HierarchyThe principle of hierarchy states that in most if not all architectural compositions, real difference exist among their forms and spaces. These differences reflect the degree of importance of these forms and spaces as well as the functional formal and symbolic role they play.

Visual emphasis in architectural composition can be achieved by endowing a form or shape with:1. Exceptional size2. Unique shape3. Strategic location

Hierarchy by sizeA form or space may dominate an architectural composition by being significantly different in size from all the other elements in the composition. Normally, this dominance is made visible by the sheer size of an element. In some cases, an element can dominate by being significantly smaller than the other elements in the organization but placed in a well-defined setting.

Hierarchy by shapeA form or shape can be made visually dominant and thus important by clearly differentiating its shape from that of the other elements in the composition. A discernible contrast in shape is critical, whether the differentiation is based on a change in geometry or regularity. Ofcourse,it is also important that the shape selected for the hierarchically significant element can br compatible with its functional use

Hierarchy by placementa form or space may be strategically placed to call attention to itself as being the most important element in a composition. Hierarchically important locations for a form or space include: The termination of a linear sequence or axial organization The centerpiece of a symmetrical organization The focus of a centralized or radial organization Being offset above, below, or in the foreground of a composition

Vehicular Movement:

Pedestrian movement plays an important role in locating structures. In an institute,for example students and faculty must be able to walk between buildings and other institute faciltites. To develop safe, comfortable an interesting circulation paths, it is necessary to simultaneously consider function,topography,climate and visual perception. These paths should provide clear definition to prevent pedestrians from getting lost.

Vehicular Areas GuidelinesVehicular areas, address roadways and parking for cars, emergency vehicles, service vehicles, bicycles, and mass transit Enhance existing streets throughout campus for safer multi-modal movement and improved appearance utilizing surfacing, lighting, signage, bicycle parking, and site accessories. Recognize that campus policy is to give pedestrians and bicycles priority over service and private vehicles in multi-modal areas. Provide facilities and amenities to encourage alternative means of travel to and from campus, such as information kiosks, bus shelters, maps, and visitor directions. Place generously-sized bicycle parking areas along multi-modal streets and near campus activity centers and student residence halls and courts. Orient bus shelters to allow sufficient views of arriving buses and to provide shelter from prevailing winter winds and snow. Include seating, trash receptacles, bus schedules, and brightly lit interiors. Use vandal resistant materials including break-resistant glazing and coated black steel structure and roof. Establish drop-off zones near major activity centers for convenient use. Provide seating for waiting, attractive landscaping, emergency telephones, and adequate lighting Provide landscaping in and around parking lots to soften hardscape appearances from streets, break up extended rows of cars, and provide shade. Ensure adequate lighting for safe use and clear pathways from parking lots to adjacent building entrances. Design sufficient setbacks between parking lots and streets, which could include raised landscaping, berms, and/or walls to block views into the lot. Include loading and service vehicle parking spaces adjacent to major buildings. Screen or buffer views to service areas where possible with a combination of screen walls, opaque enclosures, gates, and landscaping. Limit service parking to designated spaces only. Provide raised curbs selectively along campus walkways to discourage all modes of transportation from crossing or parking on lawns or adjacent landscaping

LightingFollowing is a list of seven basic terms for description of the light in the space by the visual experience:

level of lightness spatial distribution of brightness shadows reflections glare color of light colorsUsing these terms, it is effective to describe and understand the effects of lighting in a space and to make a reliable classification. Shadows, for example, play an important role to our observation. They can be soft or strong; they can present sharp or diffused borders. Good shadows are pleasant to see, but bad shadows can destroy the ambience. The colors of the materials are also responsible to change the atmosphere. This issue should be designed from the beginning and not after the whole architectural process. Below, it is possible to see an example of how the Japanese architect Tadao Ando plans color, affecting positively the space he designs and also how the level of brightness is thought for his conceptual chapel work. Lighting has several function in institutes: to provide safe and secure environment; to illuminateares used at dawn and dusk, and in the dark; to make visible the signs and signals and to accent buildings,greenery and related landscape elements.The design should take care of the following regulations which directly affect the lighting required for proper visibility inside the work area:1.The display screen equipment shall be free from disturbing glare and reflections2.There shall be an appropriate contrast between the screen and the background3.Adjustable coverings shall be provided for the windowsHow much lighting is enough?Different sources of illumination vary significantly with respect to the quality of light they provide. This, in turn, has a dramatic effect upon the appearance and safety of the street at night. High-pressure sodium, the light source typically used in city street-light fixtures, casts a yellowish-orange glow that results in poor color rendition; it compromises visual clarity and detracts enormously from the overall quality of the nighttime urban environment. By contrast, metal halide as a light source produces a soft, white glow that renders color accurately; it offers better visual clarity, improves reaction time for vehicles, and requires less wattage for the same perceived visibility. Quality of light is also influenced by quantity of light or more specifically, by the relationship between the brightness of a light and ones distance from it. Light becomes more diffuse farther away from the source, so for a given brightness, there is a range of heights within which the source should be located to create the desired quality of light.Height of the luminaire: Although luminaire mounting heights have typically increased over the past few decades as lamp technology has allowed for higher and brighter road lights, the result is often lighting designed for the car or the parking lot, not for the person walking on the side of the street. Reducing the luminaires height, and adjusting it to the scale of the person on the sidewalk, calls for more fixtures, which in turn means that the luminaires, the poles, and their placement can have an impact on the streetscape.Type and wattage: However, as a luminaires height is lowered, the lamps brightness must be adjusted so that is does not create excessive glare for pedestrians. At the same time, the wattage must also be capable of adequately lighting the road. For instance, 9-foot luminaires might be augmented with overhead lights because, depending on the street width, the wattage needed to light the street would create a blinding glare for the pedestrian.

How far should lights be placed?In addition to the height of the light source, appropriate spacing of light fixtures is critical to achieving consistent illumination of streets and sidewalks, and to preventing the pedestrian from encountering intervals of darkness. Consistent light coverage is important, particularly along the sidewalk, because the perception of light is relative to its surroundings. Therefore, a poorly lit area will seem so much darker in contrast to a brightly lit area nearby.The minimum required space between lights might meet lighting standards, but may or may not achieve the desired effect. For example, a typical DOT lighting scheme for an average street 40 in width (two traffic and two parking lanes) would have 25 to 40 cobra head lights every 125-150, staggered on either side of the street. An alternative to this vehicle-oriented scheme is to reduce the height of the fixtures to 13 and place them every 50 and opposite each other.Some important points related to lighting: Windows should be equipped with means to prevent the interference of sunlight Walls and ceiling should be light in colour Catwalks are necessary for servicing the ceiling lights,spotlights and net The quality of light in students room is determined by the quality and brightness of both the light source and general surroundings. High illumination levels are appropriate to study;lower levels to social functions The brightness contrast between the work and its surroundungs must be at its minimum In classrooms,an average ratio of 1:1 between writing surface brightness and screen brightness should be maintained while not spilling the excessive ambient light on the screen For a medium to large size room,three lighting levels would be in the range of: 5-10 : projected TV and films 10-20 : slides 30+ : other class activities Limit or protect the views of extremely bright exterior surfaces, such as parked cars and large paving or sand areas. The reflected glare from these surfaces can be visually uncomfortable. When using an interior shade, select a light-color shade to minimize heat gain. Unilateral lighting from side openings will, in general, be unsatisfactory if the effectivewidth of the room is more than 2 to 2.5 times the distance from the floor to the top ofthe opening. Openings on two opposite sides will give greater uniformity of internal daylight illumination,especially when the room is 7 m or more acrossLighting system for lecture hallsLighting in large lecture halls is a particularly critical element, not only because of theincrease in the use of technology in teaching, but also because of the lack of natural lighttypically available in these facilities. Because lecture halls often have high ceilings, the design of the ceiling lighting shouldrecognize the need to regularly change lamps. Lamp-changing is often difficult in a facilitywhich may be heavily used and which may require special equipment to reach the high ceilings.Lighting for computer labs and classroomsIn a computer lab, good overall lighting that does not create glare on screens is needed. Ina computer classroom, use the same general principles as with other classrooms but with the additional need to prevent glare on computer screens. If a video recordingsystem is planned for a computer classroom, higher light levels are needed for the cameras

