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Regenics AS POB 4536 Nydalen 0404 Oslo, Norway Phone: +4722152951 www.regenics.no Regenics AS Norwegian biotechnology company based in Oslo. The business concept is to develop and patent technologies and products for therapeuc wound healing and cosmec applicaons. LEX TM Advanced skin care technology Regenics AS POB 4536 Nydalen 0404 Oslo, Norway Phone: +4722152951 www.regenics.no Regenics AS Norwegian biotechnology company based in Oslo. The business concept is to develop and patent technologies and products for therapeuc wound healing and cosmec applicaons. LEX ® Advanced skin care technology

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Page 1: LEX - REGENICSregenics.no/uploads/images/PDF of core public... · LEX® Unique combination of lipids, proteins and peptides, free amino acids, vitamins, and minerals beneficial for

Regenics ASPOB 4536 Nydalen0404 Oslo, NorwayPhone: +4722152951www.regenics.no

Regenics ASNorwegian biotechnology companybased in Oslo. The business conceptis to develop and patent technologiesand products for therapeutic woundhealing and cosmetic applications.

LEX TM

Advanced skin care technology

Regenics ASPOB 4536 Nydalen0404 Oslo, NorwayPhone: +4722152951www.regenics.no

Regenics ASNorwegian biotechnology companybased in Oslo. The business conceptis to develop and patent technologiesand products for therapeutic woundhealing and cosmetic applications.

LEX®Advanced skin care technology

Page 2: LEX - REGENICSregenics.no/uploads/images/PDF of core public... · LEX® Unique combination of lipids, proteins and peptides, free amino acids, vitamins, and minerals beneficial for

LEX® is an active marine cosmetic ingredient extracted from salmon roe without using organic solvents, and is therefore a purely natural product. Our exclusive, patented cosmetic ingredient exerts numerous beneficial effects on skin, making it look younger and healthier. LEX® revitalizes the skin by stimulating its own cells, reversing the classical features of ageing. LEX® reduces fine lines and wrinkles by 32% conceivably by; inducing a 350% increase in collagen production and secretion and enhancing elastin production by 120%, as well as increasing recruitment

of these cells into the skin. In addition, LEX® significantly improves the balance of pigmentation by 27%, reduces skin redness by 21%, increases the skin brightness by 6% and improves the skin hydration by 31%, resulting in a smooth and healthy appearance of the skin.

LEX® exerts its effects at a cellular and molecular level, making this multifunctional innovative cosmetic ingredient highly unique and efficient for age management and improvement of skin appearance.

LEX® advanced skin care technology

LEX® A patented Norwegian marine extract for advanced skin care technology. LEX® contains natural active fatty acids, vitamins, proteins, peptides, minerals and free amino acids. The unique combination of these active substances makes LEX® one of the world’s best multifunctional products for revitalizing the skin.

Scientifically documented claims:

• LEX® reduces fine lines and wrinkles

• LEX® balances skin pigmentation

• LEX® reduces skin redness

• LEX® improves skin brightness

• LEX® increases skin hydration

• LEX® improves global skin appearance

• LEX® revitalizes the skin’s own cells

• LEX® is a collagen booster

• LEX® enhances hyaluronic acid secretion

• LEX® boosts elastin production

• LEX® increases cell motility

• LEX® contains skin penetration enhancers

• LEX® causes no adverse skin reactions

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LEX® Multifunctional skin care technology

LEX® reduces fine lines and wrinkles by 32% after eight weeks. Volunteers treated daily with indi-cated concentrations of LEX® or placebo for eight weeks. Volunteers with highest response were clustered into a good response group (≥20% reduction compared to baseline after eight weeks, 40% of the vol-unteers). Graph demon-strates reduction of wrin-kles in volunteers with good response, all test persons treated with LEX® (total), and control group. Table shows percentage reduction of wrinkles in volunteers with good re-sponse, all test persons treated with LEX® (total), and control group com-pared to baseline. Surface roughness was measured by Primos 3D on 10 35-60 year-old women per group. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 vs baseline values (starting point of treatment).

Standardized photographs of the periorbital area of a participant treated with 5% LEX® at baseline and after 4 weeks of applica-tion. Periorbital wrinkles were markedly reduced after 4 weeks of treat-ment with 5% LEX®.

LEX® reduces fine lines and wrinkles. As the body ages, skin cells become less active, resulting in a global reduction of collagen, elastin and in the number of new collagen-producing cells. The production and secretion of collagen is reduced by 32% from age 25 to 801. These changes make the skin become

thinner and less elastic, and fine lines and wrinkles appear.LEX® significantly decreases fine lines and wrinkles in human facial skin by 32%. As the human naked eye can perceive a reduction of wrinkles of 20%2, the prominent effect of LEX® will be recognized by the customer.

LEX® advanced age management

LEX® treatment balances pigmentation, reduces skin redness and increases brightness and water content of the skin, improving skin appearance. The skin is constantly exposed to environmental factors, such as sun and pollution, which make the skin unhealthy. Such

insults cause pigmentation spots, skin redness and loss of skin lucidity. These indications can also be caused by ageing and are important for the interpretation of skin age and wellness; an uneven skin tone and reduced skin lucidity make the skin look older and unhealthy.

LEX® improves smoothness of skin tone, skin lucidity and skin hydration

LEX® reduces skin pig-mentation, as assessed by melanin index, by 27% after eight weeks. Volun-teers treated daily with indicated concentrations of LEX® or placebo for eight weeks. Volunteers with highest response were clustered into a good response group (≥25% reduction vs baseline af-ter eight weeks, 36% of the volunteers). Graph demonstrates reduction of skin pigmentation in volunteers with good re-sponse, all test persons treated with LEX® (total) and control group. Mela-nin index was measured by Mexameter on 22 35-60 year-old women per group. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 vs baseline values .

LEX® reduces fine lines and wrinkles LEX® balances skin pigmentation

LEX® reduces skin redness

LEX® reduces skin red-ness, as assessed by ery-thema index, by 21% after eight weeks. Volunteers treated daily with indi-cated concentrations of LEX® or placebo for eight weeks. Volunteers with highest response were clustered into a good re-sponse group (≥15% re-duction vs baseline after eight weeks, 32% of the volunteers). Graph dem-onstrates reduction of skin redness in volunteers with good response, all test persons treated with LEX® (total), and control group. Erythema index was measured by Mex-ameter on 22 35-60 year-old women per group. *p<0.05, ***p<0.001 vs baseline values .

Baseline 4 weeks

-40%

-30%

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

0 1 2 4 8

Surf

ace

roug

hnes

s(r

elat

ive

∆ va

lues

)

Weeks

Control

1% LEX®

5% LEX®

5% LEX® (good response)*****

******

5% LEX® (good response)

13%

18%*

27%**

32%***

5% LEX® (total)

8%

9%

18%**

19%***

Control

-4%

-6%

-1%

2%

1 week

2 weeks

4 weeks

8 weeks

-30%

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

0 1 2 4 8

Mel

anin

inde

x(r

elat

ive

∆ va

lues

)

Weeks

Control

1% LEX®

5% LEX®

5% LEX® (good response)**

***

* *****

* * *

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

0 1 2 4 8

Eryt

hem

a in

dex

(rel

ativ

e ∆

valu

es)

Weeks

Control

1% LEX®

5% LEX®

5% LEX® (good response)***

*

**

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LEX® Multifunctional skin care technology

LEX® significantly improves the skin tone by reducing the level of skin pigmentation by 27%, redness by 21%, and by increasing skin brightness by 6%. Another important factor determining skin appearance is the water content of the skin. When the surface of

the skin is dry, it tends to lose its lustre and becomes prone to the formation of more pronounced wrinkles. LEX® significantly increases the water content of the skin by 31%. The outstanding effect of LEX® is the appearance of young and healthy skin.

LEX® improves smoothness of skin tone, skin lucidity and skin hydration

LEX® leads to a global improvement of skin appearance

LEX® improves skin brightness

LEX® increases skin hydration

LEX® improves skin brightness by 6% after eight weeks. Volunteers treated daily with indi-cated concentrations of LEX® or placebo for eight weeks. Volunteers with highest response were clustered into a good response group (≥2% increase vs baseline af-ter eight weeks, 41% of the volunteers). Graph demonstrates improved lucidity in volunteers with good response, all test persons treated with LEX® (total), and control group. Brightness was assessed by L* measurement using spectrophotometer on 22 35-60 year-old women per group. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs baseline values.

