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Life Impact The University of Adelaide Slide 1
Media Discipline Seminar Presentation
9 February 2011
“From Ivan to Osama: How Hollywood Cinematically Mediates and Represents the Changing Nature of
Terrorism”
Presented by: Jay Reid, MPhil Candidate
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
TOPIC & OBJECTIVES
• How has popular culture responded to events such as 9/11?
• Terrorism as defining and daily part of life
• Popular culture serves as means of public education
• Interested in how terrorists are represented within the media, first encountered in honour dissertation (Reid & Cover, 2010)
Slide 2
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
HISTORY OF TERRORISM
• 3rd century BC – first mentioned by Greek philosophers
• 18th century – ‘Reign of Terror’ during French revolution
• 19th century - Italian, Russian and German groups
• Early 20th century – disappeared due to WWI & WWII
• (Fine, 2008; Pettiford & Harding, 2003: 31-40; Townshend, 2002: 60)
Slide 3
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
HISTORY OF TERRORISM
• 1940-1960 - Returned after WWII, desire for national independence, no religious motivation
• 1970’s – Rise of global terror movements, Munich Olympics
• 1980’s – Rise of suicide bombers, Air India Flight 182 & Pam An Flight 103 (Lockerbie)
• 1990’s – Religion not dominant motivation, rise of Osama bin Laden
• 2000’s – 9/11, Bali nightclub, London subway, Time Square
• (Fine, 2008; Pettiford & Harding, 2003: 55-145; Townshend, 2002: 96-111)
Slide 4
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
SIGNIFICANCE & CONTRIBUTION
• Terrorism not a new phenomena (Fine, 2008; Pettiford & Harding, 2003: 31-145; Townshend, 2002: 60-111)...
• ... though 9/11 has forever changed the world (Dixon, 2004: 2; Giroux, 2004: 9; Young, 2007: 44)
• Pop culture educates the public on trending topics, such as terrorism (Altheide, 2006: 420; Schack, 2009: 65-67; Schoop & Hill, 2009: 16-27)
• As films can shape public opinion we should examine how they re-educate audiences over time about the changing nature of terrorism and what inspires these changes
• Need for new approaches in post-9/11 world (Rich, 2004: 10)
Slide 5
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
LITERATURE REVIEW
• First study of its kind
• Previous studies only look at small segments of film
• Majority of literature is focused on only a few films
• Terrorists: Limited, IRA as new Communists
• Attacks: Little on changes over time
• Hero: Harrison Ford, race in The Siege
• Very little than spans pre- and post-9/11
Slide 6
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• H1: "The events of September 11, 2001, have changed the onscreen portrayal and behaviour of terrorists, moving away from post-World War II and post-Cold War inspired secular terrorists to contemporary Middle Eastern terrorists inspired by religion."
• RQ1: Ethnicity of terrorists over time
• RQ2: Terrorists as the ‘Other’
Slide 7
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• H2: "The nature of cinematic terrorist attacks has changed over time to reflect real world terrorist incidents."
• RQ3: Changes to means, methods & weapons
• RQ4: Presence or absence of religion
Slide 8
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• H3: "In order to respond to the changing nature of terrorists and the acts they carry out, the counter-terrorist hero has been forced to change over time."
• RQ5: The hero as a national representation
• RQ6: The shifting morality of the hero
Slide 9
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK & METHODOLOGY
• Stuart Hall – representation & the ‘Other’
• Edward Said – Oriental discourse
• Michel Foucault – surveillance, monitoring & docile bodies
• Create unique framework that binds these three theorists together
• Quantative & qualative approaches
Slide 10
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
PRE-9/11 FILMS
• Toy Soldiers (1991)
• Passenger 57 (1992)
• Patriot Games (1992) ♦
• Under Siege (1992)
• Demolition Man (1993)
• In The Name of the Father (1993)
• Speed (1994)
• True Lies (1994)
• Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995) ●
• GoldenEye (1995) ■
• Executive Decision (1996)
• The Rock (1996)
• Eraser (1996)
• Broken Arrow (1996)
• Mission Impossible I (1996) ▲
• Air Force One (1997)
• The Devil’s Own (1997)
• The Peacemaker (1997)
• Face/Off (1997)
• Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) ■
• The Siege (1998)
• Arlington Road (1999)
• The World Is Not Enough (1999) ■
• Mission Impossible II (2000) ▲
• Swordfish (2001)
Slide 11
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
POST-9/11 FILMS
• Collateral Damage (2002)
• The Sum of All Fears (2002) ♦
• Bad Company (2002)
• Die Another Day (2002) ■
• Homeland Security (2004)
• Syriana (2005)
• Flightplan (2005)
• Red Eye (2005)
• Munich (2005)
• United 93 (2006)
• World Trade Centre (2006)
• Mission Impossible III (2006) ▲
• Casino Royale (2006) ■
• Lions for Lambs (2007)
• The Kingdom (2007)
• Rendition (2007)
• Die Hard 4.0 (2007) ●
• Body of Lies (2008)
• Vantage Point (2008)
• Quantum of Solace (2008) ■
• From Paris With Love (2010)
• Salt (2010)
Slide 12
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
TIMELINE
Slide 13
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
REFENCES• Altheide, David (2006). "Terrorism and the Politics of Fear". Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies
6.4, 2006: 415-439.
• Dixon, Wheeler Winston (2004a). "Introduction: Something Lost - Films after 9/11". Film and Television
After 9/11. Ed: Dixon, Wheeler Winston. 2004: 1-28.
• Fine, Jonathan (2008). "Contrasting Secular and Religious Terrorism". Middle East Quarterly 15.1: 59-
69.
• Giroux, Henry (2004). "Terrorism and the fate of democracy after September 11". Cultural Studies ↔
Critical Methodologies 2.1, 2004: 9-14.
• Pettiford, Lloyd & Harding, David (2003). Terrorism: The New World War. Australia: Arcturus
Publishing.
• Reid, Jay & Cover, Rob (2010). "The Art of War Reporting: Theorising Contemporary Embedded
Journalism as Public Discourse". Reconstructions: Studies in Contemporary Culture 10.4.
• Rich, B. Ruby (2001). "Back to the future". The Nation 15 Oct. 2001: 44-45.
• Schack, Todd (2009). “Perpetual media wars: The cultural front in the War on Terror and Drugs”. The
War on Terror and American Popular Culture. Eds: Schopp, Andrew & Hill, Matthew. Cranbury:
Associated UP: 65-89.
• Schoop, Andrew & Hill, Matthew (2009). "Introduction: The curious knot." The War on Terror and
American Popular Culture. Eds: Schopp, Andrew & Hill, Matthew. Cranbury: Associated UP: 11-44.
• Townshend, Charles (2002). Terrorism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford UP.
• Young, Alison (2007). "Images in the Aftermath of Trauma: Responding to September 11th". Crime
Media Culture 3.1: 30-48. Slide 14
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
QUESTIONS & FEEDBACK
Slide 15