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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS INDIA PART 3: EARTHQUAKES . Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA . INDIA. NATURAL AND TECH. HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN INDIA. FLOODS. GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES. SEVERE WINDSTORMS. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
INDIAPART 3: EARTHQUAKES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
INDIA
NATURAL AND TECH. HAZARDS THAT HAVE NATURAL AND TECH. HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN INDIACAUSED DISASTERS IN INDIA
FLOODS
SEVERE WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES
POWER BLACKOUTS
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
Natural Phenomena That Cause Disasters
Planet Earth’s heat flow causes movement of lithospheric plates, which causes faulting, which causes EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKEHAZARD MODEL
SEISMICITY TECTONICSETTING &
FAULTS
CAUSE OF SEISMICITY
• The interaction of the Indo-Australia and Eurasia plates is the main causative factor for the seismicity of India.
PLATE TECTONICS
INDIA’S SEISMICITY
INDIA:GROUND SHAKING HAZARD
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
EARTHQUAKE
TSUNAMI
GROUNDSHAKING
FAULT RUPTURE
FOUNDATION FAILURE
SITE AMPLIFICATION
LIQUEFACTION
LANDSLIDES
AFTERSHOCKS
SEICHE
DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS(the potential disaster
agents)SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE,
GROUND SHAKING, GROUND FAILURE (LIQUEFACTION,
LANDSLIDES), AFTERSHOCKS
EXPOSUREMODEL
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE
IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF
STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS
VULNERABILITYMODEL
QUALITY OF DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION
ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE
RESISTING SYSTEM
VULNERABILITY IS THE ULTIMATE CAUSE OF RISK
UNREINFO
RCED MASONRY, B
RICK O
R STO
NE
REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH UNREINFORCED W
ALLS
INTENSITYINTENSITY
REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS
STEEL FRAME
ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME
VV VIVI VIIVII VIIIVIII IXIX
3535
3030
2525
2020
1515
1010
55
00
MEA
N D
AMAG
E RA
TIO
,
%
MEA
N D
AMAG
E RA
TIO
,
%
OF
REPL
ACEM
ENT
VALU
EO
F RE
PLAC
EMEN
T VA
LUE
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND
SHAKING
An element’s vulnerability (fragility) is the result of a
community’s actions or policies that change its resistance to
ground shaking
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT WITH INDIA’S COMMUNITIES
THE GUJARAT, INDIA EARTHQUAKE DISASTER
JANUARY 26, 2001
GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE
GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE
AN INTRAPLATE EARTHQUAKE 400 KM FROM PLATE BOUNDARY-- “A SURPRISE”
GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE
• MAGNITUDE 7.7• JUST BEFORE
0900 ON A HOLIDAY (51st Republic Day)
• 20,000 DEAD• 167,000 INJURED• 400,000 HOMES
DESTROYED• 600,000
HOMELESS
STRICKEN URBAN CENTERS
• BHUJ, (150,000), 20 km from epicenter
• Devastated
• AHMEDABAD (5.6 MILLION)
• 50 multi-story buildings collapsed
ESTIMATED LOSS: $5.5 BILLION
Over 1 million structures damaged or destroyed.
GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE
GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE
GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE
SEARCH AND RESCUE
GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE
GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE
GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE
HOMELESS: GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE
HOMELESS: GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE
GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE
INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE PROVIDED FROM ALL OVER
THE WORLD
The impacted area was re-equipped with all the basic
facilities along with state-of-the-art upgrades; Bhuj, for
examples, now has a better hospital, town and first-aid
center
A DISASTER is --- --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, floods,…) intersect at a point in space and time.
Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause
extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure can be LOST for long periods.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely and effective manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.
THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE DISASTER IS
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
POLICY POLICY ADOPTIONADOPTION
RISK ASSESSMENT
• VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY
• EXPOSUREEXPOSURE
• EVENTEVENT
POLICY ASSESSMENT
• COSTCOST
• BENEFITBENEFIT
•CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES
MOVING TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE MOVING TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE
EARTH-EARTH-QUAKESQUAKES EXPECTED EXPECTED
LOSSLOSS
INDIA’S INDIA’S
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIESDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
•QUAKE HAZARDS•PEOPLE & BLDGS. •VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
EARTHQUAKE RISK EARTHQUAKE RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
GOAL: EARTHQUAKE GOAL: EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE
• PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•EARLY WARNING•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (I.E., WORKING TOGETHER ON A
COMMON GOAL) FOR BECOMING
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENT
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR
ALL OF THE LIKELY AND UNLIKELY HAZARDS AND RISKS IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES PROTECTION OF
BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE AGAINST COLLAPSE AND LOSS OF FUNCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES TECHNOLOGIES THAT FACILITATE PREPARATION OF DISASTER SCENARIOS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTHQUAKES TIMELY
EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE