Life Safety Systems

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Life-SafetySystems

Continuing Education from Plumbing Systems & DesignKenneth G.Wentink, PE, CPD, and Robert D. Jackson

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INTRODUCTIONA threat to personnel safety often present in pharmaceuticalfacilities is accidental exposure and possible contact with toxic

gases, liquids, and solids. Tis chapter describes water-basedemergency drench equipment and systems commonly used asa first-aid measure to mitigate the effects of such an accident,Also described are the breathing-air systems that supply air topersonnel for escape and protection when they are exposed toeither a toxic environment resulting from an accident or normalworking conditions that make breathing the ambient air haz-ardous.

EMERGENCY DRENCHEQUIPMENT SYSTEMS

GENERAL

When toxic or corrosive chemicals come in contact with theeyes, face, and body, flushing with water for 15 min with the

clothing removed is the most recommended first-aid action thatcan be taken by nonmedical personnel prior to medical treat-ment. Emergency drench equipment is intended to provide asufficient volume of water to effectively reach any area of thebody exposed to or has come into direct contact with any inju-rious material. Within facilities, specially designed emergencydrench equipment, such as showers, drench hoses, and eye andface washes, are located adjacent to all such hazards. Althoughthe need to protect personnel is the same for any facility, specificrequirements differ widely because of architectural, aesthetic,location, and space constraints necessary for various industrialand laboratory installations.

SYSTEM CLASSIFICATIONS

Drench equipment is classified into two general types of systembased on the source of water. Tese are plumbed systems, whichare connected to a permanent water supply, and self-containedor portable equipment, which contains its own water supply.Self-contained systems can be either gravity feed or pressur-ized.

One type of self-contained eyewash unit is available that doesnot meet code requirements for storage or delivery flow rate.Tis is called the personnel eyewash station and is selected onlyto supplement, not replace, a standard eyewash unit. It consistsof a solution-filled bottle(s) in a small cabinet. Tis cabinet issmall enough to be installed immediately adjacent to a highhazard. If an accident occurs, the bottle containing the solu-

tion is removed and used without delay to flush the eyes whilewaiting for the arrival of trained personnel and during travel toa code-approved eyewash or first-aid station.

CODES AND STANDARDS1. ANSI Z-358.1, Emergency Shower and Eyewash Equipment.2. OSHA has various regulations for specific industries per-

taining to the location and other criteria for emergencyeyewashes and showers.

3. Te Safety Equipment Institute (SEI) certifies that equip-ment meets ANSI standards.

4. Applicable plumbing codes.

For the purposes of the discussion in this section on drenequipment, the word code shall refer to ANSI Z-358.1.

TYPES OF DRENCH EQUIPMENT

Emergency drench equipment consists of showers, eyewaunits, face-wash units, and drench hoses, along with interconecting piping and alarms if required. All of these units available either singly or in combination with each other. Anlary components include thermostatic mixing systems, freeprotection systems and enclosures. Each piece of equipmis designed to perform a specific function. One piece is nintended to be a substitute for another, but rather, to compment the others by providing additional availability of waterspecific areas of the body as required.

Emergency ShowersPlumbed Showers Plumbed emergency showers are permnently connected to the potable water piping and designedcontinuously supply enough water to drench the entire boA unit consists of a large-diameter shower head intendeddistribute water over a large area. Te most commonly ustype has a control valve with a handle extending down from tvalve on a chain or rod that is used to turn the water on and manually. Code requires the shower be capable of deliverinminimum of 30 gpm (113.6 L/min) of evenly dispersed watea velocity low enough so as not to be injurious to the user. Whthis flow rate is not available, 20 gpm (75.7 L/min) is accepta

if the shower-head manufacturer can show the same spray ptern required for 30 gpm can be achieved at the lower flow raTe minimum spray pattern shall have a diameter of 20 in. (5cm), measured at 60 in. (152.4 cm) above the surface on whthe user stands. Tis requires a minimum pressure of appromately 30 psi (4.47 kPa). Emergency showers can be ceilmounted, wall mounted or floor mounted on a pipe stand, wthe center of the spray at least 16 in. (40.6 cm) from any obstrtion. Showers should be chosen for the following reasons:1. When large volumes of potentially dangerous materials a

present.2. Where a small volume of material could result in large

affected areas, such as in laboratories and schools.

A typical emergency shower head mounted in a hung ceilis illustrated in Figure 1.

Self-Contained Showers Self-contained emergency shoers have a storage tank for water. Often this water is heated. Tshower shall be capable of delivering a minimum of 20 gp(75.5 L/min) for 15 min. Te requirements for mounting heiand spray pattern are the same as they are for plumbed shoers.

Life-Safety Systems

Reprinted from Pharmaceutical Facilities Plumbing Systems, Chapter 8: Life-Safety Systems, by Michael Frankel. American Society of Plumbing Engineers.

2 Plumbing Systems & Design JULY/AUGUST 2006 PSDMAGAZINE

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Emergency EyewashPlumbed Eyewash Emergency eyewashes are specificallydesigned to irrigate and flush both eyes simultaneously withdual streams of water. Te unit consists of dual heads in theshape of a U, each specifically designed to deliver a narrowstream of water, and a valve usually controlled by a large pushplate. Code requires the eyewash to be capable of delivering aminimum of 0.4 gpm (1.5 L/min). Many eyewashes of recentmanufacture deliver approximately 3 gpm (11.4 L/min). Oncestarted, the flow must be continuous and designed to operatewithout the use of the hands, which shall be free to hold openthe eyelids. Te flow of water must be soft to avoid additionalinjury to sensitive tissue. o protect against airbornecontaminants, each dual stream head must be pro-tected with a cover that is automatically discardedwhen the unit is activated. Te head covers shall beattached to the heads by a chain to keep them frombeing lost. Te eyewash can be mounted on a coun-ter or wall, or as a free stranding unit attached to thefloor. Te eyewash could be provided with a bowl. Tebowl does not increase the efficiency or usefulness ofthe unit but aids in identification by personnel. It iscommon practice to mount a swivel type eyewash ona laboratory sink faucet, installed so it can be swungout of the way during normal use of the sink but canbe swung over the sink bowl in order to be operatedin an emergency.

Te code recommends (but does not require) theuse of a buffered saline solution to wash the eyes. Tiscould be accomplished with a separate dispenserfilled with concentrate that will introduce the propersolution into the water supply prior to reaching thedevice head. A commonly used device is a wall-mounted, 5 to 6-gal (20 to 24-L) capacity solutiontank connected to the water inlet dispenses a mea-sured amount of solution when flow to the eyewashis activated. A backflow device shall be installed onthe water supply.

Self-Contained Eyewash A typical self-con-tained eyewash has a storage tank with a minimum15-min water supply. Te mounting height and spraypattern requirements are the same as those for aplumbed eyewash.

Emergency Face WashTe face wash is an enhanced version of the eyewaIt has the same design requirements and configution, except the spray heads are specifically designto deliver a larger water pattern and volume will fluthe whole face and not just the eyes. Te face washould deliver approximately 8 gpm (55 L/min). Tstream configuration is illustrated in Figure 2. Voften, the face wash is chosen for combination unIn general, the face wash is more desirable than teyewash because it is very likely an accident waffect more than just the eyes. All dimensions arequirements of the free-standing face wash similar to those for the eyewash.

Drench HosesA drench hose is a single-head unit connected twater supply with a flexible hose. Te head is genally the same size as a single head found on an ey

face wash. Code requires the drench hose be capable of deliving a minimum of 0.4 gpm (1.5 L/min). It is controlled either bsqueeze handle near the head or a push-plate ball valve locaat the connection to the water source. It is used as a supplem

to showers and eye/face washes to irrigate specific areas of body. Drench hoses are selected for the following reasons:1. o spot drench a specific area of the body when the large

volume of water delivered by a shower is not called for.

2. o allow irrigation of an unconscious person or a victimwho is unable to stand.

3. o irrigate under clothing prior to the clothings removal.

Figure 2 Combination Emergency Shower, Eye/Face Wash, and Drench Hose Unit

Figure 1 Typical Emergency Shower

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Combination EquipmentCombination equipment consists of multiple-use units with acommon water supply and supporting frame. Combinations areavailable that consist of a shower, eye/face wash, and drenchhose in any configuration. Te reason for the use of combina-tion equipment is usually economy, but the selection shouldbe made considering the type of irrigation appropriate for thepotential injuries at a specific location. For combination units,the water supply must be larger, capable of delivering the flowrate of water required to satisfy two devices concurrently ratherthan only a single device.

Te most often-used combination is the drench shower andface wash. Figure 2 illustrates a combination shower, eye/facewash and drench hose complete with mounting heights.

DRENCH EQUIPMENT COMPONENTS

ControlsOften referred to as activation devices, controls cause water toflow at an individual device. Stay-open valves are required bycode in order to leave the hands free for the removal of clothingor for holding eyelids open. Te valves most often used are ballvalves with handles modified to provide for the attachment ofchains, rods, and push plates. In very limited situations, suchas in schools, valves that automatically close (quick-closing) arepermitted if they are acceptable to the facility and authoritieshaving jurisdiction.

Valves are operated by different means to suit the specifichazard, location, durability, and visibility requirements. Teoperators on valves are handles attached to pull rods, pushplates, foot-operated treadle plates and triangles. A solid pullrod is often installed on concealed showers in order to pushthe valve closed after operation. Another method is to have twohandles attached to chains that extend below the hung ceiling,one to turn on the valve and another handle to turn it off. Chainsare used if the handle might be accidentally struck, they enablethe handle to move freely and not injure the individual whomight accidentally strike the hanging operator.

Operating handles for the physically challenged are mountedlower than those for a standard unit. In many cases, this requiresthat operating handles be placed near walls to keep them outof traffic patterns where they would be an obstruction to able-bodied people passing under them. A free-standing combination

shower and eyewash that is handicapped accessible using handhung from the ceiling is illustrated in Figure 3. Te handle mbe located close enough to the center of the shower to be easreached, which is about 2 ft 0 in. from the center of the shower

AlarmsAlarms are often installed to alert security or other rescue psonnel that emergency drench equipment has been operaand to guide them rapidly to the scene of the accident. Comonly used alarms are audible and visual devicessuch

flashing or rotating lights on top of, or adjacent to, a showor eyewashand electronic alarms wired to a remote securpanel. Remote areas of a plant are particularly at risk if personel often work alone. Alarms are most often operated by a flswitch activated by the flow of water when a piece of equipmis used.

When tempered water systems are used to supply drenequipment, a low water temperature of 60F shall cause alarm annunciation.

Flow-Control DeviceWhere water pressure exceeds 80 psig (550 kPa) or if the diffence in water pressure between the first and last shower heis more than 20 psig (140 kPa), it is recommended that a se

adjusting flow-control device be installed in the water-suppipe. Its purpose is to limit the flow to just above the minimurequired by the specific manufacturer for proper functionof equipment. Such devices are considered important becaua shower installed at the beginning of a long run has a mugreater flow than the device at the end. During operation, thigher pressure could cause the flow rate to be as much asgpm (L/min). If no floor drain is provided, the higher flow 15 min at the higher pressure could produce a much greaamount of water that must be cleaned up and disposed of aftwards. Drench hoses and eye and face washes are not affecbecause of their lower flow rates and their flow head designs

Where pressure-reducing devices are required for an ensystem, they should be set to provide approximately 50 psig (3kPa).

SYSTEM DESIGN

GeneralIt is a requirement that a plumbed system be connected tpotable water supply as the sole source of water. Tis systemtherefore subject to filing with a plumbing or other code ocial for approval and inspection of the completed facility, as standard plumbing systems.

An adequately sized pipe with sufficient pressure must provided from the water supply to meet system and devoperating-pressure requirements for satisfactory functioni

One maintenance requirement is that the water in the pipisystem be flushed to avoid bacterial growth.

It is common practice to add antibacterial and saline produto a self-contained eyewash unit and an antibacterial additivean emergency shower. Water is also commonly used if it canchanged every week. It is well established that no preservatwill inhibit bacterial growth for an extended period of time. Scontained equipment must be checked regularly to determinthe quality of the stored water has deteriorated to a point whit is not effective or safe to use.

If valves are placed in the piping network for maintenanpurposes, they should be made for unauthorized shut-off.

Figure 3 Clearance Dimensions Around Shower and Eye/Face Wash


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Water-Supply Pressure and Flow RatesEmergency showers require between 20 and 30 gpm (76 to 111L/min), with 30 gpm recommended. Te minimum pressurerequired is 30 psig (4.5 kPa) at the farthest unit, with a generallyaccepted maximum pressure of 70 psi (485 kPa). Code mentionsa high pressure of 90 psig (612 kPa), which is generally consid-ered to be excessive. Most plumbing codes do not permit waterpressures as high as 90 psig. Generally accepted practice limitsthe high water pressure to between 70 and 80 psig (480 and 620kPa).

Most eyewash units require a minimum operating pressureof 15 psig (105 kPa) with a flow rate minimum of 3 gpm (12 L/min) at the farthest unit. Maximum pressure is similar to thatfor showers. Face washes and drench hoses require a minimumoperating pressure of 15 psig (105 kPa) with a minimum flowrate of 8 gpm (30 L/min) at the farthest unit.

System Selection

Plumbed System

Te advantages of a plumbed system include:1. Permanent connection to a fresh supply of water, requiring

no maintenance and only minimum testing of the devicesto ensure proper operation.

2. It provides an unlimited supply of water often at larger vol-umes than self-contained units.

Disadvantages include:1. Higher first cost than a self-contained system.2. Maintenance is intensive. Such systems require weekly

flushing, often into a bucket, to remove stagnant water inthe piping system and replace it with fresh water.

Self-Contained System

Advantages of the self-contained system include:1. Lower first cost compared to a plumbed system.2. Can be filled with a buffered, saline solution, which is rec-

ommended for washing eyes.3. Available with a container to catch waste water.4. Portable units can be moved to areas of greatest hazard

with little difficulty.5. A gravity eyewash is more reliable. Te water supply can be

installed where there is room above the unit. If not, a pres-surized unit mounted remotely should be selected.

