TOP LEVEL MANAGEMENT

MIDDLE LEVEL MANAGEMENT

LOWER LEVEL MANAGEMENT

FRONT LEVEL MANAGEMENT

CORPORATE PLANNINGAND

FUNCTIONAL PLANNING

STRATEGIC PLANNING AND

OPERATIONAL PLANNING

LONG-TERM PLANNINGAND

SHORT-TERM PLANNING

FORMAL PLANNINGAND

INFORMAL PLANNING

TYPES OF PLANNINGTYPES OF PLANNING

Corporate Planning and functional planning

Strategic Planning and tactical/Operational Planning

Long-term planning and short-term planning

Proactive planning and reactive planning

Formal planning and informal planning

DIMENSIONS Coverage of

activities Importance of

contents Time period

involved Approach

adopted Degree of

formalization

Corporate Planning denotes planning activities at the top level and cover the entire organizational activities.

Determine the long-term objectives. Generate plans to achieve the objectives bearing

in mind the probable changes in environment. Corporate planning includes:

the setting of objectives, organizing the work, people, and systems to enable

those objectives to be attained, motivating though the planning process of the plan

and developing people through better decision making,

clearer objectives, more involvement, and awareness of progress.

CORPORATE PLANNING

Functional planning is segmental and it is undertaken for each major function of the organization like

production/operation, marketing, finance, human resource/personnel etc.

At the second level, functional planning is undertaken for sub-functions within each major function.

FUNCTIONAL PLANNING

Strategic Planning is Deciding on objectives of the

organization, Deciding on changes on these

objectives, deciding on the resources used to attain

these objectives, policies that are to manage the

acquisition, use and disposition of these resources.

STRATEGIC PLANNING

Operational Planning is Deciding the most effective use of the

resources already allocated To develop a control mechanism to

assure effective implementation of the actions.

OPERATIONAL PLANNING

Long term plans usually cover all the functional areas of the business and are affected within the existing and long-term framework of economic, social, and technological factors.

Analysis of environmental factors, particularly with respect to how the organization relates to its competition and environment.

LONG-TERM PLANNING

These plan are aimed at sustaining organization in its production and distribution of current products or services to the existing markets.

SHORT-TERM PLANNING

Proactive planning involves designing suitable courses of action in hope of likely changes in the relevant environment.

PROACTIVE PLANNING

REACTIVE PLANNING

Organizations responses come after the environmental changes have taken place.

Formal planning is in the form of well-structured process involving different steps.

FORMAL PLANNING

INFORMAL PLANNING

This planning process is based on managers memory of events, perception and gut-feelings rather than based on systematic evaluation of environmental happenings.