Life Science: Cells - lincnet.org5 PART 1: HUMAN CHEEK CELLS STEP 1: Go to the rubrics on the last 2 pages and read the criteria for drawings and answers. STEP 2: Set up your microscope

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• CellMembrane‐controlswhichsubstances enter or leave thecell.

• Cell wall the stiff wall thatsurrounds the membrane inplantcells.

• Chloroplasts‐structureinplantcells that captures energy fromsunlight that isused toproducefood.

• Cytoplasm‐ jelly‐like substancebetweenthecellmembraneandthenucleus.

• Endoplasmic reticulum amazeofpassagewaysthatallowproteins and other materials tobe carried from one part of thecelltoanother.

• Golgibodyreceivesanddistributesproteinsandmaterialsfromtheendoplasmicreticulumanddistributesthemtootherpartsofthecell.

• Lysosomes contains chemicalsthat break down large foodparticlesintosmallerones.

• Mitochondriaprovides energytothecellfromfoodmolecules.

• Nucleuscontrolsallofthecell’sactivities.

• Ribosomes located in thecytoplasm; makes proteins forthecell.

• Vacuolestorage area inside ofcells.

Allcellsaresimilarbuttherearedifferencesinstructure(howthecellisputtogether)becauseofthecell’sfunction(itsjob). Inthisskills lab youwill observedifferent types of cells; one fromyourmouthandtheothersfromplants.Many things that are viewed using a microscope, particularlycells, can appear quite transparent under the microscope. Theinternalpartsof thecells, theorganelles,areso transparent thattheyareoftendifficulttosee.Biologistshavedevelopedanumberof stains that help them see the cells and their organelles byaddingcolortotheirtransparentparts.Certainstainscolorcertainpartsofacell.Scientistschoosespecificstainswhentheywanttolookataparticularpartofacell.Youwillbeexperimentingwithusingstainstoseewhichpartsofyourspecimensinthislab.

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Name:_______________________________________________Date:__________________________Section:___________

SeeingCells

KEYTERMS

Cellsarethebasicunitoflifeandcontainspecificpartsthatdo

specificjobs.

LifeScience:Cells

KEYINFO

LEARNINGGOALS:Bysuccessfullycompletingthislab…

#1.Iwillbeabletoexplainthedifferencesbetweenplantandanimalcells.#2. I will be able to identify what’s inside a cell andexplainwhatgoesonthere.#5.Iwillbeabletouseamicroscopetoidentifythepartsofplantandanimalcells.

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PreLab

SEEINGCELLS[DOTHISPAGENOW!]

SelfCheck 1. Canyounamealltheparts(organelles)inaplantcell?_____YES_____NO2. Canyounamealltheparts(organelles)inananimalcell?_____YES_____NO3. Canyouprepareslidesofobjectstobeviewedunderamicroscope?_____YES_____NO4. Doyouknowhowtostainslidespecimensforeasyviewing?_____YES_____NO5. Doyouknowwhattodoifyouseebubblesunderthecoverslip?_____YES_____NO PutanXintheboxestoshowwhichorganellesareinthedifferenttypesofcellslistedintheLEFTcolumn:

Drawandlabelallthepartsyoucanseeinahumancheek(insideyourmouth)cellunder40Xmagnification.

Drawandlabelallthepartsyoucanseeinanonioncellunder40Xmagnification.

Cellmembrane

CellWall

Cytoplasm Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplasts Vacuoles

Onioncell

Plantcell

Humancell

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PostLab

SEEINGCELLS[DOTHISPAGELAST]

SelfCheck1.Canyounamealltheparts(organelles)inaplantcell?_____YES_____NO2.Canyounamealltheparts(organelles)inananimalcell?_____YES_____NO3.Canyouprepareslidesofobjectstobeviewedunderamicroscope?_____YES_____NO4.Doyouknowhowtostainslidespecimensforeasyviewing?_____YES_____NO5.Doyouknowwhattodoifyouseebubblesunderthecoverslip?_____YES_____NO PutanXintheboxestoshowwhichorganellesareinthedifferenttypesofcellslistedintheLEFTcolumn:

Drawandlabelallthepartsyoucanseeinahumancheek(insideyourmouth)cellunder40Xmagnification.

Drawandlabelallthepartsyoucanseeinanonioncellunder40Xmagnification.

Cellmembrane

CellWall

Cytoplasm Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplasts Vacuoles

Onioncell

Plantcell

Humancell

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Hereistheprocedureformakingawetmountslideofaspecimen 1.Usetheeyedroppertoplaceadropofwaterorstainonthecenterofamicroscopeslide 2.Usethetweezerstopositionthespecimeninthecenterofthedrop. 3.Holdingthecoverslipata45degreeangle,loweritslowlyoverthedropofwater/stain.TeacherCheck:________

PART1

PREVIEWBEFOREyougetyourmaterialsandstartprocedures,readthelabpreviewsoyou’llbebetter

preparedandlessapttomakemistakes.***

1.Usingthebluntendofthetoothpick,youwill(gently)rubthebackinsideofyourcheek.2.Putadropofiodinestainontheslide&smeartheendofthetoothpickaroundinthedroptoreleasethecells.Q:Whattoolshouldbeusedforthis?____________________________________________________________________3.Carefullyplaceacoversliptoavoidairbubbles.Q:Whatshouldyoudoifthereareairbubbles?________________________________________________________Hint:CheckMicroscopeMadnesslab.4.Observeyourslideunder4Xpower‐drawwhatyousee‐identify&labelcellparts‐writeabriefdescriptionofyourobservations&magnificationnexttoeachdrawing.5.Observeyourslideunder10Xpower‐drawwhatyousee‐identify&labelcellparts‐writeabriefdescriptionofyourobservations&magnificationnexttoeachdrawing.6.Observeyourslideunder40Xpower‐drawwhatyousee‐identify&labelcellparts‐writeabriefdescriptionofyourobservations&magnificationnexttoeachdrawing.Q:Whatadjustmentknobshouldbeusedtofocusthespecimen?______________________________________

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PART1:HUMANCHEEKCELLS

STEP 1: Go to the rubrics on the last 2 pages and read the criteria for drawings and answers.

STEP 2: Set up your microscope in a secure location to avoid an expensive crash!

STEP 3: Get a clean slide. Put a drop of methylene blue or iodine in the middle. Caution:methyleneblueandiodinewillstainclothesandskin.

STEP4:GENTLYscrapetheinsideofyourcheekwiththeflatsideofatoothpick.Scrapelightly,thisisNOTabloodcelllab!Thesecellsareconstantlybeingshedfromyourmouthsoyou’llnevermissthem.

STEP5: Smear the end of the toothpick around in the stain to release the cells and then throw thetoothpickaway.

TechniqueTip:You should not just drop the cover slip onto the slide or air bubbles will gettrapped. Thismakes the slide very difficult to study. If you do trap several airbubbles,removetheslipandtryagain. NEVERPRESSONTHECOVERSLIPTOTRYTOREMOVEAIRBUBBLES. Thiswillbreak thecoverslipand/ordamageyourspecimen.

STEP6:Observeyourslideunder4Xpower‐drawwhatyouseeonthedatasheet‐identify&labelcellparts‐writeabriefdescriptionofyourobservations&magnificationnexttoeachdrawing.

STEP7:Repeatstep6under10Xmagnification. STEP8:RepeatStep7under40Xmagnification.

CheckoffeachitemBEFOREyoustart. ____Microscope____pencil____GlassSlide____Iodine____Coverslip____Dropper____Toothpick

PROCEDURES

5. The ocular lens is marked with its magnification power. (This is how much larger the lens makes objects appear.)

a. What is the magnification power of the ocular lens of your microscope?

6. The three objective lenses are marked with their magnification power. The first number marked on each lens is the magnification power of that lens.

b. What is the magnification of the lowest power lens of your microscope?

c. What is the magnification of the high power lens?

7. To find the total magnification of your microscope as you are using it, multiply the ocular lens power times the power of the objective lens that you are using. For example, if the ocular lens of a microscope has a power of 5x and you use an objective that is 10x, then the total magnification of the microscope at that time is 50x (5x10=50).

d. What is the total magnification of your microscope when using low power?

e. What is the total magnification of your microscope when using high power?

Part II. Preparing and using a Wet Mount8. Using a piece of newspaper or phone book, find a small, lowercase letter “e.” Cut a 1 cm square with that letter “e” near the middle of the square. (Do not just cut out the letter e, or it will be too hard to work with. The piece of paper that you cut out should be about the size of a fingernail.)

9. Place the square of paper in the middle of a clean glass slide. Position the square so that the words are in normal reading position (in other words, don’t have the “e” turned sideways or upside-down). With a pipette, put 1 drop of water on the paper square. Drop the water from about 1 cm above the slide; do not touch the pipette to the paper square or the paper will stick to the pipette.

10. Now, cover the water drop with a clean cover slip. The best way to do this is shown in Figure 3. Hold the cover slip at a 45° angle to the slide and move it over the drop. As the water touches the cover slip, it will start to spread. Gently lower the angle of the cover slip to allow the water to evenly coat the under surface, then let the slip drop into place. You should not just drop the cover slip onto the slide or air bubbles will get trapped. This makes the slide very difficult to study. If you do trap several air bubbles, remove the slip and try again. Never Figure 3press on the cover slip to try to remove air bubbles.This will break the cover slip and/or damage your specimen.

11. On your microscope, move the low-power objective into place. You should always begin studying a slide on low power, because this makes it easiest to find objects on the slide. Position the diaphragm so that the largest opening is used. This will allow the maximum amount of light to be used. Check your wet mount slide to be sure that the bottom of the slide is dry. (A wet slide will stick on the stage of the microscope.) Sit so that the arm of the microscope is closest to you, and place the slide on the stage with the “e” in a normal reading position for you.

ALWAYSCARRYAMICROSCOPEINANUPRIGHTPOSITION.

toothpickscrapings2dropsiodineglassslide

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DATASHEET

DIDYOUUSE&FOLLOWTHECHECKLIST?AREYOUCERTAIN?

Observe your slide under 10X power draw what you see ‐ identify & label cell parts and write a briefdescriptionofyourobservations&magnificationnexttoeachdrawing.

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________________________________________________________________________________

CHEEKCELLMag.____________

Organellesthatwerevisible: OrganellesthatwereNOTvisiblebutshouldbethere:

Observeyourslideunder4Xpowerdrawwhatyousee‐identify&labelcellpartsandwriteabriefdescriptionofyourobservations&magnificationnexttoeachdrawing.

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Usecompletesentencesandkeytermstoanswerthefollowingquestions:1.Describetheshape(s)ofthecellmembrane.Shapesincluderound,square,irregular,jagged,etc.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SAYMORE

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Wereallthecellsthesameshape?Explain.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SAYMORE

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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2.Explainthereason(s)whyyouusediodinestain.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SAYMORE

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Whatwouldithavelookedlikewithoutthestain?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SAYMORE

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

TeacherCheck:________

9

PART2:ONIONSKINCELLS.

STEP1:Getasmallpieceofonion.(Youwillfindpartsofanonioninwater)Usetweezerstopeelofftheskinfromtheunderside(therough,whiteside)oftheonion.Throwtherestoftheonionpieceaway.

onion

STEP2:Carefullyholdthisonionlayersothatthecurvedorconcavesideisfacingyou.(Seepicture)

STEP3:Tearthelayerintotwoparts.Youshouldseeaclear,paperthinlayer. STEP4:Add2dropsofiodinetotheslide. STEP5:Nowtakeawayapaperthin layerfromtheonionbypulling itoff thecurved sideoftheonion.

(Thisislikeremovingdeadskinafterasunburn.)Makeitsmallerthanthethincoverslipandplaceitontheslideasshowninthepicturebelow.

STEP6:Slowlylowertheothersideofthecoverslipuntilitcoverstheonionskincompletely. If thereareairbubbles,gently tapon theglass to“chase”themout.

STEP7:Makesurethelowestpowerlens(theshortestlens)isinplaceoverthestageandthemicroscopelightisturnedon.Placetheslideontothestageofthemicroscope.

STEP8:Lookthroughtheeyepieceandturnthecoarsefocusknob(thelargestknob)untilanimagecomesintofocus.Itshouldlooklikeabrickwallorlikelizardskin.

STEP9:Nowusethefinefocusknob(thesmallestknob)tomaketheimageasfocusedaspossible. STEP10:Inthedatasheet,drawapictureofwhatyousee..Labelasmanypartsofthecellasyoucansee.

In theonion cells, you shouldbe able to see centersornuclei. They shouldappear as rounddark‐stainedobjects.Youwillseethemeitherinthecenterofthecellorattheedgeofthecell.Thecenterornucleusisthecontrolcenterforthecell.Thismeansthatthecentercancontroleverythingthatacelldoes.

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coverslip

CheckoffeachitemBEFOREyoustart. ____Microscope____pencil____GlassSlide____Iodine____Coverslip____Dropper____Onionskin____Tweezers

PROCEDURES


10

STEP11:LookingfromtheSIDEofthemicroscope,NOTthroughtheeyepiece,rotatethelensestothenextpoweredlens.Ifyouneedto,usethefinefocusknob(thesmallestknob)togettheimageintofocus.DONOTUSETHELARGEKNOB!!Onthedatasheet,drawapictureofwhatyousee.

STEP12:Again,lookingfromtheSIDEofthemicroscope,rotatethelensestothehighestpoweredlens.Ifyouneedto,usethefinefocusknob(thesmallestknob)togettheimageintofocus.DONOTUSETHELARGEKNOB!!Onthedatasheet,drawapictureofwhatyousee.

STEP13:Switchtothelowestpowerlensandcleanupyourmaterials.

PART3:PLANTCELLS

STEP1:Tearoffonesmallleaffromtheelodeaplantsfloatingintank. STEP2:Addonedropoftapwatertotheslide. STEP3:Standathinglasscoversliponitsedgeneartheleaf,nexttothedropofwater.Slowlylowerthe

othersideofthecoverslipuntilitcoverstheleafcompletely.Makesuretherearenoairbubbles.

STEP 4:Make sure the lowest power lens (the shortest lens) is inplaceoverthestage.Placetheslideontothestageofthemicroscope.

STEP5:Lookthroughtheeyepieceandturnthecoarsefocusknob(thelargestknob)untilanimagecomesintofocus.Itshouldlooklikesmallgreenbricksorlikelizardskin.

STEP6:Nowusethefinefocusknob(thesmallestknob)tomaketheimageasfocusedaspossible.Onthedatapage,drawapictureofwhatyousee.Labelasmanypartsofthecellasyoucansee.Youshouldbeabletoseethefollowingfeaturesorparts:

•CellWallThisisthethickoutercoveringofeachcell.(thedarklines)•ChloroplastsThesearethegreenovalbodiesyouseewhenyoulookatthecell.

•CytoplasmThisistheclearwaterymaterialuponwhichthegreenovalbodiesstayontoporfloat.

Vacuolethisisalarge,clearsacorpouchthatisfilledwithwater.Itcanbefoundinthemiddleof

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CheckoffeachitemBEFOREyoustart. ____Microscope____pencil____GlassSlide____Plantleaf____Coverslip____Dropper____Tweezers PROCEDURES


coverslip

11

thegreenovalbodiesorchloroplasts.Itfillsupalotofthecell.Itcanonlybeseenwhenyoumoveyoureyesupanddowntofindapointwheretheimageisclear.By“clear”Imeanthatthatyoucanseeovalgreenbodiesappearingonlyaroundtheedgeofthecell‐therestisthevacuole.

STEP7:LookingfromtheSIDEofthemicroscope,rotatethelensestothenextpower.Ifyouneedto,usethefinefocusknob(thesmallestknob)togettheimageintofocus.Youshouldbeabletoseelotsofsmallgreendotsineachcell.Onthedatapage,drawapictureofwhatyousee.Labelasmanypartsofthecellasyoucansee.

STEP8:Again,lookingfromtheSIDEofthemicroscope,rotatethelensestothehighestpowerlens.Ifyouneedto,usethefinefocusknob(thesmallestknob)togettheimageintofocus.Thelittlegreendotsshouldgetlarger.Onthedatapage,drawapictureofwhatyousee.Labelasmanypartsofthecellasyoucansee.

STEP9:SwitchtothelowestpowerlensandTHENremovetheslideandcleanup.

12


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Usecompletesentencesandkeytermstoanswerthefollowingquestions:1.Describetheshape(s)ofthecellwalls.Shapesincluderound,square,irregular,jagged,etc.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SAYMORE

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Werebothcellsthesameshape?Explain.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SAYMORE

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2.Explainthereason(s)whyyouusediodinestain.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SAYMORE

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Whatwouldthespecimenshavelookedlikewithoutthestain?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SAYMORE

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16

SCIENTIFICDRAWINGCHECKLIST

Didyouuseasharppencil?

Didyouusearulertodrawthepointinglineandasecondlineforthename?

Isthesizeofthedrawinglargeenoughsoyoucanincludelabelsandtitles?

Arealllabelsandthetitleprintedonly?

Isthereatitleoftheobjectonthetoplineorjustabovetheobjectincapitalletters?

Arealllabelsoutsidetheobjectandparalleltothebottomofthepage(notwrittensidewaysoratanangle?)

Didyoulabelallthedifferentparts/structuresthatyouobserved?

Arealllinessharp,crispandclear?

Dothelinesusedforlabelingpointdirectlyattheopartyouarenamingandnotcrosseachother?

Ifyouusedcolors,aretheyrealisticandascloseaspossibletotheactualcolorsofthespecimen?

INCORRECTCELLDRAWING CORRECTCELLDRAWING (colorsnotshown)

MORE

17

ScoringKey1615ptsA+(98%)

14ptsA(95%)

13ptsA‐(90)

12ptsB+(88%)

11ptsB(85%)

10ptsB‐(80%)

9ptsC+(78%)

8ptsC‐(75%)

7ptsC‐(70%)

6ptsD+(68%)

5ptsD(65%)

4pts.D‐(63‐60%)

Total(S)____________Total(T)___________

SCORINGRUBRIC 4Yes,andinaddition…

3Yes

2Yes,but…

1Notyet

1.Eachoftheninedrawingsfollowsthechecklist. S_______T_______

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

2. Each of the nine drawings has a full and scientificallyaccuratedescriptionthatincludes: Theshapeandcolorofthecell(s) Thestructuresthatarevisible,and ThestructuresthatareNOTvisiblebutshouldbethere

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

3. Each answer to the questions is written in completesentencesthat: Beginw/capitalletters Havespacebetweeneachwordand, Haveasubjectandaverb

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

4.Eachanswertothequestionsisscientificallyaccurateandhassupportingdetailsthatusekeytermsandinfowhichislegibleandspelledcorrectly.

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

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Documents

Life Science: Cells - lincnet.org5 PART 1: HUMAN CHEEK CELLS STEP 1: Go to the rubrics on the last 2 pages and read the criteria for drawings and answers. STEP 2: Set up your microscope