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Liberals into Nazis
• My project– Sources– Historical GIS
• Why were Germans who voted Liberal before World War I early supporters of the Nazis?– What did German Liberals believe?– What my research shows
Quantity of data
• 37 newspapers and records found in 30 archives and libraries
• 290,000+ independent; 120,000+ dependent variables for 582 polling places
• 2000+ hours to create database; 1500+ hours to create GIS; 200+ hours for conference papers
Vascik with 1/35 of his data set
Types of data
• village-level election results
• population and area• soil and landscape
type• land tax• livestock holdings• confession
• settlement types• railroads,
transportation connectivity
• lists of supporters with occupational information
• campaigning (ads and tempo)
Findings on pre-War Agrarianism and anti-Semitism• before the Great War, party-political anti-
Semites were contained within a broad Agrarian-led coalition
• the most important variables in determining Agrarian voting patterns were tax valuation, population density, and transportation connectivity
• landscape form (Marsch, Geest, or Moor) framed the Agrarian/Liberal competition
The Impact of the Great War
• “no War, no Hitler”
• The Reichstag election of May 1924
• The success of the Racist (Völkisch) coalition, which included the Nazis
1924_1 1928 1930 1932_1
P value
R2 P value
R2 P value
R2 P value
R2
All/tax hectare 0.907 0.0 0.273 0.2 0.444 0.1 0.000 5.9
All/pop. density 0.295 0.2 0.728 0.0 0.750 0.0 0.351 0.2
All/RR distance 0.178 0.8 0.119 1.1 0.017 3.0 0.776 0.0
1924_1 1928 1930 1932_1
P value
R2 P value
R2 P value
R2 P value
R2
All/tax/density 0.576 0.2 0.536 0.2 0.729 0.1 0.000 6.4
All/tax/distance 0.398 0.9 0.156 1.7 0.025 3.8 0.096 2.2
All/density/dist 0.285 1.2 0.223 1.4 0.057 3.0 0.118 2.0
All/den/tax/dist 0.454 1.2 0.249 1.9 0.061 3.9 0.015 4.9
Determinants of Racist success in all villages(multiple variables)
Determinants of Racist success in all villages(single variable)
1924_1 1928 1930 1932_1
P value
R2 P value
R2 P value
R2 P value
R2
Ag/tax hectare 0.000 13.8 0.000 12.9 0.000 12.4 0.000 7.4
Ag/pop. density 0.000 13.4 0.000 11.1 0.000 12.3 0.027 0.5
Ag/RR distance 0.000 11.3 0.007 4.5 0.001 7.2 0.001 7.2
1924_1 1928 1930 1932_1
P value
R2 P value
R2 P value
R2 P value
R2
Ag/tax/density 0.000 14.3 0.000 13.0 0.000 12.5 0.000 7.9
Ag/tax/distance 0.000 12.9 0.020 4.5 0.003 7.3 0.000 9.1
Ag/density/dist 0.000 11.7 0.018 4.6 0.003 7.2 0.006 5.7
Ag/den/tax/dist 0.000 13.7 0.040 4.6 0.007 7.3 0.000 11.9
Determinants of Racist success Liberal villages(multiple variables)
Determinants of Racist success in Liberal villages(single variable)
Understanding anti-Semitism
• Why did the anti-Semitic Racist parties exert such appeal in traditionally Liberal areas after 1918?– “Triumph on the Periphery”
• Why was Nazism resisted in Conservative and traditionalist areas?– “Guardians of Tradition or Agents of
Change?”
German liberalism• What did German liberals believe?
– Nationalism, a strong Germany– Rule of law and constitutional order
• Neither “democratic” nor egalitarian
– “modern”• Secularist, opposed to religious orthodoxy• Pro-capitalist market economy
– Education - “Bildung”
• Who was Liberal?– Most economically progressive and market-integrated farmers– Small business owners, merchants– The local “great and good”
Why Liberals became Nazis
• Fear of revolution– Proximity to port cities and
naval bases– Workers’ and Soldiers’
Councils (soviets)– Looting, strikes– Presence of Home
Defense Forces– The “Jewish” nature of the
revolution– Republican parties seen
as supporters and beneficiaries of the revolution
Revolutionary marines in Wilhelmshaven
Why Liberals became Nazis
• Economic trauma– Confiscatory nature of
the war economy and economic controls
– Open markets - loss of agricultural protection under the Treaty of Versailles
– Inflation and stabilization• Best farmers took on
most debt• Credit shortage• 30% interest
Why Liberals became Nazis
• Effective propaganda– Formerly Liberal
areas had least experience of modern politics
– Proximity to small Racist groups in harbor towns
– Hard-driving, young activists
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are needed to see this picture.
Jan Blankemeyer
Coming in April
• If Liberals were drawn to Nazism, but about Conservatives?
• “Loyal to the End: Ludwig Alpers and the Monarchist Opposition to the Rise of National Socialism”
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are needed to see this picture.
Ludwig Alpers