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Academie van Bouwkunst, Rotterdam RDM wharf, 8 October 2010
Prof.Andy van den Dobbelsteen , PhD MSc
TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Building Technology
Sustainable Architecture & UrbanismOntwerpen aan energiestromen 1
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building physics
fundamentals
climate design
climate design
& sustainability
application
building
services
technology
Introducing Climate Design
Three know ledge fields
building physics
building services
design integration
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Sustainable development aims at equity and equil ibrium.
We use resources many times more than poor regions in the world.
There is not enough space to spread our way of living. Can this be called sustainability/ volhoubaarheid? (South African)
What a sustainable world we live in
Ecological Footprint of all countries in the world [worldmapper.org]
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Pressure = Population x Welfare x Metabolism
1990 1 = 1 x 1 x 1
2040 = 2 x 5 x 1/20
This means a factor of 20 improvement, required for sustainability.
How do you assess this with buildings?
Quantifying sustainability [Speth, 1989 & Ehrlich & Ehrlich, 1990,based on Commoner, 1972]
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Case study of offices
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Were behind schedule
(around 2000 'sustainable offices' achieved a factor of 1.4 to 4.0)
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
5
1
10
15
20
level needed
in 2000: 4.8
target in
2040: 20
current level:
1.2 - 1.4
factor
year
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No. 1: the Bussum Water Tower (factor 10)
Transformation of the old w ater tower,new office attached
CHP on frying oil, w ind turbine, solar panels
Wastew ater treated in constructed wetland
Sober, environmentally sound materials
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Plan & design w ithin different constraints
Climate change
Water and heat problems
Scarcity of resources
Depletion of fossil fuels
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Wet Wet Wet
Threefold water surge
Sea level rise
More precipitation
Increased fresh water supply from the mountains
Does CO2 reduction help to avoid this soon? No. The Great Change has commenced
Wed better take care that we can cope
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Andy van den Dobbelsteen Recent studies on sustainability Aula TU Delft, 9th of September 2008
The 1.3 meter plan(Moordrecht)
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Andy van den Dobbelsteen Recent studies on sustainability Aula TU Delft, 9th of September 2008
Dwelling types selected from 18 variants
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Landscape, urban plan, annual event
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Temperature and mortality [Huynen et al., 2001]
Urban heat island effect
Heat absorption by black tar roofs, building mass and pavement
Little green, little water
No urban pattern for cooling
Heat from vehicles, buildings,industry and (increasingly)air-conditioners
London 2050: + 9oC
More people w il l die
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Climate change w ill cause a greater demand for cooling,
And mechanical cooling costs 3 to 10 times more energy than heating.
Climate problem is solvable. But energy?
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Our own natural gas fields wil l be emptied w ithin 25 years.
Import from other regions has
has some considerations:
ecological
political
economical
ethical
And even then
we wil l be donew ith fossils and nuclearw ithin 75 years.
[KEMA/Hoogakker, 2010]
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The process of fossil energy depletionw ill have a radical impact on society.
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So we need to become independent from fossil fuels
and meanwhile use them only to make the transition
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GroningenFossil Free
Climate-robust Free of fossil energy
(oil, gas, coal and waste heatfrom these sources)
How is this possible?
For instance:
50% energy saving
Use ofgeothermal heat
Wind turbines along the coast
250 km2 ofphotovoltaics
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Energy-neutral island of Sams, Denmark
On- and off-shore wind turbines
Solar heat plant
Straw furnace
Islanders investments
Preserved cultural-historical identity
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Sustainable directions for energy
Avoid the energy demand
Seize local potentials
Use renewable energy
Use energy more effectively (low-ex)
Smart & bioclimatic design
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Smart & bioclimatic design
A des ign app roachthat dep loys loca l charac te r i s t i c sin te l l i gen t l yin to the sus ta inab le des igno f bu i l d ings and u rban p l ans
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Local characteristics
Climatic features
climate type
seasonal changes
variety of the weather
diurnal differences
Natural circumstances
geomorphology
hydrology
ecology
natural landscape
soil and underground
Man-made interventions
cultural-technical landscape
historical and technical elements
the built surroundings
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Climate types
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The sun, our primary energy source
Where is the sun at 12 AM in summer?