ZoningAn institute can be broadly divided into the following zones:1. Academic zone2. Residential zone3. Recreational zone4. Arrival zone5. Athletic zone6. Administrative zoneMap showing various zones of an institute and their connectivity

Offices:Spaces required by the computer personnel, in addition to the preparation areas just described, include offices, conference rooms, library, and lounge or refreshment corner . Private offices are needed where people working on problems can concentrate without interruption on the complicated series of steps necessary to program a problem. Offices for computer personnel should include the same essentials as for mathematics professors, namely, a desk, chairs, bookshelving, telephone, and adequate chalkboard on at least one wall . Regular staff members of a computer center should not only have individual offices where they can work without distraction but also a staff lounge where they can get together to exchange ideas and charge their mental batteries The application of the following considerations will assist the space planner to attain functional effectiveness in the final layout: 1 . Employees performing close work should be in the best-lighted areas . Glaring surfaceswhich affect vision should be identified and corrected .2 . Clothes lockers in an office layout are out of date and wasteful . Large rooms or openareas should be provided with hanging space for coats and shelves for hats, packages, andother material . Space not suitable for work stations should be used whenever possible .3 . Heavy equipment generally should be placed against walls or columns in order to avoid floor overloading .4 . Be safety conscious . Do not obstruct exits, corridors, or stairways . Comply with fire safety codes governing aisles, exits, etc .5 . Where frequent interviews with the general public are required, as in personnel offices,the use of interview cubicles should be considered . Such cubicles need only be large enoughfor the interviewer, the applicant, and a small desk or table .6 . In operations which require employees to work away from their office, with only infrequentvisits there to file reports, ate ., consideration should be given to assigning two or more employees to each desk . Other considerations include the provision of 45-in . desksand the use of common work tables, with the assignment of file cabinet drawers to eachemployee in which to keep papers, etc .

CirculationThis is the area required to conveniently permit ingress and egress to work stations . The size of an aisle should be governed by the amount of traffic it bears . The following standards with regard to internal circulation will be applied in space planning surveys :1 . Aisles leading to main exits from areas which carry substantial traffic (main aisles)should be 60 in . wide .2 . Aisles which carry a moderate amount of traffic (intermediate aisles) should be 48in . wide .3 . Aisles between rows of desks (secondary aisles) should be approximately 36 in . wide . General layout of office:

Private and semi-private offices:Layout showing location of offices:Space relationship:

Bathrooms:Activities commonly performed in the bathroom include washing of hands, face, and hair, bathing, elimination, and grooming, and also such activities as hand laundering and infant care. Often it is also used as a dressing room . Major problems in bathroom design include planning for optimum convenience and privacy of all bathroom functions for all members of the household, adequate provision for storage of supplies and equipment, and ease of cleaning . Some general planning guides are as follows ,

ArrangementFacilities should be conveniently arranged, with special attention given to clearances . The room arrangement shouldpermit more than one family member to use its facilities at the same time.

IlluminationLighting should be adequate for all of the activities performed . For grooming, direct sources of light are essential in order to illuminate the face from all angles . High strip windows, clerestory windows, and skylights provide excellent over-all illumination in the daytime, while still affording privacy . Luminous ceilings are also effective, particularly in interior bathrooms .

VentilationGood ventilation is essential in bathrooms, both to reduce humidity and to dispel odors . If a window is relied upon as the sole means of ventilation, care should be taken in its selection and placement to minimize drafts and to permit easy access . Exhaust fans in the wall orceiling are often used to supplement natural ventilation . In interior bathroom spaces, a mechanical exhaust is, of course, essential . Sound control Lack of acoustical privacy is one of the most common complaints with regard to bathrooms . Noise can be reduced by proper placement of the bathroom in relation to other spaces, by the use of closets and storage walls as sound barriers between it and adjacent spaces, as well as by the use of soundproof partitions and tightly fitted doors . Acoustical treatment of the ceiling makes the room more comfortable to use and reduces somewhat the amount of sound transmitted through thewalls. Acoustical tiles for use in the bathroom should be moisture resistant and easily cleaned .

Auxiliary heatA heat lamp or a radiant wall panel can be used to provide quick warmth in the bathroom

MaterialsIt is essential that all surface material is used in the bathroom have moisture-resistant finishes.

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