Disadvantages include:1. Only a limited supply of water at a lesser flow rate is avail-

able.

2. Te stored liquid must be changed on a regular basis tomaintain purity.

Te plumbed system is the type of system selected most oftenbecause of the unlimited water supply.

Pipe Sizing and MaterialIn order to supply the required flow rate to a shower, a mini-mum pipe size of 1 in. (25 mm) is required by code, with 1 in.(30 mm) recommended. If the device is a combination unit, a1-in. size should be considered as minimum. An emergencyeye/face wash requires a minimum in. (13 mm) pipe size.

Except in rare cases where multiple units are intended to beused at once, the piping system size should be based on onlyone unit operating. Te entire piping system is usually a singlesize pipe based on the requirements of the most remote fixture.

Appropriate pressure loss calculations should be made to ensthe hydraulically most remote unit is supplied with adequpressure with the size selected. Adjust sizes accordingly to mfriction loss requirements.

Te pipe material should be copper to minimize clogging theads of the units in time with the inevitable corrosion produreleased by steel pipe. Plastic pipe (PVC) should be considerwhere excessive heat and the use of closely located supports wnot permit the pipe to creep in time.

Emergency drench equipment shall be sized based on tsingle highest flow rate, usually 30 gpm (115 L/min) for emergency shower. Piping is usually a 1-in. header of copppipe for the entire length of a plumbed system.

Flushing Water DisposalWater from emergency drench equipment is mainly dischargonto the floor. Individual eye/face washes mounted on sindischarge most of the water into the adjacent sink. Combinatunits have an attached eye/face wash also discharge water the floor. Tere are different methods of disposing of the waresulting from an emergency device depending on the facilTe basic consideration is whether to provide a floor drain adcent to a device to route that water from the floor to a draina

system.It is accepted practice not to provide a floor drain at an em

gency shower. Experience has shown in most cases, particulain schools and laboratories, it is easier to mop up water from floor in the rare instances emergency devices are used raththan add the extra cost of a floor drain, piping and a trap primConsiderations include:1. If the drain is not in an area where frequent cleaning is

done, the trap may dry out, allowing odors to be emitted.2. Is there an available drainage line in the area of the devic3. Can the chemical, even in a diluted state, be released into

the sanitary sewer system or must it be routed to a chemiwaste system for treatment?

4. Must purification equipment be specially purchased forthis purpose?

INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS FOR DRENCH EQUIPMENT

Te need to provide emergency drench equipment is detmined by an analysis of the hazard by design professionalshealth or safety personnel and by the use of common senseconformance with OSHA, CFR, and other regulations for spcific occupations. Judgment is necessary in the selection alocation of equipment. Very often, facility owners have specregulations for its need and location.

Dimensional RequirementsTe mounting height of all equipment, as illustrated in ANSI

358.1, is shown in Figure 2. If the shower head is free-standithe generally accepted dimension for the mounting height ift 0 in. (2.17 m) above the floor. Generally accepted clearanaround showers and eye/face washes is illustrated in Figure 3wheelchair-accessible, free-standing, combination unit is illtrated in Figure 4.

Equipment LocationTe location of the emergency drench equipment is crucialthe immediate and successful first-aid treatment of an accidvictim. It should be located as close to the potential hazard apractical without being affected by the hazard itself or potenaccidental conditions, such as a large release or spray of chem



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cals resulting from an explosion or a pipe and tank rupture.Another location problem is placement adjacent to electricalequipment. Location on normal access and egress paths in thework area will reinforce the location to personnel, who will seeit each time they pass.

Tere are no requirements in any code pertaining to the loca-tion of any drench equipment in terms of specific, definitivedimensions. ANSI code Z-358.1 requires emergency showers belocated a maximum distance of either 10 seconds travel time byan individual or no more than 75 ft (22.5 m) from the potentialprotected hazard, whichever is shorter. If strong acid or caus-tic is used, the equipment should be located within 10 ft (3 m)

of the potential source of the hazard. Te path to the unit fromthe hazard shall be clear and unobstructed, so impaired sight orpanic will not prevent clear identification and access. Tere isno regulation as to what distance could be covered by an indi-vidual in 10 seconds. Tere are also no specific provisions forthe physically challenged.

Since there are no specific code requirements for locat-ing drench equipment, good judgment is required. Acceptedpractice is to have the equipment accessible from three sides.Anything less generally creates a tunnel effect that makes itmore difficult for the victim to reach the equipment. It should belocated on the same level as the potential hazard when possible.

raveling through rooms that may have locked doorsreach equipment shall be avoided, except placing emgency showers in a common corridor, such as outsindividual laboratory rooms, is accepted practice. Cshould be taken to avoid locating the shower in the pof the swinging door to the protected room to prevepersonnel coming to the aid of the victims from knocing them over.

Emergency eye/face washes should be located cloto the potential source of hazard. In laboratoriaccepted practice is to have 1 sink in a room fitted wan eyewash on the counter adjacent to the sink. Te scold-water supply provides water to the unit. Te ewash could be designed to swing out of the way of sink if desired.

Visibility of DevicesHigh visibility must be considered in the selectionany device. Te recognition methods usually selectare high-visibility signs mounted at or on the devihaving the surrounding floors and walls painted a cotrasting, bright color; and having the device in a brigwell lit area on the plant floor to help a victim iden

the area and help in first-aid activities.Number of StationsTe number of drench-equipment devices providin a facility is a function of the number of peoplerooms and areas with potential exposure to any pticular hazard at any one time, based on a worst-cscenario. It is rare for more than one combination uto be installed. It is important to consider if a groupindividuals has potential exposure to a specific hazamore than one drench unit may be required. Consultwith the end user and the safety officer will providgood basis for the selection of the type and numberequipment.

Generally, one shower can be provided between adjacent pair of laboratories, with emergency eye/face washlocated inside each individual laboratory. In open areas, itcommon practice to locate emergency equipment adjacentcolumns for support.

Water TemperatureCode now requires tempered water of approximately 85Fsupplied to equipment. A comfortable range of 60 to 95F (to 35C) is mentioned in the code. For most indoor applitions, this temperature range is achieved because the interof a facility is heated in the winter and cooled in the summerapproximately 70F (20 C). Since the water in the emergen

drench system is stagnant, it assumes the temperature of tambient air. A generally accepted temperature of betweenand 85F (27 and 30C) has been established as a comfort zonand is now the recommended water temperature.

Te body will attempt to generate body heat lost if drenching fluid is at a temperature below the comfort zone. Tcommon effect is shivering and increased heart rate. In famost individuals are uncomfortable taking a shower with waat about 60F (15C). With the trauma induced by an accidethe effect is escalated.

Another consideration is the potential chemical reactand/or acceleration of reaction with flushing water or water

Figure 4 Wheelchair-Accessible Shower and Eyewash Equipment




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a particular temperature. Where the hazard is a solid, such asradioactive particles, that can enter the body through the pores,a cold-water shower shall be used in spite of its being uncom-fortable. It is necessary to obtain the opinions of medical andhygiene personnel where any doubt exists about the correct useof water or water temperature in specific facilities.

Where showers are installed outdoors, or indoors where heat-ing is not provided, the water supplying the showers must betempered if the air temperature is low. Manufacturers offer avariety of tempering methods, including water-temperaturemaintenance cable similar to that used for domestic hot-watersystems for this purpose and mixing valves with hot and cold-water connections. In remote locations, complete self-containedunits are available with storage tanks holding and maintainingheated water.

Protection Against Temperature ExtremesIn areas where freezing is possible and water drench equipmentis connected to an above-ground, plumbed water supply, freezeprotection is required. Tis is most often accomplished by usingelectric heating cable and providing insulation around theentire water-supply pipe and the unit itself. It is recommendedthe water temperature be maintained at 85F (20C).

For exterior showers located where freezing is possible, thewater supply shall be installed below the frost line and a freeze-proof shower shall be installed. Tis type of shower has a methodof draining the water above the frost line when the water to thedrench equipment is turned off.

When a number of drench-equipmentdevices are located where low temperature iscommon, a circulating tempered-water supplyshould be considered. Tis uses a water heaterand a circulating pump to supply the drenchequipment. Te heater shall be capable of gen-erating water from 40 to 80F at a rate of 30 gpm(or more if more than one shower could oper-

ate simultaneously).In areas where the temperature may get too

high, it is accepted practice to insulate thewater-supply piping.

BREATHINGAIR SYSTEMS

GENERAL

Breathing-air systems supply air of a specificminimum purity to personnel for purposesof escape and protection after exposure toa toxic environment resulting from an acci-dent or during normal work where conditionsmake breathing the ambient air dangerous.

As defined by 30 CFR 10, a toxic environmenthas air that may produce physical discomfortimmediately, chronic poisoning after repeatedexposure, or acute adverse physiological symp-toms after prolonged exposure.

Tis section discusses the production, puri-fication, and distribution of a low-pressurebreathing air and individual breathing devicesused to provide personnel protection onlywhen used with supplied air systems. Low pres-sure for breathing air refers to compressed airpressures up to 250 psig (1725 kPa) delivered to

the respirator. Te most common operating range for systembetween 90 and 110 psig (620 and 760 kPa).

Much of the equipment used in the generation, treatmeand distribution of compressed air for breathing-air systemcommon to that for medical/surgical air discussed in the Copressed-Gas Systems chapter.

CODES AND STANDARDS1. OSHA: 29 CFR 1910.2. CGA: commodity specifications G-7 and G-7.1.

3. Canadian Standards Association (CSA).4. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health

(NIOSH).5. Mine Safety and Health Act (MSHA).6. NFPA: NFPA-99, Medical Compressed Air.7. DOD (Department of Defense): Where applicable.8. ANSI: Z-88.2, Standard for Respiratory Protection.9. Code of Federal Regulations(CFR).

BREATHINGAIR PURITY

Air for breathing purposes supplied from a compressor opressurized tank must comply, as a minimum, with quaverification level grade D in CGA G-7.1 (ANSI Z-86.1). able

from ANSI/CGA G-7.1, lists the maximum contaminant levfor various grades of air.

For grade D quality air, individual limits exist for condenshydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. Partic

Table 1 Maximum Contaminant Levels for Various Grades of Air(in ppm [mole / mole] unless shown otherwise)

Limiting Characteristics A K L D E G J M N

Percent O2 balancepredominantly N2

a

atm /19.5 -23.5

atm /19.5 -23.5

atm /19.5 -23.5

atm /19.5 -23.5

atm /20 -22

atm /19.5 -23.5

atm /19.5 -23.5

atm /19.5 -23.5

atm19.23

Water, ppm (v / v)b 200 50 1 3Dew point, F b -33 -54 -104 -92Oil (condensed) (mg / m3

at NTP) 5c 5c NoneCarbon monoxid 10e,f 10 5 1 1 10Odor NoneCarbon dioxide 1000f 500 500 0.5 1 500Total hydrocarboncontent (as methane) 25 25 15 0.5 1Nitrogen dioxide Nitricoxide

2.5 0.1} 0.5 2.5Sulfur dioxide 2.5 0.1 5Halogenated Solvents 10 0.1Acetylene 0.05Nitrous oxide 0.1USP Yes

Source: ANSI / CGA G-7.1.ANSI 2-86.1, Table 1.

Note: The 1973 edition of CGA G-7.1 listed nine quality verification levels of gaseous air, lettered A to J, and two quality verification lev

of liquid air, lettered A and B. Some of those letter designations were dropped from the 1989 edition, since they no longer represent mavolume usage by industry. Four new letter designations, K, L, M, and N, have been added to reflect current specifications. To get a listing

quality verification levels dropped, see CGA-7-1-1973 or contact the Compressed Gas Association.

a The term atmospheric (atm) denotes the oxygen content normally present in atmospheric air; the numerical values denote the oxyg

limits for synthesized air.

b The water content of compressed air required for any particular quality verification level may vary with the intended use from satura

to very dry. For breathing air used in conjunction with a self-contained breathing apparatus in extreme cold where moisture can

condense and freeze, causing the breathing apparatus to malfunction, a dew point not to exceen -50F (63 ppm v / v), or 10 lower

than the coldest temperature expected in the area, is required. If a specific water limit is required, it should be specified as a limiting

concentration in ppm (v / v) or dew point. Dew point is expressed in F at 1 atmosphere pressure absolute, 101 kPa abs. (760 mm Hg)

c Not required for synthesized air whose oxygen and nitrogen components are produced by air liquefaction.

d Includes water.

e Not required for synthesized air when the nitrogen component was previously analyzed and meets National Formulary (NF) specifica

f Not required for synthesized air when the oxygen component was produced by air liquefaction and meets United States Pharmacope

(USP) specification.



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lates and water vapor, whose allowable quantities have not beenestablished, must also be controlled because of the effects theymay have on different devices of the purification system, on thepiping system, and on the end user of the equipment.

ContaminantsCondensed Hydrocarbons Oil is a major contaminant inbreathing air. It causes breathing discomfort, nausea, and, inextreme cases, pneumonia. It can also create an unpleasanttaste and odor and interfere with an individuals desire to work.

In addition, the oxidation of oil in overheated compressors canproduce carbon monoxide. A limit of 5 ppm has been estab-lished.

Some types of reciprocating and rotary-screw compressorsput oil into the airstream as a result of their operating character-istics. Accepted practice is to use only oil-free air compressorsin order to eliminate the possibility of introducing oil into theairstream.

Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide is the most toxic ofthe common contaminants. It enters the breathing-air systemthrough the compressor intake or is produced by the oxidationof heated oil in the compressor. Carbon monoxide easily com-bines with the hemoglobin in red blood cells, replacing oxygen.

Te lack of oxygen causes dizziness, loss of motor control, andloss of consciousness. A limit of 10 ppm in the airstream hasbeen established based on NIOSH standards.

Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide is not considered one ofthe more dangerous contaminants. Although the lungs havea concentration of approximately 50,000 ppm, a limit of 1,000ppm has been established for the breathing airstream.

Water and Water Vapor Water vapor enters the pipingsystem through the air compressor intake. Since no upper orlower limits have been established by code, the allowable con-centration is governed by specific operating requirements ofthe most demanding device in the system, which is usually theCO converter, or the requirement of being 10F lower than the

lowest possible temperature the piping may experience.After compression, water vapor is detrimental to the media

used to remove CO. Te dew point of the airstream must begreatly lowered at this point in order to provide the highest effi-ciency possible for this device. Water vapor is removed to such alow level that breathing air with this level of humidity will proveuncomfortable to users.

After purification, too much humidity will fog the faceplate ofa full face mask. It will also cause freeze-up in the pipeline if themoisture content of the airstream in the pipe has a dew pointthat is higher than the ambient temperature of the area wherethe compressed-air line is installed.

Solid Particles Solid particles known as particulates can

enter the system through the intake. Tey are released fromnon-lubricated compressors as a result of friction from carbonand eflon material used in place of lube oils. No limits on par-ticulates have been established by code.

Odor Tere is no standard for odor measurement. A gener-ally accepted requirement is that there be no detectable odor inthe breathing air delivered to the user. Tis requirement is sub-jective and will vary with individual users.

TYPES OF SYSTEM

Tere are three basic types of breathing-air system: constantflow, demand flow, and pressure demand.

Constant-Flow SystemAlso known as a continuous-flow system, the constant-flsystem provides a continuous flow of purified air through psonnel respirators to minimize the leakage of contaminants inthe respirator and to ventilate the respirator with cool or waair depending on conditions.

Tis system could be used in a wide variety of areas, rangifrom least harmful to most toxic, depending on the type of rpirator selected.

Demand-Flow SystemTe demand-flow system delivers purified air to personnel rpirators only as the individual inhales. Upon exhalation, tflow of air is shut off until the next breath. Demand-flow systeautomatically adjust to an individuals breathing rate.

Tis system requires tight-fitting respirators. Its applicatiis generally limited to less harmful areas because the negatpressure in the respirator during inhalation may permit leakaof external contaminants. Tis system is designed for econoof air use during relatively short-duration tasks and is usuasupplied from cylinders.

Pressure-Demand SystemA pressure-demand system delivers purified air continuou

through personnel respirators with increased air flow durinhalation. By continuously providing a flow of air above atmspheric pressure, leakage of external contaminants is mimized.

Tis system also uses tight-fitting respirators, but the positpressure aspect allows them to be used in more toxic applitions.

SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Te breathing-air system consists of a compressed-air sourpurification devices and filters to remove unwanted contamnants from the source airstream, humidifiers to introduce wavapor into the breathing air, the piping distribution netwo

respirator outlet manifolds, respirator hose, and the individrespirators used by personnel. Alarms are needed to monitor quantity of contaminants and other parameters of the systema whole and to notify personnel if necessary.

Compressed-Air SourceTe source of air for the breathing-air system is an air comprsor and/or high-pressure air stored in cylinders. Cylinders uambient air, which is purified to reduce or eliminate impuritto the required level, and compress it to the desired pressuretypical schematic detail is shown in Figure 5.

Air Compressor Te standard for air compressors usedsupply breathing air shall comply with the requirement for ofree medical gas discussed in the Compressed-Gas System

chapter. Medical-gas type compressors are used because thsystems as a whole generate far fewer contaminants than othtypes of system. When a liquid-ring compressor is used, it hthe advantage of keeping the temperature of the air leaving tunit low. It is also possible to use any type of compressor for tservice, provided the purification system is capable of produing air meeting all the requirements of code.

Te air-compressor assembly consists of the intake assebly (including the inlet filter), the compressor and receiver, taftercooler, and the interconnecting water-seal supply and tother ancillary piping. All of these components are discussedthe Specialty Gases for Laboratories section.




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Air compressors have a high first cost and are selected if theuse of air for breathing is constant and continuous, making theuse of cylinders either too costly or too maintenance intensivebecause of the frequent changing of cylinders.

Storage Cylinder When high-pressure cylinders are usedeither as a source or as an emergency supply of breathing air,they shall be filled with air conforming to breathing-air stan-

dards. Te regulator should be set to about 50 psi (340 kPa)depending on the pressure required to meet system demandsand losses.

Te cylinders have a low initial cost and are not practical touse if there is continuous demand. Cylinders are best suited tointermittent use for short periods of time or as an emergencyescape backup for a compressor.

AftercoolerSome components of the purification system require a specifictemperature in order to function properly. Depending on thetype of compressor selected and the type of purification nec-essary, the temperature of the air leaving the compressor mayhave to be reduced. Tis is done with an aftercooler.

Aftercoolers can be supplied with cooling water or use airas the cooling medium. Water, if recirculated, is the preferredmethod. Te manufacturer of both the compressor and purifi-cation system should be consulted as to the criteria used andthe recommended size of the unit.

Purification DevicesTe contaminants that are problematic for breathing-air systemsmust be removed. Tis can be done with separate devices usedto remove individual contaminants or with a prepiped assem-bly of all the necessary purification devices, commonly referredto as a purification system, which requires only an inlet and

outlet air connection. For breathing-air systems it is commodone with a purification system.

Te individual purification methods used to remove speccontaminants are the same as those discussed in the Copressed-Gas Systems chapter. For breathing air, oil and pticulates are removed by coalescing and other filters, wateremoved by desiccant or refrigerated dryers, and carbon mo

oxide is removed by chemical conversion to carbon dioxusing a catalytic converter.

Carbon Monoxide Converter Te purpose of the converis to oxidize carbon monoxide and convert it into carbon dioide, which is tolerable in much greater quantities. Tis is tycally accomplished by the use of a catalyst usually consistiof manganese dioxide, copper oxide, cobalt, and silver oxidevarious combinations and placed inside a single cartridge. Tmaterial is not consumed but does become contaminated. Tconversion rate greatly decreases if any oil or moisture is presin the airstream. Terefore, moisture must be removed befair enters the converter. Catalyst replacement is recommendgenerally once a year since it is not possible to completely co

trol all contaminants that contribute to decreased conversionMoisture Separator Water and water vapor are remov

by two methods, desiccant and refrigerated dryers. Te mcommon desiccant drying medium is activated alumina. Fodiscussion of air-drying methods, refer to the Compressed-GSystems systems.

Odor Remover Activated, granular charcoal in cartridgeused for the removal of odors.

Particulates Remover Particulates are removed by meaof in-line filters. Generally accepted practice eliminates partilates 1 and larger from the piping system .

Figure 5 System with Standby High-Pressure Breathing Air Reserve



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HumidifierWhen water is removed from the compressed airstream priorto catalytic conversion, the dryer produces very dry air. If thebreathing-air system is intended to be used for long periodsof time, very low humidity will dry the mucous membranes ofthe eyes and mouth. Terefore, moisture must be added to theairstream to maintain recommended levels. Humidifiers, oftencalled moisturizers, are devices that inject the proper level ofwater vapor into an airstream. Some require a water connec-tion.

