LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS (LCCA) AND CONCRETE ROAD ... 7 Life Cycle Cost... · Estimate Agency Cost relate to all cost by the owner of the roads throughout its life 1. Initial Construction

LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS (LCCA)LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS (LCCA)ANDAND

CONCRETE ROADCONCRETE ROADMAINTENANCE & REPAIRMAINTENANCE & REPAIR

WHAT ARE WE SHARING TODAY…

1.0 What is LCCA?2.0 Example Using 3 type of Pavements

• Calculating Initial Cost• Assuming Maintenance & Rehabilitation

3.0 Comparison Chart5.0 Maintenances & Repair of Concrete Road

• Surface Treatment• Crack Sealing• Total Reconstruction

5.0 Conclusion

WHAT IS LCA?WHAT IS LCA?

§ Definitions:“Process of determining the ownership cost of any roadway segment over prescribe number of years – Flexible, Concrete & Composite Pavement”

- “Process for evaluating the total economic worth of PROJECT segment by analyzing initial cost & discounted future cost (maintenance, user, environment ect.), over the life of the project..”

WHAT COST INVOLVE IN LCA?WHAT COST INVOLVE IN LCA?§ Divided in three (3) categories;

§ Agency Cost Component§ Initial Construction Cost§ Maintenance§ Rehabilitation§ Overlay

§ User Cost Component§ Vehicle Operating Cost§ Travel Delay Cost§ Ware & Tare of tire§ Fuels Usage

§ External Cost Component§ Noise§ Accident§ Air Quality§ Other Environmental Impact

Very limited reference, locally

Very subjective, base on local

perception & sensitivity

Easy to calculate locally

Process of LifeProcess of Life--Cycle Analysis (LCA)Cycle Analysis (LCA)

Agency Cost User Cost External Cost LIFE-CYCLECOST

Initial ConstructionCost Ø Vehicle Operating

CostØ Travel Delay CostØComfort

EnvironmentalImpact CostØ NoiseØAir QualityØ Pollutions

COSTØ MaintenanceØ RehabilitationØ OverlayØRepair Works

Accident/Others

Sum Cost & Discount to

Present ValueTime

VisualImpact

WHY USE LCCA APPROACH?WHY USE LCCA APPROACH?

üFor better transportation investment decision

üDetermining lowest cost to meet performance objective of the project

üComparison often complicated because§ Lowest initial cost may NOT be the most effective§ Certain/most variable COST not been studied & may differ from

other project/place§ Have to project/predict all cost of competing alternative§ Not knowing the alternative way of doing it§ Need to account for future inflation & time-value of money

2. STEPS IN LCCA?a) Steps Involved in LCCA

b) Establishing Design Alternative

c) Estimate the All related Cost

A.A. STEPS INVOLVED IN THE LCCA STEPS INVOLVED IN THE LCCA METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY

1. Establish alternative design strategies

2. Determine activity timing/life3. Estimate Agency Cost4. Estimate User Costs5. Estimate External Cost6. Determine Life-cycle Cost

B. ESTABLISH ALTERNATIVE & DESIGN B. ESTABLISH ALTERNATIVE & DESIGN STRATEGIESSTRATEGIES

Divide into Categoriesü Type of Workü Activity Involvedü Option Available

EstablishOptionDesign

NewRoads

TotalRe-Construct

RehabilitationWorks

MaintenanceWorks

RIGIDPAVEMENT

FLEXIBLEPAVEMENT

Dispose Old Material &

Import New Material

RecycleOption

Add New Surface On

top

Recycle Base & Add Surface

Course

Mill & Pave

Thin OverlayCOMPOSITEPAVEMENT

Existing

Roads

C. ESTIMATED COST INVOLVEDC. ESTIMATED COST INVOLVED

Divide into Categories§Agency Cost§User Cost§External Cost

Estimate Agency Cost relate to all cost by the owner of the roads throughout its life

1. Initial Construction Cost§ Cost related to initial construction

2. Maintenance Cost§ Cost related to maintenance of the pavement§ To maintain the pavement to extend the performance§ Usually not involve any structural works, mainly surface

3. Rehabilitation Cost§ Cost related to rehabilitation & upgrading works§ Usually involve upgrading & structural works

AGENCY COSTAGENCY COST

Cost related to the performance of the roads in relation to the user, convert it to money value such as;

1. Vehicle Operating Cost2. Delay Travel Cost3. Accident

Studies have shown that consumption of fuels varies on the type of pavement as the weight of vehicle increases.

