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Lesson Two
Marrakech
Aims 1. To know the writing technique of
exposition.2. To learn the methods in developing
an expository writing, esp. the use of examples.
3. To appreciate the language features
Teaching Contents
1. Background information:
Exposition ； George Orwell
2. Detailed study of the text
3. Structure analysis / Organizational pattern
4. Language appreciation/ Language features
5. Exercises
Exposition Exposition is perhaps the type of writi
ng that is most frequently used by a student, a scientist, or a professional.Exposition --- expounding （解释；详细述说）
explaining
Exposition An expository paper explains or explo
res something, such as the process of making a machine, the causes of a natural or social phenomenon, the planning of a project, or the solution of a problem.
Exposition
Description -- deals with appearances and feelings
Narration --- deals with events and experience
Exposition --- deals with processes and relationships
Exposition Things can be explained by
definition, listing, examples, classification, comparison and contrast, analysis ， analogy, etc.
（常见的说明方法有下定义、列数据、举事例、分类别、作比较、作诠释、配图表、打比方、摹状貌、引资料等 10 种。）
常见的说明顺序有：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。
1. Definition
The key to a definition is concreteness. One
has to give concrete facts to make a
definition effective.
2. Listing
We must have enough number of items to
be listed. Then, if possible, arrange the ite
ms in the graded order of increasing impor
tance.
3. Examples It's the simplest, the most common, best
method.
4. Classification
We have to follow a system consistently. The categories of division should be mutually exclusive. There should be no overlapping. One item can belong to one category and only one.
5. Comparison and contrast
We liken one thing to another by pointing
out their similarities (comparison)
We emphasize the difference between the
two. (contrast)
6. Analysis
We may discuss the cause and effect of
a historical event, its nature and its signi
ficance in history.
Exposition
The writer appeals to a reader‘s understanding with verifiable （能证实的） facts and valid information, explaining and interpreting that materials so that the reader will accept his point of view or explanation. Thus he must organize and develop his thought objectively and present it with honesty and completeness so that the reader will have confidence in what he is saying.
Exposition(organization) 1. generally the writer makes a statement of the c
entral thought or of his purpose quite early. This statement is sometimes called the “thesis”, and may even be the title of the piece.(beginning with thesis, then supporting it with facts)
2. Sometimes the writer may first present and develop his facts and make his general statement as a conclusion at the end.(beginning with facts, then coming to a conclusion)
The Text
It is an exposition, a political essay. Orwell [' :w l] ɔ ə leaves no doubt about his feelings concerning colonialism and its results. He has shown the reader how millions of people can be ignored and treated as less than human.
Theme ---- The suffering and misery of the colonial
people in Marrakech The writer gives descriptions by examples.
The objective presentation of examples show that the people in colonial countries are poverty-stricken.
George Orwell George Orwell (1903-1950)
pen name for Eric Arthur Blair, the famous British novelist and essayist
between the two world wars, the author of Nineteen Eighty-Four,
Animal Farm: A Fairy Story, Homage to Catalonia, describing his activi
ties during the Spanish Civil War, Down and Out in Paris and London, d
escribing a period of poverty in these cities, The road to Wigan Pier,
Burmese Days, Keep the Aspidistra flying, A Clergyman's daughter,
Coming Up for Air...
best remembered today for two of his novels, Animal Farm and Ninetee
n Eighty-Four.
George Orwell He is much praised in the west partly because
of his anti-communist point of view.(his view on Stalin’s policies: people freed---only to be suppressed by tyranny)
He was born in India, father, a so-called empire-builder --serving the British government abroad.
He received good education in Britain and studied in the most famous school “Eden”.
George Orwell He travelled widely. Marrakech is one
of the places he travelled to. His travel made him take a hostile attitude toward imperialism. He showed deep sympathy for the poor and became a firm supporter of socialism.
Detailed study of the text Marrakech: N African city, famous tourist resort today
Detailed study of the text Marrakech: N African city, famous tourist resort today
Detailed study of the text
Para 1: As the corpse....
The opening paragraph is very dramatic. The choice of this scene and the words he uses implies much more than what appears on the surface. 1) dirty 2) poor
in a cloud --- a large number of small things
moving through the air as a mass eg: a cloud of insects
crowd --- It suggests 1) the lack of order 2) people are not terribly concerned
about the funeral.
infuriate --- v. [ n'fj r e t /-'fj r-]ɪ ʊ ɪ ɪ ʊə
fill with fury or rage outrage; aggravate['ægr veit] ə ; enrage; provoke
Comparison Donkey and Woman
Both are overloaded. Both are willing creatures. Both are small. Both are ill-treated. Both have an miserable end.
Comparison Donkey and Woman
Visible Invisible Implication --- Women are worse treated.
Symbol
white bird/ scraps of paper
--- symbolic of freedom
Five examples to illustrate the fact
1. the burial/funeral of the poor people2. an employee of the municipality[mju:﹐nisi'pæliti] 3. poor living and working conditions of the Jews4. poor natural conditions5. miserable life of women
The cause of their poverty 1. Colonialization
"All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact" (para.1; 17)
2. Racial discrimination "The people have brown faces -- besides there are so many of them" (para.3 ) "He is the same colour as the earth, …" (para.16)
The cause of their poverty 3. Black people's ignorance
He showed his profound respect to his enemy. " He ... has feelings of reverence before a white skin" "Only the Negroes didn't know it“
4. Poor natural conditions
Organizational pattern Sect.1 (para 1--2) Eg.1 objective presentation of Example 1
the burial of the people in Marrakech Sect.2 (para 3 )
the thesis ---- “All colonial empires are founded upon this fact”
the author's central idea Colonialization is based on the fact that people are very poor.
Organizational pattern Sect.3 (para4--7) Eg.2
The Arabian government employee is as poor as a beggar.
Sect.4 (para8--15) Eg.3 1) the living conditions of the Jews
2) the hard work the Jews do 3) biased attitude against the Jews
The specific example of the people clamouring for a cigarette shows that the people are so poor, yet people still have rumours about them and have great prejudice against them.
Organizational pattern Sect.5 (para16--18) Eg.4 The country is very poor. The poverty was not noticed
by the white people. Because of their black color, the white people didn't even see them.
1> The soils are poor. " dried-up soil" " eroded soil" " desolate" "waste" " broken-up brick“
2> Everything is done by hand. "capital Ls“
Organizational pattern 3> The farming tools are rough.
"The plough is so frail, a rough iron spike which stirs the soil to a depth of about four inches.“
4> The farming animals are weak and the peasants calculate carefully.
5> The natural conditions are poor. "dry" They had to dig deep ditches.
Organizational pattern Sect.6 (para19--21) Eg.5
the miserable life of women The writer is describing objectively the
physical appearance of the old woman, yet his anger comes through. Notice his choice of words. ( poor; old; mummified; reduced to bones; leathery skin; bent double; crushing weight)
Organizational pattern Sect.7 (para22--26)
conclusiondescription of the black troops in general and one black soldier individually.
It won't be long for the white people to keep these black people in ignorance.
Language
1. simple words, simple statements to convey deeper meaning
2. the use of rhetorical questions which is very effective in conveying his anger
3. terse ( 精练的 ) , lucid( 明白易懂的 ) prose style.
4. good diction ( 措辞 )
