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Levels of Consciousness
Subconscious - Consciousness just below the level of awareness. It contains thoughts and ideas just out of ourawareness.
Unconscious - A deeper level of awareness is the unconscious. It contains thoughts and desires about which we have no true or direct knowledge.
Consciousness - An organism’s or individual’s awareness of, or possibility of knowing what is happening inside or outside itself
Waking Consciousness
Levels of information Processing Parallel processing– subconscious information
processing occurs simultaneously on many parallel tracks.
Serial processing– conscious processing takes place in sequence
Waking Consciousness
Fantasy-prone personalities
someone who imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness and who spends considerable time fantasizing
Biological Clocks
Biological clocks are internal units that control parts of the body and which are regulated by nature. They operate on free-running cycles (under their own control).
Through entrainment, some cycles can be modified to fit a different rhythm (sleep-wake cycle).
The human body has a natural rhythm or cycle of sleep and wakefulness of 25 hours. Contrast this to the light-dark cycle of 24 hours.
The human circadian rhythm is based on an entrained 24-hour cycle. Most people’s low points (temperature, blood pressure, and weakness ) generally fall between 3 a.m. and 5 a.m.
Circadian Rhythms
Premenstrual Syndrome
Premenstrual Menstrual Intermenstrual
Menstrual phaseActual Recalled mood
3
2
1
Negative moodscore
Recalled mood isworse than
earlier reported
Sleep and Dreams REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
recurring sleep stage vivid dreams “paradoxical sleep”
muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active
Sleep and DreamsREM SLEEP NREM SLEEP
1. Rapid eye movement 1. Non-rapid eye movement
2. Increases in length as night’s sleep progresses.
2.Decreases in length as night’s sleep progresses.
3. Vivid dreams 3. Vague, partial images and stories
4. Nightmares 4. Incubus attacks (night terrors)
5. Paralyzed body 5. Sleepwalking & talking in sleep
6. Essential part of sleep 6. Less essential part of sleep
Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
Beta Waves Wide awake waves
Alpha Waves slow waves of a relaxed,
awake brain Delta Waves
large, slow waves of deep sleep
Hallucinations false sensory experiences
Sleep Spindles Begin during stage 2 sleep
and increase through the cycle
Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep
Hours of sleep
Minutesof Stage 4 and REM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
10
15
20
25
5
Decreasing Stage 4
Increasing REM
Stages of Sleep Upon reaching stage 4 and after about 80 to 100 minutes of total sleep
time, sleep lightens, returns through stages 3 and 2 REM sleep emerges, characterized by EEG patterns that resemble beta
waves of alert wakefulness muscles most relaxed rapid eye movements occur dreams occur
Four or five sleep cycles occur in a typical night’s sleep; less time is spent in slow-wave, more is spent in REM
Functions of Sleep
Restoration theory —body wears out during the day and sleep is necessary to put it back in shape
Adaptive theory— sleep emerged in evolution to preserve energy and protect during the time of day when there is little value and considerable danger
Sleep Deprivation
Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired
concentration depressed immune
system greater vulnerability
to accidents
Sleep Deprivation
Has little effect on
performance of tasks
requiring physical
skill or intellectual
judgment Hurts performance on simple, boring tasks
more than challenging ones
Sleep Deprivation
2,400
2,700
2,600
2,500
2,800
Spring time change(hour sleep loss)
3,600
4,200
4000
3,800
Fall time change(hour sleep gained)
Less sleep,more accidents
More sleep,fewer accidents
Monday before time change Monday after time change
Accident frequency
Individual Differences in Sleep Drive Some individuals need more and some
less than the typical 8 hours per night Nonsomniacs—sleep far less than most,
but do not feel tired during the day Insomniacs—has a normal desire for
sleep, but is unable to and feels tired during the day
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia persistent problems in falling or staying
asleep Narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks Sleep Apnea
temporary cessation of breathing momentary reawakenings
Sleep Disorders
REM sleep disorder— sleeper acts out his or her dreams
Night terrors— sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate, perspiration) that occur during slow-wave sleep
Nightmares– a vivid dream depicting frightening disturbing, anxiety-provoking events.
Sleep DisordersNightmares Night Terrors
1. Occurs during REM sleep, usually during the second half of the night.
1. Occurs during NREM sleep, usually during the first hour of the night.
2. Mild physiological changes 2. Drastic bodily changes: breathing & heart rate rise dramatically.
3. Associated with vivid images 3. Associated with panic
4. Most likely to occur during REM rebound.
4. Most likely to occur in children
Practical Issues in Sleep
Many people walk and talk in their sleep. It is normal. It is not dangerous to awaken a sleepwalker, as long as the person feels safe and secure.
Walking and Talking
Sleepwalking (somnambulism)About 25% of all children have at least one episode of sleepwalking. It typically occurs during the first three hours of sleep.
The Psychology of Dreams
Usually dreams contain everyday occurrences such as interactions with family, friends, school teachers, and so on. They also contain ideas about fears and inadequacies.
Everyone dreams...
Usually contain imagined conquests
Take place outdoors more than indoors
May be recurrent
Usually involve running or jumping
Usually involve strong emotions
Contain visual, auditory, and even taste sensations. (About 50% of our dreams are in color. No one knows why.)
Dream Content
Dreams: Freud
Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings
Manifest Content remembered story line
Latent Content underlying meaning
Manifest Content
Monsters On Bikes I have this recurring dream of being chased by a gang of
monsters on bikes. I know the neighborhood that I am in because I used to live there. I am on foot trying to get away and hiding in places that I know are safe. But they keep finding me. I also know it is Halloween, because I am in costume and so is everyone else. I am screaming for help, but the people around me, and the people whose doorbells I am ringing keep telling me that there is no one after me. They ask me if I want some candy to calm myself down. Then they start taking guns and shooting at me, but they miss. Finally, I can't run anymore, and they catch up to me, and grab me by my nose when I wake up.
Thank you!JessicaOctober 1, 2000
Latent ContentHi Jessica,
Chase dreams are quite common and often reflect a situation that you are afraid in confronting. Being chased by a gang of monsters sounds quite frightening. You indicated that in your dream it was Halloween. These monsters were probably really people dressed in their own mask and costumes. The scenario of your dream and being that it is Halloween, furthers my belief that you are truly afraid in directly confronting a particular situation. Disguises and costumes protect and shield your real self. Behind a mask, you adapt a new persona and and feel freer in releasing your inhibitions. The costume/mask provides some sort of barrier against your vulnerabilities. It protects you from being hurt.
Another significant aspect of your dream is that the people you turn to for help turns against you. Does this parallel a situation in your waking life where you felt betrayed or that your trust was undermined? Next time you have another chase dream, turn around and confront the chasers. You may be surprised to find that what you are running from is not all that frightening. In doing so, you will even find that your recurring chase dreams will occur less often.
Best Regards,Steve
Dreams
As Information Processing helps facilitate memories
REM Rebound REM sleep increases following REM
sleep deprivation
The Purpose of Dreaming
One hypothesis about dreaming is that it is a time for the brain to replenish chemicals used up during the day and to process information.
A second hypothesis says that dreams are used to work out problems experienced throughout the day.
A third hypothesis about dreaming suggests that it gives the brain an opportunity to sift through and reorganize eventsof the day. It creates a dream to organize the events. We dream to make sense of the random situations.
E=MC2
No one can be hypnotized to do something they wouldn’t do anyway.
HypnosisHypnosis is a state of relaxation. Attention is focused on certain objects, acts, or feelings.
Anton Mesmer believed power came from magnetism.
Hypnotic results really come from the power of suggestion to focus or block.
Trances are periods of deep relaxation.
Hypnosis
Hypnosis a social interaction in which one person (the
hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall what one
experienced during hypnosis induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion
Hypnosis
Orne & Evans (1965) control group instructed to “pretend” unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts
as the hypnotized ones Posthypnotic Suggestion
suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors
Hypnosis
Dissociation a split in consciousness allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur
simultaneously with others Hidden Observer
Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis
Facts and Falsehoods
1. Can hypnosis work for anyone?
2. Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events? Age regression – relive an earlier experience
3. Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?
4. Can hypnosis be therapeutic?
5. Can hypnosis alleviate pain?
Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug a chemical substance that alters perceptions and
mood Physical Dependence
physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
Psychological Dependence a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions
Dependence and Addiction
Tolerance diminishing effect
with regular use Withdrawal
discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use
Small Large
Drug dose
Littleeffect
Bigeffect
Drugeffect
Response tofirst exposure
After repeatedexposure, moredrug is neededto produce same effect
Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants drugs that reduce neural activity slow body functions
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates Stimulants
drugs that excite neural activity speed up body functions
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogens psychedelic (mind-manifesting)
drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD
Psychoactive Drugs
Alcohol– in large or small doses it is a depressant. Small doses may indeed, enliven a drinker, but they do so by slowing brain activity that controls judgment and inhibitions. It contributes to the greatest number of deaths.
Psychoactive Drugs
Barbiturates drugs that depress the activity
of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
Psychoactive Drugs
Opiates opium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin) opiates depress neural activity,
temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Psychoactive Drugs
Amphetamines drugs that stimulate neural
activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
Psychoactive Drugs
Ecstasy (MDMA) synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen both short-term and long-term health risks
LSD lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid
THC the major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild
hallucinations
Trends in Drug Use
1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99Year
80%
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
High schoolseniors
reportingdrug use
Alcohol
Marijuana/hashish
Cocaine
Perceived Marijuana Risk
‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99Year
100%
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentof
twelfthgraders
Perceived “great risk ofharm” in marijuana use
Used marijuana
Near-Death Experiences
Near-Death Experience an altered state of
consciousness reported after a close brush with death
often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
Near-Death Experiences
Dualism the presumption that mind and body
are two distinct entities that interact Monism
the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing