LIFELINES OF INDIAN ECONOMY

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WORD MEANING:

Freight: goods transported in bulk by truck, train, ship, or aircraft. "a decline in the amount of freight carried by rail" locomotive: a powered railway vehicle used for pulling trains.

Find out places linked by the National Highway 2 and 3.

National Highway 2 runs from Delhi to Kolkata. Some of the places linked by this highway are: Faridabad in Haryana, Mathura, Agra, Etawah, Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi and Mughalsarai in Uttar Pradesh, Mohania, Sasaram, Dehri on Sone and Aurangabad in Bihar, Barhi and Dhanbad in Jharkhand and Asansol, Durgapur, Bardhaman and kolkata in Paschim Banga. National Highway 3 runs from Agra to Mumbai. Some of the places linked by this highway are Dholpur in Rajasthan, Morena, Gwalior, Shivpuri, Guna, Indore and Mhow in Madhya Pradesh, and Dhule, Melegaon, Nashik, Igatpuri, Shahpur, Bhiwandi, Thane and Mumbai in Maharashtra. The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) is a national highway network connecting many of the major industrial, agricultural and cultural centres of India. It forms a quadrilateral connecting the four major metro cities of India, viz., Delhi (north), Kolkata (east), Mumbai (west) and Chennai(south). Other cities connected by this network include Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Jaipur, Kanpur, Pune, Surat, Vijayawada, Ajmer, Vizag, Bodhgaya, Varanasi, Agra, Mathura, Dhanbad, Gandhinagar, Udaipur, and Vadodara.

At 5,846 kilometres (3,633 mi), it is the largest highway project in India and the fifth longest in the world. It is the first phase of the National Highways Development Project(NHDP), and consists of four- and six-lane express highways, built at a cost of ₹600 billion (US$8.3 billion).The project was planned by 1999, launched in 2001, and was completed in 2012.

The Golden Quadrilateral project is managed by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) under the Ministry of Road, Transport and Highways. The vast majority of the system is not access controlled, although safety features such as guardrails, shoulders, and high-visibility signs are in use. The Mumbai–Pune Expressway, the first controlled-access toll road to be built in India, is a part of the GQ Project but not funded by NHAI, and separate from the main highway.

Highway map of India with the Golden Quadrilateral highlighted in solid blue colour

Route information

Maintained by NHAI

Length 5,846 km (3,633 mi)

Delhi – Kolkata

Length 1,453 km (903 mi)

Major junctions

NH 19

Delhi – Mumbai

Length 1,419 km (882 mi)

Major junctions

NH 48

Mumbai – Chennai

Length 1,290 km (800 mi)

Major junctions

NH 48

Chennai – Kolkata

Length 1,684 km (1,046 mi)

Major junctions

NH 16

Highway system

The National Highways network of India is a network of trunk roads that is owned by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. It is constructed and managed by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), the National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation (NHIDCL), and the public works departments (PWDs) of state governments. NHAI was established by the National Highways Authority of India Act, 1988. Section 16(1) of the Act states that the function of NHAI is to develop, maintain, and manage the National Highways and any other highways vested in, or entrusted to, it by the Government of India. These highways as of June 2017 measure over 115,435 km (71,728 mi).[1]The Indian government led by PM Modi has vowed to double the highway length from 96,000 to 2,00,000 km. State highways in India are numbered highways that are laid and maintained by the state governments. It only links a state capital with different district .These are not related to National Highways and are not maintained by the National Highways Authority of India or the central government in any way. The state highways are usually roads that link important cities, towns and district headquarters within the state and connect them with National Highways or highways of neighbouring states. These highways provide connections to industries or places from key areas in the state making them more accessible. The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) develops and maintains road networks in India's border areas and friendly neighbouring countries. It is staffed by officers and troops drawn from the Indian Army's Corps of Engineers, Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, Army Service Corps, Military Police and army personnel on extra regimental employment. Officers from the Border Roads Engineering Service and personnel from the General Reserve Engineer Force (GREF) form the parent cadre of the Border Roads Organisation. Currently, the organisation maintains operations in twenty-one states, one UT (Andaman and Nicobar Islands), and neighbouring countries such as Afghanistan, Bhutan, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. The BRO operates and maintains over 32,885 kilometres of roads and about 12,200 meters of permanent bridges in the country. Presently, BRO is also involved in the construction of a tunnel at the Rohtang pass which is estimated to be ready by 2019. Border Roads Organisation

BRO Logo

Abbreviation

BRO

Motto everything is achievable through hardwork..., ‘Shramena Sarvam Sadhyam’[1]

Formation 7 May 1960 Legal status Active Purpose Civil engineering infrastructural

development in difficult areas Headquarters

New Delhi

Location 1. Border regions of India Region served

India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar.

Director General

Lt. Gen.Harpal Singh [2]

Parent organisation

Ministry of Defence

Budget $ 732 million

India - Road density

142.7(km/100 sq. km) in 2011

In 2011, road density for India was 142.7 km/100 sq.km. Road density of India increased from 104.2 km/100 sq.km in 2002 to 142.7 km/100 sq.km in 2011 growing at an average annual rate of 3.57 %.

Road density is the ratio of the length of the country's total road network to the country's land area. The road network includes all roads in the country: motorways, highways, main or national roads, secondary or regional roads, and other urban and rural roads.

The Indian Railways (IR) is the world's largest railway system under single management and the largest employer in the world with approx. 1.33 million employees. India's as well as Asia's first train steamed off from Mumbai (erstwhile Bombay) to Thane on April 16th, 1853 covering a distance of 34 kms.

The Indian Railways (IR) is the world's largest railway system under single management and the largest employer in the world with approx. 1.33 million employees. India's as well as Asia's first train steamed off from Mumbai (erstwhile Bombay) to Thane on April 16th, 1853 covering a distance of 34 kms. India's railway network grew rapidly to encompass a pan-Indian network of almost 40 000 kms. India and Japan have signed an agreement for the construction of a Shinkansen type high speed rail corridor between Mumbai and Ahmedabad. This is one of seven corridors currently under consideration for high speed train service.

IR carried approx. 22.94 million passengers daily (total 2087 million) during Q1/2018-19 out of which ca 45 % was non-suburban passenger traffic. IR's vast rail network (third largest in the world) encompassed 67 368 route kilometers of which 61 680 kms was broad gauge (Mar 2017). 450 kms of new line became operational in 2013-14 and 1 350 kms of existing lines were electrified. The network covers 7 172 stations and is served by over 13 300 daily passenger (incl. 5 125 suburban EMU trains) and 7 400 freight trains. Approx. 29 000 route kilometers of rail had been electrified as of 2018. IR's gross revenues amounted to approx. ₹ 1.65 trillion (ca USD 23½ bn) in 2016-17.

IR's passenger reservation system (PRS) is the largest of its kind in the world. IR's plan outlay for 2017-18 is approx. ₹ 1.31 trillion (ca USD 20 bn).

Train tickets can be booked on IR's e-ticketing (revamped beta site) service is available eg for all Superfast, Jan Shatabdi, Rajdhani and Shatabdi, Duronto and Sampark Kranti Express trains.

Revenue based freight carried amounted to 1 109 million tons in 2016-17. The main commodities handled by IR during 2015-16 include coal (552 million tons), iron ores (117 MT), cement (105 MT), mineral oils (43 MT), foodgrains (46 MT), fertilizers (52 mt) and iron&steel (45 MT).

A new joint-venture plant for the manufacture of upto 5000 EMUs spanning 12 years is planned to be constructed at Kanchrapara, north of Kolkata. Bids of three consortia have been shortlisted and the contract is expected to be awarded in 2018.

In Indian Railway there are 16 major railways zones. Each zone having a headquarter. Zones are sub-divided into divisions. There are a total of 69 divisions.

S.NO

NAME OF THE

RAILWAY ZONE

ZONAL HEADQUARTER DIVISIONS

1 Central Railway Mumbai

Bhusawal, Nagpur, Mumbai(CST), Solapur,Pune

2 Eastern Railway Kolkata

Malda, Howarh, Sealdah, Asansol

3 Northern Railway New Delhi

Ambala, Ferozpur, Lucknow, Moradabad, Delhi

4

North Eastern Railway Gorakhpur

Lucknow, Varanasi, Izatnagar

5

Northeast Frontier Railway Guwahati

Katihar, Lumding,Tinsukhia, Alipurduar, Rangiya

6 Southern Railway Chennai

Chennai, Madurai, Palghat,Trichy, Trivandrum

7

South Central Railway Secunderabad

Secunderabad, Hyderabad, Guntakal, Vijaywada, Guntur, Nanded

8

South Eastern Railway Kolkata

Kharagpur, Chakradharpur, Adra, Ranchi

9 Western Railway Mumbai

Bhavnagar, Mumbai Central, Ratlam, Rajkot, Vadodara, Ahemdabad

10 East Central Railway Hajipur

Danapur, Dhanbad,Sonepur, Mughalsarai, Samastipur

11 East Coast Railway Bhubaneswar

Khurda Road, Waltair, Sambalpur

12

North Central Railway Allahabad

Allahabad, Jhansi, Agra

13

North Western Railway Jaipur

Bikaner, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Ajmer

14

South East Central Railway Bilaspur

Nagpur, Bilaspur, Raipur

15

South Western Railway Hubli

Bangalore, Mysore, Hubli

16

West Central Railway Jabalpur

Jabalpur, Bhopal, Kota

Rail Gauges The gauge of a railway track is defined as the clear minimum perpendicular distance between the inner faces of the two rails.

How do physiographic and economic factors influence the distribution pattern Examples of the distribution pattern of the railway network in the country being influenced by physiographic and economic factors are Physiographic Factors (i) The Northern Plains with their vast level land, high population density and rich agricultural resources provided the most favourable condition for growth of railways, although crossing wide rivers posed some obstacles. (ii) In the hilly terrain of the peninsular region, railway tracks were laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels. (iii) The Himalayan mountain regions are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, undulating terrain and low traffic. (iv) It is difficult to lay railway tracks in the sandy plains of Western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat and forested areas of states in central India, e.g. Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand. Economic Factors Given below are some economic factors that affect the distribution of railways (i) State funding plays a vital role in the development of railways across the nations. (ii) The state with flexible laws supports the growth of railways. (iii) The places that are highly industrialised attract the development of railways. (iv) Since the growth of both is complimentary to each other, e.g. recendy railway network is enhancing along the industrial corridors. Physiographic factors:- In India geographic conditions play an important in construction of railways For eg., In the north eastern parts of India due to high mountains and slopy areas railway network is not as dense as in other plane surfaces Economic factors :- In day to day lives people are getting modern and busy also trade and transport has also increased it has been only possible due to the wide railway networks in and around planes For eg., In India there are more transport facilities in more economic areas such as railways or roadways

1. Naharkatia-Nunmati-Barauni Pipeline: This was the first pipeline constructed in India to bring crude oil from Naharkatia oilfield to Nunmati.

It was later extended to transport crude oil to refinery at Barauni in Bihar. It is 1,167 km long. It is now extended to Kanpur in U.P. The pipeline between Naharkatia and Nunmati became operative in 1962 and that between Nunmati and Barauni in 1964. Construction work on pipeline from Barauni to Kanpur and Haldia was completed in 1966. It has a number of pumping stations and subsidiary pipelines.

(i) Nunmati-Siliguri pipeline transport oil from Nunmati (Guwahati) in Assam to Siliguri in West Bengal.

(ii) Lakwa-Rudrasagar-Barauni pipeline has been constructed to carry crude oil from Lakwa and Rudrasagar to oil refinery at Barauni.

(iii) Barauni-Haldia pipeline, completed in 1966, transports refined petroleum products to Haldia port and bring back crude oil to Barauni refinery.

(iv) Barauni-Kanpur pipeline carries refined petroleum products from Barauni to Kanpur.

(v) Nunmati-Bangaigaon section of this pipe is used to transport raw materials for Bongaigaon petro-chemical complex.

(vi) Haldia-Rajbandh-Maurigram pipeline has been constructed to meet the requirements of southern part of West Bengal.

2. Mumbai High-Mumbai-Ankleshwar-Kayoli Pipeline: This pipeline connects oilfields of Mumbai High and Gujarat with oil refinery at Koyali. A 210 km long double pipeline connects Mumbai with Mumbai High. It provides facilities for transporting crude oil and natural gas. Ankleshwar-Koyali pipeline was completed in 1965. It transports crude oil from Ankleshwar oilfield to Koyali refinery.

3. Salaya-Koyali-Mathura Pipeline: An important pipeline has been laid from Salaya in Gujarat to Mathura in U.P. via Viramgram. This is 1,256 km long pipeline which supplies crude oil to refineries at Koyali and Mathura.

From Mathura, it has been extended to the oil refinery at Panipat in Haryana and further to Jalandhar in Punjab. It has an offshore terminal for imported crude oil.

4. Hajira-Bijapur-Jagdishpur (HBJ) Gas Pipeline: This pipeline has been constructed by Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) to transport gas. It is 1,750 km long and connects Hazira in Maharashtra to Bijapur in M.P. and Jagdishpur in U.P. It carries 18 million cubic metres of gas everyday to three power houses at Kawas (Gujarat), Anta (Rajasthan) and Auraiya (U.P.) and to six fertilizer plants at Bijapur, Sawai Madhopur,. Jagdishpur, Shahjahanpur, Aonla and Babrala.

Each of the fertilizer plants has a capacity of producing 1,350 tonnes of ammonia per day. The construction of this pipeline is a unique engineering feat and has been completed at an estimated cost of over Rs. 1,700 crore. The pipeline passes through 343.7 km long rocky area, 56.3 km long forest area, besides crossing 29 railway crossings and 75 big and small rivers.

This is the world s largest underground pipeline and has brought about a big transformation in the economy of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. It has been extended upto Delhi so that enough gas is made available to meet the growing demand of the capital city.

5. Jamnagar-Loni LPG Pipeline: This 1,269 km long pipeline has been constructed by Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) at the cost of Rs. 1,250 crore. It connects Jamnagar in Gujarat to Loni near Delhi in U.P. and passes through the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana and U.P. This is the longest LPG pipeline of the world.

It is like transporting 3.5 lakh LPG gas cylinders across 1,269 km every day and its capacity is being increased to 5.0 lakh cylinder per day. It will result in net saving of Rs. 500 crore per year by eliminating road tanker movement and lead to reduction of about 10,000 tonnes of pollutant emission per year.

This is the first time that cross-country pipeline has been used to transport LPG adding to availability of supplies, safety in transportation and wider distribution. LPG is received at various points along the route for bottling in Ajmer and Jaipur (Rajasthan), Piyala (Haryana), Madanpur Khadar (Delhi) and Loni (U.P.). Phase-I of the pipeline was completed in 2001 and Phase-II was completed in 2003. Its capacity will be expanded from the current level of 1.7 million tonnes to 2.5 million tonnes.

6. Kandla-Bhatinda Pipeline: This 1,331 km long pipeline is proposed to be constructed for transporting crude oil to the proposed refinery at Bhatinda. It is to be constructed by IOC at the estimated cost of Rs. 690 crore.

Apart from the above mentioned important pipelines, several other pipelines have also been laid in different parts of the country. Construction of some of them has already been completed while others are at different stages of completion. In Gujarat, a number of pipelines carry crude oil, gas and refined products to refineries and markets.

Important pipelines include the Kalol-Sabarmati Crude Pipeline, the Nawgam-Kalol-Koyali Crude Pipeline, the Cambay-Dhiwaran Gas Pipeline, the Ankleshwar- Uttaran Gas Pipeline, the Ankleshwar-Vadodara Associated Gas Pipeline, and the Koyali-Ahmedabad Products Pipeline. Mumbai is an important centre for petroleum products. As such, it is joined with Pune and Manmad by pipelines. The Haldia-Kolkata pipeline caters to the needs of Kolkata and its neighbouring areas.

The Gas Authority of India Ltd. (GAIL) has drawn up an ambitious plan at the cost of Rs. 10,000 crore for the “near term” which includes projects for integrating the gas pipeline network through capacity expansion and adding new pipelines.

Some of the pipelines for which the preliminary work has been completed are the Dahej-Vijaipur pipeline, 300 km north-south Gujarat pipeline, Dehej- Hazira-Uran pipeline (400 km), Kochi-Mangalore-Bangalore pipeline (900 km) and Phase III of pipeline network in Andhra Pradesh.

A 600 km Vishakhapatnam-Secunderabad pipeline of 1.1 million tonnes capacity would also be put at the cost of Rs. 490 crore. Some of the other proposed pipelines include the Kanpur-Bina, Mangalore-Chennai, Vijayawada-Vishakhapatnam, and Haldia-Budge Budge pipelines.

Ch 6- MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

https://youtu.be/MqCYwCFkGwE

WORD MEANING: Haulage: the commercial transport of goods. Flux definition: a substance, such as borax or salt, that gives a low melting-point mixture with a metal oxide. It is used for cleaning metal surfaces during soldering, etc, and for protecting the surfaces of liquid metals 4. metallurgy: a chemical used to increase the fluidity of refining slags in order to promote the rate of chemical reaction a similar substance used in the making of glass If something is in a state of flux, it is constantly changing. ... etc., as a non-metallic material added to a furnace charge that has the ability to fuse ... Smokestack: a pipe or funnel through which smoke and gases are discharged

Flocculate: The process by which individual particles of clay aggregate into clot like masses or precipitate into small lumps. Flocculation occurs as a result of a chemical reaction between the clay particles and another substance, usually salt water.

to form or be formed into an aggregated flocculent mass / Precipitation from solution in the form of fleecy masses.

Limited company – What is a limited company?

A limited company is a type of business structure which has been incorporated into a legally distinct body or ‘person’.

Are you a sole trader or entrepreneur? Is your business growing? Perhaps it's time to incorporate.

If you choose to run your business as a limited company, the business will:

• Be legally distinct from the people who run it; • Keep finances separate from the owner's personal finances; • Be able to own assets and keep any profits it makes after tax.

Types of limited company

ü There are two kinds of limited company: private limited companies and public limited companies.

ü Private limited companies cannot offer shares to the general public. In the UK, this is a one of the most common set-ups for small businesses.

