Lesson Plan for Unit Eight

Text A:Text A:Fable of the Lazy TeenagerFable of the Lazy Teenager

Warm-up Questions:

1.1. What is a fable?What is a fable?Fables are short tales not based on facts , especiaFables are short tales not based on facts , especially with animals as characters, and intended to gilly with animals as characters, and intended to give moral guidance. Take ve moral guidance. Take Aesop’s FablesAesop’s Fables as an e as an example.xample.

2.2. How do fables state the moral lessons, directly How do fables state the moral lessons, directly or indirectly?or indirectly?Moral lessons in fables are often conveyed in an Moral lessons in fables are often conveyed in an indirect way, so the reader has to deduce to get tindirect way, so the reader has to deduce to get them.hem.

Study of the Text:

1.1. Cultural NotesCultural Notes

2.2. Text AnalysisText Analysis

3.3. Language StudyLanguage Study

4.4. Text OrganizationText Organization

1.1. Cultural Notes:Cultural Notes: U.C.L.A.:U.C.L.A.: (University of California at Los Angeles) the (University of California at Los Angeles) the

largest of the eight branches of the University of California. largest of the eight branches of the University of California. It was established in 1919 and now has about 35,000 It was established in 1919 and now has about 35,000 students. UCLA is known especially for its film studies.students. UCLA is known especially for its film studies.

The Wealth of NationsThe Wealth of Nations:: an important work of economic and an important work of economic and social theory by Adam Smith ( a Scottish philosopher and social theory by Adam Smith ( a Scottish philosopher and economist), published in 1776. Its full title was economist), published in 1776. Its full title was An Inquiry An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nationsinto the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. In it he . In it he analyzed the relationship between work and the production analyzed the relationship between work and the production of a nation’s wealth. His conclusion was that the best of a nation’s wealth. His conclusion was that the best economic situation results from encouraging free enterprise economic situation results from encouraging free enterprise (an economic system in which there is open competition in (an economic system in which there is open competition in business and trade, and no government control). This idea business and trade, and no government control). This idea has had a great influence on economic theories since and it has had a great influence on economic theories since and it formed the basis of the economic policies of the formed the basis of the economic policies of the Conservative government in Britain in the 1980s.Conservative government in Britain in the 1980s.

2. Text AnalysisThere are three expository essays in this textbook:There are three expository essays in this textbook:Units 3, 6 and 8. Let’s take a look at the differentUnits 3, 6 and 8. Let’s take a look at the differenttechniques used in them.techniques used in them.1.1. How does each of these essays begin?How does each of these essays begin? Unit 3 does not reveal the main topic until the Unit 3 does not reveal the main topic until the

third paragraph. In the first two paragraphs third paragraph. In the first two paragraphs the author tries to guide readers through the author tries to guide readers through reasoning by which he arrives at his main reasoning by which he arrives at his main argument.argument.

Unit 6 starts by posing a question – Do animals Unit 6 starts by posing a question – Do animals have intelligence, to which the author then have intelligence, to which the author then gives a positive answer.gives a positive answer.

Unit 8 begins with an anecdote.Unit 8 begins with an anecdote.

Text Analysis (to be continued) 2.2. How does each essay develop its main part?How does each essay develop its main part? The main part of Unit 3 provides three The main part of Unit 3 provides three

solutions to the question of how to educate the solutions to the question of how to educate the public so as to form in them a positive attitude public so as to form in them a positive attitude towards science.towards science.

The main part of Unit 6 provides three The main part of Unit 6 provides three examples to prove that some animals are examples to prove that some animals are intelligent.intelligent.

The main part of Unit 8 is a fable, which The main part of Unit 8 is a fable, which functions to convey the message that education functions to convey the message that education is vital to both the individual and society.is vital to both the individual and society.

Text Analysis (to be continued)

3.3. How does each of the essays end?How does each of the essays end? Unit 3 presents a conclusion in the last Unit 3 presents a conclusion in the last

paragraph.paragraph. Unit 6 also presents a conclusion in the last Unit 6 also presents a conclusion in the last

paragraph.paragraph. It is not the case with Unit 8, that is, the essay It is not the case with Unit 8, that is, the essay

does not end with a conclusion but is left open does not end with a conclusion but is left open for the reader to draw his/her own for the reader to draw his/her own conclusion.conclusion.

