Lesson Two: Other Helpful Slides

The Protestant Reformation• 1517 - Luther posts 95 Theses• 1534 - Act of Supremacy• 1555 - Peace of Augsburg

Martin Luther• Planned to be a lawyer• Religious conversion to

Augustinian monk• Theology teacher at

university of Wittenberg• “The just shall live by

faith.” Romans (1:17)– Justification by faith

• Johann Tetzel– Indulgence controversy

• 95 Theses• Diet of Worms

Lutheranism

1. “Justification by faith”2. “Sola scriptura”3. Baptism and holy communion4. Priesthood of believers5. German translation of Bible6. Abolished monasteries and celibacy of clergy

Lutheranism

• Peasants’ Revolt• Holy Roman Emperor Charles

V• Diet of Augsburg• Peace of Augsburg

– German prince right to determine religion of his state

• Lutheran or Roman Catholic• No recognition of Calvinists or

Anabaptists– Lutheranism dominant in

northern Germany and Scandinavia

Calvinism

• Ulrich Zwingli– Humanist and

Catholic priest– Sacraments only

symbolic ceremonies

– Rejected celibacy of clergy

– Emphasized simplicity in worship

– Killed by Catholic forces

• John Calvin– Protestant– Exile in Geneva– Institutes of the Christian Religion– Predestination

• Salvation by election

– Puritanism• Theocracy

Spread of Calvinism

• Switzerland• France

– Huguenots

• John Knox– Presbyterians

• England– Puritans

• Netherlands• Max Weber’s theory of the “Protestant work ethic”

Anglicanism• King Henry VIII

– Divorce of Catherine of Aragon– Thomas Cramner

• Act of Supremacy– King head of Church of England– Six Articles

• No papal supremacy

• Sold monasteries• Supported by English people

– Papal taxes– “Babylonian Captivity”– Monastic land

• Execution of Thomas More

• Edward VI– 42 Articles

• More Protestant• Cramner’s Book of Common

Prayer

• Bloody Mary– Executed Cramner– Married Philip II

• Elizabeth I– Last Tudor– 39 Articles– Opposition

• Pilgrims - Separatists• Mary Queen of Scots• Philip II

Anabaptism

• Radicals of the PR• Rejection of infant baptism• Active in Peasants’ Revolt• Thomas Munzer• John of Leyden• Menno Simons

– Mennonites

Luther Starts the Reformation; Text, p. 429; Packet p. 22

1. In 1517, Luther posts his 95 Theses on the church doors at Wittenberg.

Luther attacks a monk named Tetzel for selling indulgences.

CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS

Above: The church doors At Luther’s church in Wittenberg. Other pics, Wittenberg, 2002.

Luther’s words are printed and spread all over Germany and attract many followers.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School


The peace settlement ended the war and allowed the ruler of each German state to decide his own state’s religious preference.

Charles V fought a 20 year war against the German Protestant princes and defeated them in 1547. But he could not force them to remain in the Catholic Church.

4. The Peace of Augsburg is signed in 1555.

Charles VHoly Roman Emperor

Martin Luther continued his writings and lectures until his death in 1546.


In 1525 Luther had married a former nun named Katharine von Bora. She bore him eight children and outlived him by six years.

Even today, unlike Catholic priests who take a vow of celibacy, ministers in Protestant churches can get married.


Henry closes all English monasteries; seizes their lands and other Catholic holdings in England; thereby increasing his royal power, as well as his own personal wealth.

Henry VIII needed to annul his marriage to Catherine so he could remarry in order to get a male heir. The Pope would not allow.So Henry calls Parliament into session and passes the Act of Supremacy.

5. English Parliament approves the Act of Supremacy in 1534.


The Act of Supremacy made the ruler of England the official head of the Church of England – no longer the Catholic Pope.

Today, the Act of Supremacy remains in effect –Queen Elizabeth II of England is officially the head of the Anglican Church.

England becomes Protestant - Text, p. 431; Packet p. 23



SAXONY

Luther is sheltered by the prince of Saxony where he translates Bible into German.When he returns to Wittenberg, his followers have become a separate religious group – the Lutherans.

The Pope realizes Luther is a threat to papal authority.The H.R.E., is a devout Catholic, and also feels threatened by the uproar.

2. In 1520, Luther refuses to recant at Worms and is excommunicated. In 1521, he is declared an outlaw and heretic.

Charles VHoly Roman Emperor

Pope Leo X

Martin Luther

Frederick, Prince of Saxonyofferedprotection to Luther




3. The German peasants revolt in 1524.

Excited by Luther’s talk about “religious freedom,” peasants revolt hoping for social / economic freedom (an end to serfdom).

When the armies of German princes (at Luther’s request) brutally crush this revolt (killing thousands), previous supporters now turn against Luther.

Religious Wars begin between Catholics and Protestants.

Renaissance Ideas Spread to Northern Europe; Text, p. 423; Packet p. 18

1. What factors led to the beginning of the Renaissance in northern Europe?• the northern population began to recover from the plague.• Hundred Years’ War finally ended.• cities were growing rapidly• city merchants were becoming wealthy enough to become “patrons” as well as educated in Humanist pursuits.


Monarchs in England and in France (such as Francis I who hired Italian architects to build his palace at Fontainebleau) supported the arts and introduced Renaissance styles to northern Europe.

Since antiquity it had been scribes and later, monks in the Medieval period, who copied all manuscripts by hand …

Johann Gutenberg invented a “printing press” – or, the technique of printing from movable blocks of type letters.

Gutenberg was a 15th-century German craftsman, inventor, and printer. He used hand-set type cast in molds to print multiple copies of manuscripts. Copying now became mechanized and much faster. The invention of movable-type printing facilitated an easier exchange of ideas throughout Europe and helped spread the ideas of the Renaissance.


UNTIL …



Gutenberg's invention did not make him rich, but it laid the foundation for the first commercial mass production of books. The success of printing meant that books soon became cheaper, and the previously uneducated lower classes of the population could now afford them and it inspired them to learn to read, increasing literacy. More than ever before, it spread news more quickly and enabled people to follow debates and discussions of matters that concerned them. Consequently, the printed book also led to more stringent attempts at censorship. This was a sign that it was felt by those in authority to be dangerous and challenging to their position.






The Gutenberg Bible – one of only 5 existing copies, purchased by the University of Texas

Harry Ransom Center museum in 1978.

It is said that other great historical events such as the Protestant

Reformation of the 1500s, the Scientific Age of Enlightenment of the 1600s, and the French

Revolution in the 1700s would likely have not

been such transforming forces had it not been

for the invention of the printing press. Explain why historians would

make such an assertion.

Northern Writers Try to Reform Society; Text, p. 425; Packet p. 18“Northern Renaissance writers also adopted the ideas of Humanism... however, some gave it a more religious slant.” Textbook, p.425

6. Desiderius Erasmus – a Christian humanist, wrote “The Praise of Folly” which poked fun at people’s human flaws such as greedy merchants, arrogant priests, etc. He believed mankind could improve society by reading the Bible and that Christianity was about “the heart” and not a bunch of “rules and ceremonies” done in Church.

Erasmus was from the Dutch region of Holland and received many honors in his lifetime. He was often critical of the “mindless” rituals Christians performed during church services and their ignorance about the actual Bible itself.

“It is the chief point of happiness when a man is willing to be what he is - not what others would have him be.” ~ Erasmus, 1527.

Examining a Primary Source: “In Praise of Folly,” packet p. 17a – 17b


Northern Writers Try to Reform Society; Text, p. 425; Packet p. 18

7. Thomas More – an English humanist concerned about society’s problems. He wrote “Utopia,” about an ideal model of society.

Statue of More in Chelsea, London

More served as Speaker in the House of Commons and Lord Chancellor during the reign of King Henry VIII of England. When Henry began his plan to separate the Church of England from the Catholic Pope, More defended Catholicism and the struggle with his king would lead eventually to his trial for treason and his beheading in 1535 at the Tower of London.

The events are dramatized in a classic film entitled “A Man for All Seasons.”

Utopia is Greek for “no place” – More’s sense of humor is shown since this perfect society he gives this name to clearly did not exist.


The Inventor:

Johannes Gutenberg

He was born around the year 1400, perhaps as early as 1394, probably in Mainz, and trained as a goldsmith. His family later settled in Strasbourg. "Gutenberg, Johannes."Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2001. © 1993-2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Germany

How it works:

Invented by Johannes Gutenberg around 1450, the printing press made the mass publication and circulation of literature possible. Derived from the presses farmers used to make olive oil, the first printing press used a heavy screw to force a printing block against the paper below. An operator worked a lever to increase and decrease the pressure of the block against the paper.

"Early Printing Press."Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2001. © 1993-2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

How it works:

As a goldsmith he had cut letters and symbols into precious metals and into wax to form molds to cast jewelry. It is unknown exactly how he conceived of casting letters for printing. However, the concept of "mirror' images was common knowledge. Gutenberg's casting process involved first cutting a letter by hand in reverse on a piece of hard metal, then punching the letter shape into a soft copper mold to form a die called a matrix. He next needed a suitable metal to cast in the matrix. He experimented with pewter hardened with large quantities of antimony, but the mixture shrank when it cooled and pulled away from the matrix. The letters formed were imperfect.

How it works:

Gutenberg's most notable work, a forty-two-line-a-page Bible, was begun in 1452 and completed by 1455. Each page contained around 2,800 characters. Two pages were printed at the same time, 50 5,600 pieces of type were needed to make each two-page printing. It was the practice for the next two pages to be composed during the press run of the current two, so at least 11,200 letters were needed to even begin printing. Working a normal workday (twelve hours), it took two craftsmen more than thirty-seven workdays just to prepare the initial type. At this rate, more than three years were needed to complete just two hundred copies of Gutenberg's Bible.

How it changed society:

In three decades, printing spread across Europe where it became one of the chief means by which the Renaissance, the humanist re-birth of interest in learning and the classics, was transmitted from culture to culture.


In time the printed book became a means of political revolution, the necessary technological corollary for the rise of the vernacular (ie. non-Latin) as a vehicle for literary texts, and the larger democratic revolutions of the eighteenth century.


Much of the language of modern printing comes from the craft of foundry type composition developed by Gutenberg and his workers more than five hundred years ago. Terms such as 'form," "leading," "uppercase," "lowercase," "type size, impression," and "make-ready" originated with Gutenberg. All printers today owe the hundreds of early craftsmen who followed Gutenberg in the tradition of hand-set foundry type and gave us both a language and an art.

Erasmus Dutch humanist

Desiderius Erasmus

Pushed for a Vernacular form of the Bible

“I disagree very much with those who are unwilling that Holy Scripture, translated into the vernacular, be read by the uneducated . . . As if the strength of the Christian religion consisted in the ignorance of it”

The Praise of Folly

Used humor to show the immoral and ignorant behavior of people, including the clergy. He felt people would be open minded and be kind to others.

Sir Thomas MoreEnglish Humanist

Wrote: Utopia

A book about a perfect society

Believed men and women live in harmony. No private property, no one is

lazy, all people are educated and the justice system is used to end crime

instead of executing criminals.

Documents

Lesson Two: Other Helpful Slides