ü Public limited companies (PLCs) can raise capital by offering shares to the general public. Shares are traded on the stock exchange, and a PLC must have issued shares to a value of at least £50,000 before it can trade. This structure is more common for larger, more established businesses.

Limited companies and limited liability

ü Within some business structures – such as the sole trader set-up – there is no legal distinction between the owner's finances and the business's finances. As such, if a business fails, the owners are personally responsible for any debts.

ü Because a limited company has separate finances and is legally distinct from its owners, shareholders have limited liability – meaning that owners and shareholders are not personally liable for any losses or debits incurred by their business.

ü Limited liability is one of the main advantages of the limited company set-up as shareholders are only legally responsible to the extent of their original investment, and can only lose the capital they initially put into the business.

Setting up a limited company

ü To set up a limited company, you will need to register with Companies House – this is called incorporation.

ü You can register your limited company online or via post. You can either do this yourself or pay an accountant or solicitor to go through the process on your behalf.

When registering, you will need to provide:

• The full registered name and address of your company; • The names and addresses of directors and, if applicable, the company

secretary; • Details of shareholders and capital.

Limited companies and tax

ü Once your limited company is incorporated, you will need to register for corporation tax. This needs to be done within three months, or you might have to pay a fine.

ü All limited companies must pay corportation tax, but you may also be elligble for other kinds of taxes such as VAT, Capital Gains Tax, or PAYE and National Insurance Contributions.

ü A limited company is its own entity. A private limited company has one or more members, also called shareholders or owners, who buy in through private sales. Directors are company employees who keep up with all administrative tasks and tax filings but do not need to be shareholders. The company’s finances are separate from the owners’ and are taxed separately. The company owns all profits and pays taxes on them, distributes a portion to shareholders as dividends and retains the rest as working capital. A director may withdraw funds only for a salary or dividend payment or loan.

ü By setting up a private limited company, it becomes separate from the people who run it. Any profits made by the company can be pocketed after taxes are paid. The corporation's finances must be kept separate from any personal ones in order to avoid confusion.

Advantages of a Private Limited Company

Because the number of shareholders is unlimited, liability is spread among multiple owners rather than just one. A shareholder loses only as much as he invested if the company becomes insolvent. For example, say a private limited company issues 100 shares valued at $150 each. Shareholder A and Shareholder B own 50 shares each and paid in full for 25 shares each. If the company becomes insolvent, the maximum amount Shareholder A and Shareholder B each pay is $3,750, the value of the remaining 25 unpaid shares each member holds.

A private limited company has greater tax advantages than a sole proprietorship, partnership or similar organization. The company exists into perpetuity even if an owner sells or transfers his shares, securing jobs and resources for the community. Because a private limited company produces goods at a lower cost and increases profits, financial institutions loan the company more money for operations and expansions and the company’s annual revenue increases.

Disadvantages of a Private Limited Company

Shares are sold privately, restricting the amount of capital raised. All shareholders must agree to sell or transfer shares to someone outside the company. The company can borrow money, but a director must offer a personal guarantee to repay the debt if the company cannot; the director’s personal assets are put at stake and not protected under private limited company laws. If a loan is owed to the company at year end, additional taxes apply. A director becomes personally liable if the company becomes insolvent and the director does not act in the best interest of the creditors.

Q: Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi? A: Mahatma Gandhi believed in the ideology of Swedeshi ie, to use everything that is made in India. During the colonial period, the British had discouraged the Indian textile industries and promoted the British made goods especially the textiles. This lead to the closure of several Indian hand loom industries and many weavers were hit hard. Gandhi and other leaders in order to promote swedeshi goods encouraged the people to spin yarn and weave Khadi. This hit the British textile industries hard and provided work to many Indian artisans and weavers. Q: Why is it important for our country to keep the mill sector loomage lower than power loom and handloom? A: Powerloom and handloom provide employment to large number of people in the rural areas. it is one of the main sources of their living. So if the industrial production increases, it will affect the livlihood of many families who work on power looms and handlooms in their houses. It will also result in unemployment and poverty. It is to avoid such circumsatnces and to make rural people self sufficient, the industrial or mill loomage is always kept lower than the power looms and the handlooms.

Q: Why is it important for us to improve our weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in large quantities?

A: Yarn is an unprocessed product, and thus it has a lower value.it is used as a raw material in textile industries/weaving to produce fabric(cloth), after which it can be sold for a much higher value.if we export yarn in large quantities, the profit gained is low, and the whole process would employ less people, but if the weaving sector is developed, the yarn can be used in indigenous industries, which would employ more people and generate higher profit. thereby, becoming a more favourable option as compared to just exporting it.

Q: Why is the per capita consumption of steel so low in India? A: From above given fact, we can say that, India's energy consumption is also very low; so it will result in less steel requirement. Infrastructure in India is yet developing. ... Other reasons: Low consumption of steel in India are because of the following reasons: High costs and limited availability of coking coal.

Q: Have you read about the Kalinganagar controversy? A: Yes; it is another instance of the resistance of the tribal to losing their lands to industrialization. The Tata Group has contracted with the Government of Odisha to set up a giant steel plant in Kalinganagar area. As the tribals living in this area would have lost their land and their livelihoods would be threatened, they revolted. On 2nd January, 2006 in a police firing incident, 13 tribals were killed. Subsequently, when their bodies were being handed over to their relatives, it was found that palms of five tribals had been chopped off (for identifying them by fingerprinting) by the doctors conducting the postmortems on them. The above controversy has affected the setting up of this steel plant and also the industrialization in Odisha overall.

2. Which raw material is likely to be most expensive to transport and why? (b) Which raw material is likely to be the cheapest to transport and why?

3. (i)(a) Aluminium, because it is heavier than plastic, and also the saucepan body is bulkier than the handle. (b) Plastic is cheaper for the same reasons given in (a) (ii) Cost of transporting finished products after packaging will be cheaper because they are likely to be enclosed in rectangular packing boxes, which can be easily transported in larger quantities by proper stacking, either by goods train or by truck.

Q: Where would it be economically viable to set up the cement manufacturing units? A: Since cement manufacturing requires bulky and heavy raw materials like coal, limestone, silica, etc. such industries are likely to be located near to the

areas where such minerals are found, to reduce the cost of transportation of these materials. Regular availability of electrical power and availability of a railway line are also factors which are taken into consideration while deciding the location of a cement manufacturing plant.

Q: Find out where the plants are located in other States of India. Find their names. The names of the major companies in cement industry and locations of their major cement plants in India are given below

Name of Company Locations of Cement Manufacturing Plants India Cements 4 plants in Andhra Pradesh at Yeramguntia,

Chilcimkur, Vishnupuram and Malkapur. 3 plants in Tamil Nadu at Sank;ir Nagar, Dalavoi and Sankari.

Jaypee Group Century Cement

Cluster of plants at Satna, Madhya Pradesh Plants at (i) Baikunth, Dist. Raipur in Chhattisgarh, (ii) Sarlanagar, Dist. Satna, in Madhya Pradesh (iii) Gadchandur, Dist. Chandrapur, Maharashtra (iv) Sagardighi, Dist. Murshidabad, Paschim Banga

L & T Cement 5 plants at (i) Jafrabad, Gujarat (ii) Hirmi, Chhattisgarh (iii) Chandrapur, Maharashtra (iv) Tadipatri, Andhra Pradesh (v) Arakonam, Tamil Nadu

ACC Cement 17 plants spread over the states of Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Paschim Bangal

Cement Corporation of India

41 plants all over India

Ambuja Cement 16 plants spread over the states of Gujarat, Paschim Bangal, Chhattisgarh, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala and Maharashtra

JK Cement Gotan, Mangrol and IMiimbahera, all in Rajasthan

Importance of Manufacturing Industry

• Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular mainly because– • Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy, they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. • Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country. This was the main philosophy behind public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India. It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas. • Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange. • Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible. Q.1. ‘Agriculture and industry move hand in hand.’ Elucidate. OR ‘Agriculture and industry are complimentary to each other.’ Justify the statement. Ans. A close relationship exists between agriculture and manufacturing industries. Both of them complement each other. Each of them serves as market for goods produced by the other and in the process raises demand for each other’s goods. For example, the agro-based industries, like textiles, sugar, etc., depend upon agriculture for raw materials. These industries have given a major boost to agriculture by raising their demand and hence, productivity. Manufacturing industries sell the products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, agricultural machinery and tools, etc., to the farmers. Agriculture serves as their market and effects their development. These inputs from industries assist agriculturists in increasing productivity as well as have made the production processes very efficient. Iron and Steel Industry Watch the video of production of steel from start to finish

1. Why is iron and steel industry termed as basic industry? Ans. Basic or key industries supply their products as raw materials to other industries to manufacture their goods. Iron and steel industry is termed as a basic industry because: (a) it produces iron and steel which in turn is used for manufacturing machines, tools and equipment. Machinery and tools are basic for any manufacturing process. Thus, iron and steel industry plays a key role in the development of any manufacturing industry and agriculture. (b) iron and steel industry provides raw materials for heavy engineering, automobiles, ship building, manufacturing of railway engines, locomotives, etc. The development of these industries is dependent on the supply of iron and steel. Many of the items used by us in our daily life, from a tiny nail to big railway locomotives, are made of iron. 2. Describe four physical and four human factors that affect the location of an industry. Ans. Industrial locations are complex in nature. They are influenced by a number of factors that determine their location in region. The physical factors that influence that location of industries are as follows : (a) Availability of raw materials — Raw materials for industries range from agricultural products to minerals. Raw material required for the industry must be available cheaply and at close range or at well-linked places. In case of industries using bulky raw materials like iron, bauxite, etc., the ideal location is near the sources of raw materials. (b) Power resources — Power, energy or fuel is essential for the working of any industry, for running machineries and as fuel for the furnaces and smelters. So, power resources like coal and electricity must be available in abundance in the vicinity of the site chosen for the industry. (c) Water — Water is needed in abundance by almost all industries, e.g. cotton and jute textiles for processing, cleaning and cooling of machineries. So many industries are located near rivers and other water bodies. (d) Favourable climate — Climate affects production process, for example, humid climate is suitable for spinning of cotton yarns. The industry must be located in an area where the climate does not damage the raw materials or finished products. Human factors influencing the location of industries are : (a) Labour — Cheap and efficient labour must be available in the region surrounding the industry for proper functioning of the industry.

