF (2015)
Outreach: Lecture theatre performance
“Voor niets gaat de zon op” plays in
theatres all over the Netherlands
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 6 23
The original LMPV program proposal ran from 2011-2019. Due to
the gradual start over time of the tenure track group leaders
(Garnett: 2012, Ehrler: 2014, Alarcón Lladó: 2016) the program
will be extended to 2020. In the remaining four years, the LMPV
research program will focus on the following strongly related
themes.
Theme 1: Challenging the Shockley-Queisser limitEfficient coupling and trapping of light in semiconductor
geometries over a broad spectral range is key to efficient
photovoltaic energy conversion. Optical metasurfaces,
interfaces and subwavelength 3D geometries can serve to
enhance the absorption and concentration of light in solar cells.
In metasurface geometries the redistribution of scattered light
is controlled by engineering the (spatially-varying) phase of
scattered light. In 3D nanowires and dielectric Mie cavities the
resonant absorption of light can lead to light concentration,
bringing materials closer to the radiative recombination limit
with corresponding increases in output voltage. Open questions
are: what metasurface design can lead to efficient light
trapping, and can a spectrum splitting meta-interface for
tandem cells be designed? A key question is how nano/micro
(concentrator) structures can be used to beat the thermo-
dynamic Shockley-Queisser limit for photovoltaic energy
conversion in conventional planar cells (isotropic radiative
emission, 1-sun illumination), or enable efficiencies closer to
the Shockley-Queisser limit than what planar solar cells usually
provide. Realizing this in practice would be a major
breakthrough for the field of photovoltaics. The results of these
insights will be applied to improve the efficiency of record-
efficiency materials: Si, GaAs, InP, CIGS, CdTe, and perovskites.
Theme 2: Towards nanomaterials with bulk crystalline propertiesWe will further develop our solution-chemistry based methods
to fabricate ultra-thin monocrystalline halide perovskites, and
correlate spatially-resolved optical, electrical, structural,
chemical and crystallographic properties to understand the
mechanisms behind the exceptional conversion efficiency and
poor stability of these materials. We will investigate spatial
gradients in chemical composition and the formation of
heterojunctions, and optimize doping density and distribution.
Optimizing surface roughness, surface passivation, annealing
treatments, and control over crystal structure and orientation
using solution or vapor phase grown materials will be
investigated. By combining solution chemistry and
soft-nanoimprint technology we will develop a new method for
making nanopatterned monocrystalline thin-films based on
nanocube assembly and welding. This approach will lead to a
general strategy for making patterned metal, semiconductor
and insulator layers with a material quality similar to that of
bulk single crystals. We will apply these new geometries as
transparent electrodes on a multitude of solar cell materials
including high-efficiency Si solar cells made using industrial
process technology, as light management layers in
multijunction solar cells, and as nanopatterned active solar cell
absorbers.
10 Research plan 2017-2020
All record solar cell materials will benefit from improved light management (Science 2016)
Nanoscale photovoltaics can beat the thermo-dynamic Shockley-Queisser limit by tailoring
angle-dependent absorption and emission cross sections (ACS Nano 2016)
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 624
Theme 3: Hybrid and multijunction solar cells with efficiencies exceeding 30%We will investigate the process of singlet fission in organic
materials, where the energy from a high-energy photon is
shared between two lower-energy triplet excitons. In a hybrid
organic/inorganic geometry the organic materials are coated
onto an inorganic semiconductor with the aim to harvest
carriers with a conversion quantum efficiency >100%. Our work
will focus on obtaining fundamental understanding of the
singlet/triplet formation process, how it depends on the
molecular environment and on the character of the excited
states involved. We will study interfaces between organic and
inorganic semiconductors with particular focus on transport of
triplet excitons and transfer across interfaces. These novel
insights will be applied to hybrid solar cells composed of a
singlet fission layer on Si, perovskite and CIGS base cells. In
parallel to the hybrid organic/inorganic approach, we will
develop perovskite /Si and III-V nanowire/Si tandem solar cells
with the aim to reach an efficiency above 30%. We will develop a
nanopatterned interdigitated back contact (IBC) geometry in
combination with resonant light scattering geometries to
achieve efficient spectral splitting between the two semicon-
ductors.
Theme 4: 3D additive manufacturing of solar cells with ultrahigh efficiency potentialSemiconductor nanowires provide extended degrees of freedom
that can be exploited to fabricate new and unconventional solar
cell designs from both optical and electrical points of view, at
low cost. Using a novel scanning-probe based electrochemical
process, we will expand the boundaries of 3D additive
nano-manufacturing for the bottom-up fabrication of functional
nanostructures based on metals, dielectrics and semicon-
ductors. This solution-based approach may resolve the cost
issue associated with III-V semiconductors such as GaAs, while
maintaining the high PV efficiency intrinsic to these materials.
We will investigate how light interacts with the nanostructures
as a function of shape and array distribution and how to exploit
these properties for solar energy conversion and light emission.
The nanowire geometries can be made into flexible arrays,
enabling applications in small consumer electronics or
building-integrated photovoltaics. The electrochemical
processes uniquely enable fabrication of nanowire solar cell
geometries with 3D controlled material composition opening up
a broad range of 3D multijunction architectures. The 3D
architecture further provides unique opportunities for light
concentration and spectral splitting using optical resonances.
Theme 5: Novel device concepts and integration, nanofabrication and characterizationIn parallel to the new nanostructured materials and device
architectures described above, we will investigate alternative
approaches to harvest energy from the sun. We will investigate
how metal/semiconductor nanowire core/shell geometries can
be exploited as integrated light-and carrier collection networks,
and complementarily, how these geometries could serve as
efficient generators of solar fuel from photocatalytic reactions.
