LESSON 1:WHOWERE THE CELTS?

DEVELOPING IN THE ALPS OF CENTRAL EUROPE, THECELTS SPREAD THEIR CULTURE ACROSS MODERN-DAYGERMANY AND FRANCE AND AS FAR AS TURKEY.

THEY ARRIVED IN BRITAIN AND IRELAND AROUND500BC AND WITHIN A FEW HUNDRED YEARS,IRELAND'S BRONZE AGE CULTURE HAD ALL BUTDISAPPEARED, AND CELTIC CULTURE WAS IN PLACEACROSS THE ENTIRE ISLAND.

WWHHOO WWEERREE TTHHEE CCEELLTTSS??

THE EARLY CELTS WERE ONE OF THE GREATEST ANCIENT PEOPLES OF EUROPE.

THE CELTS LIVED IN INDIVIDUAL TRIBES AND SHARED A COMMON CULTURE AND LANGUAGE.

THEY WERE A PROUD AND HONOURABLE PEOPLEAND WERE WELL KNOWN FOR BEING FIERCEWARRIORS.

THE EARLY CELTS ARESOMETIMES CALLEDIRON AGE CELTS.

THE IRON AGE LASTEDFROM AROUND 700 BC TO AD 43. THIS TIME PERIOD IS CALLED THEIRON AGE BECAUSE THATWAS WHEN PEOPLESTARTED MAKING ITEMSFROM IRON, SUCH ASPLOUGHS FOR FARMING, HELMETS, SHIELDS AND COINS.

GREEK MERCHANTS FIRSTCAME ACROSS THE CELTS IN THE SIXTH CENTURY BC,AND CALLED THEM 'KELTOI'.

THE WORD 'KELTOI' PROBABLY CAME FROM THECELTIC WORD 'CEILT' MEANING SECRET, HIDDEN, COVERED.

THE WORD FOR THE SCOTTISHNATIONAL COSTUME - THEKILT - IS BASED ON THE SAME WORD.

THE CELTS GREATLY VALUED MUSIC, POETRYAND ORAL STORYTELLING OF ANCIENTHEROIC TALES.

ONE OF THE MOST LEGENDARY IRISH HEROES WAS CÚ CHULAINN, THE HOUND OF ULSTER, WHO WAS DESTINED TO BE THEGREATEST WARRIOR IN ALL OF IRELAND.

THEIR CULTURE LIVES ON IN LANGUAGE, MUSIC, SONG, ART, STORY AND DANCE.

THERE ARE AT LEAST 3.5 MILLION PEOPLE THAT STILL SPEAK A CELTIC LANGUAGEAS THEIR NATIVE TONGUE.

TODAY, THE CELTIC LANGUAGES ARE:

IRISH GAELIC; SCOTTISH GAELIC; WELSH (SPOKEN IN WALES); BRETON (SPOKEN IN BRITTANY, ON THE NORTH-WESTERN COAST OF FRANCE); MANX (ON THE ISLE OF MAN); AND CORNISH (IN CORNWALL, ON THE SOUTHWESTERN TIP OF ENGLAND).

CELTIC GAELIC IS ALSO SPOKEN IN NORTH AMERICA ON CAPE BRETON ISLAND,JUST NORTH OF NOVA SCOTIA ON THE EASTERN COAST OF CANADA.

THE CELTS ARE ALSO WELLKNOWN FOR THEIR LATÉNE ART. DATING FROMAROUND 500 B.C., THE LATÈNE PERIOD WAS DISTINGUISHED BYBEAUTIFUL, INTRICATE DESIGNS AND KNOT PATTERNS.

CELTIC DRESS

THE THREE MOST COMMON PIECES OF CLOTHINGWORN BY THE CELTS WERE:

KNEE-LENGTH TUNICS DYEDAND EMBROIDERED IN BRIGHTCOLOURS AND WORN WITH AGOLD OR SILVER-PLATED BELT

TROUSERS, CALLED 'BRACAE'

STRIPED WOOLLEN CLOAKSFASTENED BY A BROOCH.

BOTH SEXES WORETHEIR HAIR LONG.

THE TORC WAS AN IMPORTANT ORNAMENTWORN BY THE CELTS. ITWAS A NECK RING MADEOF A ROD OF METAL(SOMETIMES TWISTED)IN BRONZE OR GOLDDEPENDING ON THEWEALTH OF THE WEARER.

THE TWO ENDS OF THETORC ALMOST MET.

CELTIC JEWELLERYBOTH MEN AND WOMEN WOREJEWELLERY. IT SHOWED THEIRWEALTH.

THEBROIGHTER HOARDGOLD TORC, (50 BC)FOUND AT BROIGHTER,COUNTY DERRY,IRELAND

HAIR PINS

THIS IS A CLOAKFASTENER

PRETTY THINGS LIKETHIS PENANNULARBROOCH WEREPRACTICAL FORTYING THEIR CLOAK.

BOG BODIES

OLD CROGHAN MAN IS A TYPICAL IRON AGE BOG BODY.HE DIED A TERRIBLE DEATH, SUFFERING REPEATEDWOUNDS BEFORE HIS BODY WAS CUT INTO PIECES BEFORE BEING BURIED.

OLD CROGHAN MAN WAS IN HIS TWENTIES WHEN HEDIED. HIS TORSO, THE ONLY PART OF HIM RECOVERED,REVEALS THAT HE WAS EXCEPTIONALLY TALL FOR HISTIME, STANDING ROUGHLY 6 FEET AND 6 INCHES.

HIS FINGERNAILS WERE EXTREMELY WELL MANICUREDWHICH INDICATED HE HADN'T DONE A DAY'S WORK IN HIS LIFE.

HE HAD A DIET RICH IN MEAT, BUT HIS STOMACH HADBUTTERMILK AND CORN IN IT WHEN HE WAS FOUND,WHICH IS WHAT WAS OFTEN GIVEN TO PEOPLE AS A

LAST MEAL BEFORE BEING SACRIFICED TO THE GODS.

ARCHAEOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF ARTEFACTSAND SOIL IN ORDER TO LEARN ABOUTHUMAN CULTURES OF THE PAST. ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDS ARE OFTEN MADEBY ACCIDENT, FOR EXAMPLE WHEN FARMERS ARE CUTTING TURF.

A LACK OF OXYGEN AND ACID IN THE BOGKEEPS CERTAIN MATERIALS FROM DECAYING, SUCH AS LEATHER, WOOD, BONEAND TEXTILES WHICH EXPLAINS WHY THEYSURVIVE IN EXCELLENT CONDITION.

THE ABUNDANCE OF MATERIALS RECOVEREDFROM IRISH BOGS MAKES IT POSSIBLE TOLOOK INTO THE LIVES OF THE PEOPLE WHOLIVED IN OR NEAR WETLANDS AND TOBUILD A STORY OF THEIR SETTLEMENTSAND WAY OF LIFE.

ONE OF THE MOST EXTRAORDINARY FINDSMADE IN BOGS ARE 'BOG BODIES'.

OLD CROGHAN MAN AND CLONYCAVAN MAN ARE TWO IRON AGE BOGBODIES DISCOVERED IN IRELAND. THECELTS USUALLY DID NOT BURY THEIR BODIES, THEY WERE USUALLY CREMATED.THIS TELLS US THAT THESE BOG BODIESPROBABLY DIED AN UNUSUAL DEATH.

OLDCROGHAN MAN350-175 BC

FOUND IN COUNTY OFFALY, IRELAND

IN 2003

CLONYCAVAN MAN WAS FOUND IN A PEAT HARVESTINGMACHINE, WHICH COULD EXPLAIN WHY THE BOTTOM HALFOF HIS BODY IS CUT OFF.

HE HAS A MOHICAN HAIRSTYLE WHICH WAS KEPT IN PLACEWITH GEL WHICH WOULD HAVE BEEN IMPORTED FROMFRANCE OR SPAIN.

HIS DIET BEFORE HIS DEATH WAS RICH IN VEGETABLES.

CLONYCAVANMAN

392 -201 BCFOUND IN CLONYCAVAN,COUNTY MEATH, IRELAND

IN 2003

DIRT DETECTIVEIMAGINE YOU ARE AN ARCHAEOLOGIST. WHAT CLUES CAN THE BOGBODIES GIVE US ABOUT LIFE DURING THE IRON AGE?

STUDY THE INFORMATION ABOUT OLD CROGHAN MAN AND CLONYCAVAN MANTHEN ANSWER THE QUESTIONS. MAKE SURE YOU EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWERS BASED UPON THE EVIDENCE FOUND.

OLD CROGHAN MAN

DO YOUTHINK I WAS APOOR PEASANT OR

RICH WITH SERVANTS?

WHAT WASUNUSUAL ABOUTMY DEATH? WHY DOYOU THINK ITHAPPENED?

CLONYCAVAN MAN

DO YOUTHINK I DIEDDURING THE WINTER OR SUMMER?

WAS I RICH OR POOR?

BOG MAN RECONSTRUCTION

ACTIVITYDRAW AN ILLUSTRATION OF WHAT CLONYCAVANMAN OR OLD CROGHAN MAN MIGHT HAVELOOKED LIKE WHEN THEY WERE ALIVE.

ARCHAEOLOGISTS CANGUESS WHAT A PERSON LOOKED LIKEBASED ON WHAT EVIDENCE THEY HAVE

FOUND IN THE DUG UP REMAINS AND THEIRKNOWLEDGE OF THE CULTURE OF THATTIME PERIOD, FOR EXAMPLE HOW

PEOPLE DRESSED.

BOG MAN NAME:

HIS BUILD (TALL, SHORT, HEAVY, THIN, MUSCLES, LEAN):

HAIR STYLE AND COLOUR (LONG, SHORT, PLAITS, PONY TAIL, MOHICAN, SHAVED):

CLOTHING:

JEWELLERY/WEAPONS ETC. (HEADBAND, CROWN, TORC, BROOCH, BRACELETS OR CUFFS, SWORD,SHIELD, SPEAR):

WRITE YOUR NOTES BELOW

LESSON 2:SETANTA -

A CHILD OF THE GODS

CELTIC RELIGION

THE ANCIENT CELTS DID NOT WORSHIP THEIR GODS. THEY DID NOT GO TO CHURCH.INSTEAD, THEY LEFT LITTLE OFFERINGS ALL OVER THE PLACE. SOME GIFTS ORMESSAGES WERE TIED TO TREES, OR TOSSED DOWN WELLS OR SPRINGS, A PRACTICE THAT STILL CONTINUES TO THIS DAY.

THE IRON AGE CELTS HAD OVER 400 GODS AND GODDESSES.

THEY BELIEVED THAT EVERY TREE, EVERY BUSH, EVERYFLOWER, EVERY RIVER, ALMOST EVERYTHING HAD ALITTLE GOD LIVING IN IT.

SOME OF THEIR GODS AND GODDESSES WERE EXTREMELY POWERFUL. BUT MOST WERE LITTLE GODSOR GODDESSES.

GODS AND GODDESSESSOME OF THE MORE FAMOUS CELTIC GODS AND GODDESSESARE: DAGDA, DANU, BRIGID, LIRAND MANANNAN, LUGH, AND THEMORRIGAN.

MANY CELTIC DEITIES WERE WORSHIPPED IN TRIUNE (TRIPLE ASPECT)FORM. THESE ASPECTS REPRESENT THREEDIFFERENT THINGS. FOR EXAMPLE BRIGIDWAS THE GODDESS OF POETRY, HEALING ANDSMITHCRAFT. THE MORRIGAN CAN TAKE THE SHAPEOF A RAVEN, A HAG OR A YOUNG MAIDEN.

THIS WAS ADOPTED BY CHRISTIANITY IN THETEACHINGS OF THE HOLY TRINITY, THE FATHER, THE SON AND THE HOLY SPIRIT. SAINT PATRICKUSED A PIECE OF SHAMROCK TO EXPLAIN THIS TOEARLY CHRISTIAN CONVERTS.

THE CELTS COUNTED ON THEIR PRIESTS, THEDRUIDS, TO KEEP THEM SAFE FROM TROUBLE.

THE DRUIDS WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL RELIGIOUS RITUALS, BECAUSE THE ONLY PERSONWHO COULD TALK TO A GOD WAS A DRUID.

THECELTS BELIEVED

THAT THE HUMAN SOULHAD AN AFTERLIFE, SO WHENTHEY DIED THEY WERE BURIED

WITH USEFUL OBJECTS LIKE A HELMET,SWORD AND SHIELD.

DAGDADAGDA WAS THE FATHER GOD OF THE CELTS. THEY CALLED HIM THE 'GOOD GOD' BECAUSE HE PROTECTED THEIR CROPS.

HE HAD A CAULDRON CALLED THE UNDRY WHICHSUPPLIED UNLIMITED FOOD AND A LIVING OAKHARP CALLED UAITHNE WHICH CAUSED THE SEASONS TO CHANGE IN THEIR ORDER.

CELTIC GODS AND GODDESSES

DANUDANU IS CONSIDERED THE FIRST GREAT MOTHEROF IRELAND, THE GODDESS WHO BIRTHED ALLTHINGS INTO BEING.

SHE IS AN EARTH GODDESS, ASSOCIATED WITHFERTILITY, GROWTH, PLENTY, ABUNDANCE, AGRICULTURE, CULTIVATION AND WITH NURTURINGOF THE LAND.

BRIGIDBRIGID WAS THE GODDESS OF FERTILITY. SHE WAS THE MOTHER GODDESS WITH ONLY THE DAGDA ABOVE HER IN RANK.

SHE IS A TRIUNE GODDESS AND THAT IS WHYSHE HAS THREE ATTRIBUTES: POETESS, HEALERAND SMITH.

LUGHLUGH WAS THE GOD OF LIGHT OR THE HARVEST.A FESTIVAL WAS HELD IN HIS HONOUR IN AUGUST CALLED LUGHNASA. AUGUST WAS HIS SACRED MONTH. HE WAS BELIEVED TO BE THE DIVINE FATHER OF CÚ CHULAINN.

THE MORRIGANTHE MORRIGAN WAS THE GODDESS OF WAR, LIFE AND DEATH. SHE THEREFORE HAD A HABITOF APPEARING TO THE GREAT HEROES WHENTHEIR LIFE WAS IN DANGER.

CÚ CHULAINN HIMSELF ENCOUNTERED THE MORRIGAN IN A VARIETY OF FORMS. HER MOST WELL-RECOGNISED FORM WAS THAT OF A BLACK CROW.

LIRLIR WAS THE FATHER GOD OF THE SEA. HIS SONMANANNAN RULED THE WAVES AFTER HIM.

HE MARRIED AOBH AFTER HIS FIRST WIFE DIEDAND SHE GAVE BIRTH TO THE FAMED CHILDRENWHO WERE TURNED INTO SWANS BY THEIR JEALOUS AUNT AND STEP-MOTHER AOIFE.

TRIUNE... MEANS THREE IN ONE, LIKE THEMORRIGAN BEING HAG, MAIDEN AND CROW.

HUMAN HEAD HUNTERS

"In exactly the same way as hunters do withtheir skulls of the animals they have slain,they preserved the heads of their most high-ranking victims in cedar oil, keeping themcarefully in wooden boxes."

WRITTEN BY DIODORUS, A ROMAN HISTORIAN.

THE CELTS MADE MANY SCULPTURESOF HUMAN HEADS IN STONE ORWOOD.

THEY BELIEVED THAT THE HUMANSOUL LIVED INSIDE THE HEAD. THEY BELIEVED THAT CAPTURING SOMEONE'S SOUL GAVE YOU REALLYPOWERFUL MAGIC, WHICH IS WHYTHEY COLLECTED THE HEADS OFTHEIR ENEMIES KILLED IN BATTLES.

ROMAN HISTORIANS SAY THE CELTS CUT OFFTHE HEADS OF THEIR ANCESTORS, AND EVENTHEIR ENEMIES, ANDWORSHIPPED THE SKULLS.THEY NAILED THE HEADSOVER THE DOORS OFTHEIR HUTS.

CELEBRATINGTHE SEASONS

SAMHAINTHE CELTS CELEBRATED THECHANGE OF THE SEASONS WITH GREAT FESTIVALS THAT SURVIVE TO THIS DAY IN DIFFERENT FORMS.

THE CELTIC YEAR BEGAN WITHSAMHAIN, CELEBRATED AROUND31ST OCTOBER.

IT WAS A TIME WHEN THE VEILBETWEEN THIS WORLD AND THEOTHERWORLD WAS THOUGHT TO BESO THIN THAT THE DEAD COULD RETURN TO WARM THEMSELVES AT THEHEARTHS OF THE LIVING, AND SOME OFTHE LIVING - ESPECIALLY POETS - WERE ABLE TO ENTER THEOTHERWORLD THROUGH THE DOORWAYS OF THE SIDHE, SUCHAS THAT AT THE HILL OF TARA IN IRELAND.

OUR MODERN HALLOWEEN STEMS FROM SAMHAIN, AND ONE EXPLANATION OF THE TRADITIONAL PUMPKIN LANTERNSIS THAT THE CELTS ONCE PLACED THE SKULLS OF ANCESTORSOUTSIDE THEIR DOORS AT THIS TIME. THE CHRISTIANS TOOKOVER THE CELTIC FESTIVAL AND TURNED IT INTO ALLSAINTS DAY. EVEN THE MODERN ENGLISH CELEBRATION OF GUY FAWKES DAY HAS ECHOES OF THE ANCIENT FIREFESTIVAL.

IMBOLCCOMING AT LAMBING TIME, AROUND31ST JANUARY, IMBOLC (OR OIMELC)CELEBRATED THE BEGINNING OF THEEND OF WINTER.

NEW LAMBS WERE BORN, AND A DISHMADE FROM THEIR DOCKED TAILS WASEATEN.

WOMEN MET TO CELEBRATE THE RETURN OF THE MAIDEN ASPECT OFTHE GODDESS. THIS SURVIVED INTOCHRISTIAN TIMES AS THE FEAST OFBRIGID: THE SAINT WAS A CHRISTIANIZED VERSION OF THEPAGAN GODDESS WHO WAS THEDAUGHTER OF THE DAGDA.

BELTAINBELTAIN, CELEBRATED AROUND 1ST

MAY, WAS ANOTHER FIREFESTIVAL, BUT WHEREASSAMHAIN WAS ASSOCIATED WITH GOINGTO GROUND AND WITHDRAWING, BELTAINBURST FORTH WITH ANABUNDANT FERTILITY.

CATTLE WERE LET OUT OFWINTER QUARTERS ANDDRIVEN BETWEEN TWOFIRES IN A RITUALCLEANSING CEREMONYTHAT MAY HAVE HAD PRACTICAL PURPOSESTOO.

IT WAS A TIME FOR FEASTS ANDFAIRS. AS NOTED ABOVE, FOR THE FIANNA, BELTAIN HERALDED THESTART OF THE ‘FIGHTING SEASON’.

LUGHNASALUGHNASA WAS A SUMMER FESTIVAL LASTINGFOR AS LONG AS TWO WEEKS EITHER SIDE OF THEDAY ITSELF, WHICH FELL AROUND 31ST JULY.

IT WAS SAID TO HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED TO IRELAND BY THE GOD LUGH, AND SO WAS SACREDTO THIS GOD. THE ROMANS IDENTIFIED LUGHWITH THEIR GOD MERCURY. AT ANY RATE, BOTHARE GODS ASSOCIATED WITH SKILLS, AND THISFESTIVAL WAS CELEBRATED WITH COMPETITIONSOF SKILL, INCLUDING HORSE-RACING.

THERE WAS HORSE-TRADING, TOO; PERHAPS THIS IS WHY THE FESTIVAL WAS ALSO LINKED TO THE FERTILITY GODDESS MACHA, WHO DIES IN CHILDBIRTH AFTER BEING FORCED TO RACEAGAINST THE KING’S HORSES. IN IRELAND THEFESTIVAL WAS ASSOCIATED WITH EMAIN MACHA, IN ULSTER, BUT WAS HELD IN VARIOUS LOCATIONS, INCLUDING THE ROYAL FORT OFTARA.

CELTIC SEASONALGREETING CARDS

YOUR TASK IS TO DESIGN A SEASONAL GREETING CARDAROUND ONE OF THE FOLLOWING CELTIC FESTIVALS:SAMHAIN, IMBOLC, BELTAIN, OR LUGHNASA.

THE CARD CAN BE DRAWN OR CREATED ON THE COMPUTERUSING A PAINT PACKAGE, MICROSOFT WORD OR COMIC LIFESOFTWARE.

IF YOU ARE USING THE COMPUTER, YOU CAN DOWNLOADPICTURES FROM THE INTERNET TO USE ON YOUR CARD, ORDRAW YOUR OWN PICTURES USING A PAINT PACKAGE.

THE COMPLETED CARD DESIGN CAN BE PRINTED OUT ANDGLUED ONTO A FOLDED PIECE OF COLOURED CARDSTOCK.

HAPPYSAM HAIN

HAPPYSAM HAIN

WHICH SEASON HAVE YOU CHOSEN?

WHAT PICTURES WOULD REPRESENT THIS SEASON?

WHAT TEXT WILL GO ON THE CARD?

PLANNING THE PROJECT...USE CELTIC LETTERING ANDKNOTWORK TO MAKE YOURCARD LOOK MORE AUTHENTIC.

DESIGNING GREETINGS CARDSWITH COMIC LIFE SOFTWARE

OPEN THE COMIC-MAKING SOFTWARE

GET STARTED...

HAPPYSAM HAIN

HAPPYSAM HAIN

YOU REALLY NEED TO CHANGE THE PAGE SIZE BEFORE STARTING YOURCOMIC. YOU NEED TO GO TO FILE AND SELECT PAGE FORMAT...THEN YOU CAN CHANGE THE PAGE FORMAT TO A5 (HALF THE SIZE OF AN A4 PIECE OF PAPER).

SELECT A PAGE TEMPLATE AND DRAG IT ONTO THE PAGE.

CHOOSE A PAGE TEMPLATE

SHOW PUPILS WHERE TO FIND THE SHARED FOLDER ON THE COMPUTER NETWORK WHERE THEIR DRAWINGS ARE STORED.

ADD PICTURES

ADD TEXT BY USING TEXT BOXES, LETTERING, OR SPEECH BUBBLES. FORMAT THETEXT BY CHANGING THE COLOUR, FONT, SIZE AND STYLE.

PRINT OUT THE COMPLETED CARD DESIGNS. CUT OUT THE DESIGN AND PASTE IT ONTO A FOLDED PIECE OF COLOUREDCARD STOCK TO FINISH THE PROJECT.

ADD TEXT

CHANGE THE BACKGROUND OF THE PAGE AND SQUARE PANELS BY SELECTING EITHERTHE PAGE BY CLICKING ON IT OR BY CLICKING ON A SQUARE PANEL FIRST, ANDTHEN OPENING THE 'DETAILS' PANEL AND CHOOSING A COLOUR OR PATTERN.

FORMAT THE BACKGROUND

SAVE THE WORK INTO AN APPROPRIATE FOLDER ON THE COMPUTER.

SAVE

PRINT & ASSEMBLE

LESSON 3:LIFE IN A ROUNDHOUSE

ROUNDHOUSES WERE BUILT AROUND A CENTRAL POLEWITH POLES RADIATING OUTWARDS FROM IT TO FORMTHE ROOF, WHICH RESTED ON VERTICAL POLES. THEYUSED MATERIALS FROM THE FOREST TO BUILD THEIRHOMES. THE WALLS WERE MADE OF WATTLE (WOVENWOOD) AND DAUB (STRAW AND MUD) AND THE ROOFSWERE THATCHED.

INSIDE A CELTIC ROUNDHOUSETHE CELTS LIVED IN ROUNDHOUSES WHICH WERE LOCATED IN THE CENTRE OF THEVILLAGE. MANY FAMILIES LIVED IN A SINGLE ROUNDHOUSE WHICH CONTAINEDONE LARGE ROOM. THE DOOR OF THE ROUNDHOUSE WAS DECORATED WITH SPECIALCARVINGS AND PLANTS TO KEEP EVIL SPIRITS FROM ENTERING.

A FIRE WAS ALWAYS BURNING IN THE CELTIC HOME TOWELCOME PEOPLE. THE FIRE HEATED THE HOME AND WASUSED FOR COOKING FOOD. A CLAY VASE WAS BUILT INTOTHE CENTRE OF THE FLOOR WHICH PREVENTED ACCIDENTSAND ASHES BEING SPREAD AROUND. THE FIRE BURNED ALLDAY AND NIGHT AS IT WAS CONSIDERED DISGRACEFUL TONOT HAVE A FIRE BURNING. THE CELTS OFTEN SATAROUND THE FIRE TOGETHER ON DARK NIGHTS LISTEN-ING TO STORIES.

OVER THE FIRE A CAULDRON WOULD HAVE BEEN SUSPENDED ON A TRIPOD WITH AN ADJUSTABLE CHAIN.CAULDRONS WERE USUALLY MADE OUT OF BRONZE, BUTRICHER CELTS WOULD HAVE IRON CAULDRONS. FOOD WASCOOKING MOST OF THE TIME AS IT WAS CUSTOM TOFEED GUESTS WHEN THEY ARRIVED.

THE CELTS WERE VERY GOOD AT WEAVING CLOTH, WHICH WAS DONE ON A WEAVING LOOM. THEIR DESIGNSWERE OFTEN BRIGHTLY COLOURED AND PATTERNED.

THE CELTS WERE TALENTED CRAFTSMEN WHO WOULD HAVE CARVED SKILLFUL DECORATIONS INTO THEIR FURNITURE. AROUND THE WALLS INSIDE THE HUTS WEREBENCHES, WHICH ALSO DOUBLED UP AS BEDS. THEIR MATTRESSES WERE FILLED WITH HAY AND FEATHERS ANDCOVERED WITH SHEEPSKINS. OTHER FURNITURE INCLUDEDSTOOLS, LOW TABLES AND CHESTS MADE OUT OF WOODAND LEATHER. SKINS SUCH AS SHEEP, COW AND DEERWERE MOST LIKELY USED TO COVER THE FLOOR.