(b) Capital — Industries require finances in large amounts. For setting up an industry in a chosen site, large amount of cash guarantees and banking facilities are required. (c) Market — The goods produced must have a market for their sale. The market influences the demand as well as type of goods produced in a region. (d) Transport facilities — Well-linked road, railways or waterways must be available for transfer of raw materials and manufactured products to and from the industrial area. 3. How do industries pollute the environment? OR How does industrial pollution affect the environment? Ans. Pollution is a negative effect of industrialisation. It results in degradation of the environment and affects human health, animals, plants and the atmosphere as a whole. It contributes to major environmental problems like land degradation, water scarcity, health hazards and, on a larger scale, global warming and climate change. Industries are responsible for four types of pollution, namely, air, water, land and noise. Air pollution is caused by presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide, dust, sprays, mist and smoke in the atmosphere due to emission from industrial units. Smoke emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms cause enormous pollution. Toxic gas leaks from factories are extremely hazardous. Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents discharged into rivers and other water bodies. The main culprits in this regard are paper, chemical textiles and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries. They let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc., into water bodies. They turn big and small rivers into toxic streams. Dumping of wastes especially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage renders the soil useless due to land pollution. Rainwater percolates to into the soil carrying these pollutants and contaminates ground water. Noise pollution is by industrial and construction activities, machinery and factory equipments, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills. 4. Briefly describe any four measures of controlling industrial pollution. OR Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industries.

Ans. Careful planning of industries, better design equipment and better operation of the equipment can prevent pollution to a great extent. Some measures to control industrial pollution are (a) Restricting use of fossil fuels can reduce smoke. Air pollution can be reduced by reduction of particulate matter, aerosol emission in the air by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. (b) Water pollution can be controlled by (i) minimising use of freshwater by reusing and recycling (ii) Treatment of hot water effluents before releasing them in rivers and other water bodies. These include mechanical, biological, chemical and physical processes. (c) Land pollution can be controlled by collection of wastes, dumping and disposing the wastes in filling areas and recycling the wastes. (d) Machinery and equipment and generators can be fitted with silencers or redesigned to make them energy efficient and to reduce noise. 5. Why did the traditional cotton textile industry of India receive a setback during the colonial period? Ans. The traditional cotton textile industry of India suffered a setback during the colonial period because of competition from mill-made cloth from England. In England cotton textiles were produced in large quantities with the help of powerloom. The surplus was sold in India for profit as India was then a colony of England. Mill-made cloth was cheaper on account of large scale production. On the other hand, our traditional textiles used ancient techniques like hand- spinning and handloom weaving. Hence, its production could not compete with mill-made cloth of England. 6. What is the ideal location for sugar mills? Why this industry is ideally suited to the cooperative sector? Ans. Sugarcane, the raw material used in sugar industry, is bulky, and its sugar content reduces in haulage and time lag between reaping and sugar production. Therefore, the ideal location for sugar mills is in close proximity of sugarcane producing areas. The sugar industry is seasonal in nature and so is ideally suited to the cooperative sector. For entire year the farmers are engaged in producing sugarcane as it is an annual crop. When the crop is reaped, the farmers pool together their resources, set up mills within the sugarcane producing areas and produce sugar. The seasonal nature of the sugar industry is combated by setting up cooperative where farmers share the profits and losses. 7. Which factors are responsible for shifting of sugar mills to southern and western states? Mention two challenges faced by the industry. Ans. In recent years, there is a tendency among the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states, especially Maharashtra because the cane produced here has higher sucrose content and yields greater quantity of sugar. (ii) the cooler climate here ensures longer crushing season as it prevents drying of cane. (iii) cooperatives are more successful in these states.

Two challenges faced by sugar industry are : (a) Seasonal nature of the industry. (b) Old and inefficient methods of production. 8. Why does the north eastern part of the Peninsular Plateau region have the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries? Ans. The north-eastern part of the peninsular plateau, the Chhotanagpur plateau region, has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries because of the following reasons: (a) The region has rich reserves of iron ore of mainly hematite variety. Availability of good quality of iron ore at low cost provides ideal location for setting up of iron and steel industries. (b) High grade coking coal is available from the coalfields of Jharkhand and West Bengal. (c) High quality manganese and limestone is available in proximity. (d) The surrounding densely populated region supply cheap labour. (e) The vast growth potential in the home market is an additional advantage. Local markets for the finished goods are provided by other industries using steel as raw material. Good linkage of roads and railways helps in distribution of finished products all over the country. As iron and steel is a heavy industry, availability of raw materials like iron ore, coking coal and limestone, all of which are bulky, as well as market within easy reach has provided the region ideal location for setting up of iron and steel industries. 9. What are the prime factors in location of aluminium smelting industries? Where are the main aluminium smelting plants of the country located? Ans. The prime factors in location of aluminium smelting industries are as follows : (i) Assured source of raw material, bauxite, at minimum cost as it is a bulky material at 4 to 6 tonnes of bauxite are required to manufacture 1 tonne of aluminium. (ii) 18600 kwh of electricity is required per ton of ore for smelting of aluminium. Hence, regular supply of power is another important factor for location of the industry. Orissa produces about 45 per cent of the India’s bauxite. Hence, aluminium smelting plants are located in Orissa. Also, the Hirakud dam provides cheap hydroelectricity for the development of the aluminium industry in the state. West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu, are other states where aluminium smelting plants are located. INDAL, HINDALCO, MALCO, NALCO and Aluminium Corporation of India are names of the major smelting plants.

10. What is the ideal location for setting up a cement factory? In which state does cement industry have strategically located plants? Write about the present position of cement industry in India. Ans. Cement industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum. Heavy costs are involved in the haulage of the raw materials. Hence, economically, the ideal location for cement factories is near the sources of raw materials. Apart from raw materials, coal and electric power is needed to provide energy for working of the plants. Nearness to rail transportation for supplying the bulky, finished products to the market is another important locational factor. The cement industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries. Dwarka, Porbandar, Veraval, Sikka and Bhavnagar, where cement factories are set up in this state, lie along the coast. This facilitates the export of cement to the Gulf countries in the west. Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989 and some other policy reforms led the cement industry to make rapid strides in capacity, process, technology and production. As a result, now there are 128 large cement plants and 332 mini cement plants in India, producing a variety of cement. Improvement in the quality has provided the cement industry a ready market in East Asia, Middle East and Africa along with the large demand in the domestic market. The industry is doing well in terms of production. Its export is providing the country with substantial foreign exchange. 11. What is the contribution of industry to national economy of India? Compare it with the East-Asian countries. What is the desired growth and present position of industry in GDP? Ans. In India, the share of manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17 per cent of GDP – out of total of 27 per cent for the industry. This is much lower in comparison to some East Asian economics, where it is 25 to 35 per cent. The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12 per cent per annum. 12. Mention any two challenges faced by the jute industry in India. State any one step taken by the government to stimulate its demand. Ans. The two important challenges faced by the jute industry in India are as follows: (i) stiff competition in the International market from synthetic substitutes. (ii) Challenges of competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand. (iii) Government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging is one step on this line. 13. Mention any two factors that have contributed to a healthy growth of the automobile industry in India ? Name two centres where this industry is located.

Ans. (i) The introduction of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market. (ii) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) brought in new technology and aligned the industry with global developments. (iii) The two centres of automobile industry are Jamshedpur and Gurgaon. 14. What are the three main reasons for shifting of the sugar mills to Maharashtra in recent years. Ans. Three main reasons are as follows: (i) The cane produced has higher sucrose content. (ii) The cooler climate which ensures a longer crushing season. (iii) The cooperatives are more successful in the southern states. 15. What is natural gas? What are its advantages? Name one region of India where its reserves are found. Ans. Natural gas is an important clean energy resource found in association with or without petroleum. It is used as a source of energy as well as industrial raw materials in the petrochemical industry. A large reserve of Natural gas has been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari basin of Andhra Pradesh. 16. What are software technology parks? State any two points of significance of Information Technology industry in India? Ans. Software technology parks provide single window services and high data communication facility to software experts. The two significant points of IT industries are as follows: (i) It generates huge employment. Up to March 31, 2005, it employed over one million persons, 30 percent of which are women. (ii) The industry has been a major foreign exchange earner through growing Business processes outsourcing (BPO) sources. 17. Suggest any three measures to reduce the industrial pollution of freshwater resources. Ans. (i) Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages. (ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements. (iii) Treatment of hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

18. Mention any six factors responsible for the location of jute mills in the Hugli basin. Ans. (i) Proximity of the jute producing areas. (ii) Cheap water transport facilities. (iii) Good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw materials to the mills. (iv) Abundant water for processing raw jute. (v) Cheap labour from West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. (vi) Bank, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods. 19. Distinguish between an integrated steel plant and a mini steel plants stating three points of distinction. Ans. (i) An Integrated steel plant is larger than Mini Steel Plant. (ii) Mini steel plant use steel scrap and sponge iron while integrated steel plant use basic raw materials ie iron ore for making steel. (iii) Mini steel plant produces mild and alloy steel while integrated steel plant produces only steel. 20.. Explain any three problems faced by cotton textile industries in India. Ans. Three problems faced by cotton textile industries in India are as follows : (i) power supply is erratic and machinery are back dated. (ii) Output of labour is low. (iii) Facing stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry. (iv) Long staple cotton still has to be imported. 21. Explain any three ways to control environmental degradation caused by industries. Ans. (i) Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages. (ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements. (iii) Treatment of hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. 22. How do industries create thermal and noise pollution? Mention their consequences. Ans. Hot water from factories when is allowed to flow into rivers and ponds is caused thermal pollution. Thermal pollution would affect aquatic life greatly. Industrial and constructional

activates by huge machinery create unwanted sound of intolerable nature which impaired human ears and nervous breakdown. 23. Distinguish between agro based and mineral based industries. Also give two examples of each. Ans. This is self-explanatory. Agro based industries depend upon Agricultural products while mineral based industries depends upon mineral resources. Cotton and jute are the example of agro based industry while Iron and steel, alluminium are mineral based. 24. Why is iron and steel industry called as the basic and heavy industry? Ans. Iron and steel industry is called basic heavy industry because its (i) Large scale of operation both input and output. (ii) Its output i.e., steel is used for making machinery, construction, defence etc. purposes as basic raw materials. Therefore it is called basic industry. 25. Why is cotton textile industry the largest industry in India today? Give any three reasons. Ans. (i) Cotton textile industry contributes 14 percent of the total industrial production. (ii) It provides employment to 35 million persons directly – the second largest after agriculture. (iii) It earns foreign exchange of about 24.6 percent (4 percent of GDP). 26. How does the industrial pollution degrade the environment ? Explain with three examples. Ans. The three types of pollution caused by industries are air pollution, water pollution and Noise pollution. (i) Air pollution through spewing of smoke from industry pollute the air with sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. (ii) Industrial wastes and effluents discharged through industries into rivers and ponds cause water pollution (iii) Besides, industrial and construction activities generates noise pollution. 27. Explain three major challenges faced by sugar industry in India. Ans. Major challenges faced by sugar industry include the seasonal nature of the industry, old in efficient methods of production; transport delay in reaching cane to factories and the need to maximize the use of bagasse. 28. Why is fertiliser industry almost widespread throughout the country ? Give three reasons. Ans. (i) Spread of fertilizer industry rests on raw materials ie, coal, petroleum and natural gas and hence it is located near to it. (ii) After Green Revolution it is expanded to many parts of the country where agricultural prosperity is achieved. (iii) Fertilizer can be transported through pipelines to far off places which causes decentralization. 29. Explain any three factors responsible for the location of cotton textile industry in Mumbai and Ahmedabad. Ans. (i) Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities (ii) cheap labour and (iii) moist climate has caused the concentration of cotton textile industries in Mumbai and Ahmedabad region.

30. Mention any three objectives of National Jute Policy, 2005. Ans. (i) Increasing productivity. (ii) Improving quality. (iii) Ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and enhancing the yield per Hectare. 31. Where was the first cement plant set up in India? Explain any two reasons for the fast expansion of cement industry in India. Ans. (i) In Chennai in 1904. (ii) Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989 and other policy reforms. (iii) Rapid growth of construction activities all over India. 32. “The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries”. Elaborate the statement. Ans. Resource utilization cannot be made without manufacturing industry. Manufacturing industry transforms raw materials into finished products which added value to it. Countries having a good number of manufacturing industries can able to utilize resources more fruitfully and are therefore they considered as advanced country. India’s contribution to manufacturing industry is 17 per cent as compared to 30 percent for Japan and 25 percent for France respectively. 33. Explain any three factors which are responsible for decentralisation of cotton industry in India. Ans. (i) Cater to the needs of large domestic markets. (ii) Cotton growing areas spreaded over many new areas – Rajasthan, Punjab. (iii) Decentralized to provide scope of incorporating traditional skills and design weaving in cotton silk, zari and embroidery etc. 34. Discuss the role of NTPC in paving the way to control environmental degradation. Ans. NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS (Environmental Management System) 14001. The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil, gas and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants. This is achieved through the following methods : (a) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment. (b) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation. (c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balances and encouraging afforestation. (d) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management. (e) Ecological monitoring reviews and online database management for all its power stations.

Ch. – 5: Mineral and Energy Resources Class-X (Geography) Q.1. Describe the significance of minerals in our economic life. Ans: Minerals are indispensable part of our lives. Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a lowering building or a big ship, all are made from minerals. The railways lines and the tarmac (paving) of the roads, our implements and machinery too are made from minerals. Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes are manufactured from minerals and run by power resources derived from the earth. Even the food we eat contain minerals. Although our minerals in take represents only about 0.3% of our total intake of nutrients, they are so potent and so important that without them we would not be able to utilize the other 99.7%of foodstuffs. Human beings have used minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and ceremonial sites. In short, all living things need minerals. Life processes cannot occur without minerals. Q.2. What is a mineral? Ans: Mineral is a homogenous naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure. They are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc. Q.3. What is rock? Ans: Rocks are combination of homogenous substance called minerals. Some rocks consist of a single mineral only, but majority of the rock consist of several minerals in varying proportions. Q.4. State the factors that influence the formation of a minerals? Ans: A particular mineral that will be formed from a certain combination of elements depending upon the physical and chemical conditions under which the material forms. This results in wide range of colours, hardness, crystal forms, luster and density that a particular mineral possesses. Q.5. Distinguish between a rock and mineral. Ans: A rock may contain many minerals in varying proportions A mineral contains high proportion of a mineral along with certain impurities Q.6. Why are geographers and geologists interested in the study of minerals? Ans: A geographer studies minerals with the following aims. (i) He looks at the earth’s crust for a better understanding of landforms. (ii) He is interested in distribution of mineral resources and associated economic activities. A geologist, however, is interested in the formation of mineral, their age and physical and chemical composition. Q.7. Distinguish between metallic and non-metallic minerals. Ans: Metallic Minerals: Metallic minerals are those substances which provide metal after their processing such as iron, copper, aluminum, tin, silver and gold. They are hard and have luster or shine of their own. These can be smelted, can be drawn into molded wires and rolled down into sheets. Non- metallic minerals:

Non- metallic minerals are those which do not provide metal after their processing such as sulphur, mica, coal Petroleum etc. They are not hard and they do not have a They cannot be smelted and cannot be into sheets. Q.8 Distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals. Ans: The mineral which have fair amount of iron contents are called ferrous minerals eg. Iron ore, maganeses ore Chromium cobalt etc. The minerals that do not posses iron contents are non-ferrous minerals eg. Copper, tin, zinc, gold, silver etc. Q.9. Explain the importance of iron, manganese, mica, bauxite and copper Iron ore Ans: * It is the backbone of industrial development. * It is used in manufacturing of steel, machine, tools and equipment’s. * It is used in transport sector and many other section of production. Manganese- * It is used in manufacturing of steel and Ferro manganese alloy. Nearly 10 kg of Manganese * Is required to manufacture one ton of steel. * These alloys became very strong and therefore are used in making giant machines * It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints. Bauxite – * It is a source of aluminum-useful light metal * Aluminum is an important metal because it combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability * It is used in electrical goods. Mica * Due to its di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and Resistance to high voltage, mica is one of the most indispensable minerals used in electric and electronic industries. Copper * It is malleable, ductile and a good conductor of heat. * It is mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries. Q.10. “Minerals are unevenly distributed in India” Explain. Ans- India is fortunate to have fairly rich and varied minerals resources. However, these are unevenly distributed resources. Peninsular rocks contains most of the reserves of coal, metallic, mica and many other nonmetallic minerals Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern flanks of the peninsular in Gujarat and Assam have most of the petroleum deposits. Rajasthan with the rock system of the peninsula has reserve of many non-ferrous minerals. The vast alluvial plains of the north India are almost devoid of economic minerals These variations exist largely because of the differences in the geological structure, process and time involved in the formation of minerals. Q.11. Explain the distribution of Iron-ore in India. Ans- The major iron ore in India are: Orissa –Jharkhand belts:- In Orissa high grade hematite ore is found in Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts. In the adjoining Singbhum districts of Jharkhand haematite iron ore is mined in Gua and Noamundi Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt lies in the Chattisgarh and Maharashtra. Very high grade hematites are found in the famous Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district of Chattisgarh. The range range of hills comprises of 14 deposits of super high grade hematite iron ore. It has the best physical properties needed for steel making. Iron ore from these mines is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakapatnam port Ballary-Chitradurga –Chikmaglur –Tumkur belt in Karnataka has large

reserves of iron ore. The Kudermukh mines located in the Western Ghats of Karnataka deposited are known to be one of the largest in the world. The ore is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangalore. Maharashtra-Goa belt includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maarashtra. Though the ores are not of very high quality, yet they are efficiently explotted. Iron ire is exported through Marmagao port. Q.12. Which state is the largest producer of manganese in India? Ans. Orissa is the largest producer of manganese in India. It accounted for one third of the country’s total Production in 2000-2001. Q.13. Mining and smelting of copper in India is a costly affair. Why? Ans: The main reason are as follows. Copper ore which is found in India contains less than 1% of copper. Quality of the copper is also not very good. Q.14. What is the impacts of mining on the health of the miners and the environment? What is its solution? Ans: The impacts of mining on the health of the miners and the environment. The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases. The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coalmines are a constant threat to miners. The water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining. Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land , soil, and increase in stream and river pollution Q15. Why is there need to conserve minerals? Ans. We all appreciate the strong dependence of industry and agriculture upon mineral deposits and the substance manufactured from them. The total volume of workable mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e one per cent of the earth’s crust. We are rapidly consuming mineral resources the required millions of years to be created and concentrated. The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption Mineral resources are therefore, finite and non renewable. Rich mineral deposits are our country’s extremely valuable but short-lived possessions. Continued costs as mineral extraction comes from greater depths along with decrease in quality. Q16 How can we conserve minerals? Ans: A concerted effort has to be made in order to use our mineral resources in planned and sustainable manner resources in a planned and sustainable manner. Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low costs. Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes are steps in conserving our mineral resources for the future. Further intensified exploration of mineral deposits is also required. In which minerals is India (i) very rich (ii)very poor (i) very rich- iron, manganese, cool, limestone, bauxite, mica. India has most of the minerals required for the industrialization. (ii)very poor-zinc, lead, copper, tin, gold and Sulphur. Q18. Write differences b/w conventional and non-conventional source of energy. Ans. Conventional sources of energy Non Conventional sources of energy 1. Conventional sources of energy have been used 1. Non –conventional sources of energy have since the early times. come into use recently.

2. These are non –renewable sources of energy 2. These are renewable sources of energy e.g. e.g. coal and petroleum once they have been wind energy, solar energy tidal energy. used, they cannot be replaced 3. They are eco-friendly as they do not cause any 3. They cause air and water pollution as their pollution burning emits smoke and leave residue. 4. They are found in abundance and of renewable 4. They are going tp last for few hundreds of years nature, so they are going to last forever. 5. These sources of energy require huge capital 5. They are comparatively cheaper and can be investment. renewed with minimum efforts and money. Q.19. How are energy resources important to us? Ans. Energy is required for all the activities. It is needed: To cook To provide light and heat To propel vehicles To drive machinery in industries Q.20. Which is the principal source of commercial energy in India? Ans. In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel. It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs. It is used for power generation, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs. India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirements. Q.21. What do you kno0w about the occurrence and distribution of coal in India. Ans. In India coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages: * Gondwana age: - It is little over 200 million years in age. The major resources of gondwana coal, which are metallurgical coal, are located in Damodar Valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand) Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important waterfalls. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha Valleys also contain coal deposits. * Tertiary Age:- It is only about 55 million years old. Tertiary coal occur in north-eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunchal Pradesh and Nagaland. Q-22 Explain different types of coal. Ans: Here are four different type of coal Peat * It contains less than 50 percent carbon. * It burns like wood and gives more smoke. It has high moisture contents and low heating capacity. * It is produced by decaying of plants in swamps. Lignite * It contains about 60% carbon. * It is low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. * The major lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamilnadu and are used for generation of electricity. Bituminous * It contain 60 to 80 % Carbon * As it has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperature, so it has less moisture and high heating capacity. * It is most widely used variety of coal. It is used for smelting iron in blast furnaces. Anthracite * It contains more than 80% carbon. It is hard, black and compact. Q-23 Explain petroleum under the following headings Ans. a) Importance b) Formation c) Distribution

Importance: * It provides fuel for heat and lighting * It provides lubricants for machinery. * It also gives raw material for a number of manufacturing industries. * Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertilizer and numerous chemical industries Occurrence: Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age. In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the up fold. The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow. The oil is prevented from rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers. Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. Gas, being lighter usually occurs above the oil. Distribution: About 63% per cent of India’s petroleum production is from Mumbai High. 18% from Gujarat and 16% from Assam. Ankeleshwar is the most important field of Gujarat. Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan are the important oil fields in the state. Q.24. What do you know about Hazira-Bijaipur-Jagdispur gas pipeline? Ans. The 1700 km long Hazira-Bijaipur-Jagdishpur cross country gas pipeline lines Mumbai High and Bassien with fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in western and northern India. Q.25. Distinguish between Hydro-electricity and Thermal electricity. Ans. Hydro – Electricity Thermal Electricity: It is generated by fast flowing water, which is It is generated by using coal, petroleum and renewable in nature. natural gas, which are non-renewable. The force created by falling water drives water. The heat produced by burning of turbines. These turbines are attached to generators These turbines are attached to generator which which produce hydroelectric power produces thermal electricity. Generation of hydro-power does not cause any Generation of thermal power causes a lot a pollution pollution. These need to be set up where source of energy These can be setup any where in available in close proximity. Q.26. How nuclear energy is obtained Name the minerals used in generating nuclear energy and where are they found in India? Ans. Nuclear energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms. When such an alteration is made, much energy if released in the form of heat and is used to generate electric power. Uranium and thorium are used to generate nuclear energy. These minerals are available in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan. The monazite sands of Kerela is also rich in thorium. Q.27. What are the uses of natural gas? Ans. In a power deficient country, natural gas is a precious gift. It can be used as a source of energy. It takes less time to built a power plant based on natural gas. It can be used as an industrial raw material in petro-chemical industry.

It can be used in building the fertilizer plants and thereby encouraging the use of fertilizers. It can boost agricultural production. Through easy transportation by way of pipelines, its utility is further increased. Q.28. Why you think that nuclear energy is bound to play an increasingly important role in India? Ans. India is deficient in quality coal and natural oil. Therefore, nuclear energy is expected to play a complementary role. Nuclear power stations would be handy when other power resources are either not tapped or are in short supply. Nuclear power is supplied to the power grid and in no way different from hydel or thermal power. India has been a leader in peaceful uses of atomic energy in fields like medicine and agriculture. Q.29. Why does solar energy in Rajasthan and biogas in the plains and hills of North India have greater potential as non-conventional sources of energy? Ans. Solar energy has greater potential to develop in Rajsthan to due to following reasons: It is a hot and dry region. There are clear skies for considerable part of the year. There is abundant insolation. So there are better prospects of trapping the solar energy. Bio-gas has a greater potential in the plains and hills of North India due to the following reason. o There is dense vegetation and large number of cattle and livestock are reared here. There is high density of population especially in the northern plains. Therefore huge decay and human waste material is available. Q.30. How is tidal energy generated? In India which area provides ideal conditions for utilizing tidal energy? Ans. Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity. Flood gates dams are built across inlets. During high tide water flows into the inlets and gets trapped when the gate is closed. After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the water retained by the floodgate, flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power generating turbine. In India, the gulf of Kuchchh, provides ideal conditions for utilizing tidal energy.

CH1-RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT GEOGRAPHY- X CLASS

Q1: Why is resource planning important in country like India? Ans: Resource Planning in India is important in a country like India because (a) There is enormous diversity in the availability of resources. (b) There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources and deficient in other resources Q2: Mention the most satisfactory feature of land use pattern of our country? Ans: The most satisfactory feature of land use pattern of our country is the Barren and Waste land has reduced from 12.01% (1960-61) to 6.29% (2002-03). Q3: Which is the most unsatisfactory feature of our land use pattern? Ans: Land under forests has changed marginally. Forest area is 22.54% which is far lower than the desired 33% as outlined in the National Forest Policy (1952). Q4: Why has the land under forest not increased much since1960-61?