Furthermore, a parallel multijunction device geometry based on
planar integrated optical waveguiding and spectrum splitting
will be developed targeting an efficiency above 40%. We will also
explore how the upcoming novel 2D materials such as MoS2 and
WSe2 can be exploited as ultrathin light harvesting materials,
integrating them in 3D architectures that combine strong light
absorption and efficient carrier collection. Finally, we will
continue to further expand our photovoltaic materials
fabrication and characterization facilities, including picosecond
time-resolved cathodoluminescence microscopy.
BudgetAs described in Section 6, for the period 2017-2020 a budget of
888 k€ remains to be assigned from the FOM and AMOLF
contributions to LMPV. This budgets will be assigned to start
three PhD projects (running from 2017-2020) that will each
focus on a true “blue-sky” topic. Furthermore, budget will be
reserved to continue the hosting of Wim Sinke (ECN) and
sabbatical guests, and the organization of the yearly LMPV
summer workshops until 2020 (see Table IV).
Budget (k€)
PhD project 1: Improving solar cells by reducing photon entropy loss (Garnett)
256
PhD project 2: Seeing electronic processes at the nanoscale (Ehrler)
256
PhD project 3: Multi-color nanostructured absorber arrays for low-cost multijunction solar cells (Alarcón Lladó)
256
Guests (Sinke, visiting professors) 50
LMPV workshops (2017/2018/2019/2020) 40
To be assigned 30
Total 888
Table IV LMPV Budget for new activities (2017-2020)
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 6 25
Personnel funded by the LMPV grant (1-10-2016)
Name Position Group Start date End date LMPV grant
Erik Garnett Group leader Garnett 1-9-2012 FOM
Bruno Ehrler Group leader Ehrler 1-11-2014 FOM
Esther Alarcón Lladó Group leader Alarcón Lladó 1-2-2016 AMOLF
Freddy Rabouw PhD student Vanmaekelbergh 1-9-2011 31-8-2015 FOM
Sander Mann PhD student Garnett 1-9-2012 31-12-2016 FOM
Sebastian Oener PhD student Garnett 1-9-2012 31-12-2016 FOM
Tianyi Wang PhD student Ehrler 1-12-2014 30-11-2018 FOM *
Dibyashree Koushik PhD student Schropp 1-6-2015 31-5-2019 FOM
Mark Aarts PhD student Alarcón Lladó 16-6-2016 15-6-2020 AMOLF
Vacancy PhD student Alarcón Lladó AMOLF
Ju Min Lee Postdoc Ehrler 1-3-2015 28-2-2018 FOM *
Niels Commandeur Technician LMPV 1-1-2013 31-12-2013 FOM
Mohamed Tachikirt Technician LMPV 1-4-2013 31-12-2013 FOM
Hans Zeijlemaker Technician LMPV 1-1-2014 31-12-2016 FOM
Marc Duursma Technician Garnett 1-1-2015 31-3-2019 FOM
* Wang and Lee’s salaries are funded by NanoNextNL until 31-12-2016; they will be paid
by LMPV afterwards. Their materials and lab investment budgets are paid by LMPV.
Appendix A Personnel
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 626
Personnel funded by additional PV grants acquired by the LMPV group leaders (1-10-2016)
Name Position Group Start date End date Grant
Albert Polman Program leader Polman 1-9-2011 AMOLF
Jorik van de Groep PhD student Polman 1-7-2011 31-12-2015 ERC
Lourens van Dijk PhD student Schropp/Polman 1-1-2013 1-5-2016 NanoNextNL
Parisa Khoram PhD student Garnett 1-1-2014 31-12-2017 ERC
Gede Adhyaksa PhD student Garnett 16-2-2014 15-2-2018 ERC
Jenny Kontoleta PhD student Garnett 1-9-2015 31-8-2019 PHNM
Moritz Futscher PhD student Ehrler 1-12-2015 30-11-2019 FOM PR
Benjamin Daiber PhD student Ehrler 1-9-2016 31-8-2020 TKI
Verena Neder PhD student Polman 16-9-2016 15-9-2020 UvA
Vacancy PhD student Garnett PNHM
Vacancy PhD student Garnett VIDI
Vacancy PhD student Ehrler AMOLF/ARCNL
Vacancy PhD student Polman IPP Philips
Bonna Newman Postdoc Polman 16-4-2013 30-4-2014 ASML
Beniamino Sciacca Postdoc Garnett 1-7-2013 31-12-2016 ERC
Jia Wang Postdoc Garnett 16-11-2013 1-9-2015 ERC
Sarah Brittman Postdoc Garnett 16-3-2014 15-3-2017 IPP Philips
Mark Knight Postdoc Polman 1-6-2014 31-5-2017 ERC/GCEP
Eric Johlin Postdoc Garnett 12-1-2015 11-1-2017 NWO/TKI
Sophie Meuret Postdoc Polman 1-1-2016 31-12-2018 ERC
Lai-Hung Lai Postdoc Garnett 1-1-2016 31-12-2018 PNHM
Vacancy Postdoc Garnett VIDI
Vacancy Postdoc Polman TKI
Wim Sinke Advisor (0.1 fte) Polman 1-4-2013 ERC
Forrest Bradbury Senior guest (0.2 fte) Garnett 1-10-2012 31-12-2017 AUC
Harry Atwater Visiting professor Polman 1-8-2013 31-8-2013 KNAW
Andrea Alù Visiting professor Polman 1-1-2015 31-12-2015 KNAW
Luis Pazos Guest PhD student Ehrler 1-3-2015 10-6-2015 AMOLF
Le Yang Guest PhD student Ehrler 1-5-2015 30-11-2015 AMOLF
Carlos Ros Figueras Guest PhD student Alarcón Lladó 1-9-2016 15-12-2016 AMOLF
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 6 27
Personnel directly funded by LMPV underlined
20161. Quantifying losses and thermodynamic limits in nanophotonic
solar cells, S.A. Mann, S.Z. Oener, A. Cavalli, E.P.A.M. Bakkers,
J.E.M. Haverkort and E.C. Garnett, Nature Nanotech.