LEX® increases skin hydra-tion by 31% after eight weeks. Volunteers treated daily with indicated con-centrations of LEX® or placebo for eight weeks. Volunteers with highest response were clustered into a good response group (≥10% increase vs baseline after eight weeks, 55% of the vol-unteers). Graph demon-strates improved skin hy-dration in volunteers with good response, all test persons treated with LEX® (total) and control group. Hydration was assessed by measuring water con-tent using Cornemeter on 22 35-60 year-old women per group. *p<0.05, ***p<0.001 vs baseline values.

LEX® improves global skin appearance. Global improvement of full-face digital photos captured with Nikon 5700 camera (Nikon, Japan) after 8 weeks of daily application was scored by a blinded investigator where <25% improvement represent no improvement; 25-50% slight improvement; 50-75% moderate improve-ment; and >75% marked improvement. Table shows the number of volunteers at each score for the different treat-ment groups. Asterisks indicate significant dif-ferences compared to control (***p<0.0001, **p=0.0016; X2-test).

5% LEX®***

2

7

10

3

22

Improvement

0-25%

25-50%

50-75%

75-100%

Total

1% LEX®**

4

8

9

1

22

Control

16

5

1

0

22

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

0 1 2 4 8

Luci

dity

(rel

ativ

e ∆

val

ues)

Weeks

5% LEX® (good response)

5% LEX®

1% LEX®

Control

****

* *

**

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

0 1 2 4 8

Wat

er co

nten

t(r

elat

ive

∆ va

lues

)

Weeks

5% LEX® (good response)

5% LEX®

1% LEX®

Control

***

***

*

***

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LEX® treatment of hu-man skin fibroblast cells for three days induces a 2.2-fold increase in elas-tin production compared to control; untreated cells. Asterisks indicate significant differences compared to control (***p<0.0005).

LEX® treatment of hu-man skin fibroblast cells for seven days induces a 4.5-fold increase in colla-gen secretion compared to control; untreated cells. Asterisks indicate significant differences compared to control (***p=0.002).

LEX® reverses the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles by directly influencing the machinery of the skin’s own cells. LEX® increases secretion of collagen and hyaluronic acid, production of

elastin as well as motility of these cells. This has been demonstrated by scientists using cell biological and molecular methods in Regenics’ own research laboratory.

LEX® is a collagen and elastin boosterThe effects of LEX® become apparent as the collagen, hyaluronic acid and elastin levels in

the deeper skin layers increase, making the skin more elastic, smoother and healthier.

LEX® treatment of hu-man skin fibroblast cells for three days induces a 1.8-fold increase in hyaluronic acid secretion compared to control; untreated cells. Aster-isks indicate significant differences compared to control (**p=0.002).

LEX® Multifunctional skin care technology

LEX® is a collagen booster LEX® enhances hyaluronic acid secretion

LEX® boosts elastin production

0

1

2

3

4

5

Control LEX®

Colla

gen

secr

etio

n (fo

ld c

hang

e)

***

0

1

2

3

Control LEX®

Elas

tin p

rodu

ctio

n (fo

ld c

hang

e)

**

LEX® increases migration rate significantly after 20 hours treatment of hu-man skin fibroblast cells in culture compared to control; untreated cells. This was demonstrated by scratching a confluent cell layer and monitoring closure of the scratched area. Graph shows re-maining open area nor-malized to baseline. As-terisks indicate significant differences compared to control (***p=0.001).

0

1

2

Control LEX®

Hyal

uron

ic a

cid

secr

etio

n (fo

ld c

hang

e)

***

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 20

Ope

n a

rea

(% o

f bas

elin

e)

Hours

Control

LEX®

***

LEX® increases cell motility

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LEX® Unique combination of lipids, proteins and peptides, free amino acids, vitamins, and minerals beneficial for skin

LEX® contains fatty acids that are natural skin penetration enhancers. The most abundant penetration enhancer in LEX® is oleic acid, which is also a well-known skin moisturizer. Oleic acid is widely used in combination with active substances to promote absorption of substances into the deeper skin layers3. LEX® also contains high concentrations of the most favourable omega (Ω)-3 lipids beneficial for the skin, of which eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are the most

abundant. Both of these have scientifically well-documented advantageous effects on skin. Eicosapentaenoic acid has photo-protective and anti-ageing effects4, as well as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties5. Eicosapentaenoic acid reduces skin redness, as does stearidonic acid6,7 also present in LEX®. Docosahexaenoic acid has anti-inflammatory properties and is an antioxidant that benefits the collagen-producing skin cells by decreasing oxidative stress5,8.

LEX® is a natural active bio-marine skin penetration enhancer

LEX® contains natural marine fat-soluble A and E vitamins, which have beneficial effects on skin appearance. Vitamin E is an antioxidant essential for protecting skin cells from UV

light as well as from other environmental stresses that damage skin cells16, while vitamin A prevents photo-induced ageing and reduces the appearance of wrinkled skin17.

LEX® is a source of natural vitamins

LEX® contains a vast number of proteins and peptides that promotes revitalization of the skin. LEX® is rich in vitellogenin, an anti-ageing protein with anti-oxidative properties preventing and reversing ageing processes13,14. One of the strongest antioxidants found in

nature15, astaxanthin, is also present in LEX®. Astaxanthin has anti-inflammatory properties16, and it reduces appearance of aged skin15; supports skin elasticity, reduces wrinkles17 and pigmentation18, increases skin moisture15 and has photo-protective properties19,20.

LEX® is a marine extract rich in proteins and peptides

LEX® lipids with outstanding effect on skin LEX® is a source of minerals promoting healthy skin appearanceLEX® contains natural minerals beneficial for healthy skin appearance. Some promotes production of collagen and elastin23,24; improving skin’s elasticity and thickness, while others activate antioxidant enzymes; neutralizing free-radicals implicated in skin ageing processes25,26. Selenium has photo

protective properties27, and magnesium, copper and zinc promote healing28 and regeneration of cells resulting in a healthier skin. One of the most important minerals found in LEX®, zinc, regulates oil production of the skin, resulting in improved water balance29.

LEX® proteins and vitamins with proven effect on skin

AMOUNT IN LEX™

200 mg/ml

0.5 mg/100g

17 µg/100g

11 mg/100g

SCIENTIFICALLY DOCUMENTED BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON SKIN

Antioxidant14

Antioxidant, elastin production, photo-protective,anti-inflammatory15,16,19,20

Photo-protective, reduces fine lines and wrinkles21

Photo-protective, Antioxidant22

PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES

TOTAL (20-35%)

VITELLOGENIN

ASTAXANTHIN (CAROTENOID)

VITAMIN A (RETINOL)

VITAMIN E

LEX® minerals with healthy effects on skin

AMOUNT IN LEX®

45 mg/L

2 mg/L

0.3 mg/L

2 mg/L

440 mg/L

1600 mg/L

2650 mg/L

6600 mg/L

600 mg/L

SCIENTIFICALLY DOCUMENTED BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON SKIN

Collagen and elastin production, antioxidant mediator, acne reductive, skin cell motility 24,26,28,29

Reduction of oxidative stress, skin cell motility26,28

Antioxidant mediator, photo-protective25,27

Collagen and elastin production, antioxidant mediator, photo-protective,skin cell motility23,26,28,30

Skin cell migration

Water and acid-base balance

Water balance

Water balance

Involved in skin moisturization31

MINERAL NUTRIENTS

ZINC (Zn)

MANGANESE (Mn)

SELENIUM (Se)

COPPER (Cu)

MAGNESIUM (Mg)

POTASSIUM (K)

SODIUM (Na)

PHOSPHATE (P)

CALCIUM (Ca)

% OF TOTALFAT IN LEX®

33.5

7.7

7.1

4.5

3.0

5.2

0.3

7.3

SCIENTIFICALLY DOCUMENTED BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON SKIN

Skin penetration enhancer, moisturizer9,10

Skin penetration enhancer, prevent skin water loss, acne reductive10-12

Skin penetration enhancer9

Skin penetration enhancer10

Skin penetration enhancer10

Photo-protective, reduces skin redness, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant4-7

Reduces skin redness, anti-inflammatory6,7

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory5,8

FATTY ACID

OLEIC (Ω9)

LINOLEIC (Ω6)

PALMITOLEIC (Ω7)

STEARIC

MYRISTIC

EICOSAPENTAENOIC (Ω3)

STEARIDONIC (Ω 3)

DOCOSAHEXAENOIC (Ω3)

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LEX® Unique combination of lipids, proteins and peptides, free amino acids, vitamins, and minerals beneficial for skin

The safety of LEX® was evaluated by an in vivo repeat insult patch test on 50 volunteers of different ethnicities, and was performed in accordance to the US Food and Drug Administration regulations. Erythema and oedema were scored after application of

5% LEX® in formulation base. No adverse erythema or oedema reactions were noted during the course of the study, demonstrating that LEX® causes neither skin irritation nor sensitization.

LEX® is safety-tested

LEX® is an active ingredient rich in marine free amino acids

LEX® contains a wide range of free amino acids that play important roles in production of collagen32, improving skin elasticity and flexibility. Importantly, glutamine is one of the key amino acids keeping skin cells healthy, as it is involved in extracellular matrix stabilization and formation of skin33. Taurine is a powerful

antioxidant34 and protects against skin dryness35 and photo ageing36.The unique combination of bio-marine natural active fatty acids, vitamins, proteins, peptides, minerals and free amino acids makes LEX® one of the world’s best multifunctional products for revitalizing skin.

LEX® - a sustainable cosmetic ingredientNorway has beautiful fjords and coast where we have a long history of fish industry and aquaculture. As LEX® is extracted from eggs of salmons cultured in sustainable Norwegian fish farms, raw material for production of our cosmetic ingredient is highly available. LEX® is produced by extracting salmon egg contents by

use of mechanical and physical forces, creating a pure marine extract with preserved efficacy upon long-term storage. LEX® is thus a natural source of marine substances and nutrition, as well as a sustainable cosmetic ingredient with multipurpose efficacy.

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1. Varani, J. et al. Decreased collagen production in chronologically aged skin: roles of age-de-pendent alteration in fibroblast function and defective mechanical stimulation. Am J Pathol 168, 1861-1868 (2006).

2. Samson, N., Fink, B., Matts, P.J., Dawes, N.C. & Weitz, S. Visible changes of female facial skin surface topography in relation to age and attractiveness perception. J Cosmet Dermatol 9, 79-88 (2010).

3. Mittal, A., Sara, U.V., Ali, A. & Aqil, M. Status of fatty acids as skin penetration enhancers-a review. Curr Drug Deliv 6, 274-279 (2009).

4. Kim, H.H. et al. Photoprotective and anti-skin-aging effects of eicosapentaenoic acid in hu-man skin in vivo. J Lipid Res 47, 921-930 (2006).

5. Calder, P.C. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 83, 1505S-1519S (2006).

6. Khan, M.N. et al. Effects of the brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida on erythematous inflam-mation assessed using digital photo analysis. Phytother Res 22, 634-639 (2008).

7. Khan, M.N. et al. Isolation of two anti-inflammatory and one pro-inflammatory polyunsa-turated fatty acids from the brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida. J Agric Food Chem 55, 6984-6988 (2007).

8. Arab, K., Rossary, A., Flourie, F., Tourneur, Y. & Steghens, J.P. Docosahexaenoic acid enhances the antioxidant response of human fibroblasts by upregulating gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl ligase and glutathione reductase. Br J Nutr 95, 18-26 (2006).

9. Choi, J. et al. Effect of fatty acids on the transdermal delivery of donepezil: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 422, 83-90 (2012).

10. Thong, H.Y., Zhai, H. & Maibach, H.I. Percutaneous penetration enhancers: an overview. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 20, 272-282 (2007).

11. Letawe, C., Boone, M. & Pierard, G.E. Digital image analysis of the effect of topically applied linoleic acid on acne microcomedones. Clin Exp Dermatol 23, 56-58 (1998).

12. McCusker, M.M. & Grant-Kels, J.M. Healing fats of the skin: the structural and immunologic roles of the omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Clin Dermatol 28, 440-451 (2010).

13. Finkel, T. & Holbrook, N.J. Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 408, 239-247 (2000).

14. Seehuus, S.C., Norberg, K., Gimsa, U., Krekling, T. & Amdam, G.V. Reproductive protein pro-tects functionally sterile honey bee workers from oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103, 962-967 (2006).

15. Kidd, P. Astaxanthin, cell membrane nutrient with diverse clinical benefits and anti-aging potential. Altern Med Rev 16, 355-364 (2011).