Ans: Large scale development projects, industrialization and urbanization as well as agricultural expansion have widely reduced forest cover in various parts of our country. Though afforestation and social forestry measures have been adopted, it has lead to only a marginal increase in the forest area. Q5: Distinguish between Bangar and Khadar soil? Ans: Bangar Soil 1. It is an old alluvial soil. 2. It is found away from the rivers 3. It is less Fertile. 4. It has high concentration of kankars nodules and are coarse 5. It is dark in colour Khadar Soil 1. It is a newer alluvial soil. 2. It is found close to rivers valleys 3. It is more Fertile 4. It has fine particles and is quite smooth. 5. It is light in colour Q6: DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS: [3] Ans: A) RESOURCE-everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as resource. b) SOIL EROSION-the denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion. c) BADLAND-the running water, cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies the land thus becomes unfit for cultivation is known as badland. Q7: EXPLAIN THE HUMAN ACTIVITIES RESPONSIBLE FOR LAND DEGRADATION IN INDIA? [5] Ans: Some human activities which contributed significantly in land degradation in our country are following: MINING AND DEFORESTATION-Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over burdening. In states like Jharkhand Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation. 2 OVERGRAZING: Due to overgrazing grasses are uprooted and land is exposed to soil erosion. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation. 3.OVER IRRIGATION: it is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil .in the states of Punjab,

Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh over irrigation is the main cause of land degradation. 4: MINERAL PROCESSING: the mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere.it retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land. 5.INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS: Industrial effluents as waste. which are discharged without treatment, have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country. Q8: WHAT ARE THE MEASURES TAKEN TO CONTROL LAND DEGRADATION IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF INDIA? Ans. Measures taken to control land degradation in different regions of India are following: 1. AFFORESTRATION AND PROPER MANAGEMENT OF GRAZING-it can help to some extent, it helps in binding the soil and reduces the chances of occurence of. 2. PLANTING OF SHELTER BELTS OF PLANTS, CONTROL ON OVER GRAZING. 3. STABILISATION OF SAND DUNES BY GROWING THORNY BUHES are the suitable measures taken in arid and semiarid regions they help in binding the soil with the roots and also reduce the speed of wind. 4. PROPER MANAGEMENT OF WASTE LANDS, CONTROL OF MINING ACTIVITIES,PROPER DISCHARGE AND DISPOSAL INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS AND WASTES after treatment can reduce land and water degradation in industrial and sub urban areas. Q9: HOW HAVE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT LED TO MORE CONSUMPTION OF RESOURCES? Ans. Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development.in this process they often consume resources more in quantity which cause depletion of resources .as more technological development occurs, there is increased need of input and utilization of resources for example, more factories providing employment to more people is a necessity for the factory, land and metal (for machines) are used. For this mining of minerals increases causing land degradation and depletion of mineral resources of a certain area. As technical or technological development is closely linked to economic development we can say that both of these have led to more consumption of resources.

Q10: SUGGEST METHODS TO CONTROL SOIL EROSION. Ans: Methods are as follows: 1.CONTOUR PLOUGHING-ploughing in a wrong way i.e. and down the slope form channels for the quick flow of water leading to soil erosion, whereas ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes this helps in controlling soil erosion. 2. TERRACE CULTIVATION-steps can be cut on the slopes making terraces terrace farming restricts the speed of running water and controls soil erosion western and central Himalayas have well developed terrace farming. 3. STRIP CROPPING-large fields can be divided into strips and the strips of grass are left to grow between the crops, this breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping. 4.SHELTER BELT-planting lines of trees to create shelter also helps in breaking up of the force of the wind rows of such trees are called shelter belts .these shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilization of sand dunes and in stabilizing the desert in western India. Q11: EXPLAIN BLACK SOIL UNDER THE FOLLOWING HEADS- A) FORMATION B) DISTRIBUTION C) NUTRIENTS D) OTHER CHARACTERISTICS Ans: The black soil is black in colour and is also known as regur soil. a) Formation-it is believed that climatic conditions along with the parent rock material are the important factors for the formation of black soil. It is made of lava flows. b) Distribution-this type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap (basalt)region spread over northwest Deccan plateau .it covers the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and extend in the southeast direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys. c) Nutrients-it is rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. It is generally poor in phosphoric contents. d)Other characteristics-black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil. It is made up of extremely fine clayey material and is well known for its capacity to hold water. It develops deep cracks during hot weather which helps in the proper aeration of the soil. It is sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after the first shower or during the pre-monsoon period. Q12: GIVE A DETAILED ACCOUNT OF THE LAND USE PATTERN IN INDIA.

Ans: The total area of India is 3.28 million sq. km. according to the land use data, records are available only for about 93%of the total area and the land is used for following purposes: 1. Net sown area-43.41%area of the total reporting area is in this category. The pattern of NSA varies greatly one state to another .it is over 80%of the total area in Punjab and Haryana and less than 10%in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman and Nicobar islands. 2. Fallow land-fallow other than the current fallow land is 3.82%of the total reported area. These lands are cultivated once or twice in about two to three years as either these are of poor quality or the cost of cultivation of such land is very high. If these are included in the NSA then the %of NSA in India comes to about 54%of the total reporting area. 3. Permanent pasture-the land under permanent pasture has decreased in last few decades .it is quite difficult for the farmers to feed huge cattle population on this pasture land and it has affected the production of milk and other animal products 4. Forest area -forest area in our country is far lower than the desired 33%of the geographical area, as it was outlined in the national forest policy (1952).in our country 22.57%of the total reported area is under forest. It was considered essential to have one third of the total area under forests for the maintenance of the ecological balance. The livelihood of the millions of people who live on the fringes of these forests depends upon it. 5. Land not available for cultivation- a. Barren waste land- it includes rocky, arid and desert areas. Land under this category reduced from 12.01% to 6.29% which is the most satisfactory feature of our land use pattern. b. Land put to other non-agricultural uses- it includes settlements, roads, railways, industry etc. it increased from 4.95% to 7.29% in last few decades due to increasing population, industrialization and urbanization. Q13: What are the problems associated with indiscriminate use of resources? how can it be solved? Ans: Resources are vital for human survival as well as for maintaining the quality of life. It was believed that resources are the free gifts of nature. As a result, human beings used them indiscriminately and this has led to the following major problems: a. Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals. b. Accumulation of resources in few hands, which in turn, divided the society into rich and poor. c. Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.

d. SOLUTION: an equitable distribution of resources has become essential for a sustained quality of life and global peace. Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life. Q14: Distinguish between biotic and abiotic resources. BIOTIC RESOURCES ABIOTIC RESOURCES These are obtained from biosphere i.e. living resources. Some of these resources are renewable Eg: flora and fauna ABIOTIC RESOURCES These are obtained from the non-living resources. They are non- renewable but some are recycled. Eg: rocks, minerals, air and water Q15: Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources. RENEWABLE RESOURCES Resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical and mechanical processes They get renewed over a short period of time. They are unlimited and are not exhausted. These are further divided into continuous or flow and biological. Eg: water, wind, forest, wildlife, solar energy. NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES Resources which cannot be renewed or reproduced. They occur over a very long geological period (millions of years). They are limited in their availability and are exhausted These are divided into recyclable and non- recyclable. Eg: minerals and fossil fuels. Q16: distinguish between individual resources and national resources. INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES These are owned by individuals privately Many farmers own land which is allotted to the government against the payment of revenue. In villages, these are the people with land ownership but many are landless. In urban areas people own plots, houses, ponds, water wells etc.

NATIONAL RESOURCES These resources belong to the nation The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for public good. At times roads and canals are constructed by acquiring the private property. Urban Development Authorities get empowered by the govt. to acquire land. All minerals, water, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and territorial water belong to the nation. Q17: Name four broad types of soils found in India. Mention the two characteristics of a soil which are most important and wide spread. A: four major types of soil found in India are a. Alluvial soil b. Black soil c. Red and yellow soil d. Laterite soil Alluvial soil is the most important and widespread soil in India. Two characteristics of alluvial soil: a. This soil is formed by deposition of materials brought down by rivers b. It is highly fertile. It is rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime. Q18: State the diverse relief features of India and mention one significance of each. A: India has diverse relief features namely mountains, plateaus and plains. PLAINS: about 43% of the land is plains which is agriculturally and industrially productive. MOUNTAINS: mountains account for 30% of the total area and are the source of many perennial rivers, promote tourism and development of horticulture. PLATEAUS: about 27% of the land area of the country are the plateaus which are the storehouse of minerals, forest and fossil fuels. They form the backbone of the country’s economy in promoting the development of industries. Q19: ‘Resources are the functions of human beings’ Justify the statement Ans: The process of transformation of the resources available in our environment involves an interdependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions. Human beings interact with nature through A The process of transformation of things available in our environment involves an interdependent technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development. Human beings

themselves are essential components of resources. They transform the material available in our environment into resources and use them. Q20 ‘Resource planning is a complex process’. Justify OR Explain three important stages involved in the process of resource planning. Ans: Resource planning is a complex process which involves-: i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources. ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans. iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans Q21 Write important features of laterite soil. Ans: i) The laterite soil develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall. ii) This is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rain. iii) Humus content is low due to micro-organisms particularly the decomposers ,like bacteria get destroyed due to high temperature iv) Laterite soils are suitable for cultivation with adequate doses of manures and fertilizers. Q22 Describe the characteristics of arid soils. Ans i) Arid soils range from red to brown in colour. ii) They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature. iii) Due to the dry climate, high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture. iv) The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar because of the increasing calcium content downwards. The kankar layer formations in the bottom horizons restricts the infiltrations of water. v) After proper irrigation these soils become cultivable as has been in the case of Rajasthan. Q23. Write important features of Red and Yellow soils Ans i) Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall. ii) These soils develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline igneous and metamphoric rocks.

iii) It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form iv) These soils are found in parts of Orissa, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats

Forest and Wildlife Resources

Biodiversity: The variety of flora and fauna in a given geographical area is called biodiversity of that area.

