1145

but are merely 11 azurophil " cells. This terminology-and

there is much in the work of greater complexity-shows sat once how elaborate is the technique. The author seems to

favour the theory that lymphocytes and myeloid cells springfrom some common "stammzelle" " which he calls a hsema-

togonia. Most careful descriptions are given of the plates,even to the minutest details of technique, so that many pagesof the text may be devoted to one plate.

Part II. (pp. 164-500) contains more descriptions of platesand also deals with the following problems in a very full,precise, and technical manner : theoretical observations

on colour theories as to the differential combination of dyeswith aniline colours, and on the combination of staining mix-tures with the use of basic nuclear dyes ; the leucogenicsignificance of the individual morphological cell types whichare described in the text, and the morphological changes inthe genetic development of the leucocytes. Finally, thereis a long technical chapter on the morphological charactersand differences, as well as the respective genetic relationsof the different forms of leucocytes to each other, withremarks on the morphological tinctorial relation " of

tymphoid leucocytes in particular to lymphocytes and

granular lymphocytes.It is impossible to convey an idea of the amount of pains-

taking labour that has been spent on this atlas, the wonderrather is how it was all done. So far as we can judge, thevery elaborate fulness of the matter, with the admitted

imperfections of the methods used, will cause the work toappeal to the specialist in leucocyte work rather than to thepractitioner, although the plates show leucocytes from allforms of diseased conditions. Even the specialist may findthe text too drawn out. Be that as it may, the author is

tremendously in earnest and has elaborated his theme withtrue German thoroughness. We shall be glad to welcome thesupplementary part, in which we hope the author will give aTés?bmé of the main advances and present bearing of a

subject of great complexity but of much practical importanceto the morphologist, physiologist, and practitioner.

iLIBRARY TABLE.

S’caenee, Matter, and Immortality. By RONALD CAMPBELLMACFIE, M.A., M. B., C. M. London: Williams and Norgate.1909. Pp. 300. Price 5s. net.-This book is a popularlywritten and somewhat flamboyant account of modern andancient views upon atoms, electrons, the ether, cosmogonies,nebulas, and kindred subjects. There is but little about

immortality in the work, that is to say, considering im.mortality in its theological sense, although in his closing para-graph Dr. Maofie utters the truism that, ’’ conceived aright,science must always lead to belief in the unseen and to hopeof immortality ......." The chapter upon Lucretius is oneof the best in the book and Dr. Macfie ends it with a strikingaphorism. After mentioning that "it is as necessary forculture to understand ancient views of matter as ancient

views of God," he continues: "The sun of Truth can

be rightly viewed only by means of the parallax ob-

tained at the extremes of Time." In his chapter on

Cosmogonies we think that Dr. Macfie scarcely givesKant enough credit for his share in the nebular hypo.thesis, for Kant certainly evolved this theory prior to

Laplace. But a study of Dr. Macfie’s book may lead thosedesirous of knowing more about modern theories of matterand energy to study the subject in more extended treatises,and in this way it is useful.

P1ÛmOnaQ’y T’llber01Ûosis and Sanatori1Wl Treatment. ByD. J. A. CHOWRY MuTHU, M.D. Brux., Physician,Mendip Hills Sanatorium, Wells, Somerset. London:

Bailliere, Tindall, and Cox. 1910. Pp. 201. Price 3s. 6d.-The object of the author in writing this work is to give a

brief survey of " the scientific, the sanatorium, and the social

tspect of tuberculosis," and while he expresses views whichwill not meet with general acceptance, his book is an

interesting one and the practical details are sound

and instructive. His main theme is the importance of

trusting Nature. Dr. Muthu suggests that long ages °

of civilisation and hereditary influence have not onlycreated conditions for the preparation of the human soil,but that in this altered atmosphere the nature of the

seed, the micro-organism, has also changed its character.

Elaborating this argument, he states the opinion that micro-organisms begin their life as saprophytes and help in variousnatural processes of life, I I but vicious environment changestheir character, so that they take on new properties andbecome pathogenic." Dr. Muthu then discusses the con-

ditions under which he believes the virulent properties areacquired. He maintains that this change is brought aboutby alterations in their environment which affect their con-stitutional properties ; further, he says, this altered environ-ment is greatly the outcome of the conditions of civilisationand may be provoked by many factors. The circum-

stances he mentions are : (a) a lowered vitality caused by awound, previous disease, overcrowding, physical and mentalstrain, and other evils of modern town life ; (b) increasednutrition, rich living, undue consumption of nitrogenousmatter ; (c) foul air, charged with organic impurities, andother insanitary conditions ; and (d) frequent contact withpeople in towns and cities and ill-ventilated buildings.Whilst admitting that these conditions are conducive to ill-health and the spread of disease, we are not prepared toallow that they can transform harmless germs into tuberclebacilli. The discussion on the principles of the open-airtreatment is well written, and the details of the life in a

sanatorium are described in terms which are easy to under-stand and appreciate. The social and economic questions inconnexion with tuberculosis are considered in moderate terms

and no extreme views are adopted. We were much interestedin reading this work, although, as we have said, it containscertain opinions with which we are not in sympathy.

Sleep and Sleeplessness. By HAYDN Brown. London :Hutchinson and Co. 1910. Pp.160. Price 2. 6d. net.-Thiswork belongs to a class which, as a rule, in our opinion isperilous-namely, a book on a medical subject written fornon-medical readers. However, insomnia is very common,and many persons drug themselves; so Mr. Haydn Brown’sremarks about the evils of drug-taking have some justifica-tion. These chapters and the final one of the work are thebest parts of the book. We are glad to see that Mr. Brownlays stress on the necessity of sleepless patients, or those

suffering from neurasthenia, consulting a medical man, forpersons of this type are just those who fly to quacks. But,as a whole, the book exhibits the fault which nearly everybook of its class does exhibit: there is too much medicinefor the layman and nothing new scientifically for the trainedreader, if such a one should read it. We do not think Mr.Brown correct in calling an astronomical telescope " a verybig powerful miccoscope," though the optical principles ofthe one are much the same as of the other. In the chapteron simple inducements to sleep, one which is both potent andin many cases easily obtainable is not mentioned-namely,a run of 50 miles or so in a motor-car.

Ne,ig7ibours and Þriends. By M. LOANE. London :

Edward Arnold. 1910. Pp. 322. Price 6s.-This is

another of Miss Loane’s admirably written and sympatheticbooks about the poor. Miss Loane, in her capacity as a

Queen’s nurse, has every opportunity of witnessing the innerlife of the poor and of seeing them at their best and at theirworst. Anyone who works successfully among the poor mustbe possessed of an optimistic temperament and, above all, of

1146

a sense of humour ; and Miss Loane evidently has both. For

instance: "A few days ago a repulsively dirty matronclasped me warmly by the hand, exclaiming, You’re a ladylike meself, though I’m a bit in my dishabeels.’ Just

before this a slight misunderstanding had driven her to

the extreme course of calling me a woman. The misunder-

standing had not been cleared up ; it had simply been blownto the f athermost limbo by the chance discovery that I had

given myself the trouble to be born in the same parish, andat about the same date as she had been married to her firsthusband." " A chapter dealing with nurses and entitled" Vocation," we can thoroughly recommend to any youngwoman who is thinking of becoming a nurse to read andponder over. Miss Loane deserves thanks for a most instruc-tive and amusing book.

JOURNALS AND MAGAZINES.

The Fifteenth Bulletin of the Sleeping Sickness Bureau.-This number of the Bnlletin keeps well up to the highstandard of its predecessors. It contains an abstract of an

important paper which was read at a recent meeting of theRoyal Society by Professor E. A. Minchin and Dr. J. D.

Thomson on the Transmission of Trypanosomes, dealing moreparticularly with the transmission of T. lewisi by the rat flea.The experiments were made with fleas which had been bredin flea-proof cages in the laboratory. The conclusionsderived from the investigations were that the rat flea cantransmit the T. lewisi from infected to healthy rats, and thatthis transmission takes place by a cyclical method and not bydirect transference. The developmental cycle period in theflea has a minimum of six or seven days but may be longer ;the multiplication period of the trypanosomes in the

rat is about 12 days. In the developmental cyclethe establishment of the trypanosomes in the flea beginswith multiplication of crithidia-like forms in the rectum.

Among other papers in the Bulletin may be mentioned thoserelating to the leucocyte formula in trypanosomiasis, the

influence of other infections on this disease, the treatmentof trypanosome infections, trypanosomes with blepharo-plasts," trypanosoma vivax, life-histories of trypanosomes invertebrate blood, &c. The number also contains the latest

sleeping sickness news, and the monthly list of references is

continued. We have also received from the Sleeping Sick-ness Bureau the" Subject-Index to the Bibliography of

Trypanosomiasis," compiled and arranged by Mr. C. A.

Thimm, the librarian of the Bureau, with additional refer-ences and corrections. This subject-index will prove invalu-able to all those who are engaged in work connected withtrypanosomiasis.