A recommended level of moisture is 50% relative humidityin the compressed airstream. Care must be taken not to routethe air-distribution piping through areas capable of having tem-peratures low enough to cause condensation. If the routing isimpossible to change, a worker will have shorter periods of timeon the respirator.

Combination Respirator Manifold and Pressure ReducerTis is a single component with multiple quick-disconnect out-lets providing a convenient place both to reduce the pressure ofthe distribution network and to serve as a connection point forseveral hoses. A pressure gauge should be installed on the man-ifold to ensure the outlet pressure is within the limits required

by the respirator.Respirator HoseTe respirator hose is flexible and is used to connect the res-pirator worn by an individual to the central-distribution pipingsystem. Code allows a maximum hose length of 300 ft (93 m)

Personnel RespiratorsTere are two general categories of respirator used for individualprotection: air purifying and supplied air.

Te air-purifying type of respirator is portable and has self-contained filters that purify the ambient air on a demand basis.Te advantages to its use are that it is less restrictive to move-ments and is light in weight. Disadvantages are that it must not

be used where gas or vapor contamination cannot be detectedby odor or taste and in an oxygen-deficient atmosphere. Tistype of respirator is outside the scope of this book, it is men-tioned only because of its availability.

Te type of respirator selected depends on the expectedbreathing hazards. In the choice of a respirator, the highestexpected degree of hazard, applicable codes and standards,manufacturer recommendations, suitability for the intendedtask and the comfort of the user are all important consider-ations.

Te EPA Office of Emergency and Remedial Response hasidentified four levels of hazard at cleanup sites involving haz-ardous materials and lists guidelines for the selection of protec-

tive equipment for each:1. Level A calls for maximum available protection, requiring apositive-pressure, self-contained suit, generally with a self-contained breathing apparatus worn inside the protectivesuit.

2. Level B protection is required when the highest level ofrespiratory protection is needed but a lower level of skinprotection is acceptable.

3. Level C protection uses a full face piece and air-purifyingrespiratory protection with chemical resistant, disposalgarments. Tis is required when the contaminant is knownand the level is relatively constant. ypical of its uses is forasbestos removal.

4. Level D protection is used where special respiratory or skprotection is not required but a rapid increase of contamnant level or degradation of ambient oxygen content is posible.

If the hazard cannot be identified, it must be considered immediate danger to life and health (IDLH). Tis is a conditithat exists when the oxygen content falls below 12.5% (95 ppO2) or where the air pressure is less than 8.6 psi (450 mm/Hwhich is the equivalent of 14,000 ft (4270 m).

Tere are five general types of respirator available, as followMouthpiece Respirators Used only with demand tysystems, mouthpiece respirators are designed only to delivbreathable air. Tey offer no protection to the skin, eyes, or faTeir use is limited to areas where there is insufficient oxygand no other contaminants could affect the eyes and skin.

Half-Face-Piece Respirators Half-face-piece respitors cover the nose and mouth and are designed primarily demand and pressure type systems. Tey are usually tightfittand provide protection for extended periods of time in atmspheres that are not harmful to the eyes and skin. Often wowith goggles, these respirators are limited to areas of relativlow toxicity.

Full-Face-Piece Respirators Full-face-piece respiratcover the entire face and are designed for use with constant-fland pressure-demand systems. Tey are tightfitting and suitafor atmospheres of moderate and high toxicity. Tey are usuaused in conjunction with full protective clothing for such taas chemical-tank cleaning where corrosive and toxic gas, mand liquids may be present. Since the face masks provide ptection to the face and eyes, they are also suitable for other tassuch as welding and the inspection of tanks and vessels whthere is an oxygen-deficient atmosphere.

Hood-and-Helmet Respirators Hood-and-helmet respitors cover the entire head and are normally used with a costant-flow system. Tey are loose fitting and suitable only

protection against contaminants such as dust, sand, powdeand grit. Constant flow is necessary to ventilate the headpieand to provide sufficient air pressure to prevent contaminafrom entering the headpiece.

Full-Pressure Suits Full-pressure suits range in design frloose-fitting, body-protective clothing to completely sealastronaut-like suits that provide total environmental life suport. Tey are designed to be used only with constant-flow stems and are suitable for the most toxic and dangerous enviroments and atmospheres.

COMPONENT SELECTION AND SIZING

Breathing-Air Source

Air Compressor Te air-compressor size is based on the higest flow rate, in cfm (L/min), required by the number and tyof respirators intended to be used simultaneously and the mimum pressure required by the purification system.

Te following general flow rates are provided as a prelimnary estimate for various types of respirator. Since there iwide variation in the pressure and flow rates required for vaous types of respirator, the actual figures used to size the systmust be based on the manufacturers recommendations for specific respirators selected.1. 4 scfm (113 L/min) for pressure-demand respirators.2. 6 scfm (170 L/min) for constant-flow respirators.




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3. Up to 16 scfm (453 L/min) for flooded-hood respirators.

4. Up to 35 scfm (990 L/min) for flooded suits.5. Add 15 scfm (425 L/min) of air for suit cooling if used.

High-Pressure Storage Cylinder High pressure cylindersare used either to supply air for normal operation to a limitednumber of personnel for short periods of time or as an emer-gency supply to provide a means of escape from a hazardousarea if the air compressor fails. Te main advantage to usingcylinders is the air in the cylinders is prepurified, and no further

purification of the air is necessary.Te number of cylinders is based on the simultaneous use of

respirators, the cfm (L/min) of each and the duration, in min,the respirators are expected to be used, plus a 10% safety factor.Te total amount of compressed air in the cylinders should notbe allowed to decrease too low. A low-pressure alarm shouldsound when pressure falls to 500 psig (3450 kPa) in a cylindernormally pressurized to 2400 psig (16 500 kPa) when filled tocapacity.

Example 9-1Establish the number of cylinders required for an emergencysupply of air for 8 people using constant-flow respirators require15 min to escape the area.1. 8 6 15 = 720 scfm + 72 (10%) = 792 scfm total required2. Next, find the actual capacity of a single cylinder at the

selected high pressure, generally 2400 psi (16 500 kPa),and divide the capacity of each cylinder into the total scfmrequired to find the number of cylinders required.

3. If 1 cylinder has 225 scf, 792 225 = 3.5. Use 4 cylinders.

Purification ComponentsTe air used to fill breathing-air cylinders is purified beforebeing compressed. Breathing air produced by air compressorsrequires purification to meet minimum code standards forbreathing air.

Prior to the selection of the purification equipment, several

samples of the air where the compressor intake is to be locatedshould be taken so specific contaminants and their amountscan be identified. Te ideal situation is to have the tests taken atdifferent times of the year and different times of the day. Tesetests quantify the type and amount of contaminants present atthe intake. With this information known, the purification sys-tems needed to meet code criteria can be chosen. Te otherrequirement is the highest flow rate that can be expected. Withthese criteria, the appropriate size and types of purifier can beselected.

Te most commonly used method of purification is an assem-bly of devices called a purification system specifically chosenand based on the previously selected criteria. Manufacturers

recommendations are commonly followed in the selection andsizing of the assembly.

Carbon-Monoxide Converter Te requirement for installa-tion of a carbon-monoxide converter is rare. Te need for a con-verter is based on tests of the air at the proposed location of thecompressor intake. Another source of information is the EPA,which has conducted tests in many urban areas throughout thecountry. Another indication that installation may be necessaryis the use of a non-oil-free compressor. Good practice requiresthe installation of a converter if there is an outside chance thelevel of carbon monoxide may rise above the 10 ppm limit setby code.

Te converter is sized based on the flow rate of the system.Coalescing Filter/Separator Te coalescing filter/sepa

tor is a single unit that removes large oil and water drops aparticulates from the airstream before the air enters the resthe system. It is selected on the basis of maximum system prsure, flow rate, and the expected level of contaminants leavithe air compressor, using manufacturers recommendationsan oil-free compressor is used, a simple particulate filter coube substituted for the coalescing filter.

Dryers (Moisture Separators)Desiccant Dryers Te two types of desiccant media dryer mcommonly used are the single-bed dryer, which is a disposacartridge, and the continuous-duty, two-bed dryer.

When two-bed dryers are used, a portion of the air from tcompressor is used for drying one bed while the other is in svice. Te compressor must be capable of producing enough for both the system and dryer use.

Te single-bed dryer has a lower first cost but a higher opering cost. Te disposable cartridge often is combined with othpurification devices into a single, prepiped unit. An indicatooften added to the media so the need for replacement is incated by a color change.

Disposable units are best suited for short durations or ocsional use, such as for replacement of a main unit during peods of routine service. Because of their generally small size, oa limited number of respirators can be supplied from a sinunit. Other considerations are that these disposable units haa limited capacity, in total cfh, they can process. Manufacturerecommendations must be used in the selection of the size anumber of replacement cartridges required for any applicati

Te two-bed unit, commonly called a heatless dryer, is simlar in principle to that discussed in the Compressed-Gas Stems chapter. Such units are used for continuous duty.

Te two factors contributing to the breakdown of media afast-drying cycles and high air velocity. If a desiccant drye

selected, the velocity of air through the unit shall conformmanufacturers recommendations. Velocity should be as las is practical to avoid fluidizing the bed. High velocity requimore cycles for drying, which means wasting more air. If tsize of the dryer is a concern, more drying cycles means smadryer beds. Longer drying cycles reduce component wear.

Refrigerated Dryers Refrigerated dryers are used if thereno requirement for a nitrous oxide converter and if the 353dew point produced is 10F below the lowest ambient air teperature where any pipe will be installed. Te refrigerated dris less efficient than the desiccant dryer. Its advantages are thall the air produced by the compressor is available to the systand it has a lower pressure loss.

When refrigerated dryers are preferred, several purificatdevices are often combined into a single unit, including trefrigeration unit, filter/separator for oil and water, and a chcoal filter for odor removal. Tis unit produces air that is lowin temperature than the inlet air.

If the breathing-air distribution piping is to be routed throuan area of lower temperature, the pressure dew point of themust be reduced to 10F lower than the lowest temperatuexpected.

Odor Remover Odors are not usually a problem, but thremoval is provided for as a safeguard. Te activated charccartridges remove odors are selected using manufacturers r



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ommendations based on the maximum calculated flow rate ofthe breathing-air system. Te cartridges must be replaced peri-odically.

HumidifiersOften called a moisturizer, a humidifier is required to increasethe relative humidity of the breathing air to approximately 50%if required. Te unit is selected using the increase in moisturerequired for the airstream and the flow rate of air. Caution mustbe used so as not to increase the dew point of the compressed

air above a temperature 10F lower than the lowest temperaturein any part of the facility the pipe is routed through.

Respirator HoseTe respirator hose most often used to connect the respiratorworn by an individual to the central-distribution piping systemis 38in. (10 mm) in size. Code allows a maximum hose length of300 ft (93 m). Te most common lengths are between 25 and 50ft (7.75 and 15.5 m).

System Sizing CriteriaSystem Pressure Te outlet pressure of the compressor shallbe within the range required by the purification system. ypi-cally, the pressure is approximately 100 psi (70.3 kg/cm2). Te

precise range of pressure and flow rate shall be obtained fromthe purification system manufacturer selected for the project.Te pressure in the distribution system should be as high as

possible to reduce the size of the distribution-piping network.Code requires the pressure be kept below 125 psi (88 kg/cm2).Te distribution-piping pressure range is usually 90 to 110 psig(620 to 760 kPa) available in the system after the purifier.

Te pressure required at the respirator ranges from approxi-mately 15 psig for pressure-demand respirators to 80 psig forfull-flooded suits that require cooling. Te actual requirementscan be obtained only from the manufacturer of the proposedequipment because of the wide variations possible. Pressure-regulating valves shall be installed to reduce the pressure to the

range acceptable to the respirator used. Often, this reductionis done at the respirator manifold, if one is used, or, if a singlerespirator type with a single pressure is used throughout thefacility, a single regulator can be installed to reduce the pressurecentrally.

Pipe Sizing and Materials Te most commonly used pipeis type L copper tubing, with wrought copper fittings and brazedjoints.

For pipe sizing, follow the sizing procedure discussed in theCompressed-Gas Systems chapter. Te number of simultane-ous users must be obtained from the facility. No diversity factorshould be used.

Alarms and Monitors

Te following alarms and monitors are often provided:CO Monitor Usually included as a built-in component, this

monitor measures the CO content of the airstream and soundsan alarm when the level reaches a predetermined high setpoint.

Oxygen-Deficiency Monitor Used as a precautionary mea-sure in an area where respirators are not normally required,the oxygen monitor measures the oxygen content of the air in aroom or other enclosed area and sounds an alarm to alert per-sonnel when the level falls below a predetermined level. Usu-ally, several alarm points are annunciated prior to reaching alevel low enough to require the use of respirators.

Low-Air-Pressure Monitor Te low-air-pressure monimust sound an alarm when the pressure in the system reacha predetermined low point. Tis set point allows the usersthe breathing-air system to leave the area immediately whstill being able to breathe from the system. For cylinder storathis set point is about 500 psig in the cylinders. For a comprsor system, the alarm should sound when the pressure fallsa point 10 psig below the pressure set to start the compressTis should also switch over to the emergency backup supif one is used. If no backup is used, the pressure set point shbe 5 psig higher than the minimum required by the respiratbeing used.

Dew-Point Monitor A dew-point monitor is used to msure the dew point and sound an alarm if it falls to a low poiset by a health officer, that might prove harmful to the users. Irequired to alarm if the dew point reaches a point high enouto freeze in some parts of the system.

High-Temperature Air Monitor Some purifiers or purificomponents will not function properly if the inlet air tempeture is too high. Te set point is commonly 120 F but will vaamong different manufacturers and components.