doi:10.1038/nnano.2016.162 (2016)
2. AgFeS2 modified BiVO4 photoanode for photoelectrochemical
water splitting, X. Zheng, B. Sciacca, E.C. Garnett, L. Zhang,
ChemPhysChem, doi:10.1002/cplu.201600095 (2016)
3. Diffusion lengths in hybrid perovskites: processing, composition,
aging and surface passivation effects, G.W.P. Adhyaksa,
L.W. Veldhuizen, Y. Kuang, S. Brittman, R.E.I. Schropp and
E.C. Garnett, Chem. of Mater. 28, 5259 (2016)
4. Generalized anti-reflection coatings for complex bulk metama-
terials, R.C. Maas, S.A. Mann, D.L. Sounas, A. Alu, E.C. Garnett
and A. Polman, Phys. Rev. B. 93, 195433 (2016)
5. Photon recycling in lead iodide perovskite solar cells, L.M.
Pazos-Outon, M. Szumilo, R. Lamboll, J.M. Richter, M.
Crespo-Quesada, M. Abdi-Jalebi, H.J. Beeson, H.J. Snaith,
B. Ehrler, R.H. Friend and F. Deschler, Science 351, 1430
(2016)
6. Metal-insulator-semiconductor nanowire network solar cells,
S.Z. Oener, J. van de Groep, B. Macco, P.C.P. Bronsveld,
W.M.M. Kessels, A. Polman and E.C. Garnett, Nano Lett. 16,
3689 (2016)
7. Growth and characterization of PDMS-stamped halide perovskite
single microcrystals, P. Khoram, S. Brittman, W.I. Dzik, J.N.H.
Reek and E.C. Garnett, J. Phys. Chem. C 120, 6475 (2016)
8. Engineering the kinetic and interfacial energetics of Ni/Ni-Mo
catalyzed amorphous silicon carbide photocathodes in alkaline
media, I.A. Digdaya, P. Perez Rodriguez, M. Ming, G.W.P.
Adhyaksa, E.C. Garnett, A.H.M. Smets and W.A. Smith,
J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 6842 (2016)
9. Measuring n and k at the microscale in single crystals of
CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite, S. Brittman and E.C. Garnett,
J. Phys. Chem. C 120, 616 (2016)
10. Photovoltaic materials: record efficiencies and future challenges,
A. Polman, E.C. Garnett, B. Ehrler, M.W. Knight, and
W.C. Sinke, Science 352, 207 (2016)
11. Direct imaging of hybridized eigenmodes in coupled silicon
nanoparticles, J. van de Groep, T. Coenen, S.A. Mann, and
A. Polman, Optica 3, 93 (2016)
12. Solution-grown silver nanowire ordered arrays as transparent
electrodes, B. Sciacca, J. van de Groep, A. Polman and
E.C. Garnett, Adv. Mater. 28, 905 (2016)
13. Surface origin and control of resonance Raman scattering
and surface band gap in indium nitride, E. Alarcon-Llado,
T. Brazzini and Joel W. Ager, J. Phys. D 49, 255102 (2016)
14. Nanowire-aperture probe – local enhanced fluorescence detection
for nanoscaled investigation in live cells, R.S. Frederiksen,
E. Alarcon-Llado, P. Krogstrup, L. Bojarskaite, J. Bolinsson, J.
Nygard, A. Fontcuberta-Morral, K. L. Martinez,
ACS Photon. 3, 1208 (2016)
15. In-situ study of the formation mechanism of two-dimensional
superlattices from PbSe nanocrystals, J.J. Geuchies, C. van
Overbeek, W.H. Evers, B. Goris, A. de Backer, A.P. Gantapara,
F.T. Rabouw, J. Hilhorst, J.L. Peters, O. Konovalov, A.V.
Petukhov, M. Dijkstra, L.D.A. Siebbeles,
S. van Aert, S. Bals and D. Vanmaekelbergh, Nature Mater.
doi:10.1038/nmat4746 (2016)
16. In situ probing of stack-templated growth of ultrathin Cu2–xS
nanosheets, W. van der Stam, F.T. Rabouw, J.J. Geuchies,
A.C. Berends, S.O.M. Hinterding, R.G. Geitenbeek, J. van
der Lit, S. Prevost, A.V. Petukhov and C. de Mello Donega,
Chem. Mater. 28, 6381 (2016)
17. Oleic acid-induced atomic alignment of ZnS polyhedral
nanocrystals, W. van der Stam, F.T. Rabouw, S.J.W. Vonk,
J.J. Geuchies, H. Ligthart, A.V. Petukhov and C. de Mello
Donega, Nano Lett. 16, 2608 (2016)
18. Temporary charge carrier separation dominates the photolumi-
nescence decay dynamics of colloidal CdSe nanoplatelets,
F.T. Rabouw, J.C. van der Bok, P. Spinicelli, B. Mahler,
M. Nasilowski, S. Pedetti, B. Dubertret and
D. Vanmaekelbergh, Nano Lett. 16, 2047 (2016)
19. Non-blinking single-photon emitters in silica, F.T. Rabouw,
N.M.B. Cogan, A.C. Berends, W. van der Stam, D.