:2Ae Medical Chro aicle.-In the April issue Dr. R. W.Marsden and Mr. C. Powell White describe a peculiartumour of the palate which seemed to belong to the classcalled cylindromas, and Mr. Garnett Wright discusses gall-stones from a clinical aspect, dividing them into cases

accompanying chronic, acute, and suppurative cholecystitisand cases characterised by jaundice. Dr. C. Paget Lapagepublishes a contribution to the study of infantile mortality,analysing the causes of this condition; and Dr. R. T.

Williamson reviews recent literature on the subject of acuteanterior poliomyelitis, which has been experimentally trans-mitted from man to monkeys and from animal to animal.

Edinburgh Medaeal Jo?trnal.-A further study of thE

bacteriology of suppuration in the accessory sinuses of thEnose, by Dr. A. Logan Turner and Dr. C. J. Lewis, appearsin the April issue of this magazine. The authors conclude,

among other things, that of the many bacteria which ma3be responsible for such affections pyogenic cocci are th.

commonest; that nasal infection of the antrum is mor.

common than dental ; and that while recent cases of sup-puration in this cavity are readily cured by lavage, prognosisis doubtful in chronic cases, a large number of lymphocytes-in the discharge being of evil omen. Dr. H. M. W. Graywrites on the diagnosis and surgical treatment of cancer ofthe stomach, Dr. George L. Chiene gives notes of a case oftraumatic subcoracoid dislocation of both shoulders, Dr.James W. Keay describes some details of technique ir.,

perineorrhaphy, and Mr. J. M. Cotterill records examples ofsnapping hip and snapping finger.

The Bristol Medico- Ohir1trgwal Journal. -The March

number opens with a very interesting paper by Dr. JamesMackenzie Davidson on radium, in which is given an account,not only of the peculiar properties of this substance, butalso of the conditions in which it is useful therapeutically.Among these are some diseases of the eye, and also,curiously enough, forms of dermatitis caused by X rays. Dr.

Carey Coombs writes on diffuse destructive changes in the liverassociated with jaundice-the group of conditions which is.

usually called acute yellow atrophy of the organ, but which,as he points out, shows changes other than atrophy and neednot run a very acute course. Mr. Hugh P. Costobadie con-tributes a short paper on hypnotism, and illustrates the lightthat may be thrown on psychological problems by a study ofhypnotic phenomena; and Lieutenant V. B. Green-Armytage,I.M.S., records some curious oriental medical customs seenin India and Burma.

The Birmingham Medical Revinv.-The March issue of

this magazine contains two papers of considerable interestfrom the point of view of heredity. In the first Mr.

Priestley Smith discusses this principle in relation to national: welfare, showing the truth of the Mendelian laws as appliedi to the human species, emphasising the degeneration whichI seems to be affecting our own country. In the second Dr.

James E. H. Sawyer describes a case of Huntington’s chorea,j and gives a table showing the incidence of the disease in.

two generations. The patient actually seen by him was a man, aged 38 years, who had suffered from the trouble for.

two years but seemed quite unconscious of his malady,1 possibly owing to the degree of mental defect which it hadt produced.s 11-est London Medical Juacrnal.-In the April number is-

-published a paper by Mr. Donald J. Armour on the treatmentf of tumours of the brain ; the writer takes a hopeful view of. the value of surgical measures both for the cure and the- relief of such conditions ; indeed, he seems hardly to admit- that there are any cases in which such treatment cannot do-G good. Dr. T. Grainger Stewart writes on affections of the

brain due to vascular disturbance ; and Dr. Julius M. Bernstein- discusses infective endocarditis and analyses 20 fatal cases-

.r in which bacteriological examinations were made and

g showed the presence of several different germs. Dr. SeymourI- Taylor contributes a brief note on examination of the urine,s emphasising the value of picric acid as a test both for

is albumin and for sugar.

’e

THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN AND THE SEAMEN’S,HOSPITAL.-On April 13th the Japanese Ambassador un-veiled a bronze tablet which has been placed over a bedendowed by the Emperor of Japan at the Seamen’s Hospital,Greenwich. In performing the ceremony the Ambassadorsaid that this was the first opportunity that had pre-sented itself to him for intimating the indebtednessof the Japanese nation to the hospital for the care and

: attention which were bestowed on Japanese seamen whowere admitted to the wards of the hospital. The tabletis oval in shape and bears in the centre the inscription,

,

The Chrysanthemum Bed, 1908," surmounted by the: Japanese emblem of the rising sun, with chrysanthemums: on either side.