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Level Blue This furnace is used in the
production of steel. Steel is
formed by heating molten iron
and scrap steel at 1550°C. The
Grand Canyon was formed by
over one billion years of erosion.
These tropical fish are found in
waters that maintain a constant
temperature between 70°C and
78°C. Color may give these fish
a way to communicate with or
attract mates.
Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, OH 43240-4027
ISBN: 978-0-07-877810-0
MHID: 0-07-877810-7
Printed in the United States of America.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 079/043 09 08 07 06
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted underthe United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in anyform or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher.
The National Geographic features were designed and developed by the National Geographic Society’sEducation Division. Copyright © National Geographic Society.The name “National Geographic Society”and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of the Society, and their use, without prior writtenpermission, is strictly prohibited.
The “Science and Society” and the “Science and History” features that appear in this book weredesigned and developed by TIME School Publishing, a division of TIME Magazine.TIME and the redborder are trademarks of Time Inc. All rights reserved.
(bkgd)Arnulf Husmo/Getty Images, (l)Georgette Douwma/Getty Images, (r)John Lawrence/Getty Images
ContentsIn Brief
Contents In Brief
Humans and Heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Chapter 1 The Nature of Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Chapter 2 Traits and How They Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Chapter 3 Interactions of Human Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Chapter 4 Interactions of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Chapter 5 The Nonliving Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Chapter 6 Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Earth’s Changes over Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Chapter 8 Earthquakes and Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Chapter 9 Clues to Earth’s Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Chapter 10 Geologic Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Earth’s Place in the Universe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302Chapter 11 The Sun-Earth-Moon System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304Chapter 12 The Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334Chapter 13 Stars and Galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Chemistry of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400Chapter 14 Inside the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402Chapter 15 The Periodic Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432Chapter 16 Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462Chapter 17 Chemical Reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Motion, Forces, and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518Chapter 18 Motion and Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520Chapter 19 Force and Newton’s Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548Chapter 20 Work and Simple Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578Chapter 21 Thermal Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
Physical Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632Chapter 22 Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634Chapter 23 Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664Chapter 24 Waves, Sound, and Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
CONTENT
Alton J. Banks, PhDDirector of the Faculty Center
for Teaching and LearningNorth Carolina State University
Raleigh, NC
Jack CooperEnnis High School
Ennis, TX
Sandra K. Enger, PhDAssociate Director,Associate Professor
UAH Institute for Science EducationHuntsville, AL
David G. Haase, PhDNorth Carolina State University
Raleigh, NC
Michael A. Hoggarth, PhDDepartment of Life and
Earth SciencesOtterbein CollegeWesterville, OH
Jerome A. Jackson, PhDWhitaker Eminent Scholar in Science
Program DirectorCenter for Science, Mathematics,
and Technology EducationFlorida Gulf Coast University
Fort Meyers, FL
William C. Keel, PhDDepartment of Physics
and AstronomyUniversity of Alabama
Tuscaloosa, AL
Linda McGawScience Program Coordinator
Advanced Placement Strategies, Inc.Dallas, TX
Madelaine MeekPhysics Consultant Editor
Lebanon, OH
Robert NiersteScience Department Head
Hendrick Middle School, Plano ISDPlano, TX
Connie Rizzo, MD, PhDDepatment of Science/Math
Marymount Manhattan CollegeNew York, NY
Dominic Salinas, PhDMiddle School Science Supervisor
Caddo Parish SchoolsShreveport, LA
Cheryl WistromSt. Joseph’s College
Rensselaer, IN
Carl Zorn, PhDStaff Scientist
Jefferson Laboratory Newport News, VA
MATH
Michael Hopper, DEngManager of Aircraft Certification
L-3 CommunicationsGreenville, TX
Teri Willard, EdDMathematics Curriculum Writer
Belgrade, MT
iv
Authors
Series Consultants
Education DivisionWashington, D.C.
Alton BiggsRetired Biology Teacher
Allen High SchoolAllen, TX
Ralph M. Feather Jr., PhDAssistant Professor
Geoscience DepartmentIndiana University of Pennsylvania
Indiana, PA
Peter Rillero, PhDAssociate Professor of Science Education
Arizona State University WestPhoenix, AZ
Dinah ZikeEducational Consultant
Dinah-Might Activities, Inc.San Antonio, TX
READING
Elizabeth BabichSpecial Education TeacherMashpee Public Schools
Mashpee, MA
Barry BartoSpecial Education Teacher
John F. Kennedy ElementaryManistee, MI
Carol A. Senf, PhDSchool of Literature,
Communication, and CultureGeorgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA
Rachel Swaters-KissingerScience Teacher
John Boise Middle SchoolWarsaw, MO
SAFETY
Aileen Duc, PhDScience 8 Teacher
Hendrick Middle School, Plano ISDPlano, TX
Sandra West, PhDDepartment of Biology
Texas State University-San MarcosSan Marcos, TX
ACTIVITY TESTERS
Nerma Coats HendersonPickerington Lakeview Jr. High
SchoolPickerington, OH
Mary Helen Mariscal-CholkaWilliam D. Slider Middle School
El Paso, TX
Science Kit and BorealLaboratoriesTonawanda, NY
Deidre AdamsWest Vigo Middle School
West Terre Haute, IN
Sharla AdamsIPC Teacher
Allen High SchoolAllen, TX
Maureen BarrettThomas E. Harrington Middle School
Mt. Laurel, NJ
John BarrySeeger Jr.-Sr. High School
West Lebanon, IN
Desiree BishopEnvironmental Studies CenterMobile County Public Schools
Mobile, AL
William BlairRetired Teacher
J. Marshall Middle SchoolBillerica, MA
Tom BrightConcord High School
Charlotte, NC
Lois BurdetteGreen Bank Elementary-Middle
SchoolGreen Bank, WV
Marcia ChackanPine Crest School
Boca Raton, FL
Obioma ChukwuJ.H. Rose High School
Greenville, NC
Nerma Coats HendersonPickerington Lakeview Jr.
High SchoolPickerington, OH
Karen CurryEast Wake Middle School
Raleigh, NC
Joanne DavisMurphy High School
Murphy, NC
Anthony J. DiSipio, Jr.8th Grade Science
Octorana Middle SchoolAtglen, PA
Annette D’Urso GarciaKearney Middle School
Commerce City, CO
Sandra EverhartDauphin/Enterprise Jr. High Schools
Enterprise, AL
Mary FerneauWestview Middle School
Goose Creek, SC
Cory FishBurkholder Middle School
Henderson, NV
Linda V. ForsythRetired Teacher
Merrill Middle SchoolDenver, CO
George GabbGreat Bridge Middle SchoolChesapeake Public Schools
Chesapeake, VA
Lynne HuskeyChase Middle School
Forest City, NC
v
Reviewers
vi
Maria E. KellyPrincipal
Nativity SchoolCatholic Diocese of Arlington
Burke, VA
Michael MansourBoard Member
National Middle Level ScienceTeacher’s Association
John Page Middle SchoolMadison Heights, MI
Mary Helen Mariscal-CholkaWilliam D. Slider Middle School
El Paso, TX
Michelle Mazeika-SimmonsWhiting Middle School
Whiting, IN
Joe McConnellSpeedway Jr. High School
Indianapolis, IN
Sharon MitchellWilliam D. Slider Middle School
El Paso, TX
Amy MorganBerry Middle School
Hoover, AL
Norma Neely, EdDAssociate Director for Regional
ProjectsTexas Rural Systemic Initiative
Austin, TX
Annette ParrottLakeside High School
Atlanta, GA
Nora M. Prestinari BurchettSaint Luke School
McLean, VA
Mark SailerPioneer Jr.-Sr. High School
Royal Center, IN
Joanne StickneyMonticello Middle School
Monticello, NY
Dee StoutPenn State UniversityUniversity Park, PA
Darcy Vetro-RavndalHillsborough High School
Tampa, FL
Karen WatkinsPerry Meridian Middle School
Indianapolis, IN
Clabe WebbPermian High School
Ector County ISDOdessa, TX
Alison WelchWilliam D. Slider Middle School
El Paso, TX
Kim WimpeyNorth Gwinnett High School
Suwanee, GA
Kate ZieglerDurant Road Middle School
Raleigh, NC
vii
The Teacher Advisory Board gave the authors, editorial staff, and design team feedbackon the content and design of the Student Edition. They provided valuable input in the
development of the 2008 edition of Glencoe Science Level Blue.
John GonzalesChallenger Middle School Tucson, AZ
Rachel ShivelyAptakisic Jr. High SchoolBuffalo Grove, IL
Roger PrattManistique High SchoolManistique, MI
Kirtina HileNorthmor Jr. High/High SchoolGalion, OH
Marie RennerDiley Middle SchoolPickerington, OH
Nelson FarrierHamlin Middle SchoolSpringfield, OR
Jeff RemingtonPalmyra Middle SchoolPalmyra, PA
Erin PetersWilliamsburg Middle SchoolArlington, VA
Rubidel PeoplesMeacham Middle SchoolFort Worth, TX
Kristi RamseyNavasota Jr. High SchoolNavasota, TX
Teacher Advisor Board
The Glencoe middle school science StudentAdvisory Board taking a timeout at COSI, a science museum in Columbus, Ohio.
The Student Advisory Board gave the authors, editorial staff, and design team feedbackon the design of the Student Edition. We thank these students for their hard work and
creative suggestions in making the 2008 edition of Glencoe Science Level Blue studentfriendly.
Jack AndrewsReynoldsburg Jr. High SchoolReynoldsburg, OH
Peter ArnoldHastings Middle SchoolUpper Arlington, OH
Emily BarbePerry Middle SchoolWorthington, OH
Kirsty BatemanHilliard Heritage Middle SchoolHilliard, OH
Andre BrownSpanish Emersion AcademyColumbus, OH
Chris DundonHeritage Middle SchoolWesterville, OH
Ryan ManafeeMonroe Middle SchoolColumbus, OH
Addison OwenDavis Middle SchoolDublin, OH
Teriana PatrickEastmoor Middle SchoolColumbus, OH
Ashley RuzKarrar Middle SchoolDublin, OH
Student Advisory Board
Aaron Haupt
Why do I need my science book?
Have you ever been in class andnot understood all of what waspresented? Or, you understoodeverything in class, but at home,got stuck on how to answer aquestion? Maybe you just wondered when you were evergoing to use this stuff?
These next few pages are designed to help you understand everything your science book can be used for . . . besides a paperweight!
Before You Read● Chapter Opener Science is occurring all around you,
and the opening photo of each chapter will preview the
science you will be learning about. The Chapter
Preview will give you an idea of what you will be
learning about, and you can try the Launch Lab to
help get your brain headed in the right direction. The
Foldables exercise is a fun way to keep you organized.
● Section Opener Chapters are divided into two to four
sections. The As You Read in the margin of the first
page of each section will let you know what is most
important in the section. It is divided into four parts.
What You’ll Learn will tell you the major topics you
will be covering. Why It’s Important will remind you
why you are studying this in the first place! The
Review Vocabulary word is a word you already know,
either from your science studies or your prior knowl-
edge. The New Vocabulary words are words that you
need to learn to understand this section. These words
will be in boldfaced print and highlighted in the
section. Make a note to yourself to recognize these
words as you are reading the section.
John
Eva
ns
As You Read● Headings Each section has a title
in large red letters, and is further
divided into blue titles and
small red titles at the begin-
nings of some paragraphs.
To help you study, make an
outline of the headings and
subheadings.
● Margins In the margins of
your text, you will find many helpful
resources. The Science Online exercises and
Integrate activities help you explore the topics
you are studying. MiniLabs reinforce the sci-
ence concepts you have learned.
● Building Skills You also will find an
Applying Math or Applying Science activity
in each chapter. This gives you extra prac-
tice using your new knowledge, and helps
prepare you for standardized tests.
● Student Resources At the end of the book
you will find Student Resources to help you
throughout your studies. These include
Science, Technology, and Math Skill Hand-
books, an English/Spanish Glossary, and an
Index. Also, use your Foldables as a resource.
It will help you organize information, and
review before a test.
● In Class Remember, you can always
ask your teacher to explain anything
you don’t understand.
Science Vocabulary Make thefollowing Foldable to help youunderstand the vocabularyterms in this chapter.
Fold a verticalsheet of notebookpaper from side toside.
Cut along every third line of only thetop layer to form tabs.
Label each tab with a vocabularyword from the chapter.
Build Vocabulary As you read the chapter, listthe vocabulary words on the tabs. As you learnthe definitions, write them under the tab foreach vocabulary word.
STEP 3
STEP 2
STEP 1
ix
Look For...
At the beginning of every section.
(t)P
hoto
Dis
c, (
b)Jo
hn E
vans
In LabWorking in the laboratory is one of the best ways to understand the con-
cepts you are studying. Your book will be your guide through your laboratory
experiences, and help you begin to think like a scientist. In it, you not only will
find the steps necessary to follow the investigations, but you also will find
helpful tips to make the most of your time.
● Each lab provides you with a Real-World Question to remind you that
science is something you use every day, not just in class. This may lead
to many more questions about how things happen in your world.
● Remember, experiments do not always produce the result you expect.
Scientists have made many discoveries based on investigations with unex-
pected results. You can try the experiment again to make sure your results
were accurate, or perhaps form a new hypothesis to test.
● Keeping a Science Journal is how scientists keep accurate records of obser-
vations and data. In your journal, you also can write any questions that
may arise during your investigation. This is a great method of reminding
yourself to find the answers later.
x
Look For...● Launch Labs start every chapter.
● MiniLabs in the margin of each
chapter.
● Two Full-Period Labs in every
chapter.
● EXTRA Try at Home Labs at the
end of your book.
● the Web site with laboratory
demonstrations.
(l)Jo
hn E
vans
, (r
)Geo
ff B
utle
r
Before a TestAdmit it! You don’t like to take tests! However, there are
ways to review that make them less painful. Your book will
help you be more successful taking tests if you use the
resources provided to you.
● Review all of the New Vocabulary words and be sure you
understand their definitions.
● Review the notes you’ve taken on your Foldables, in class,
and in lab. Write down any question that you still need
answered.
● Review the Summaries and Self Check questions at the
end of each section.
● Study the concepts presented in the chapter by reading
the Study Guide and answering the questions in
the Chapter Review.
xi
Look For...● Reading Checks and caption
questions throughout the text. ● the Summaries and Self Check
questions at the end of each section.● the Study Guide and Review
at the end of each chapter.● the Standardized Test Practice
after each chapter.
(l)Jo
hn E
vans
, (r
)Pho
toD
isc
Let’s Get StartedTo help you find the information you need quickly, use the Scavenger
Hunt below to learn where things are located in Chapter 1.
What is the title of this chapter?
What will you learn in Section 1?
Sometimes you may ask, “Why am I learning this?” State a reason why the
concepts from Section 2 are important.
What is the main topic presented in Section 2?
How many reading checks are in Section 1?
What is the Web address where you can find extra information?
What is the main heading above the sixth paragraph in Section 2?
There is an integration with another subject mentioned in one of the margins
of the chapter. What subject is it?
List the new vocabulary words presented in Section 2.
List the safety symbols presented in the first Lab.
Where would you find a Self Check to be sure you understand the section?
Suppose you’re doing the Self Check and you have a question about concept
mapping. Where could you find help?
On what pages are the Chapter Study Guide and Chapter Review?
Look in the Table of Contents to find out on which page Section 2 of the
chapter begins.
You complete the Chapter Review to study for your chapter test.
Where could you find another quiz for more practice?
xii
Pho
toD
isc
xiii
Contents
Contents
In each chapter, look for these opportunities forreview and assessment:• Reading Checks• Caption Questions• Section Review• Chapter Study Guide• Chapter Review• Standardized Test
Practice• Online practice at
blue.msscience.com
Humans and Heredity—2
The Nature of Science—4Section 1 What is science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Lab Battle of the Beverage Mixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Section 2 Doing Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Section 3 Science and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Lab When is the Internet the busiest? . . . . . . . . . .28
Traits and How They Change—36Section 1 Traits and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Lab Jelly Bean Hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Section 2 Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Section 3 Environmental Impact over Time . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Lab Toothpick Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Interactions of Human Systems—62Section 1 The Human Organism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Lab Observing Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Section 2 How Your Body Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Lab Does exercise affect respiration? . . . . . . . . . . .82
Get Ready to ReadStrategies• Preview . . . . . . . . . . 6A• Identify the
Main Idea . . . . . . . 38A• New
Vocabulary . . . . . . 64A
Marian Bacon/Animals Animals
xiv
Contents
Cont
ents
Ecology—90
Interactions of Life—92Section 1 Living Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Section 2 Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Section 3 Interactions Within Communities . . . . . . . . . . .106
Lab Feeding Habits of Planaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
Lab Population Growth in Fruit Flies . . . . . . . . .112
The Nonliving Environment—120Section 1 Abiotic Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
Lab Humus Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Section 2 Cycles in Nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Section 3 Energy Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Lab Where does the mass of a plant come from? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
Ecosystems—148Section 1 How Ecosystems Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
Section 2 Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
Lab Studying a Land Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
Section 3 Aquatic Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
Lab Exploring Wetlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
In each chapter, look for these opportunities forreview and assessment:• Reading Checks• Caption Questions• Section Review• Chapter Study Guide• Chapter Review• Standardized Test
Practice• Online practice at
blue.msscience.com
(t)D
wig
ht K
uhn,
(b)
John
Kap
rielia
n/P
hoto
Res
earc
hers
xv
Contents
ContentsEarth’s Changes overTime—178
Plate Tectonics—180Section 1 Continental Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
Section 2 Seafloor Spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186
Lab Seafloor Spreading Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
Section 3 Theory of Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190
Lab Predicting Tectonic Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Earthquakes and Volcanoes—208Section 1 Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210
Section 2 Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219
Lab Disruptive Eruptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225
Section 3 Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Plate Tectonics . . .226
Lab Seismic Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
Clues to Earth’s Past—240Section 1 Fossils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
Section 2 Relative Ages of Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250
Lab Relative Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256
Section 3 Absolute Ages of Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257
Lab Trace Fossils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262
Geologic Time—270Section 1 Life and Geologic Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272
Section 2 Early Earth History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280
Lab Changing Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287
Section 3 Middle and Recent Earth History . . . . . . . . . . . .288
Lab Discovering the Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294
Get Ready to ReadStrategies• Comparing and
Contrasting . . . . . 94A• Make
Inferences . . . . . 122A• Take Notes . . . . . 150A• Summarize . . . . 182A• Monitor . . . . . . . . 210A• Take Notes . . . . . 242A• Questions and
Answers . . . . . . . 272A
Kevin West/AP/Wide World Photos
xvi
Contents
Cont
ents
Earth’s Place in theUniverse—302
The Sun-Earth-Moon System—304Section 1 Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306
Section 2 The Moon—Earth’s Satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312
Lab Moon Phases and Eclipses . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321
Section 3 Exploring Earth’s Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322
Lab Tilt and Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326
The Solar System—334Section 1 The Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336
Lab Planetary Orbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341
Section 2 The Inner Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342
Section 3 The Outer Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348
Section 4 Other Objects in the Solar System . . . . . . . . . . .356
Lab Solar System Distance Model . . . . . . . . . . . .360
(t)Pat O'Hara/CORBIS, (b)JPL
xvii
Contents
ContentsStars and Galaxies—368Section 1 Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370
Section 2 The Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375
Lab Sunspots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379
Section 3 Evolution of Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380
Section 4 Galaxies and the Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386
Lab Measuring Parallax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392
Chemistry of Matter—400
Inside the Atom—402Section 1 Models of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404
Lab Making a Model of the Invisible . . . . . . . . .414
Section 2 The Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415
Lab Half-Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424
In each chapter, look for these opportunities forreview and assessment:• Reading Checks• Caption Questions• Section Review• Chapter Study Guide• Chapter Review• Standardized Test
Practice• Online practice at
blue.msscience.com
Get Ready to ReadStrategies• Summarize . . . . 306A• Comparing and
Contrasting . . . . 336A• Make
Inferences . . . . . 370A• Visualize . . . . . . . 404A
Peter Menzel/Stock Boston
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The Periodic Table—432Section 1 Introduction to the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . .434
Section 2 Representative Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441
Section 3 Transition Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448
Lab Metals and Nonmetals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453
Lab Health Risks from Heavy Metals . . . . . . . . .454
Atomic Structure and ChemicalBonds—462
Section 1 Why do atoms combine? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .464
Section 2 How Elements Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472
Lab Ionic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481
Lab Atomic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .482
Chemical Reactions—490Section 1 Chemical Formulas and Equations . . . . . . . . . . .492
Section 2 Rates of Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502
Lab Physical or Chemical Change? . . . . . . . . . . .509
Lab Exothermic or Endothermic? . . . . . . . . . . . .510
Motion, Forces, andEnergy—518
Motion and Momentum—520Section 1 What is motion? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522
Section 2 Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528
Section 3 Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .533
Lab Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539
Lab Car Safety Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .540
In each chapter, look for these opportunities forreview and assessment:• Reading Checks• Caption Questions• Section Review• Chapter Study Guide• Chapter Review• Standardized Test
Practice• Online practice at
blue.msscience.com
Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs/Photo Researchers
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Contents
ContentsForce and Newton’s Laws—548Section 1 Newton’s First Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .550
Section 2 Newton’s Second Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .556
Section 3 Newton’s Third Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563
Lab Balloon Races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569
Lab Modeling Motion in Two Directions . . . . . .570
Work and Simple Machines—578Section 1 Work and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580
Lab Building the Pyramids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .585
Section 2 Using Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .586
Section 3 Simple Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .591
Lab Pulley Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .598
Thermal Energy—606Section 1 Temperature and Thermal Energy . . . . . . . . . . .608
Section 2 Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .612
Lab Heating Up and Cooling Down . . . . . . . . . .618
Section 3 Engines and Refrigerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .619
Lab Comparing Thermal Insulators . . . . . . . . . .624
Get Ready to ReadStrategies• Make
Connections . . . . 434A• Questioning . . . . 464A• Make
Predictions . . . . 492A• Summarize . . . . 522A• Comparing and
Contrasting . . . . 550A• Questions and
Answers . . . . . . . 580A• Identify the
Main Idea . . . . . .608A
Phi
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Physical Interactions—632
Electricity—634Section 1 Electric Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .636
Section 2 Electric Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .643
Section 3 Electric Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .648
Lab Current in a Parallel Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . .655
Lab A Model for Voltage and Current . . . . . . . . .656
Magnetism—664Section 1 What is magnetism? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666
Lab Make a Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .672
Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .673
Lab How does an electric motor work? . . . . . . .684
Waves, Sound, and Light—692Section 1 Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .694
Section 2 Sound Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .701
Lab Sound Waves in Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .706
Section 3 Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .707
Lab Bending Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .714
In each chapter, look for these opportunities forreview and assessment:• Reading Checks• Caption Questions• Section Review• Chapter Study Guide• Chapter Review• Standardized Test
Practice• Online practice at
blue.msscience.com
Get Ready to ReadStrategies• Make
Predictions . . . . 636A• Identify Cause
and Effect . . . . . . 666A• Make
Connections . . . . 694A
AF
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Student Resources—722
Science Skill Handbook—724Scientific Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .724
Safety Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .733
Safety in the Science Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . .734
Extra Try at Home Labs—736
Technology Skill Handbook—748Computer Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .748
Presentation Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .751
Math Skill Handbook—752Math Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .752
Science Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762
Reference Handbooks—767Topographic Map Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .767
Physical Science Reference Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . .768
Periodic Table of the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .770
English/Spanish Glossary—772
Index—793
Credits—812
Matt Meadows
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Cross-Curricular Readings
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Unit Openers
Unit 1 How are Electricity and DNA Connected?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Unit 2 How are Beverages and Wildlife Connected?. . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Unit 3 How are Volcanoes and Fish Connected?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Unit 4 How are Thunderstorms and Neutron
Stars Connected?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302Unit 5 How are Charcoal and Celebrations Connected? . . . . . . . . 400Unit 6 How are City Streets and Zebra Mussels Connected?. . . . . 518Unit 7 How are Radar and Popcorn Connected? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
VISUALIZING
1 Descriptive and Experimental Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Natural Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 Human Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694 Population Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045 The Carbon Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1346 Secondary Succession. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1527 Plate Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1938 Tsunamis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2169 Unconformities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
10 Unusual Life Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 11 The Moon’s Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31812 The Solar System’s Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33913 The Big Bang Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39014 Tracer Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42215 Synthetic Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45116 Crystal Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47817 Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49318 The Conservation of Momentum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53719 Newton’s Laws in Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56520 Levers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59521 The Four-Stroke Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62122 Nerve Impulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63823 Voltmeters and Ammeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67524 Common Vision Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
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2 How did life begin?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 Creating Wetlands to Purify Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
19 Air Bag Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 20 Bionic People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60021 The Heat Is On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62622 Fire in the Forest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
4 The Census Measures a Human Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1148 Quake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
11 The Mayan Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32814 Pioneers in Radioactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42617 Synthetic Diamonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
9 The World’s Oldest Fish Story. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26412 It Came From Outer Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 18 What Goes Around Comes Around . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54224 Jansky’s Merry-Go-Round. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
1 The Everglades: River of Grass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Listening In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
15 “Anansi Tries to Steal All the Wisdom in the World” . . . . . . . . 45616 “Baring the Atom’s Mother Heart” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48423 “Aagjuuk and Sivulliit”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
3 Astonishing Human Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845 Extreme Climates.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
10 Extinct! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29613 Stars and Galaxies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Accidentsin SCIENCE
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1 Measure Using Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 How are people different? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Model Blood Flow in Arteries and Veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 How do lawn organisms survive? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5 Earth Has Many Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1216 What environment do houseplants need? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1497 Reassemble an Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1818 Construct with Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2099 Clues to Life’s Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
10 Survival Through Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27111 Model Rotation and Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30512 Model Crater Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33513 Why do clusters of galaxies move apart? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36914 Model the Unseen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40315 Make a Model of a Periodic Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43316 Model the Energy of Electrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46317 Identify a Chemical Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49118 Motion After a Collision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52119 Forces and Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54920 Compare Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57921 Measuring Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60722 Observing Electric Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63523 Magnetic Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66524 Wave Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
1 Inferring from Pictures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Observing Fruit Fly Phenotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Observing a Chemical Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 Comparing Biotic Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035 Comparing Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1336 Modeling Freshwater Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1647 Modeling Convection Currents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1958 Observing Deformation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2119 Modeling Carbon-14 Dating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
10 Dating Rock Layers with Fossils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28211 Making Your Own Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
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12 Inferring Effects of Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34513 Measuring Distance in Space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38814 Graphing Half-Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41815 Designing a Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43516 Drawing Electron Dot Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47017 Observing the Law of Conservation of Mass. . . . . . . . . . . 49618 Modeling Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53119 Measuring Force Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56720 Observing Pulleys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59621 Observing Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61522 Identifying Simple Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65023 Observing Magnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67024 Separating Wavelengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
1 Comparing Paper Towels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Observing Gravity and Stem Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Observing the Gases That You Exhale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744 Observing Seedling Competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995 Determining Soil Makeup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1246 Modeling Rain Forest Leaves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1587 Interpreting Fossil Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1848 Modeling an Eruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2209 Predicting Fossil Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
10 Calculating the Age of the Atlantic Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29211 Comparing the Sun and the Moon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31312 Modeling Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35013 Observing Star Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37114 Modeling the Nuclear Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41116 Constructing a Model of Methane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47517 Identifying Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50618 Measuring Average Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52519 Observing Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55420 Work and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58321 Comparing Rates of Melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61422 Investigating the Electric Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64423 Assembling an Electromagnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67424 Refraction of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
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1 Battle of the Beverage Mixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2 Jelly Bean Hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3 Observing Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4 Feeding Habits of Planaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5 Humus Farm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6 Studying a Land Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
7 Seafloor Spreading Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
8 Disruptive Eruptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
9 Relative Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
10 Changing Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
11 Moon Phases and Eclipses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
12 Planetary Orbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
13 Sunspots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
14 Making a Model of the Invisible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
15 Metals and Nonmetals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
16 Ionic Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
17 Physical or Chemical Change?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
18 Collisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
19 Balloon Races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
20 Building the Pyramids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
21 Heating Up and Cooling Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
22 Current in a Parallel Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
23 Make a Compass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
24 Sound Waves in Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
2 Toothpick Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54–55
5 Where does the mass of a plant come from?. . . . . . . 140–141
8 Seismic Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232–233
11 Tilt and Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326–327
22 A Model for Voltage and Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656–657
23 How does an electric motor work?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684–685
24 Bending Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714–715
Two-Page Labs
One-Page Labs
available as a video lab on DVD
Otto Hahn/Peter Arnold, Inc.
xxvii
Content Details
3 Does exercise affect respiration? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82–834 Population Growth in Fruit Flies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112–113
13 Measuring Parallax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392–39314 Half-Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424–42517 Exothermic or Endothermic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510–51118 Car Safety Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540–54119 Modeling Motion in Two Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570–57120 Pulley Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598–59921 Comparing Thermal Insulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624–625
9 Trace Fossils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262–26312 Solar System Distance Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360–36116 Atomic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482–483
1 When is the Internet the busiest? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28–296 Exploring Wetlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170–1717 Predicting Tectonic Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200–201
10 Discovering the Past. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294–29515 Health Risks from Heavy Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454–455
Use the Internet Labs
Model and Invent Labs
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Bob Daemmrich
xxviii
Cont
ent D
etai
ls
Activities
2 Percent of Offspring with Certain Traits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3 Lung Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5 Temperature Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
8 P-wave Travel Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
10 Calculating Extinction by Using Percentages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
12 Diameter of Mars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
14 Find Half-Lives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
17 Conserving Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
18 Speed of a Swimmer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
18 Acceleration of a Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
18 Momentum of a Bicycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
19 Acceleration of a Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
20 Calculating Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
20 Calculating Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
20 Calculating Mechanical Advantage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
20 Calculating Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
21 Converting to Celcius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
22 Voltage from a Wall Outlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
22 Electric Power Used by a Lightbulb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
24 Speed of Sound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
1 Problem-Solving Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4 Do you have too many crickets? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7 How well do the continents fit together? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
9 When did the Iceman die? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
11 What will you use to survive on the Moon? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
13 Are distance and brightness related? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
15 What does periodic mean in the periodic table? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
16 How does the periodic table help you identify properties of elements? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
23 Finding the Magnetic Declination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Applying Science
Applying Math
1
Content Details
Activities
Career: 50, 127, 165, 197, 317, 444, 467, 622Chemistry: 39, 107, 187, 221, 228, 281, 383, 456, 645Earth Science: 67, 128, 137, 160, 202, 420, 696 Environment: 15, 49, 168, 420Health: 21, 452, 505, 682, 703History: 75, 109, 384, 412, 507, 557, 589, 646, 681Language Arts: 229, 352Life Science: 30, 248, 274, 307, 423, 445, 473, 495, 551, 564, 589, 593,
616, 617 Physics: 187, 198, 257, 308, 317, 338, 340, 382, 450, 484Social Studies: 7, 245, 534
8, 25, 42, 52, 66, 80, 96, 102, 127, 135, 151, 167, 183, 192, 216, 221, 251,254, 284, 289, 309, 311, 315, 323, 337, 346, 377, 382, 416, 421, 438, 452,466, 477, 497, 503, 526, 536, 553, 564, 584, 587, 620, 640, 653, 671, 679,708
34–35, 60–61, 88–89, 118–119, 146–147, 176–177, 206–207, 238–239,268–269, 300–301, 332–333, 366–367, 398–399, 430–431, 460–461,488–489, 516–517, 546–547, 576–577, 604–605, 630–631, 662–663,690–691, 720–721
Standardized Test Practice
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