Flora and Fauna in India: India is one of the world’s richest countries in terms of its vast array of biological diversity, and has nearly 8 per cent of the total number of species in the world (estimated to be 1.6 million).

Flora & Fauna in India

Fauna More than 81,000 species

Flora More than 47,000 species

Indigenous flowering plants About 15,000 species

Endangered wild flora About 10%

Endangered mammals About 20% List of Critically Endangered Species: Cheetah, pink-headed Duck, Mountain Quail, Forest Spotted Owl, madhucha insignis (wild mahua), hubbardia heptaneuron (a grass species) Number of Endangered Species: 79 species of mammals, 44 of birds, 15 of reptiles, and 3 of amphibians, 1,500 plant species are considered endangered. Classification Based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN): Normal Species: If the population level of species is within normal range for their survival, it is called normal species, e.g. cattle, pine, sal, rodents, etc. Endangered Species: Species which are in danger of extinction are called endangered species, e.g. black buck, crocodile, Indian wild ass, Indian rhino, lion tailed macaque, sangai (brow anter deer in Manipur), etc. Vulnerable Species: If the population of a species has declined to such a level that it is likely to become endangered; it is called vulnerable species, e.g. blue sheep, Asiatic elephant, Gangetic dolphin, etc.

Rare Species: If the population of a species so small that it can become vulnerable or endangered, it is called rare species, e.g. Himalayan brown bear, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert, fox, hornbill, etc. Endemic Species: A species which found only in a particular geographical area is called an endemic species, e.g. Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, Andaman wild pig, mithun in Arunachal Pradesh, etc. Extinct Species: A species which no longer exists is called an extinct species. A species may be extinct from a local area, region, country, continent or the entire earth. Examples: Asiatic cheetah, pink head duck, etc. Vanishing Forests

Forest cover 637,293 sq km (19.39% of total geographic area)

Dense forest 11.48%

Opne forest 7.76%

Mangrove 0.15% Causes of Depletion of Flora and Fauna: Agricultural Expansion: According to the Forest Survey of India, over 262,000 sq km of forest area was converted into agricultural land in India between 1951 and 1980. Moreover, a substantial part of the tribal belts has been deforested or degraded by shifting cultivation. Enrichment Plantation: Enrichment plantation was done to promote a few favoured species in many parts of India. This practice involves plantation of a single commercially valuable species. This leads to elimination of other species. Development Projects: Large scale development projects have also contributed significantly to the loss of forests. Over 5,000 sq km of forest was cleared for river valley projects since 1951. Mining: Mining has also caused large scale depletion of flora and fauna in many areas. For example; the ongoing dolomite mining is seriously threatening the Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal. Unequal Access to Resources: Social inequality is another major factor to depletion of flora and fauna. The rich people consume much more than the poor and thus cause a higher degree of environmental damage. Social Effect of Resource Depletion:

In many societies, it is the women who are responsible for collection of fuel, fodder, water and other basic subsistence needs. Depletion of these resources means women need to work harder to collect those resources. At some places, women may have to walk more than 10 km to collect firewood. This causes serious health problems for women. Deforestation induced flood and draught result in economic misery for the poor. Deforestation also leads to loss of cultural diversity. The marginalized people who had been traditionally dependent on forest for sustenance are now forced to look for other sources of livelihood. In order to do so, they are uprooted from their traditional habitat and culture. The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972: In the 1960s and 1970s, the conservationists demanded some rules to protect the wildlife. Conceding to their demand, the government enacted the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. Under this act, an all India list of protected species was published. Hunting was banned to protect the remaining population of some endangered species. Trade in wildlife was restricted and the habitats of wildlife were given legal protection many national parks and wildlife sanctuaries were established by various state governments and the central government. Several projects were announced for protecting specific animals, e.g. Project Tiger. Benefits of Conservation: Conservation helps in preserving ecological diversity and our life support systems; water, air and soil. It preserves the genetic diversity of plants and animals. Government's Categorization of Forests: Reserved Forests: More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved forests. These are considered as the most valuable from conservation perspective. Protected Forests: Almost one-third of the total forest area is protected forest. The protected forests are protected from any further depletion. Unclassed Forests: Forests which do not come under either of the above two categories are called unclassed forests. New Trends In Conservation Policy Increase Biodiversity: The new trend in conservation policy is the focus on biodiversity rather than on a few of its components. So, instead of just focusing on bigger mammals; like tiger and lion, even insects are finding a place in conservation planning. New notifications were issued under Wildlife Act of 1980 and 1986. As per them; several hundred butterflies, moths, beetles and one dragonfly have been added to the list of protected species. Six species of plants were added to the list in 1991.

Community and Conservation Many local communities have recognized that conservation can secure their long-term livelihood. At many places, such communities are coordinating with government officials in conservation efforts. At Sariska Tiger Reserve (Rajasthan), villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act. In many villages, people are protecting habitats and are explicitly rejecting government involvement. For example; the inhabitants of five villages in Alwar district of Rajastahn have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Soncuri’. They have declared their own set of rules and regulation to protect the wildlife. Nature worship is an age old custom in the Hindu religion and in many tribes. Sacred groves in forests are the result of this tradition. Such spots in forests are untouched by human intervention. The Mundas and the Santhals of Chhota Nagpur region worship mahua (Bassia latifolia) and kadamba (Anthocaphalus cadmba) trees. Similarly, the tribals of Orissa and Bihar worship the tamarind (Tamarinudus indica) and mango (Mangifera indica); as part of wedding rituals.

Monkeys are considered the representatives of the Hindu god Hanuman. At most of the places people do not harm monkeys or langurs because of this belief. In and around Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan, chinkara, nilgai and peacocks are protected by the community and nobody harms them. The Chipko Movement is a good example of community participation in conservation programme. Farmers and citizen’s groups like the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have shown that adequate levels of diversified crop production without the use of synthetic chemicals are possible and economically viable. The Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme is another example of involvement of local communities in forest management. This programme has been in practice in Orissa since 1988. Under this programme, the local villagers form some institutions and manage the conservation activities. In lieu of that, they get the right to take and utilize some forest resources. PROJECT TIGER Project Tiger was launched in 1973; to protect tigers from becoming extinct. At the turn of the 20th century, the tiger population was around 55,000 which dwindled to 1,827 by 1973.

Threats for Tiger Population: Poaching for trade, shrinking habitat, depletion of base prey species, growing human population, etc.

Success Rate

Year Tiger Population

1985 4,002

1989 4,334

1993 3,600 Current Status: 27 tiger reserves covering 37,761 sq km. Important Tiger Reserves: Corbett National Park (Uttarakhand), Sunderband National Park (West Bengal), Bandhavgarh National Park (Madhya Pradesh), Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary (Rajasthan), Manas Tiger Reserve (Assam) and Periyar Tiger Reserve (Kerala) Answer the following questions: Q: Which of these statements is not a valid reason for the depletion of flora and fauna? Agricultural expansion Large scale developmental projects Grazing and fuel wood collection Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation Answer: (c) Grazing and fuel wood collection Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve community participation? Joint forest management Chipko Movement Beej Bachao Andolan Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries Answer: (d) Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries What is biodiversity? Why is biodiversity important for human lives? Answer: The variety of flora and fauna in a given geographical area is called biodiversity of that area. Each species on this earth lives in a system of

interdependencies on various biotic and abiotic factors. Human beings also depend on several biotic and abiotic factors for their survival. We may be directly taking some resources from certain species, but we indirectly depend on many other species. Hence, biodiversity is important for human lives. How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain. Answer: Various human activities have resulted in a decline of forest cover. Vast tracts of forest had been cleared to make way for farmland and for making new houses, factories and infrastructure. Mining is another human activity which has destroyed forest in a vast area. Thus, human activities have resulted in significant depletion of flora and fauna. Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India? Answer: Many local communities have recognized the significance of conservation for their long term survival. Local communities are contributing significantly in conservation at many places. For example; the Bishnois of Rajasthan protect black buck, chinkara and peacocks quite zealously. Nature worship is an age old tradition of many tribes. By doing so, they help in conservation of forest. Chipko movement is another example of community initiative in conservation. Joint Forest Management has been practiced in Orissa since 1988 and has bore fruits for conservation. Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife. Answer: All the good practices towards conservation of forest and wildlife should include an active participation from all the stakeholders. Government agencies, local inhabitants, industrialists and wildlife enthusiasts are the important stakeholders in forest management. The government should formulate rules and regulations and provide system and machinery to implement conservation programmes. The local inhabitants should always be included in the conservation programme, because their survival depends on it. Industrialists and wildlife enthusiasts should also be taken under the fold of conservation programmes. A coordinated effort by all the stakeholders will give better results. Match the following. Answer: Column I Column II

Reserved forests

Are regarded as most vulnerable as far as conservation of forest and wildlife resources.

Protected forests Forest lands are protected from any further degradation.

Unclassed forests

Other forests and westlands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities.