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© New Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2014. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior permission of the New Zealand Qualifications Authority.

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Level 3 Earth and Space Science, 201491414 Demonstrate understanding of processes

in the atmosphere system

2.00 pm Tuesday 2 December 2014 Credits: Four

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with ExcellenceDemonstrate understanding of processes in the atmosphere system.

Demonstrate in-depth understanding of processes in the atmosphere system.

Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of processes in the atmosphere system.

Check that the National Student Number (NSN) on your admission slip is the same as the number at the top of this page.

You should attempt ALL the questions in this booklet.

If you need more space for any answer, use the page(s) provided at the back of this booklet and clearly number the question.

Check that this booklet has pages 2 –12 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank.

YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO THE SUPERVISOR AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION.

QUESTION ONE: CONVECTION CELLS

The Polar Cells are convection cells that are located in the polar regions.

The Hadley Cells are convection cells that are located near the Equator.

Compare the processes that form the Polar and Hadley Cells.

Your answer should include:

• adescriptionofaconvectioncell

• anexplanationofthefeaturesofthePolarCellsANDtheHadleyCells

• anexplanationoftheroleofsolarradiationinthePolarCellsandtheHadleyCells

• adiscussionofthereasonsforthedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenthePolarandtheHadley Cells.

Fullyannotatethediagrambelowtosupportyouranswer.

Source(adapted):http://sweetclipart.com/multisite/sweetclipart/files/shiny_glossy_earth_logo.png

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QUESTION TWO: THE WATER CYCLE

Source(adapted):http://education.jlab.org/reading/img/water_cycle_01.gif

(a) Averysimplediagramofthewatercycleisshownabove. Usethistohelpyouconstructacomplexfullylabelleddiagramshowinghowwaterchanges

state in each of the processes involved, and where energy is lost or gained.

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(b) Discussthecyclingofwaterintheatmosphereandtheimpactsonweather/climateattheEquator and the Poles.

Your answer should include:

• thechangesofstateofwaterthatoccurintheatmosphericwatercycleduringevaporation, condensation, and precipitation

• anexplanationoftheenergychangesandthesubsequentimpactonairtemperaturesthatoccur during evaporation, condensation, and precipitation

• acomparisonofthewatercycleattheEquatorandatthePoles,andtheeffectontheclimate.

There is more space for your answer to this question on the following page.

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This page has been deliberately left blank.

The examination continues on the following page.

QUESTION THREE: VOLCANIC AEROSOLS

AerosolsfromvolcaniceruptionscanreachdifferentlayersoftheEarth’satmosphere.Theseaerosolsintheatmospherecanaffectregionaland/orglobalclimates.

Aerosolsfromlargeexplosiveeruptions,suchasTaupoin181AD,areabletoreachthestratosphere.Aerosolsfrommuchsmallereruptions,suchasMtRuapehuin1995,willreachonlythetroposphere.

Taupo 181AD

Ruapehu 1995–96

DiagramshowingthedifferenteruptionsizesforTaupoandRuapehu.Source(adapted):www.standeyo.com/NEWS/06_Earth_Changes/06_Earth_Change_pics/061001.Taupo.eruption_sizes.jpg

Compare and contrast the transport and effect on climate of volcanic aerosols from the two different eruptionslabelledabove.

Your answer should include:

• identificationofthetroposphereandstratosphereonthediagramopposite

• adescriptionofthecompositionofvolcanicaerosols

• anexplanationofhowaerosolsfromvolcaniceruptionsaretransportedbetweenandwithinthetroposphere and stratosphere.

• adiscussionofhowvolcanicaerosolsinthetroposphereandstratospherecouldaffectregionalANDglobalclimate.

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9–12 km

50 km

Mt Everest

9 km8 km

UV / visible sunlight

infrared radiation

infrared radiation

Layers of the Atmosphere

Source(adapted):www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/science/regions.jpeg

There is more space for your answer to this question on the following page.

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QUESTION NUMBER

Extra paper if required.Write the question number(s) if applicable.

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QUESTION NUMBER

Extra paper if required.Write the question number(s) if applicable.