16. Lee, S.J. et al. Astaxanthin inhibits nitric oxide production and inflammatory gene expressi-on by suppressing I(kappa)B kinase-dependent NF-kappaB activation. Mol Cells 16, 97-105 (2003).

17. Seki, H., Suekil, H., Kohno, H., Suganuma, K. & Yamashita, E. Effects of astaxanthin from Hae-matococcus pluvialis on human skin. Fragrance J 12, 98-103 (2001).

18. Yamashita, E. Suppression of post-UVB hyperpigmentation by topical astaxanthin. Fragrance J 14, 180-185 (1995).

19. Hama, S. et al. Protective effects of topical application of a poorly soluble antioxidant asta-

References

xanthin liposomal formulation on ultraviolet-induced skin damage. J Pharm Sci 101, 2909-2916 (2012).

20. Suganuma, K., Nakajima, H., Ohtsuki, M. & Imokawa, G. Astaxanthin attenuates the UVA-in-duced up-regulation of matrix-metalloproteinase-1 and skin fibroblast elastase in human dermal fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci 58, 136-142 (2010).

21. Mukherjee, S. et al. Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clin Interv Aging 1, 327-348 (2006).

22. Packer, L. & Valacchi, G. Antioxidants and the response of skin to oxidative stress: vitamin E as a key indicator. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 15, 282-290 (2002).

23. Philips, N. et al. Beneficial regulation of fibrillar collagens, heat shock protein-47, elastin fiber components, transforming growth factor-beta1, vascular endothelial growth factor and oxidative stress effects by copper in dermal fibroblasts. Connect Tissue Res 53, 373-378 (2012).

24. Seo, H.J., Cho, Y.E., Kim, T., Shin, H.I. & Kwun, I.S. Zinc may increase bone formation through stimulating cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity and collagen synthesis in osteo-blastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Nutr Res Pract 4, 356-361 (2010).

25. Sengupta, A. et al. Selenoproteins are essential for proper keratinocyte function and skin development. PLoS One 5, e12249 (2010).

26. Fukai, T. & Ushio-Fukai, M. Superoxide dismutases: role in redox signaling, vascular functi-on, and diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 15, 1583-1606 (2011).

27. Meewes, C. et al. Adaptive antioxidant response protects dermal fibroblasts from UVA-in-duced phototoxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 30, 238-247 (2001).

28. Tenaud, I., Leroy, S., Chebassier, N. & Dreno, B. Zinc, copper and manganese enhanced keratinocyte migration through a functional modulation of keratinocyte integrins. Exp Der-matol 9, 407-416 (2000).

29. Dreno, B. et al. Effect of zinc gluconate on propionibacterium acnes resistance to ery-thromycin in patients with inflammatory acne: in vitro and in vivo study. Eur J Dermatol 15, 152-155 (2005).

30. Gallas, J.M., Littrell, K.C., Seifert, S., Zajac, G.W. & Thiyagarajan, P. Solution structure of cop-per ion-induced molecular aggregates of tyrosine melanin. Biophys J 77, 1135-1142 (1999).

31. Yahagi, S., Koike, M., Okano, Y. & Masaki, H. Lysophospholipids improve skin moisturization by modulating of calcium-dependent cell differentiation pathway. Int J Cosmet Sci 33, 251-256 (2011).

32. Thurstan, S.A. et al. Chemical consequences of cutaneous photoageing. Chem Cent J 6, 34 (2012).

33. Mehta, K., Fok, J.Y. & Mangala, L.S. Tissue transglutaminase: from biological glue to cell survival cues. Front Biosci 11, 173-185 (2006).

34. Pan, C., Giraldo, G.S., Prentice, H. & Wu, J.Y. Taurine protection of PC12 cells against endop-lasmic reticulum stress induced by oxidative stress. J Biomed Sci 17 Suppl 1, S17 (2010).

35. Anderheggen, B. et al. Taurine improves epidermal barrier properties stressed by surfac-tants-a role for osmolytes in barrier homeostasis. J Cosmet Sci 57, 1-10 (2006).

36. Rockel, N. et al. The osmolyte taurine protects against ultraviolet B radiation-induced im-munosuppression. J Immunol 179, 3604-3612 (2007).

LEX®