1. Two-axle Truck 11% better mileage2. Three-axle Truck 25% better mileage3. Trailer Truck 20% better mileage

Being less cost and longer period before maintenance, concrete pavement giving much better value compare to flexible pavement.

Accident is very subjective and there is no detail study and conclusion to relate accident to pavements.

USER COSTUSER COST

Environmental Impact on external Cost for LCCA such as;1. Noise Pollution2. Air Pollution3. Lighting Effect (night) & Heat (day)

§ Noise Pollution for concrete has been reduce tremendously through advance technology of concrete surface, such as expose aggregate

§ Study has shown that concrete pavement is much better to improve air pollution such as less carbon emission by less equipment, less material & less transport during construction & maintenance.

§ Artificial lightning at night is better on concrete compare to black top surface

§ During the day, more heat is absorb on black top compare to concrete, increasing the temperature of the road surface.

EXTERNAL COSTEXTERNAL COST

3. ASSUMPTIONOF MATERIAL COSTa) Asphalt Material

b) Base/Unbound Material

c) Concrete Products

1. Assumption of Costing for Asphalt

§ Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course (ACWC)§ Material = RM 180.00/mt @ RM 396.00/m3

§ Workmanship = RM 40.00/m3

§ Price = RM 523.20/m3 (with 20% P&A)

§ Asphaltic Concrete Base Course (ACBC)§ Material = RM 175.00/mt @ RM 385.00/m3


§ Price = RM 510.00/m3 (with 20% P&A)

§ Dense Bitumen Macadam (DBM)§ Material = RM 168.00/mt @ RM 370.00/m3


§ Price = RM 492.00/m3 (with 20% P&A)

2. Assumption of Costing for Base Materials

§ Upper Sub-base (Crusher Run)§ Material = $ 24.00/mt @ $ 50.00/m3

§ Workmanship = $ 5.00/m3

§ Price = $ 66.00/m3 (with 20% P&A)

§ Lower Sub-base (Sand/Quarry Dust)§ Material = $ 20.00/mt @ $ 40.00/m3

§ Workmanship = $5.00/m3

§ Price = $ 54.00/m3 (with 20% P&A)

3. Assumption of Costing Concrete Products

§ Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC)§ Material = RM 240.00/m3


§ Price = RM 360.00/m3 (with 20% P&A)

§ Cement Treated Base (CTB)§ Material = RM 160.00/m3 @RM75/mt§ Workmanship = RM 40.00/m3

§ Price = RM 240.00/m3 (with 20% P&A)

§ Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)§ Material + Dowel = RM 240.00/m3 + RM 90.00/m3


§ Price = RM 516.00/m3 (with 20% P&A)

§ Soil Stabilization (Using 5% Blended Cement)§ Material = RM 330.00/mt of cement @ 5% = 100kg/m3 = RM 33.00/m3


§ Price = RM 87.60/m3 (with 20% P&A)

4. EXAMPLE OF PAVEMENT

a) Flexible Asphalt Pavement

b) Rigid Pavement

c) Composite Pavement

Example of LCA – Initial Cost§ Option of Construction§ Flexible Pavement§ Rigid Pavement§ Composite Pavement

§ Proposed Design of the Pavement

50 ACWC60 ACBC

200 USB

100 LSB

160 JPCP

150 CTB

100 USB

60 ACWC

200 CTB

150 Soil Stabilized

80 DBM

Flexible Pavement Rigid Pavement Composite Pavement

INITIAL CONSTRUCTION COST

FOR 3 TYPE OF PAVEMENT

1. Flexible Pavement

2. Rigid Pavement

3. Composite Pavement


§ FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT§ Asphaltic Wearing (50mm)

§ Asphaltic Base (60mm)

§ Dense Bitumen Macadam (80mm)

§ Crusher Run (200mm)

§ Sand (100mm)

ACWC = $523/m3 X 0.05 = $26.15/m2

ACBC = $510/m3 X 0.06 = $30.60/m2

DBM = $492/m3 X 0.08 = $39.36/m2

C/run = $66/m3 X 0.20 = $13.20/m2

Sand = $54/m3 X 0.10 = $5.40/m2

P/Tack Coat = 3 X $1.50/m2 = $4.50/m2

____________________________________________

Initial Cost = $ 119.20/m250 ACWC60 ACBC

200 USB

80 DBM

Flexible Pavement

100 LSB


§ RIGID PAVEMENT§ JPCP (160mm)

§ Cement Treated Base (150mm)

§ Crusher Run (150mm)

JPCP = $516/m3 X 0.16 = $82.60/m2

CTB = $240/m3 X 0.15 = $36.00/m2

C/run = $66/m3 X 0.15 = $9.90/m2

Jointing = $2.00/lin.m2 X 1m/m2 = $2.00/m2

____________________________________________

Initial Cost = $ 130.50/m2

160 JPCP

150 CTB

150 USB

Rigid Pavement


§ COMPOSITE PAVEMENT§ Asphaltic Wearing (60mm)

§ Cement Treated Base (200mm)

§ Soil Stabilized (300mm)

ACWC = $523/m3 X 0.06 = $31.40/m2

CTB = $240/m3 X 0.20 = $48.00/m2

Stabilize = $87.60/m3 X 0.30 = $26.30/m2

P/Tack Coat = 2 X $1.50/m2 = $3.00/m2

____________________________________________

Initial Cost = $ 108.70/m2

60 ACWC

200 CTB

300 Soil Stabilized

Composite Pavement

SUMMARY OF INITIAL COST

§ FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT§ RM 119.20/m2

§ Most Expensive in Initial Cost (10% extra)§ Price Per Lane-Km = 1,000m X 4.0m X RM 119.20/m2 = RM 476,800.00

§ RIGID PAVEMENT§ RM 130.50/m2

§ Price in-between (20% Extra)§ Price Per Lane-Km = 1,000m X 4.0m X RM 130.50/m2 = RM 522,000.00

§ COMPOSITE PAVEMENT§ RM 108.70/m2

§ Cheapest in Initial Cost Price§ Price Per Lane-Km = 1,000m X 4.0m X RM 108.70/m2 = RM 434,800.00

MAINTENANCE & REHABILITATION OPTION & CYCLE PERIOD

1. Flexible Pavement

2. Rigid Pavement

3. Composite Pavement

Maintenance & RehabilitationMaintenance & Rehabilitation

A. Flexible Pavement

§ Need to be maintained within 3-5 years (1 life cycle) – depend on traffic volume, loading & density

§ Average One cycle of maintenance = 4 years

§ Maintenance can be done by using 2 method;1. Resurfacing with one layer of Wearing Course (50mm)2. Milling & Paving 50 mm thick (if base still good)

§ Rehabilitation work every 3rd cycles (every 12 years) by full depth asphalt replacement

M&R Cost M&R Cost –– Flexible PavementFlexible Pavement

010203040506070

Cost (RM/m2)

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32Year of Service

Maintenance & Rehabilitation Cost

Maintenance

Rehabilitation

§ For Year 4th, 16th & 28th Paving (50mm)§ ACWC – RM 26.15/m2

§ Total RM 26.15/m2

§ For Year 8th , 20th & 32nd Mill & Paving (50mm)§ Milling – RM 8.00/m2

§ ACWC – RM 26.15/m2


§ For 12th & 24th year full depth asphalt reconstruction§ Milling – RM 12.00/m2

§ Asphalt – RM 56.75/m2


Maintenance & RehabilitationMaintenance & RehabilitationB. Concrete Pavement

§ Maintenance period usually within 8-15 years

§ Average one cycle of maintenance of 10 years

§ Maintenance due to concrete defect but mainly surface quality

§ Surface Maintenance may be done (within 1-2 cycle) by§ Thin Overlaying with Asphalt such as Micro surfacing§ Surface Roughness Process such as diamond grinding

§ Rehabilitation work could be done after 3-4 cycles by§ Add one layer of New Asphalt Surface§ Total replacement of Concrete thickness at failure area§ Dowel Retrofit to improve performance & control crack

M&R Cost M&R Cost –– Rigid PavementRigid Pavement

01020304050607080

Cost (RM/m2)

3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30Year of Service


Maintenance

Rehabilitation

§ For 9th years Diamond Grinding§ Grinding - RM15.00/m2


§ For 18th years minor repair + resurface§ Repair concrete – RM 20.00/m2

§ Thin Overlay – RM 18.00/m2


§ Every 27th years major repair & Dowel retrofit § Repair Works – RM 40.00/m2

§ Dowel Works – RM 10.00/m2

§ Resurface – RM 30.00/m2


Maintenance & RehabilitationMaintenance & Rehabilitation

C. Composite Pavement

§ Maintenance period usually within 4-8 years

§ Average one cycle of maintenance = 6 years

§ Major maintenance work will be surfacing (with very minor base repair works).

§ Maintenance can be done by§ Thin overlaying (on top of existing) to improve strength§ Milling & paving

§ Rehabilitation work could be every 3 cycles (every 18 years) by § Major CTB repair by recycling & new surface§ resurface with new ACWC and ACBC (increase profile)

M&R Cost M&R Cost –– Composite PavementComposite Pavement

05

1015202530354045

Cost (RM/m2)

3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30Year of Service


Maintenance

Rehabilitation

§ For 6th & 24th yrs overlay§ ACWC – RM 26.15/m2


§ For 12th & 30th yrs Mill & Pave§ Milling – RM 8.00/m2

§ ACWC – RM 26.15/m2


§ For 18th yrs Major CTB Repair & Overlay with new ACWC§ Recycle – RM 18.00/m2

§ Asphalt – RM 26.15/m2


5. COMPARISON CHARTa) Year to year Cost

b) Cumulative Cost

c) Analysis of the Chart

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Cost(RM/m2)

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31Service Year

Money Spent by Period

FlexibleRigidComposite

Cummulative Money Spent

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

Years Of Service

Cos

t (RM

/m2)

FlexibleRigidComposite

Process of LifeProcess of Life--Cycle Analysis (LCA)Cycle Analysis (LCA)

Agency Cost User Cost External Cost LIFE-CYCLECOST

Initial ConstructionCost Ø Vehicle Operating

CostØ Travel Delay CostØ Comfort

EnvironmentalImpact CostØ NoiseØAir QualityØ Pollutions

COSTØ MaintenanceØ RehabilitationØ OverlayØRepair Works

Accident/Others

Sum Cost & Discount to

Present ValueTime

VisualImpact

MAINTENANCE & REPAIR WORKS FOR

CONCRETE PAVEMENTØ Surface TreatmentØ Crack SealingØ Total Reconstruction

A. Surface Treatment1. Resurface with Asphalt

2. Very Thin Overlay / Micro Surfacing

A. Surface Treatment

3. Diamond Grinding

B. Crack Control/SealingCrack Sealing

B. Crack Control & Sealing2. Retrofitting with Dowel

C. Total Reconstruction

1. Hacking Method

C. Total Reconstruction

2. Removing by Block Method

C.1 In-situ Concrete Laying

C.1 In-situ Concrete Laying

C.2 Replacing Using Precast

SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONüAlmost everybody knows that LCCA for Rigid Pavement is much better

then Flexible Asphalt Pavement.

üThe continuous increase of bitumen and oil price has make concrete pavement or cemented road solution become cost comparable to flexible pavement.

üUser & External cost has minimum negative impact to concrete solution pavement.

üThe development of concrete technology has overcome few issues including noise pollution from concrete surface.

üThere are choices of repair method that could be chosen to overcome concrete repair problem.

üMaintenance & Concrete Repair is easy when we know how to do

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LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS (LCCA) AND CONCRETE ROAD ... 7 Life Cycle Cost... · Estimate Agency Cost relate to all cost by the owner of the roads throughout its life 1. Initial Construction