Use of Anaphora (前指 ) and Cataphora (后指 ) Cataphora refers to the use of a word or phrCataphora refers to the use of a word or phr

ase that refers to or stands for a later word oase that refers to or stands for a later word or phrase.r phrase.

e.g.e.g.

HeHe may be approaching 37, but may be approaching 37, but JeffJeff has no has no plans to retire from the sports yet.plans to retire from the sports yet.

Anaphoric / Cataphoric referents in the text: L.6-7: the meaning of “that”L.6-7: the meaning of “that” L.10: the meaning of “such an experience”L.10: the meaning of “such an experience”

L.16: the meaning of “this”L.16: the meaning of “this”

L.19: the meaning of “all this ignorance”L.19: the meaning of “all this ignorance” L.23: the meaning of “this young man”L.23: the meaning of “this young man” L.29: the meaning of “this message”L.29: the meaning of “this message”

the author’s doing mental arithmetic

the salesgirl’s ignorance

students’ inability to perform even the simplestcalculations

students’ inability to calculate, and other poor knowledge of world history or geography

a friend’s bright, lazy 16-year-old son

Teenagers’ ignorance leads to serious consequences.

3. Language Study

1.1. (L.1) I (L.1) I ran out ofran out of file holders… file holders…

run out of: use up or finish a supply of (sth.)run out of: use up or finish a supply of (sth.)

e.g.e.g. ---- To our disappointment, our car ran out of gTo our disappointment, our car ran out of gas as halfway home.halfway home.

2.2. (L.1) and went to the (L.1) and went to the drugstoredrugstore……

In the USA, a store with a registered pharmacy to In the USA, a store with a registered pharmacy to sell medicine prescribed by doctors, as well as heasell medicine prescribed by doctors, as well as health and beauty supplies and other articles.lth and beauty supplies and other articles.

3.3. (L.2) I put (L.2) I put a handful ofa handful of folders on the coun folders on the counter…ter…handful:handful: a small number (used as singular a small number (used as singular noun, followed by noun, followed by ofof ) ) 少量；少数少量；少数

e.g.e.g.---- Only a handful of people attended the Only a handful of people attended the concert.concert.

4.4. (L.5) Twenty-three at 12 cents each, that (L.5) Twenty-three at 12 cents each, that mmakesakes $2.76 before tax… $2.76 before tax…make:make: amount to amount to

e.g.e.g.---- 2 and 2 make 4.2 and 2 make 4.

译文：二十三个，单价译文：二十三个，单价 1212 美分，总共美分，总共 2.2.7676 美金，不含税。美金，不含税。

5.5. (L.7) “You did (L.7) “You did thatthat in your head?” she in your head?” she asked asked in amazementin amazement. “How can you do . “How can you do thatthat?”?”

Q:Q: What does “that” mean in both sentences?What does “that” mean in both sentences?

amazement:amazement: a feeling of great surprise or a feeling of great surprise or disbeliefdisbelief

e.g.e.g.---- She shook her head She shook her head in amazementin amazement..

---- To her amazementTo her amazement, Bill was keen on , Bill was keen on her.her.

6.6. (L.11) No (L.11) No modestly educated adultmodestly educated adult ①① can fail to be can fail to be upsetupset ②② by by such an experience such an experience ③③..

①① modestly educated adult:modestly educated adult: adult who has not recei adult who has not received much educationved much education

②② upset:upset: make (sb.) worry or feel unhappy (usu. use make (sb.) worry or feel unhappy (usu. used in the pattern: d in the pattern: be upset by/aboutbe upset by/about))

e.g.e.g. ---- The children are terribly upset by the The children are terribly upset by the breabreak-up k-up of their parents’ marriage.of their parents’ marriage.

---- He was upset about the argument he had He was upset about the argument he had with his wife.with his wife.