THE CELTS BOILED THEIR MEAT IN THE CAULDRON ORROASTED IT OVER CHARCOAL, SOMETIMES ON SPITS. FOR WINTER USE, THEY PRESERVED MEAT AND FISH INSALT. SALMON BAKED WITH HONEY AND HERBS WAS AFAVOURITE DISH.

DIET AND COOKING FOODTHE CELTS LOVED FOOD AND THEY LOVED TO HAVE FEASTS. THEY ATE PORK, BEEF,GAME, FISH, CHEESE, CURDS, MILK, BUTTER, AND PORRIDGE. THEY GATHERED NUTSAND SEEDS AND GREW THEIR OWN VEGETABLES. IRISH CELTS ATE SEAWEED WHICHWAS SAFE TO EAT, SUCH AS CARRAGEEN.

FOOD WAS GATHERED INTO WILLOW BASKETS WHICHTHEY MADE BY WEAVING GREEN WILLOW INTO INTRICATE SHAPES BEFORE LEAVING TO DRY.

CLAY POTS WERE USED FOR STORING FOOD. SOME CONTAINED THE CREMATED REMAINS OF RELATIVES.

THE CELTS LIKED TO DRINK ALE AND WINE. MEAD WAS AHONEY WINE THEY DRANK WHICH WAS MADE FROM HONEYAND WATER AND FLAVOURED WITH WILD HERBS ANDFRUIT. THEY BREWED THEIR ALE FROM BARLEY, ALTHOUGHSOMETIMES FROM RYE OR OATS.

A QUERN WAS MADE OF TWO HEAVY ROUND STONES ANDWAS USED TO GRIND CORN OR WHEAT INTO FLOUR. THEFLOUR WAS THEN USED FOR MAKING BREAD IN THE OVEN.

CUPS AND BOWLS WERE MADE FROM OAK AND OTHERFINE WOODS. DRINKING HORNS WERE USED FOR DRINKING ALE AS THEY HELD LARGE AMOUNTS OF LIQUID. THE DRINKING HORNS WERE MADE OUT OFCATTLE HORNS AFTER THEY HAD BEEN SLAUGHTERED. THEY WOULD CLEAN THE HORNS AND POLISH THEM BEFORE DECORATING THEM WITH METAL MOUNTINGS. DRINKINGHORNS WERE OFTEN BURIED WITH THEIR OWNERS.

ROUNDHOUSES WERE IDEAL PLACES FOR DRYING HERBS AND PRESERVING FOOD. HERBS WEREUSED IN FLAVOURING FOOD AND MEDICINES. MEAT AND FISH WERE HUNG UP IN THE ROOFOF THE HOUSE WHERE IT WOULD PRESERVE AND GAIN FLAVOUR FROM THE WARMTH ANDSMOKE.

LESSON 4:THE HOUND OF ULSTER

POWER ANIMALS

THE BUTTERFLY REPRESENTS TRANSFORMATION, INSPIRATION AND REBIRTH.

THE BUTTERFLY CAN BE HELPFUL IN TIMES OF CHANGE.THEY WERE SEWN ONTO BIRTHING GOWNS AND BLANKETS TO WELCOME NEW BABIES INTO THE VILLAGE.

THE BULL REPRESENTS A STRONG WILL AND BEINGSTUBBORN, HENCE THE TERM 'BULL-HEADED'. THE BULLALSO SYMBOLISED RICHES AND WEALTH, AS IT WAS AGREAT FOOD SOURCE FOR THE CELTS.

BUTTERFLY

BULL

DOGS REPRESENT LOYALTY AND BEING A DEVOTEDFRIEND. IN THE VILLAGE A DOG ALSO REPRESENTEDGOOD LUCK. THEY WERE USED FOR HUNTING SO WEREMUCH NEEDED AND HIGHLY REGARDED ANIMALS.

DOG

THE DEER WAS THE OLDEST CREATURE IN EXISTENCE ACCORDING TO THE CELTS. IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH NATURE, HUNTING, WOODLAND AND ABUNDANCE. THEANTLERS WERE OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH TREES AND THESOWING AND HARVESTING OF GRAINS. WHITE STAGSOFTEN APPEAR IN CELTIC MYTHS WHEN A BIG CHANGE ISABOUT TO HAPPEN TO A CHARACTER.

RAVENS COULD BE A SIGN OF DEATH.RAVENS SOMETIMES FLEW OVER CELTICBATTLEFIELDS AS A GOD IN DISGUISE.

RAVEN

DEER

A BIRD NOTED FOR WISDOM AND LONG LIFE IN CELTIC CULTURES. IT REPRESENTS SWIFTNESS, STRENGTH, KEEN SIGHT, AND THE KNOWLEDGE OF MAGIC.

EAGLE

THE SALMON REPRESENTS KNOWLEDGE AND WISDOM.

CÚ CHULAINN MUST CROSS A SALMON LEAP BEFORE HECAN LEARN THE ART OF WAR FROM SCÁTHACH.TODAY CHILDREN ARE OFTEN TOLD TO EAT FISH TO INCREASE THEIR INTELLIGENCE.

SALMON

IN CELTIC MYTH GODS OFTEN TOOK THE FORM OF SWANS WHEN APPEARING IN THE MORTAL WORLD.

THEY REPRESENT GRACE, BEAUTY AND LOVE. SWANSOFTEN KEEP THE SAME MATE FOR LIFE.

THE HORSE REPRESENTS STABILITY, HONOUR, TRUST, INTELLIGENCE AND STRENGTH. YOU WOULD CALL UPONTHE HORSE IN SITUATIONS WHERE COURAGE OR CONFIDENCE WAS NEEDED.

SWAN

CATS WERE SEEN AS BEING GUARDIANS OF THEOTHER WORLD. THEY ARE CRAFTY AND CLEVER ANDGOOD AT KEEPING SECRETS.

CAT

HORSE

DESIGN A WARRIOR'S HELMETDECORATE THIS CELTIC HELMET WITH YOUR CHOSEN POWER ANIMAL, USING THE CELTIC ANIMAL DESIGNS AS A GUIDE. ADD SOME CELTICKNOTS AND SPIRALS TO ADD MORE DETAIL, THEN COLOUR IN YOUR COMPLETEDDESIGN.

BUTTERFLY DEER DOG EAGLE HORSE

BULL RAVEN SALMON SWAN CAT

LESSON 5:WARRIORS IN CELTIC SOCIETY

CELTIC WARRIORS

SOME WARRIORSTATTOOED THEIRSKIN WITH PATTERNS USINGBLUE DYE CALLEDWOAD TO SCARETHEIR ENEMIES.

WARFARE WAS COMMONDURING THE IRON AGE AND MANY HILL FORTS (FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS) WEREBUILT AT THAT TIME.

CELTIC WARRIORS WERE FEARLESS. THEY WERE OFTEN HANDSOME, INTELLIGENT, EDUCATED AND BOASTED OFTHEIR ACCOMPLISHMENTS. HONOUR AND RESPECT WEREVERY IMPORTANT TO WARRIORS.

MOST CELTIC WARRIORS USEDSPEARS AND DAGGERS BUT PREFERRED LONG, SLASHINGSWORDS, WORN AT THE SIDE OR ON THE BACK. THEY WEREPROTECTED BY LONG SHIELDSMADE OF LEATHER AND WOODOR IRON. SOME WORE CHAINMAIL.

SOME WARRIORS FOUGHT NAKED TO SHOW THEY WERE NOT AFRAID OF GETTING INJURED OR KILLED.

SOME CELTIC HELMETSHAD HORNS TO SCARETHE ENEMY.

LIME WAS USED TO SHAPE THEIRHAIR INTO SPIKES.

THE CELTS FOUGHT FROM HORSES OR LIGHT WOODEN CHARIOTS.

WE CAN GET AN IDEA OF WHAT CELTIC WARRIORS MAYHAVE DRESSED LIKE FROM FINDS ON ANCIENT SITES AND MATERIALS THAT WE KNOW WERE AVAILABLE TOTHEM LIKE WEAPONS, WOOL AND LEATHER.

DRESS THE WARRIOR...YOU MAY WANT TO ADD SOME OF THESE:SPEAR, SWORD, SHIELD, BLUE DYE TATTOOS (WOAD), DAGGER, KNIFE BELT, HELMET, WOOLLEN TUNIC, LEATHERSHOES, TORC, CLOAK, CLOAK FASTENER, BROOCH.

BELOW THE NOBLES WERE THE AES DANA OR THE PEOPLE OF ART AND LEARNING. THIS CLASS INCLUDED PEOPLE OF PROFESSIONS WITH ARTISTIC SKILL, SPEECH AND KNOWLEDGE. THE LAWMAKERS,DOCTORS, MUSICIANS, POETS AND RELIGIOUS MEN, THE DRUIDS, BELONGED TO THIS CLASS.

ARTISANS AND SKILLED CRAFTSMEN WERE HIGHLY RESPECTED. THEY DID NOT OWE ANY MILITARYSERVICE TO THE NOBLES. THEY DID NOT WORK IN THE FIELDS. IF THEY WERE TALENTED, THEY GAINEDWEALTH AND COMFORT. THEY WERE FREE TO TRAVEL AND SELL THEIR GOODS TO OTHER CLANS. ARTISTSWERE APPRECIATED AND ENCOURAGED.

SKILLED CRAFTSMEN INCLUDED BLACKSMITHS (WORKING WITH IRON), BRONZE SMITHS, CARPENTERS,LEATHER WORKERS AND POTTERS. METALWORKERS WERE THE MOST IMPORTANT OF THE CRAFTSMEN.

CELTIC SOCIETY MUCH OF OUR INFORMATION ABOUT CELTICSOCIETY COMES FROM FAMOUS CELTIC LEGENDS AND MYTHS, SUCH AS CU CHULAINN.

THE NOBLES, OR THE WARRIOR CLASS, INCLUDED THE WARRIORS AND LANDOWNERS. THIS WAS THE HIGHEST CLASSAND WAS HEADED BY A KING, QUEEN OR A CHIEFTAIN. THE NOBLES WERE THE LANDOWNERS AND OWNED MOST, IF NOTALL, OF THE LAND, HERDS, AND WEALTH OF THE TRIBE OR CLAN.

WHEN THE NOBLES WERE NOT AT WAR THEY SPENT THEIR TIMEDOING BUSINESS, PLAYING BOARD GAMES, WATCHING YOUTHSPLAYING FIELD GAMES, TAKING PART IN CONTEST OF SKILLAND STRENGTH, HUNTING AND FEASTING.

THE NOBLES

THE AES DANA, PEOPLE OF ART AND LEARNING

MOST OF THE CELTS WERE THE COMMONERS, WHO WERECLASSED BELOW THE AES DANA, PEOPLE OF ART AND LEARNING.THE COMMONERS WERE FREE BUT DID NOT OWN LAND. MANYWERE FARMERS WHO RAISED CROPS AND BRED ANIMALS.

THE COMMONERS

WOMEN IN CELTIC SOCIETY

DANU, THE FIRST GREAT MOTHER OF IRELAND, THE GODDESS WHO BIRTHED ALL THINGS INTO BEING.

DANU

IN CELTIC SOCIETY, WOMEN WERE A LOT BETTER OFF THAN INMOST SOCIETIES OF THAT TIME. WOMEN COULD GO INTO ANYPROFESSION, CHOOSE THEIR OWN HUSBAND, AND OWN THEIR OWN PROPERTY.

WOMEN TRAINED HEROES, WENT INTO BATTLE AND SOME EVEN LEDARMIES. THE WAY WOMEN WERE TREATED REFLECTED THE EARLY CELTS' RESPECT FOR THE LAND AND THE ARTS OF MAGIC AND CREATIVITY WHICHTHEY ASSOCIATED WITH WOMEN.

IN THE CÚ CHULAINN LEGEND 'THE CATTLE RAID OF COOLEY', QUEEN MAEVE OF CONNACHT LEADS FIFTYTHOUSAND TROOPS AGAINST ULSTER, ALL OF WHOMARE DEFEATED BY THE GREAT WARRIOR CÚ CHULAINN.

WARRIOR QUEENS

CÚ CHULAINN RECEIVED TRAINING IN THE ARTS OFFIGHTING FROM THE WARRIOR SCATHACH ON THE ISLEOF SKYE. SCATHACH WAS DESCRIBED AS 'THE BEST WARRIOR IN THE WORLD'.

WARRIOR WOMEN

LESSON 6:'THE LIFE OF A CELT'ICT PRESENTATIONS

‘THE LIFE OF A CELT‘PRESENTATION

YOUR TASK IS TO MAKE A PRESENTATION ABOUT THELIFE OF A CELT USINGCOMPUTER SOFTWARE SUCHAS POWERPOINT ORSLIDESHOW.

ICT ACTIVITY

YOUR PRESENTATION MUST HAVE AT LEAST TEN INDIVIDUAL SLIDES.

THE FIRST SLIDE SHOULD BE YOUR TITLE SLIDE CONTAINING THE NAME OF THE PRESENTATION AND YOUR NAME.

EACH SLIDE SHOULD COVER A DIFFERENT ASPECT ABOUT THE CELTS, FOR EXAMPLE CELTICDRESS, WARRIORS, ETC...

EACH SLIDE SHOULD HAVE AT LEAST ONE PICTURE TO ILLUSTRATE THE TEXT. THESE PICTURES MAY BE PROVIDED BY YOUR TEACHER, DOWNLOADED FROM THE INTERNET ORDRAWN AND SCANNED INTO THE COMPUTER.

GUIDE TO MAKINGYOUR PRESENTATION

POSSIBLE TOPICS:

THE ORIGIN OF THE CELTSCELTIC LANGUAGEARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDSBOG BODIESDRESSJEWELLERYARTSETTLEMENTSROUNDHOUSESFOODCELTIC SOCIETYWOMEN IN CELTIC SOCIETYPOWER ANIMALSWARRIORSCELTIC WARFARECELTIC ARMOURRELIGIONFESTIVALS

HEAD HUNTERS

OR ANYTHING ELSE YOU'VE LEARNED!

WARRIOR

JEWELLERY

RELIGION

MAKING A MULTIMEDIAPRESENTATIONOPEN SOFTWAREOPEN PRESENTATION SOFTWARE, E.G. POWERPOINT ORSLIDESHOW.

OPENING TITLE SLIDEADD TEXT TO THIS SLIDE. IT SHOULD CONTAIN THE PRESENTATION'S TITLE AND THE PUPIL'S NAME. FORMAT THE

TEXT'S SIZE, FONT, AND COLOUR.

CHANGE BACKGROUND COLOURSELECT THE BACKGROUND COLOUR FOR THE SLIDES.

TOPIC SLIDESADD A NEW SLIDE AND TYPE IN THE FIRST TOPIC'S TEXT. FORMAT THE TEXT'S SIZE, FONT,

AND COLOUR.

ADD THE PICTURES TO ILLUSTRATE THIS TOPIC. RESIZE THE PICTURES AND REPOSITION THEM.

REPEAT ADDING NEW SLIDES UNTIL EACH TOPIC HAS BEEN INCLUDED.

TIMING, SLIDE TRANSITIONS AND ANIMATIONSPOWERPOINT ALLOWS YOU TO SET SLIDE TIMINGS OR HOW LONG THE SLIDE APPEARS ON THESCREEN, SET THE SLIDE TRANSITIONS OR HOW ONE SLIDE BLENDS INTO THE NEXT, AND

ANIMATIONS WHICH CHANGES HOW TEXT AND IMAGES APPEAR ON SCREEN.

PROOFREAD THE PRESENTATIONSPELL-CHECK ALL TEXT IN THE PRESENTATION, PUNCTUATION AND GRAMMAR.

VIEW SLIDESHOWTEST THE PRESENTATION BY VIEWING IT AS A SLIDESHOW.

SAVING THE PRESENTATIONPUBLISH THE FINAL VERSION OF THE PRESENTATION AND VIEW THE COMPLETED SLIDESHOWS.