Lexical Phonology✔ Specifically mixes phonology and morphology✔ The word is the unit of analysis✔ Relationship between phonology and morphology is captured in terms of strata

✔ Certain affixes are related to certain phonological processes

Lexical Phonology✔ Mechanism of Lexical Phonology

✔ Morphemes are added in a conveyor belt fashion✔ Some are added first in one stratum and others later in another

Lexical Phonology✔ English affixes are either neutral or non-neutral

Lexical Phonology✔ Fill in the table and pay attention to pronunciation differences

Adjective Noun Adverbwidelongbroad

Lexical Phonology✔ Fill in the table and pay attention to pronunciation differences

Adjective Noun Adverbwide width widelylong length Long/lengthwisebroad breadth broadly

Lexical Phonology✔ Fill in the table and pay attention to pronunciation differences✔ Are -th and -ly neutral or non-neutral?

Adjective Noun Adverb

wide width widelylong length Long/lengthwisebroad breadth broadly

Lexical Phonology

Level Ordering• Non-neutral affixes are attached in

Stratum 1• Neutral affixes are attached in Stratum 2

– Non-neutral suffixes are closer to the root• Root+non-neutral suffix• Root+non-neutral suffix+neutral suffix

Level Ordering• Non-neutral suffixes are closer to the root

• Root+non-neutral suffix (-ian)• Root+non-neutral suffix+neutral suffix (-ism)

Information in Affixes

• We will follow Katamba and assume only 2 levels (strata)

Which level does an affix belong to?

Neutral Affixes: (-ly, -ful, -some, -ness, re-, un-, non-, sub-, -ed, -s, -ism)

• 1-are applied in Stratum 2• 2-don’t affect phonology of word (5.1, 5.16).• 3-are more productive.• 4-apply farther from the stem than non-neutral if any (5.5).• 5-allow phonotactic constraints to be violated (e.g., gemination, p.

91-92).• 6-have a relationship with the stem that is more semantically

transparent

Which level does an affix belong to?

Non-neutral Affixes: (-ate, -ion, -ity, -ic, in-)• 1-apply in Stratum 1.• 2-may affect phonology of the stem (5.2-5.3), but not always

(ox+en).• 3-are not very productive (-en, -id).• 4-apply closer to the stem than neutral affixes (5.5).• 5-don’t allow violation of phonotactic constraints (e.g., gemination,

p. 91-92).• 6-have a relationship with the stem that is not as semantically

transparent.

How about -ory?• Explain > explanatory, inflame >

inflammatory– What kind of words does it apply to?– Does it cause phonological changes?– What level does it belong on?

How about -less?• Remote > remoteness, power > powerless

– What kind of words does it apply to?– Does it cause phonological changes?– What level does it belong on?

Irregular Inflection• Irregular inflection is level/stratum 1

– Drive/drove– Shrink/shrank– Ox/oxen– Phenomenon/phenomena

• The existence of an irregular blocks the formation of a regular in stratum 2– Oxen blocks oxes

Lexical and Postlexical Rules• Stratum 1 and 2 comprise the lexicon.• The outcome of each stratum must be a

completely formed word.• Lexical rules apply in the lexicon• Postlexical rules apply after lexical rules

have applied

Lexical and Postlexical Rules• Lexical rules:

– 1-apply only to words and morphemes within a word.– 2-are cyclic. They may apply more than once after more

affixes are added.– 3-can refer to morphology within a word.– 4-preserve structure-never produce non contrastive phones.– 5-apply to certain forms but not to others. They aren’t

automatic but word specific.– 6-have many exceptions

Lexical and Postlexical Rules• Post lexical rules:

– 1-can apply within or between words.– 2-can only refer to phonology never to the morphology

within a word.– 3-aren’t cyclic and can only apply once.– 4-are not structure preserving. They can produce non

contrastive sounds.– 5-can, but don’t have to apply whenever the context is

found. They are automatic not word specific

Strata• Stratum 1

– Apply all irregular inflection and irregular derivation• Stratum 2

– Apply all regular inflection, regular derivation, and form compounds

• Postlexical– Apply rules that apply optionally, or across word

boundaries.

An example with only morphological, not phonological rules applying

An example with both morphological and phonological rules applying

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