③③ such an experience:such an experience: the salesgirl’s ignorance the salesgirl’s ignorance

译文：略受教育的成年人没有谁不会为这样的经译文：略受教育的成年人没有谁不会为这样的经 历难过。 历难过。

Note:Note:

no…can fail to be upset by…no…can fail to be upset by… This is a double negative statement This is a double negative statement containing two negative elements.containing two negative elements.

Other examples:Other examples:(L.14)…(L.14)…notnot one student could write a one student could write a

short paper short paper withoutwithout misspellings. misspellings.**There is not nothing to worry about.**There is not nothing to worry about.**I am not unconvinced by his argument.**I am not unconvinced by his argument.

7.7. (L.13) and so (L.13) and so ignorant ofignorant of their ignorance… their ignorance…: : knowing little or nothing (often used iknowing little or nothing (often used in n the phrase: the phrase: be ignorant of/aboutbe ignorant of/about))

e.g.e.g. ---- The masses were largely ignorant of tThe masses were largely ignorant of the he options open to them.options open to them.

8.8. (L.16) But (L.16) But thisthis is just a tiny is just a tiny sliceslice of the pro of the problem.blem.““thisthis”” refers to students’ inability to perfor refers to students’ inability to perform even the simplest calculations.m even the simplest calculations.slice:slice: a part of sth. (followed by a part of sth. (followed by ofof))

e.g.--e.g.-- Rents provided a large slice of his Rents provided a large slice of his income.income.

9.9. (L.16) The (L.16) The abilityability to perform even the sim to perform even the simplest calculations is only a plest calculations is only a memorymemory among among many students I see.many students I see.

译文：在我所见过的许多学生中，再也没 译文：在我所见过的许多学生中，再也没 有过去学生都有的哪怕是进行最 有过去学生都有的哪怕是进行最

简 简 单的计算的能力。 单的计算的能力。→→ Many students whom I see don’t have the Many students whom I see don’t have the

ability to perform even the simplest calculaability to perform even the simplest calculations any longer.tions any longer. HHereere““memorymemory” refers to something that y” refers to something that you remember about the past.ou remember about the past.

10.10. (L.19) Moreover, there is a chilling indiffe(L.19) Moreover, there is a chilling indifference about rence about all this ignoranceall this ignorance..““all this ignoranceall this ignorance” refers to students’ ina” refers to students’ inability to calculate, and their poor knowledbility to calculate, and their poor knowledge of world history or geography.ge of world history or geography.

11.11. (L.20) (L.20) sum up:sum up: give a brief summary (of s give a brief summary (of sth.)th.)

e.g.e.g. My mood could be summed up by thMy mood could be summed up by the e single word ‘boredom’.single word ‘boredom’.

George will open the debate and I wiGeorge will open the debate and I will ll sum up.sum up.

To sum up: within our society there To sum up: within our society there still still exist rampant(exist rampant( 蔓延的蔓延的 ) inequality.) inequality.

12.12. (L.22) (L.22) compete with/against:compete with/against: try to be better tha try to be better than (sb. else) n (sb. else)

compete (with/against sb. ) for sth.compete (with/against sb. ) for sth.

e.g.e.g. ---- Universities are competing for Universities are competing for applicants.applicants.

---- He competed with a number of other He competed with a number of other cancandidates for the job.didates for the job.

13.13. (L.24) He cannot live forever on the… (L.24) He cannot live forever on the… human cahuman capitalpital accumulatedaccumulated by his ancestors. by his ancestors.

human capital:human capital: people’s knowledge and skills people’s knowledge and skills

accumulate:accumulate: collect, or gather together, esp. over collect, or gather together, esp. over a a period of timeperiod of time

e.g.e.g. ---- I have accumulated many books over the lI have accumulated many books over the last ast few years.few years.

14.14. (L.26) his intellectual laziness will (L.26) his intellectual laziness will seriseriously ously affectaffect his way of life. his way of life.

:: have an effect on, esp. in a bad wayhave an effect on, esp. in a bad way

e.g.e.g.---- His work has affected his health; he iHis work has affected his health; he isn’t sn’t well.well.

