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“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”1789-1799
Europe on the Eve of theFrench Revolution
I. The French Revolution was a major transformation of the social and political systems of France.
II. French Societya. Everyone belonged to one of the three estates
i. First Estate- clergy (paid no taxes)ii. Second Estate- nobles (paid no taxes)iii. Third Estate- vast majority (burdened
by taxes)
III. France in Crisesa. Government had spent more money than it had earned for many yearsb. Bad harvests caused food prices to rise; many peasants did not have enough to eat; starving people riotedc. King Louis XVI calls the Estate General
i. Each estate has different ideas on how to solve nation’s problems
ii. Reach a stalemate on the financial crisis issue
1. First & Second Estates wanted each estate to vote separately with each group counting as one vote.
Commoners3rd Estate
Aristocracy2nd Estate
Clergy1st Estate
The Suggested Voting Pattern:Voting by Estates
1
1
1
Commoners3rd Estate
Aristocracy2nd Estate
Clergy1st Estate
The Number of Representativesin the Estates General: Vote by Head!
300
300
648
2. Third Estate (wanted all three groups to meet as a single body and votes to be counted by head)
a. After weeks of deadlock, the Third Estate met and claimed to represent the people of France and declared themselves the National Assembly
“The Tennis Court Oath”by Jacques Louis David
June 20, 1789June 20, 1789
IV. Phase 1 (1789-1791)a. The National Assembly is formed and the Tennis Court Oath is takenb. July 14, 1789- Storming of the Bastillec. France is in turmoil
i. Peasants cause violent attacks on nobles
ii. Paris- Radicals competing for power
Storming the Bastille,July 14, 1789
The Paris mob, hungry because of the lack of food from poor harvests, took the law into their own hands. On July 14, 1789, the mob rioted and attacked the royal fortress prison called the Bastille. They saw the Bastille as a symbol of everything that was wrong with France. It was a symbol of the King and his government and the Paris mob wanted it destroyed. The Paris mob killed the governor of the prison, Marquis de Launay. The Soldiers in and around Paris refused to stop the attack, showing that King Louis XVI had also lost control of the army.
The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt
July 20, July 20, 17891789
Source A: “Throughout France, peasants were also losing patience. They took part in widespread attacks on the chateaux and palaces of their lords.”
Source B: “As the feudal lord leaves, his peasants burn down his chateaux & its contents.”
Source C: “The whole country is in the greatest agitation. Many chateaux have been burned and others plundered. The lords hunted down like beasts. Their feudal documents burned. Their property destroyed.” Arthur Young (an eyewitness 1789)
d. The National Assembly meetsi. Feudalism is abolishedii. Issues the Declaration of the Rights of Man & the Citizen
a. “born and remain free and equal in rights”
b. “Liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression”
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen
August August 26, 26,
17891789
March of the Women,March of the Women,October 5-6, 1789October 5-6, 1789
We want the baker, the baker’s wife We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy!and the baker’s boy!
Journalist
Spoke out in favor of women’s rights
Wrote “The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen”
The Tricolor (1789)
First donned by Lafayette
“Hero of two worlds” Fought alongside George Washington
in the American Revolution Helped the Americans defeated the
British at Yorktown Headed the National Guard in France First to don the tricolor (red, white,
and blue) Wrote the first draft of the French
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
The Tricolor is the Fashion!The Tricolor is the Fashion!
The “Liberty Cap”: Bonne RougeThe “Liberty Cap”: Bonne Rouge
Culottes were normally closed and fastened about the leg, to the knee, by either buttons, a strap and buckle, or by a draw string. During the French Revolution of 1789–1799, working-class revolutionaries were known as the “sans-culottes” literally, "without culottes" – a name derived from their rejection of aristocratic apparel.
Revolutionary Playing CardsRevolutionary Playing Cards
Planting the Tree of LibertyPlanting the Tree of Liberty
The Arbres de la liberté ("Liberty Trees"), inspired by the American example in Boston, Massachusetts.
iii. 1791 the National Assembly completes the constitution
1. creates a limited monarchya. executive-Presidentb. legislative-make laws, collect taxesc. judicial- Courts
2. reformed Church authority3. supported general population4. took control of French Catholic Church
a. seized land to pay government debtb. causes tensions between
revolutionaries in Paris and peasants in provinces
Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791
Replaced the old provinces
Created to make government more efficient (roughly of equal size)
Legislative Assembly- would be elected by tax-paying male citizens over age 25.
The French Catholic Church is placed under state control
Bishops & priests were elected, salaried officials
Ended Church interference in government
a. A period of escalating violence that leads to the Reign of Terror
i. 1792 France declares war on much of Europe
i. Many defeats; people believe King is helping the enemy
ii. Radical revolutionaries take control of the assembly in 1792
a. Ended the monarchyb. Made France a Republic
a. Elected a new legislative body called the National Convention
c. Wrote another constitutiond. 1793 Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette both
executed
a.1793-France in chaosi. At war with most of Europeii.Royalists & priests led peasants in rebellion against the gov’tiii. San-culottes demanded relief from food shortages & inflation
b. Convention sets up the Committee of Public Safety
i. 12 member committee with absolute powerii. Led by Maximilien Robespierreiii. Reign of Terror
Drownings in Nantes during the “Reign of
Terror”
1. Courts conducted hasty trials
2. 300,000 arrested for treason
3. Estimated 17,000 died
4. People executed by the guillotine
a. The Constitution of 1795i. Set up a five-man Directory and a two-
house legislature elected by male citizens of property
ii. Discontent continued in France and many politicians looked to Napoleon to advance their own goals.
iv. July 27, 1794 Robespierre was arrested along with other radicals on the Committee and executed
1799: 10 year old French Revolution dramatically changed France. Dislodged old social order Overthrown the monarchy Brought the Church under
state control
New Symbols: Red “liberty caps” Practical clothes & simple
hair cuts were worn thanks to the sans culottes
Nationalism Spreads! Revolution & war gave the
French people a strong sense of national identity
Attended civic festivals that celebrated the nation and the revolution Dances & songs on themes of
the revolution became immensely popular
“La Marseillaise” would become the French national anthem
Haiti (French colony)- slave revolt…abolish slavery.
Background:
1. Born on island of Corsica
2. Family were minor nobles but had little money
3. Trained for a military career
4. won victories against the Austrians
5. Helped overthrow Directory the and set up the Consulate.
6. Soon took title of First Consul.
7. Proclaimed himself Emperor in 1804.
8. Strengthened the central government 9. Restored economic prosperity10. Set up a system of public schools under
government control11. Made peace with Catholic Church12. Won support across class lines13. Instituted the Napoleonic Code of law
14. Annexed Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Italy and Germany
15. Abolished the Holy Roman Empire
16. Cut Prussia in half
17. Failed to overtake Britain
From 1799-1815, Napoleon would dominate France & Europe Napoleon= “First Consul” of France then “Emperor”
Made many reforms for France“Order, security, and efficiency” replaced
“liberty, equality, and fraternity” Restored economic prosperity
Controlled prices, encouraged new industry, built roads & canals
Established a system of public schools under strict government control
Kept Catholic Church under state control
One of Napoleon’s most lasting reforms
It embodied Enlightenment principles such as the equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, and the abolition of feudalism.
It undid some reforms of the French Revolution Ex: women lost most of their newly gained rights and could not exercise
the rights of citizenship. Male heads of households regained complete authority over their wives
and children Napoleon valued order & authority over individual rights
1804-1812: Napoleon furthered his reputation on the battlefield
1812: His Grand Empire reached its greatest extentRedrew the map of Europe (annexed the
Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Italy and Germany)
Britain remained outside of Napoleon’s European empireWaged economic warfare through his “Continental
System” which closed European ports to British goods.
Britain responded with its own blockade of European goods.
Main Idea: After suffering defeat, Napoleonwas removed from power. European leadersrestored peace and redrew the map ofEurope
I. Under Napoleon French armies spread ideas of French Revolution
a. French overthrew Austria & set up own government
b. Conquered people welcomed ideas of revolution, but not the Continental Systemi. Russia leads to rejection of French control and rebellion
II. Napoleon invades Russia in 1812a. Invasion is a disaster
i. Soldiers die due to lack of food & suppliesii. Napoleon’s reputation is shattered
b. 1813 the alliance of Russia, Prussia, Austria and Britain defeat Napoleon at Battle of the Nations at Leipzig
Escapes from Elba & returns to France in March 1815
Still had support of the army
“”Vive L’Empereur!”
French army restored him to powerClaimed he was a “changed man”Quadruple Alliance (GB, P, A, R) mobilized to crush
Napoleon one last timeJune 18, 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo
Sent to exile here
Far off the coast of southwestern Africa
Died in 1821
GOAL
Prevent France from going to war again
Return Europe to way it was in 1792, before
NapoleonProtect the new
system and maintain peace
ACTION TAKEN
Alexander I urged a “holy alliance” of
Christian monarchsRestoration of
monarch= legitimacyCreate the Concert of Europe an organization
to maintain peace in Europe