Levels of biological organization and unicellular organisms...Multicellular organisms Organism is made up of many cells Cells are specialized to perform different functions Cells don’t

Levels of biological

organization and unicellular

organisms

8th grade science

9-14-2014

• Area of Focus: Levels of Biological Organization.

Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ

System

Cell

Organism

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy






Atom



Atom



Atom



Atom



Atom



Atom Molecule



Atom Molecule



Atom Molecule



Atom Molecule


Macromolecules


Atom Molecule



Atom Molecule



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle

Cell



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle

Cell



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle

Cell

Cell



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle

Cell

Cell



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Cell



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Cell



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Cell



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Cell

-



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Cell



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Cell



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Cell



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Cell



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ

System

Cell



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ

System

Cell



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ

System

Cell



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ

System

Cell

Many

SystemsMany

Systems



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ

System

Cell

Organism



Atom Molecule Cell

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ

System

Cell

Organism


“I’m Jimmy Carter, 39th President”



“I am made of an enormous number of atoms”




“Which come together to create molecules”





“Which can organize to create cell organelles”






“Many organelles can form a living cell.”







“Many specialized cells form tissues.”








“Specialized tissues can form organs.”









“Many organs can form an organ system.”









“Many organs can form an organ system.”

“Many organ systems working together can form

organisms.”


– The human body is made of 100 trillion cells

all working together.

























Cell Theory

Confirmed discoveries that all scientists believe to be true about cells:

1. Cells are the basic unit of life.

2. All living things are made of cells.

3. New cells are produced from existing cells.

beforenucleus

truenucleus

Eukaryotes

1. Has a nucleus with a nuclear envelope

2. Bigger and more complex than prokaryotes

3. Have membrane bound Organelles(golgi, ER, lysosomes…etc)

4. DNA –forms chromosomes (highly organized)

5. Can be unicellular OR multicellular organisms

6. Ex: animals, plants, fungi

These are

prokaryote

E. coli bacteria

on the head of

a steel pin.

Prokaryote cells are simply built

(example: E. coli)

capsule: slimy outer coating

cell wall: tougher middle layer

cell membrane: delicate inner skin

cytoplasm: inner liquid filling

DNA in one big loop

pilli: for sticking to things

flagella: for swimming

ribosomes: for building proteins

Prokaryote cells are simply built

(example: E. coli)

Prokaryote lifestyle

unicellular: all alone

colony: forms a film

filamentous: forms a chain of cells

Prokaryote Feeding

Photosynthetic: energy from sunlight

Parasitic: feed on living things

Decomposers: feed on dead things

Eukaryotes are bigger and more

complicated

Have organelles

Have chromosomes

can be multicellular

include animal and plant cells

Organelles are membrane-

bound cell parts

Mini “organs” that have unique structures and functions

Located in cytoplasm

Organelles – Animal cell

Organelles – Plant Cell

Eukaryote cells can be

multicellular

The whole cell can be specialized for one job

cells can work together as tissues

Tissues can work together as organs

Examples of specialized euk. cells

liver cell: specialized to detoxify blood and store glucose as glycogen.

Mesophyll cell specialized to

capture as much light as possible

inside a leaf

Prokaryotes

1. NO nucleus

2. NO membrane bound organelles

3. ALL are unicellular

4. Much smaller than eukaryotic cells

5. Forerunner to eukaryotic cells (smaller and more simple)

6. Circular DNA

7. Ex: ALL Bacteria

Prokaryote vs

eukaryote size

White blood cell

Red blood cell

Bacteria Cell

Not Living

Advantages of each kind of cell

architecture

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

simple and easy to grow can specialize

fast reproduction multicellularity

all the same can build large bodies

Atom


Atom Molecule


Atom MoleculeCell


Atom MoleculeCell


Atom MoleculeCell


Multicellular organisms

Organism is made up of many cells

Cells are specialized to perform different functions

Cells don’t have to perform all functions

Death or injury of some cells does not effect the organism as a whole

The organism can attain a large size by increasing the number of cells

Generally long lifespan and slow reproduction

Only outer cells are exposed to the environment

We are multicellular organisms

Unicellular organisms

Organism is made up of one cell

A single cell carries out all functions

Injury of the cell is serious and often deadly

Very limited on size due to the limitations of diffusion

The entire organism is exposed to the environment

Short lifespan and fast reproduction

All bacteria are single cellular

Examples of unicellular organisms

BacteriaArchea

Protists

• Archaeans include inhabitants of some of the

most extreme environments on the planet.

• Image of acid mine drain filled with Archaea.

• Archaea also thrive in mud and they are

one reason it is usually smelly.

• Types of Archaea

• Archea are prokaryotes, meaning….

• Archea are prokaryotes, meaning….No

nucleus!


– Methanogens: Ones that produce methane gas

as a waste product of their digestion.




– Halophiles: Ones that live in salty environments.





– Thermophiles: They live at extremely hot

temperatures.





– Thermophiles: They live at extremely hot

temperatures.

– Psychrophiles: Those that live at unusually cold

temperatures.

Archea are rater pretty in large numbers

Documents

Levels of biological organization and unicellular organisms...Multicellular organisms Organism is made up of many cells Cells are specialized to perform different functions Cells don’t