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Libel
Different types, how to avoid itThis is how you keep your job
What it is
• Libel occurs when a false and defamatory statement about an identifiable person is published to a third party, causing injury to the subject's reputation.
• A libelous statement can be the basis of a civil lawsuit brought by the person or group allegedly defamed or, in rare cases, a criminal prosecution.
Defamatory Communication
• A defamatory communication is one that exposes a person to hatred, ridicule, or contempt, lowers him in the esteem of his fellows, causes him to be shunned, or injures him in his business or calling.
• A headline, cutline, or photo can also be defamatory.
Publication• Publication occurs when information
is negligently or intentionally communicated by newspapers, magazines, books, radio or television broadcasts to someone other than the person defamed.
• Service providers, however, are not responsible for libelous information posted by their customers unless they exercise editorial control over it.
• The media can be liable for the republication of a libelous statement made by another person or entity.4
Falsity
• It often has been said that truth is an absolute defense to libel.
• Private individuals suing for libel also must prove the statement was false if it involved a matter of public concern.
Identification
• Plaintiffs must prove that the alleged defamatory publication refers to them.
• Governmental entities cannot bring libel claims, nor can members of large groups (usually 25 or more).
Harm
• The heart of a libel suit is the claim that the plaintiff's reputation was injured – and that person has to prove it.
Fault
• All plaintiffs must demonstrate that the news organization was at fault in some way.
• Public officials and public figures are required to show the highest degree of fault.
• Celebrities and others with power in a community usually are considered public figures.
• The Court also said that while failure to investigate facts does not necessarily prove actual malice, a "purposeful avoidance of the truth" may.
Defenses• Truth – obvious• Fair report – libelous
statements made by others in certain settings, if made in good faith, are allowed.
• Neutral report - statements made by one public figure about another public figure are allowed if the paper is not biased.
• Opinion is still protected speech under the First Amendment.
• Consent. If a person gives permission for the publication of the information, that person cannot later sue for libel.
• The statute of limitations for bringing libel suits varies from state to state. Generally the time limit for filing a libel lawsuit starts at the time of the first publication of the alleged defamation.
• A retraction is not usually considered an absolute defense to a libel claim, it may reduce the damages a defendant must pay if found liable for defamation
Product libel
• Journalists who write about consumer products should be aware that their reports may be subject to product disparagement laws.
Emotional distress
• Individuals sometimes sue the news media for emotional distress caused by the publication of embarrassing, truthful facts.