13:40
12:40
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An incremental approach
Bottom-line starting-points
Study of local circumstances
Synthesis into boundary conditions
Smart planning and design
S bl h d h k
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Sustainable architecture: Rudy Uytenhaak
[Dutch chancellery, Canberra, Australia]
S i bl hi P l d R i
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Sustainable architecture: Paul de Ruiter
Zuidkas, Amsterdam [Architectenbureau Paul de Ruiter]
S t i bl hit t S ARCH
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Sustainable architecture: SeARCH
Villa Fals, Switzerland [Bjarne Mastenbroek]
S t i bl hit t J K i ti
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Sustainable architecture: Jn Kristinsson
Zuidkas, Amsterdam [Architectenbureau Paul de Ruiter]
Villa Flora, Venlo [Kristinsson Architects & Engineers]
Fi t k i th b i
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First: know ing the basics
Households
Dwelling (modern)
Heat: 1000 m3 gas = 8.8 MWhth Electricity: 3500 kWh = 3.5 MWhel Total: 12,3 MWh (all-electric)
Mobility Car: 20.000 km, 8 l/100 km, so 1600 l diesel/petrol = 14 MWh
With an electro engine 4 x as efficient 3.5 MWh needed
Total in an all-electric society:
15.8 MWh
Offices
Total approximately 100 kWh/m2 GFA
E i
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Energy a piece
Realistic annual yield of a unit of:
2MW wind turbine 3857 MWh 244 hhtot Turby 5 MWh 0.316 hhtot
Manure, per cow 1.5 MWh 0.095 hhtot
Waste water, per hh 0.300 MWh 0.019 hhtot
Waste, elektric total, per hh 0.326 MWh 0.021 hhtot Waste, just thermal, per hh 0.059 MWh 0.007 hhth!
E
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Energy = space
Annua l yield of a hectare (10,000 m2) of land or roof w ith:
Solar collectors (thermal), just heat 3500 MWh 636 hhth! Solar cells (PV), elektric total 960 MWh 61 hhtot
Wind, 2MW turbines 275 MWh 17 hhtot Wind, Turby 60 MWh 4 hhtot
Bio-fuel, algae (theoretical maximum) 1780 MWh 113 hhtot Bio-fuel, sugarbeets 330 MWh 21 hhtot Bio-fuel, rapeseed 110 MWh 7 hhtot
Biomass, forest maintenance 189 MWh 12 hhtot
Biomass, cuttings from woods 47 MWh 3 hhtot Biomassa, cuttings from wetlands 46 MWh 3 hhtot
We need every square meter of surface when the fossils are gone!
Groningen
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GroningenFossil Free
Climate-robust Free of fossil energy
(oil, gas, coal and waste heatfrom these sources)
How is this possible?
For instance:
50% energy saving
Use ofgeothermal heat
Wind turbines along the coast 250 km2 ofphotovoltaics
O l th f t ll d f
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Only three roofs types allowed from now
The Energy Roof
Generator of heat and power
Rain water collector
Reflector of solar radiation and active cooler
The Green Roof:
Rain water buffer and improver of micro-climates
Moderator of temperatures, passive cooler and humidificator
Park landscape for people
The Greenhouse Roof:
Generator of heat and power
Rain water collector
Passive cooler
CO2 buffer and urban agriculture
Winter garden and domestic restaurant
The potent ial of the G eenho se Ho se
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The potent ial of the Greenhouse House
Energetic balance: 1 ha of modern greenhouse to 7 -8 ha of dwell ings
In 1 building this implies 1 layer of greenhouse on 4 flat stories
Energy potential mapping
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Energy potential mapping
basic information
energy sources
energy potentials
interventions
fuel
electricity and
electricity storage
heat, cold and
heat/cold storage
CO2 capture
sunbuildings
and industry
nature and
agriculturewaterwind soil
infra-
structure
energy-based plan
climate underground land use topography energy system
Energy potentials of Groningen
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Energy potentials of Groningen
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De Groene Compagnie
New proposal
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I: Het Groene
Pioniersveld
II: De Noorder-
compagnieIII: De Energie-
compagnie
IV: autarkische
kleine wijken
New proposal
Heat map for central Rotterdam
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Heat map for central Rotterdam
The exergy of energy
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The exergy of energy
[Cullen & Allwood, 2010]
waste heatrgy into the air and water
Our current
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industry
storage
horticulture
hotel and
catering
offices
dwellings
agriculture
power
plant
waste heat
primaryener
electr
icity
CURRENT SYSTEMwaste
into the environment
Our currentenergy system
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Demand patterns of different functions
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Demand patterns of different functions
Tuning the supply and demand
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Tuning the supply and demand
REAP (Rotterdam Energy Approach & Planning)
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REAP (Rotterdam Energy Approach & Planning)
TU
Delft,GWRotterdam,dS+VRotterd
am,DJSA
building
generate
sustainably
provide clean
& efficient
utilise
waste flows
reduce the
demand
city
district
neighbour-
hood
cluster
generate energy
clean & efficient
with fossil
resources on the
building scale
re-use
waste flows
on the building
scale
avoid energy
demand by
architectural
measures Xgenerate
sustainable
energy
on the
neighbourhood
level
connect tocommunal
energy grid
generate energy
clean & efficient
with fossil
resources centrally
generatesustainable
energy centrally
generate
sustainable
energy
on the district level
exchange &
balance or
cascade energyon the district
scale
exchange &
balance or
cascade energy
on the
neighbourhoodscale
generate
sustainable
energy
on the
neighbourhoodlevel
X
City: from intensive care to intelligent organism
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[image: Eric Verdult]
City: from intensive care to intelligent organism
E-novation
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E novation
In 15 years, 90% of the building stock w ill be equal to now .
With the same (energetic) rubbish we produced in the 1950s-1980s
We can build sustainably, yes.
How ever, if this refers to 10% of the market, why bother?
Renovating the existing building stockis the most effective w e can do.
Not just for the sake of sustainability, but more so for the dwellers.
The w orst buildings are inhabited by the poorest.
They w ill have to pay enormous energy bil ls. Soon!
The revolution needed is called E-novation, energy renovation innovation.
It is about transforming the city, neighbourhood, building and technology .
BK City Delft
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BK City, Delft
W ith the ar r iva l o f A rch i tec tu rethe Ju l iana l aan b u i l d ingf ina l l y got i t s Chem is t r y
Thats BK City
BK City Slim catalogue of possibi l it ies
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BK City Slim catalogue of possibi l it ies
The standard solution
(Wrap-up: post-insulation, replacing windows, upgrading building services)
A technical approach
(Mass: LTH/HTC floors and walls, heat recovery, heat pumps, heat/cold storage)
Local approach
(Box in box: cabins in large spaces, local heating/cooling, wrap up internally)
Innovations
(Breathing Windows, heat-radiating furniture, greenhouse over the building)
No savings sustainable generation
(PV and wind turbines here or elsewhere, green power, geothermal heat)
The message of urgency
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The message of urgency
We are strongly dependent on non-sustainable energy.
Expected: an energy crisis w ith great impact on society.
The coming 15 years w ill be decisive for the energy transition.
Children younger than 15 years are too late for a significant role.
Pioneers of above 65 are beyond power.
Most baby-boomers currently in power hardly do anything.
It is our generation that has to do it.
ARE YOU IN?
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Andy van den Dobbelsteen