Failure-to-Shift Monitor Tis monitor is placed on diccant dryers to initiate an alarm if the unit fails to shift frothe saturated dryer bed to the dry bed when regenerationrequired.




13/15JULY/AUGUST 2006 Plumbing Systems & Design


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CONTINUING EDUCAT

SD

134

Continuing Education from Plumbing Systems & DesignKenneth G.Wentink, PE, CPD, and Robert D. Jackson

CE QuestionsLife-Safety Systems (PSD 134)

About This Issues ArticleThe July/August 2006 continuing education article is

Life-Safety Systems, Chapter 8 of Pharmaceutical Facilities

Plumbing Systemsby Michael Frankel. This chapter describes

water-based emergency drench equipment and systems

commonly used as a first-aid measure to mitigate the effect

of such an accident. Also described are the breathing-air

systems that supply air to personnel for escape and protec-

tion when they are exposed to either a toxic environment

resulting from an accident or normal working conditions

that make breathing the ambient air hazardous.

You may locate this article at www.psdmagazine.org .

Read it, take the following exam, and submit it to the ASPE

office to potentially receive 0.1 CEU (comparable to 1.0 PDH)

1. The recommended supply pipe size to an emergencyshower is ________.a. inch, b.1 inch, c.1 inches, d.1 inches

2. Since oil is a major contaminant in breathing airsystems, the maximum allowed is ___________.a.5 ppm, b.5 ppb, c.10 ppm, d.10 ppb

3. An emergency shower drench hose is used to _________.a.wash the floor after a chemical spillb.irrigate the body under the clothing prior to removal of

the clothing

c.provide a means to fill mop bucketd.none of the above

4. A failure-to-shift monitor is ___________.a.used to control multi-stage compressorsb.used to initiate an alarm if a desiccant dryer fails to

shift from the saturated bed to the dry bed whenregeneration is required

c.used to coordinate the output signal of the low airpressure monitor and the refrigerated dryer

d.not required on modern systems

5. In areas where strong acid or caustic is used, theemergency shower and eyewash equipment should belocated within ___________ feet of the potential source

of the hazard per ANSI code Z-358.1.a.5, b.10, c.15, d.20

6. What is the established comfort zone water temperaturefor emergency drench equipment?

a.7075F, b.7580F, c.8085F, d.8590F

7. As defined by 30 CFR 10, a toxic environment has airthat ___________.a.may produce physical discomfort immediatelyb.may cause chronic poisoning after repeated exposurec.may cause acute adverse physiological symptoms after

prolonged exposured.all of the above

8. The code-required flow rate from an emergency showis ___________ gpm.a.25, b.30, c.35, d.40

9. How many cylinders of air are required for anemergency supply of air for eight people using pressudemand respirators needing 15 minutes to escape thearea?a.2.3 use 3 cylindersb.3.5 use 4 cylindersc.4.7 use 5 cylinders

d.cannot be determined10. Refrigerated dryers are used ___________.

a.when money is of no concernb.when order removal is not requiredc.when system pressure is high enough to accommodate

themd.none of the above

11. The minimum diameter of the spray pattern from anemergency shower, measured at 60 inches abovethe surface on which the user stands, is ___________inches.a.18, b.20, c.22, d.24

12. An oxygen content below 12.5 percent and/or a press

of 8.6 psi should be considered ___________.a.as a Level A hazard as established by the EPAb.as a Level C hazard as established by the EPAc.as a Level E hazard as established by the EPAd.as an immediate danger to life and health

Do you find it difficult to obtain continuing education units (CEUs)?Trough this special section in every issue of PS&D, ASPE can help

you accumulate the CEUs required for maintaining your Certified inPlumbing Design (CPD) status.

Now Online!Starting with this issue, the technical article you must read to com-

plete the exam will be located at www.psdmagazine.org. Te followingexam and application form also may be downloaded from the Web site.Reading the article and completing the form will allow you to apply to

ASPE for CEU credit. For most people, this process will require approxi-mately one hour. If you earn a grade of 90 percent or higher on the test,

you will be notified that you have logged 0.1 CEU, which can be appliedtoward the CPD renewal requirement or numerous regulatory-agencyCE programs. (Please note that it is your responsibility to determine theacceptance policy of a particular agency.) CEU information will be kepton file at the ASPE office for three years.

Note: In determining your answers to the CE questions, use only the materialpresented in the corresponding continuing education article. Using informationfrom other materials may result in a wrong answer.



15/15

Plumbing Systems & DesignContinuing Education Application Form

This form is valid up to one year from date of publication. The PS&DContinuing Education program is approved by ASPE for upto one contact hour (0.1 CEU) of credit per article. Participants who ear a passing score (90 percent) on the CE questions will receive

a letter or certification within 30 days of ASPEs receipt of the application form. (No special certificates will be issued.) Participantswho fail and wish to retake the test should resubmit the form along with an additional fee (if required).

1. Photocopy this form or download it from www.psdmagazine.org.

2. Print or type your name and address. Be sure to place your ASPE membership number in the appropriate space.

3. Answer the multiple-choice continuing education (CE) questions based on the corresponding article found onwww.psdmagazine.organd the appraisal questions on this form.

4. Submit this form with payment ($35 for nonmembers of ASPE) if required by check or money order made payable to ASPE orcredit card via mail (ASPE Education Credit, 8614 W. Catalpa Avenue, Suite 1007, Chicago, IL 60656) or fax (773-695-9007).

Please print or type; this information will be used to process your credits.

Name __________________________________________________________________________________________________

Title ______________________________________________ ASPE Membership No. ___________________________________

Organization ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Billing Address ___________________________________________________________________________________________

City _______________________________________ State/Province _______________________ Zip ____________________

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PS&DContinuing Education Answer SheetLife-Safety Systems (PSD 134)

Questions appear on page 14. Circle the answer to each question.

Q 1. A B C D

Q 2. A B C D

Q 3. A B C D

Q 4. A B C D

Q 5. A B C DQ 6. A B C D

Q 7. A B C D

Q 8. A B C D

Q 9. A B C D

Q 10. A B C D

Q 11. A B C D

Q 12. A B C D

Appraisal QuestionsLife-Safety Systems (PSD 134)

1. Was the material new information for you?YesNo

2. Was the material presented clearly?YesNo

3. Was the material adequately covered?YesNo

4. Did the content help you achieve the stated objectives?YesNo

5. Did the CE questions help you identify specific ways to use ideas presented i

the article?YesNo

6. How much time did you need to complete the CE offering (i.e., to read the

article and answer the post-test questions)? __________________

I am applying for the following continuing education credits:

I certify that I have read the article indicated above.

Signature

Expiration date: Continuing education credit will be given

for this examination throughJuly 31, 2007.Applications received after that date will not be processed.

ASPE Member NonmemberEach examination: $25 Each examination: $35Limited Time: No Cost to ASPE Member

Payment: Personal Check (payable to ASPE) $ ___________ Business or government check $ ___________ DiscoverCard VISA MasterCard AMEX $ ___________

If rebilling of a credit card charge is necessary, a $25 processing fee will be charged.

ASPE is hereby authorized to charge my CE examination fee to my credit card.

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