Vanmaekelbergh, A.F. Koenderink, T.D. Krauss and
C. de Mello Donega, Sci. Rep. 6, 21187 (2016)
20. Plasmonic scattering back reflector for light trapping in flat
nanocrystalline silicon solar cells, L. van Dijk, J. van de Groep,
L.W. Veldhuizen, M. Di Vece, A. Polman, and R.E.I. Schropp,
ACS Photon. 3, 685 (2016)
21. Thermodynamic theory of the plasmo-electric effect, J. van
de Groep, M. Sheldon, H.A. Atwater, and A. Polman,
Sci. Rep. 6, 23283 (2016)
22. Controlling magnetic dipole modes in hollow Si Mie nano-reso-
nators, M.A. van de Haar, J. van de Groep, B.J.M. Brenny, and
A. Polman, Opt. Expr. 24, 2047 (2016)
201523. Au-Cu2O core-shell nanowire photovoltaics, S.Z. Oener,
S.A. Mann, B. Sciacca, C. Sfiligoj, J. Hoang and E.C. Garnett,
Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 023501 (2015).
24. Resonant nanophotonic spectrum splitting for ultrathin
multijunction solar cells, S.A. Mann and E.C. Garnett, ACS
Photon. 2, 816 (2015).
25. The expanding world of hybrid perovskites: materials properties
and emerging applications, S. Brittman, G.W.P. Adhyaksa and
E.C. Garnett, MRS Comm. 5, 7 (2015).
Appendix B Publications
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 628
26. Transformation of Ag nanowires into semiconducting AgFeS2
nanowires, B. Sciacca, A. Yalcin and E.C. Garnett,
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 4340 (2015).
27. Solution-processable singlet fission photovoltaic devices, L. Yang,
M. Tabachnyk, S.L. Bayliss, M.L. Böhm, K. Broch, N.C.
Greenham, R.H. Friend and B. Ehrler, Nano Lett. 15, 354
(2015).
28. Lead telluride quantum dot solar cells displaying external
quantum efficiencies exceeding 120%, M.L. Böhm, T.C. Jellicoe,
M. Tabachnyk, N.J.L.K. Davis, F. Wisnivesky, R. Rivarola,
B. Ehrler, A.A. Bakulin and N.C. Greenham, Nano Lett. 15,
7987 (2015).
29. Multiple-exciton generation in lead selenide nanorod solar cells
with external quantum efficiencies exceeding 120%, N.J.L.K.
Davis, M.L. Böhm, M. Tabachnyk, F. Wisnivesky, T.C. Jellicoe,
Caterina Ducati, B. Ehrler and N.C. Greenham, Nature
Comm. 6, 8259 (2015).
30. Size and energy level tuning of quantum dot solids via a hybrid
ligand complex, M.L. Böhm, T.C. Jellicoe, J.P.H. Rivett, A.
Sadhanala, N.J.L.K. Davis, F.S.F. Morgenstern, K.C. Gödel,
J. Govindesamy, C.G.M. Benson, N.C. Greenham and
B. Ehrler, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 3510 (2015).
31. Delayed exciton emission and its relation to blinking in CdSe
quantum dots, F.T. Rabouw, M. Kamp., R.J.A. van Dijk-Moes,
D.R. Gamelin, A.F. Koenderink, A. Meijerink and D.
Vanmaekelbergh, Nano Lett. 15, 7718 (2015).
32. Multi-photon quantum cutting in Gd2O2S:Tm3+ to enhance the
photo-response of solar cells, D.C. Yu, R. Martín-Rodríguez, Q.Y.
Zhang, A. Meijerink and F.T. Rabouw, Light Sci. Appl. 4, e344
(2015).
33. Near-infrared emitting CuInSe2/CuInS2 dot core/rod shell
heteronanorods by sequential cation exchange, W. van der Stam.
E. Bladt, F.T. Rabouw, S. Bals and C. de Mello Donegá, ACS
Nano 9, 11430 (2015).
34. Dynamics of intraband and interband Auger processes in colloidal
core–shell quantum dots, F.T. Rabouw, R. Vaxenburg,
A.A. Bakulin, R.J.A. van Dijk-Moes, H.J. Bakker, A. Rodina, E.
Lifshitz, Al.L. Efros, A.F. Koenderink and D. Vanmaekelbergh,
ACS Nano 9, 10366 (2015).
35. Quantum confinement regimes in CdTe nanocrystals probed by
single dot spectroscopy: from strong confinement to the bulk limit,
J. Tilchin, F.T. Rabouw, M. Isarov, R. Vaxenburg, R.J.A. van
Dijk-Moes, E. Lifshitz and D. Vanmaekelbergh, ACS Nano 9,
7840 (2015).
36. Resolving the ambiguity in the relation between Stokes shift and
Huang-Rhys parameter, M. de Jong, L. Seijo, A. Meijerink and
F.T. Rabouw, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17, 16959 (2015).
37. Shape-dependent multi-exciton emission and whispering gallery
modes in supraparticles of CdSe/multi-shell quantum dots,
D. Vanmaekelbergh, L.K. van Vugt, H.E. Bakker, F.T. Rabouw,
B. de Nijs, R.J.A. van Dijk-Moes, M.A. van Huis,
P. Baesjou and A. van Blaaderen, ACS Nano 9, 3942 (2015).
38. Upconversion dynamics in Er3+-doped Gd2O2S: influence of
excitation power, Er3+ concentration, and defects, R. Martín-
Rodríguez, F.T. Rabouw, M. Trevisani, M. Bettinelli and
A. Meijerink, Adv. Opt. Mater. 3, 558 (2015).
39. Modeling the cooperative energy transfer dynamics of quantum
cutting for solar cells, F.T. Rabouw and A. Meijerink, J. Phys.
Chem. C 119, 2364 (2015).
40. Photonic effects on the radiative decay rate and luminescence
quantum yield of doped nanocrystals, T. Senden, F.T. Rabouw
and A. Meijerink, ACS Nano 9, 1801 (2015).
41. Luminescent CuInS2 quantum dots by partial cation exchange
in Cu2−xS nanocrystals, W. van der Stam, A.C. Berends,
F.T. Rabouw, T. Willhammar, X. Ke, J.D. Meeldijk, S. Bals and
C. de Mello Donegá, Chem. Mater. 27, 621 (2015).
42. Nanophotonics: shrinking light-based technology, A.F.
Koenderink, A. Alù, and A. Polman, Science 348, 516 (2015)
43. Single-step soft-imprinted large-area nanopatterned anti-
reflection coating, J. van de Groep, P. Spinelli, and A. Polman,
Nano Lett. 15, 4223 (2015)
44. Large-area soft-imprinted nanowire networks as light trapping
transparent conductors, J. van de Groep, D. Gupta,
M.M. Wienk, R.A.J. Janssen, and A. Polman, Sci. Rep. 5,
11414 (2015)
45. Gallium plasmonics: deep-subwavelength spectroscopic imaging
of single and interacting gallium nanoparticles, M.W. Knight,
T. Coenen, Y. Yang, B.J.M. Brenny, M. Losurdo, A.S. Brown,
H.O. Everitt, and A. Polman, ACS Nano. 9, 2049 (2015)
46. Limiting light escape angle in silicon photovoltaics: ideal and
realistic cells, E.D. Kosten, B.K. Newman, A. Polman and H.A.
Atwater, IEEE J. Photovolt. 5, 61 (2015)
201447. Solution-phase epitaxial growth of quasi-monocrystalline cuprous
oxide on metal nanowires, B. Sciacca, S.A. Mann,
F.D. Tichelaar, H.W. Zandbergen, M.A. van Huis, and
E.C. Garnett, Nano Lett. 14, 58915898 (2014)
48. Metamaterial mirrors in optoelectronic devices,
M. Esfandyarpour, E.C. Garnett, Y. Cui, M.D. McGehee, and
M.L. Brongersma, Nature Nanotech. 9, 542 (2014)
49. Long-range orientation and atomic attachment of nanocrystals in
2D honeycomb superlattices, M. Boneschanscher, W.H. Evers,
J.J. Geuchies, T. Altantzis, B. Goris, F.T. Rabouw, S.A.P. van
Rossum, H.S.J. van der Zant, H.S.J. Siebbeles, G. van
Tendeloo, I. Swart, J. Hilhorst, A.V. Petukhov, S. Bals, and D.
Vanmaekelbergh, Science 244, 1377 (2014)
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 6 29
50. On the efficient luminescence of β-Na(La1–xPrx)F4, H. Herden,
A. Meijerink, F.T. Rabouw, M. Haase, and T. Jüstel, J. Lumin.
146, 302 (2014)
51. Self-assembled CdSe/CdS nanorod sheets studied in the bulk
suspension by magnetic alignment, F. Pietra, F.T. Rabouw,
P.G. van Rhee, J. van Rijssel, A.V. Petukhov, R.H. Erne, P.C.M.
Christianen, C. De Mello Donegá, and D. Vanmaekelbergh,
ACS Nano 8, 10486 (2014)
52. Photonic effects on the Förster resonance energy transfer
efficiency, F.T. Rabouw, S.A. den Hartog, T. Senden, and
A. Meijerink, Nat. Comm. 5, 3601 (2014)
53. Insights into the energy transfer mechanism in Ce3+-Yb3+ codoped
YAG phosphors, D.C. Yu, F.T. Rabouw, W.Q. Boon, T. Kieboom,
S. Ye, Q.Y. Zhang, and A. Meijerink, Phys. Rev. B 90, 165126
(2014)
54. Lanthanide-doped CaS and SrS luminescent nanocrystals:
a single-source precursor approach for doping, Y. Zhao, F.T.
Rabouw, T. van Puffelen, C.A. van Walree, D.R. Gamelin,
C. De Mello Donegá, and A. Meijerink, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136,
16533 (2014)
55. Plasmoelectric potentials in metal nanostructures, M.T. Sheldon,
J. van de Groep, A.M. Brown, A. Polman and H.A. Atwater,
Science 346, 828 (2014)
56. Limiting light escape angle in silicon photovoltaics: ideal and
realistic cells, E.D. Kosten, B.K. Newman, A. Polman and H.A.
Atwater, IEEE J. Photovolt. 5, 61 (2015)
201357. Extreme light absorption in thin semiconductor films
wrapped around metal nanowires, S.A. Mann and E.C.
Garnett, Nano Lett. 13, 3173 (2013).
58. Reduced Auger recombination in single CdSe/CdS Nanorods
by one-dimensional electron delocalization
F.T. Rabouw, P. Lunnemann, R.J.A. van Dijk-Moes,
M. Frimmer, F. Pietra, A.F. Koenderink, and D.A.M.
Vanmaekelbergh, Nano Lett. 13, 4884 (2013)
59. Calibrating and controlling the quantum efficiency distribution of
inhomogeneously broadened quantum rods by using a mirror ball,
P. Lunnemann, F.T. Rabouw, R.J.A. van Dijk-Moes,
F. Pietra, D.A.M. Vanmaekelbergh, and A.F. Koenderink, ACS
Nano 7, 5984 (2013)
60. Designing dielectric resonators on substrates: Combining
magnetic and electric resonances, J. van de Groep and
A. Polman, Opt. Expr. 21, 26285 (2013)
61. Evolution of light-induced vapor generation at a liquid-immersed
metallic nanoparticle, Z. Fang, Y.-R. Zhen, O. Neumann,
A. Polman, F.J. García de Abajo, P. Nordlander, and
N.J. Halas, Nano Lett. 13, 1736 (2013)
62. Resonant Mie modes of single silicon nanocavities excited
by electron irradiation, T. Coenen, J. van de Groep, and
A. Polman, ACS Nano 7, 1689 (2013)
63. Solar steam nanobubbles, A. Polman, ACS Nano 7, 15 (2013)
64. Highly efficient GaAs solar cells by limiting light emission angle,
E.D. Kosten, J.H. Atwater, J. Parsons, A. Polman and
H.A. Atwater, Light, Science and Appl. 2, e45 (2013)
201265. Transparent conducting silver nanowire networks, J. van de
Groep, P. Spinelli, and A. Polman, Nano Lett. 12, 3138 (2012)
66. Photonic design principles for ultrahigh-efficiency photovoltaics, A.
Polman and H.A. Atwater, Nature Mater. 11, 174 (2012)
Manuscripts in press67. Boosting solar cell photovoltage via nanophotonic engineering,
Y. Cui, D. van Dam, S.A. Mann, N.J.J. van Hoof, P.J. van
Veldhoven, E.C. Garnett, E.P.A.M. Bakkers, J.E.M. Haverkort,
Nano Lett., in press
68. Opportunities and limitations for nanophotonic structures to
exceed the Shockley-Queisser limit, S.A. Mann, R.R. Grote,
R.M. Osgood, Jr., A. Alu and E.C. Garnett, ACS Nano, in press
69. Preparation of organometal halide perovskite photonic crystal
films, S. Schunemann, K. Chen, S. Brittman, E.C. Garnett and
H. Tuysuz, submitted to ACS Appl. Mater. & Interf.
70. Efficiency limit of perovskite/Si tandem solar cells, M.H. Futscher
and B. Ehrler, ACS Energy Lett., in press
71. Highly conductive silver nanowire hybrid network as hybrid
electrodes for Si heterojunction solar cells, M.W. Knight, J. van de
Groep, P. Bronsveld, W.C. Sinke, and A. Polman, Nano Energy,
in press.
Manuscripts under review72. Integrating sphere microscopy for direct absorption measurements
of single nanostructures, S.A. Mann, B. Sciacca, Y. Zhang, J.
Wang, E. Kontoleta, H. Liu and E.C. Garnett, submitted to
Nano Lett.
73. 3D multi-energy electron microscopy, M. de Goede, E. Johlin,
B. Sciacca, F. Boughorbel and E.C. Garnett, submitted to
Nano Lett.
74. Super-resolution imaging of light-matter interactions near single
semiconductor nanowires, E. Johlin, J. Solari, S.A. Mann,
J. Wang, T.S. Shimizu and E.C. Garnett, submitted to Nature
Comm.
75. Indirect to direct bandgap transition in methylammonium
lead halide perovskite under pressure, T. Wang, B. Daiber,
J.M. Frost, S.A. Mann, E.C. Garnett, A. Walsh and B. Ehrler,
submitted to Nature Mater.
76. Benchmarking photoactive thin-film materials using a
laser-induced steady-state photocarrier grating, L.W. Veldhuizen,
G.W.P. Adhyaksa, M. Theelen, E.C. Garnett
and R.E.I. Schropp, submitted to Progr. Photovolt.
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 630
77. A silicon-singlet fission tandem solar cell exceeding 100 %
external quantum efficiency with high spectral stability,
L.M. Pazos-Outón, J.M. Lee, A. Kirch, M.H. Futscher,
M. Tabachnyk, R.H. Friend and B. Ehrler, submitted to Nature
Energy
78. Visual understanding of light absorption and waveguiding in
vertical nanowires, R. Frederiksen, E. Frau, F. Matteini,
G. Tutuncuoglu, K. L. Martinez, A. Fontcuberta i Morral,
E. Alarcon-Llado, submitted.
79. High-efficiency humidity-stable planar perovskite solar cells
based on atomic layer architecture, D. Koushik, W.J.H. Verhees,
Y. Kuang, S. Veenstra, D. Zhang, M.A. Verheijen,
M. Creatore, and R.E.I. Schropp, submitted to Energy and
Environm. Sci. Comm.
80. Optoelectronic enhancement of ultrathin CIGSe solar cells by
nanophotonic contacts, G. Yin, M.W. Knight, M.-C. van Lare, A.
Polman and M. Schmid, submitted to Adv. Opt. Mater.
81. Wide-angle, broadband graded metasurface for backreflection,
N.M. Estakhri, V. Neder, M.W. Knight, A. Polman and
A. Alù, submitted to Science Adv.
PhD theses 1. Before there was light: excited state dynamics in luminescent
(nano)materials
F.T. Rabouw, PhD thesis, Utrecht University, 28-9-2015,
advisor prof. dr. D.A.M. Vanmaekelbergh – cum laude
2. Quantifying limits and losses in nanostructured photovoltaics
S.A. Mann, PhD thesis, University of Amsterdam, 6-12-2016,
advisor dr. E.C. Garnett
3. Interfaces in nanoscale photovoltaics
S.Z. Oener, PhD thesis, University of Amsterdam, 8-12-2016,
advisor dr. E.C. Garnett
4. Resonant nanophotonic structures for photovoltaics J. van de Groep, Ph.D. thesis, University of Amsterdam,
15-12-2015, advisor: Prof. dr. A. Polman – cum laude
5. Internal and external light trapping for solar cells and modules
L. van Dijk, Ph.D. thesis, Utrecht University, 30-5-2016,
advisors: Dr. M. Di Vece, Prof. dr. A. Polman, and
Prof. Dr. R.E.I. Schropp
Master’s theses by students trained by LMPV
1. Limiting and realistic efficiencies of multi-junction solar cells,
Hugo Doeleman, University of Amsterdam (2012)
2. Contacting single core-shell nanowires for photovoltaics,
Christina Sfiligoj, Technical University Delft (2013)
3. Trivalent europium ions as a probe for the electric and magnetic
local density of states in Si nanoresonators, Julia Attevelt,
University of Amsterdam (2013)
4. Multi-energy deconvolution scanning electron microscopy, Michiel
de Goede, University of Amsterdam (2014)
5. Silver nanocubes as building blocks for a transparent conductive
network, Annemarie Berkhout University of Amsterdam
(2015)
6. Surface functionalization of cuprous oxide for PV applications,
Jantine Fokkema, Utrecht University (2014)
7. t-butyl-Terrylene: novel singlet fission material for highly efficient
solar cells, Maria Minone, Utrecht University (2016)
8. Quantum dot/Nanowire Hybrid Nanostructure for Solar Cell
Applications, Linda van de Waart, Technical University Delft
(2015)
9. Indirect to direct bandgap transition in methylammonium lead
halide perovskite, Benjamin Daiber, University of Amsterdam
(2016)
10. Wide-angle, broadband graded metasurface for back reflection,
Verena Neder, University of Amsterdam (2016)
11. Plasmoelectric measurements on metal nanohole arrays, Philipp
Tockhorn, University of Amsterdam (2016)
12. Grain size effects in transparent metal nanowire networks,
Teresa Ortmann, University of Amsterdam (2016)
13. Polarization and angular resolved cathodoluminescence image
spectroscopy of resonant optical nanostructures, Philip
Heringlake, University of Amsterdam (2016)
14. Investigation of singlet fission in perylene bis(phenethylimde):
an ultrafast process to overcome the Shockley-Queisser limit,
Maarten Mennes, University of Amsterdam (2016)
Bachelor’s theses by students trained by LMPV
15. Measuring the optical responses of core@shell nanowires by using
cathodoluminescence spectroscopy, Linda van der Waart,
University of Amsterdam (2013)
16. The core-shell nanowire as a solar cell, John Huong, Amsterdam
University College (2014)
17. Controlling the morphology of hybrid organic-inorganic lead
bromide perovskite films on planar substrates, Harolds Abolins,
Amsterdam University College (2016)
18. Dutch solar cell performance: The efficiency and Shockley-Queisser
limits of various solar panels under Dutch weather conditions,
Ruby de Hart, Amsterdam University College (2016)
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 6 31
Year Funding Agency PI Title Budget (k€)
2011 ERC Advanced Grant Polman Plasmonic metamaterials (PV part) 762
2011 NanoNextNL Polman Ultrathin solar cells 325
2013 ERC Starting Grant Garnett Photovoltaics enabled through nanoscience 1.500
2013 ASML Polman Roadmap nanofabrication for photovoltaics 100
2013 FEI Garnett 3D imaging of nanomaterials with SEM in-kind
2013 GCEP (Stanford University, industrial consortium)
Polman Dielectric metasurfaces for light trapping in high-efficiency low-cost silicon solar cells
376
2013 NWO/TKI Advanced Instrumentation
Garnett Three-dimensional spectroscopic SEM 180
2013 TKI Solar Energy Polman Silicon competence center investments 123
2013 FOM-Philips IPP Garnett,Polman
Nanophotonics for solid-state lighting 670
2013 NWO Garnett Photosynthesis of nanomaterials 687
2013 KNAW Polman KNAW visiting professorship Harry Atwater 6
2014 KNAW Polman KNAW visiting professorship Andrea Alù 20
2015 TKI Solar energy Polman Competitive passivating contact technology for PV 96
2015 TKI HTSM Garnett Electron backscatter diffraction with ultralow background and low material damage
164
2015 FOM Projectruimte Ehrler Highly efficient solar cells enabled by understanding triplet exciton dynamics
395
2016 ERC Advanced Grant Polman Scanning electron optical nanoscopy (PV part) 832
2016 AMOLF/ARCNL program Ehrler Quantum dots for the next-generation photoresist 264
2016 VIDI (STW) Garnett Nanobricks: Building monocrystalline optoelectronics from welded nanocubes
800
2016 FEI Polman Time-resolved cathodoluminescence microscopy 17
2016 Topsector program Polman Time-resolved cathodoluminescence microscopy 153
2016 Topsector program Ehrler Singlet fission-sensitized silicon solar cells 220
TOTAL 7.690 M€
Appendix C Additionally acquired grants
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 632
Appendix D Media attention, outreach
Articles in national newspapers1. Science Park centrum van zonnestroom: AMOLF stort zich op goedkope zonnecellen, Het Parool, February 21, 2011
2. Antenne voor zichtbaar licht is de kleinste ooit, NRC Handelsblad, August 11, 2011
3. Zomerserie de Werkplaats: Schotels en antennes, maar dan honderd maal kleiner dan de dikte van een haar,
NRC Handelsblad, August 14, 2011
4. Superefficiënte zonnecel op komst, het Parool, February 22, 2012
5. Zwart gat silicium helpt zonnecel, De Volkskrant, February 22, 2012
6. De zon levert steeds meer energie op, NRC Handelsblad, March 9, 2012
7. Amsterdamse onderzoeker wint energieprijs, Het Parool, May 21,2012
8. FOM onderzoek naar zonnecellen wint grote Italiaanse energieprijs, Eindhovens Dagblad, May 22, 2012
9. When Harry met Albert, NRC Handelsblad, May 26, 2012
10. Hollands Dagboek – Albert Polman, NRC Handelsblad, June 16, 2012
11. Science Park Amsterdam in beeld, Het Parool, September 8, 2012
12. Fundamenteel onderzoek op de lange termijn levert de industrie het meeste op, Financieel Dagblad, June 22, 2013
13. Zonne-energie in een notedop, New scientist, September 2013
14. Perovskiet zonnecellen: heilige graal of hype, Solar Magazine, May 2014
15. Slimmer gebruik van zonlicht levert veel meer stroom, NRC Handelsblad, May 3, 2014
16. De grote uitdaging komt na 2020, Het Parool, May 27, 2014
17. Rubriek Mensen, A. Polman, Het Parool, February 3, 2014
18. Een zonnecel die alle kleuren vangt, Het Parool, June 21, 2014
19. Laserlicht op goud leidt tot elektrische spanning, De Volkskrant, November 3, 2014
20. Het collectief klotsen van elektronen, NRC Handelsblad, November 8, 2014
21. Miniatuurrooster zet licht om in elektriciteit, New Scientist, December 2014
22. Nieuw wondermateriaal voor zonnecellen, De Volkskrant, February 14, 2015
23. Zon zal energiewedloop winnen, Financieel Dagblad, February 17, 2015
24. Licht uit, professor aan, De Volkskrant, April 15, 2015
25. Een ongekende kracht, Folia, June 10, 2015
26. Waarom gebruiken we deze bron zo weinig? NRC Handelsblad, February 5, 2016
27. Zoutkristalletjes recyclen het licht, Volkskrant, March 26, 2016
Performances on radio, television, at public events1. Hoe maken we een ultra-efficiënte zonnepaneel?, Energie Cafe gemeente Amsterdam, February 14, 2012
2. Ultra-efficiënte zonnecellen, Interview Hoe Zo!? Radio 5, February 21, 2012
3. Ultra-efficiënte zonnecellen, Interview Amsterdam FM radio, February 21, 2012
4. Ultra-efficiënte zonnecellen, Interview EenVandaag Television, February 22, 2012
5. Ultra-efficiënte zonnecellen, Interview BNR Nieuwsradio, February 24, 2012
6. Ultra-efficiënte zonnecellen, Interview KRO Goedemorgen Radio 2, February 27, 2012
7. Ultra-efficiënte zonnecellen, Interview Dichtbij Nederland Radio, March 8, 2012.
8. Licht management verdubbelt PV rendement, New-energy.tv, March 14, 2012
9. ENI prijs voor Albert Polman en Harry Atwater, Interview Amsterdam FM Radio, May 22, 2012
10. Amsterdamse onderzoeker wint energieprijs, Interview Radio Noord-Holland, June 13, 2012
11. Amsterdamse onderzoeker wint energieprijs, Interview Radio 1, June 15, 2012
12. Introduction Science Park Film Festival, September 15, 2013
13. Interview solar energy, Hoe?Zo! VPRO radio, October 3, 2013
14. Plasmo-elektrisch effect, NPO radio, October 30, 2014
15. Nano-energie, sneller van grijs naar groen, Science cafe RTL-Z, Amsterdam, March 3, 2016
16. Perovskiet zonnecellen: heilige graal of hype?, Solar Magazine, May, 2014
17. Slimmer gebruik van zonlicht levert veel meer stroom, NRC Handelsblad, May 3, 2014
18. Professoren op het podium, Odeon theatre, Zwolle, March 22, 2015
19. Toekomstmakers: nanotechnologie voor zonnecellen, RTL Z, November 25, 2015 (>330.000 viewers)
20. Nano–energie – sneller van grijs naar groen, Science cafe RTL-Z, Amsterdam, March 3, 2016
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 6 33
Lecture theatre performances Voor niets gaat de zon op1. Theater de Purmaryn, Purmerend (try-out, November 17, 2014)
2. Frascati Theater, Amsterdam (première, April 15, 2015)
3. University of Amsterdam (academic inauguration lecture, April 16, 2015)
4. Frascati Theater, Amsterdam (April 16, 2015)
5. Utrecht University (June 25, 2015)
6. DokH20, Deventer (September 10, 2015)
7. Stadsschouwburg, Utrecht (September 28, 2015)
8. Science Park Amsterdam, Open Dag (October 3, 2015)
9. Theater de Schalm, Veldhoven (November 10, 2015)
10. Parktheater, Eindhoven (January 11, 2016)
11. Theater De Verkadefabriek, Den Bosch (January 27, 2016)
12. Theater ‘t Zand, Maarssen (March 13, 2016)
13. Theater aan het Spui, Den Haag (April 7, 2016)
14. Schouwburg Rotterdam (September 28, 2016)
15. University of Amsterdam (November 5, 2016)
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 634
F O M I N S T I T U T E A M O L F | L M P V M I D - T E R M R E P O RT 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 6