---- The Asian financial crisis didn’t affeThe Asian financial crisis didn’t affect ct our national economy.our national economy.

badly/seriously affectbadly/seriously affect

e.g.e.g.---- California was very badly affected bCalifornia was very badly affected by y forest fires.forest fires.

influence: have a long-lasting effecton the way something develops or on the way someone behaves or thinkse.g.-- Health education programs are

starting to influence people’s eating habits.

--A whole generation of painters was influenced by Monet’s style.

15.15. (L.27) A modern industrial state cannot (L.27) A modern industrial state cannot functifunctionon with an with an idleidle, ignorant , ignorant labor labor forceforce..

function:function: operate; act operate; acte.g.e.g. ---- When the camera is functioning properly thWhen the camera is functioning properly th

e e green light comes on.green light comes on.idle:idle: lazy and wasting time when there is w lazy and wasting time when there is w

ork ork to do to dolazy:lazy: disliking work or physical activities so disliking work or physical activities so that you try to avoid having to do them. that you try to avoid having to do them.

e.g.e.g. ---- Average students who work hard usually do Average students who work hard usually do better than clever students who are better than clever students who are idleidle..

---- I was feelingI was feeling lazylazy that morning so I got the that morning so I got the bus bus instead of walking.instead of walking.

译文：一个现代工业化国家无法靠一支懒散、无译文：一个现代工业化国家无法靠一支懒散、无 知的劳动大军运行。 知的劳动大军运行。

Labor force refers toall the member of aparticular organizationor population who areable to work.

16.16. (L.28) Planes will crash. Computers will (L.28) Planes will crash. Computers will jamjam. . Cars will Cars will break downbreak down..

jam:jam: become fixed in position and cannot move become fixed in position and cannot move freely or work properlyfreely or work properly

break down:break down: stop working; fall, collapse stop working; fall, collapse

e.g.e.g. ---- The machine jammed and broke down.The machine jammed and broke down.

---- I have accumulated so many dirty clothes I have accumulated so many dirty clothes since my washing machine broke down since my washing machine broke down last week.last week.

Note:Note:

Three short sentences are used here to dramatize Three short sentences are used here to dramatize the terrible result to be caused by students’ the terrible result to be caused by students’ laziness and indifference to their ignorance .laziness and indifference to their ignorance .

17.17. (L.29) To (L.29) To drive this message homedrive this message home to such to such young Americans, I have young Americans, I have a humble suggesta humble suggestionion……drive home:drive home: make (sth.) clear so that peop make (sth.) clear so that people understand it le understand it drive sth. home (to sb.)drive sth. home (to sb.)

e.g.e.g.---- We must drive home to them where tWe must drive home to them where the he difficulties lie.difficulties lie.humble:humble: modest modestsuggestion of/for/that-clausesuggestion of/for/that-clause

译文：为是这样的美国青年彻底认识到这 一点，我的愚见是……

18.18. (L.30) …dramatizing just (L.30) …dramatizing just how difficult it was how difficult it was for this countryfor this country to get where it isto get where it is—and how e—and how easily asily itit could all be lost.could all be lost.

Q:Q: How do you understand the italicized part?How do you understand the italicized part?

What does “it” refer to?What does “it” refer to?

It took the country quite some time to have oIt took the country quite some time to have obtained its position as one of the leading coubtained its position as one of the leading countries in the world.ntries in the world.

““it” refers to such position it” refers to such position

译文：生动描述我们国家的今天如何来之不译文：生动描述我们国家的今天如何来之不 易——而要丧失这一切又何其容易。 易——而要丧失这一切又何其容易。

Skim Paragraphs 12 to 21 to find out how manySkim Paragraphs 12 to 21 to find out how manyKevin Hanleys there are in them, and how they live.Kevin Hanleys there are in them, and how they live.

---- Kevin 1835, a poor peasant in Ireland;Kevin 1835, a poor peasant in Ireland;---- Kevin 1928, a steel-mill worker in Pittsburgh, Kevin 1928, a steel-mill worker in Pittsburgh,

U.S.A.;U.S.A.;---- Kevin 1945, a soldier fighting the Japanese arKevin 1945, a soldier fighting the Japanese army;my;---- Kevin 1966, a student who studies all the time Kevin 1966, a student who studies all the time

so as to get into college and law school;so as to get into college and law school;---- Kevin 1990, a cleaner in a Japanese-owned Kevin 1990, a cleaner in a Japanese-owned fafactory;ctory;---- Kevin 2020, a porter in a hotel for wealthy Kevin 2020, a porter in a hotel for wealthy EEuropean and Asians;uropean and Asians;---- Kevin 2050, living in a slum and searching Kevin 2050, living in a slum and searching ththrough trash piles for food.rough trash piles for food.

19.19. (L.40) (L.40) search forsearch for: look for: look for

e.g.e.g. ---- Many planes and ships were sent to Many planes and ships were sent to search for the South Sea for the missing search for the South Sea for the missing Chinese pilot.Chinese pilot.

20.20. (L.43)(L.43) luxury: luxury: sth. expensive which is not necessasth. expensive which is not necessary but which gives you pleasure (used as a countary but which gives you pleasure (used as a countable noun)ble noun)

e.g.e.g. ---- A week by the sea is a luxury they can no A week by the sea is a luxury they can no longer afford.longer afford.

: very great comfort, esp. among beautiful and exp: very great comfort, esp. among beautiful and expensive surrounding (used as an uncountable noun)ensive surrounding (used as an uncountable noun)

e.g.e.g. ---- He took over his father’s company and led a He took over his father’s company and led a life life of luxury.of luxury.

21.21. (L.50)(L.50) better off:better off: richer than you richer than you were before; more comfortablewere before; more comfortable

e.g.e.g.---- Today’s farmers are better off than Today’s farmers are better off than they they used to be.used to be.

22.22. (L.54) (L.54) scared:scared: frightened (often followed frightened (often followed by by of/to/that-clauseof/to/that-clause))

e.g.e.g.--I have always been scared of dogs.--I have always been scared of dogs.

---- Alex was scared that his classmates Alex was scared that his classmates might tell the teacher he broke the might tell the teacher he broke the window.window.

23.23. (L.60) He has never seen anything but pea(L.60) He has never seen anything but peace and ce and plentyplenty..plenty: a state of having more than enough plenty: a state of having more than enough food, wealth, etc.food, wealth, etc. 富裕富裕

e.g.e.g.---- The USA is often called the “land of The USA is often called the “land of plenty”.plenty”.

24.24. (L.68)(L.68) and government offers no and government offers no serviservicesces to the working class: to the working class:Here “services” refer to systems of social Here “services” refer to systems of social security such as health care and provision security such as health care and provision for unemployment maintained by the govefor unemployment maintained by the government.rnment.

25.25. (L.76) (L.76) complex:complex: not simple (describing a not simple (describing a complicated system, process, or way of complicated system, process, or way of doing things)doing things)

e.g.e.g. ---- The honeybee will do a very complex The honeybee will do a very complex dance in order to indicate where food is.dance in order to indicate where food is.

26.26. (L.78) (L.78) adequate:adequate: enough (often followed by enough (often followed by infinitive infinitive toto or or forfor))

e.g.e.g. ---- Her knowledge was adequate Her knowledge was adequate forfor the the job.job.---- My parents are prepared to offer me an My parents are prepared to offer me an

amount of money adequate amount of money adequate toto purchase purchase an apartment.an apartment.

27.27. (L.83) (L.83) decline:decline: a gradual decrease in the quali a gradual decrease in the quality, quantity, or importance of sth. (followed bty, quantity, or importance of sth. (followed by y inin))

Phrases:Phrases: in decline, on the declinein decline, on the decline:: gradually decreasi gradually decreasing in importance, quality, or powerng in importance, quality, or power

e.g.e.g.---- The birth rate in China is on the decline.The birth rate in China is on the decline.---- Class attendance is in decline recently.Class attendance is in decline recently.

28.28. (L.85) (L.85) acquire:acquire: get gete.g.e.g.---- J.P. Getty acquired a fortune in business.J.P. Getty acquired a fortune in business.

29.29. (L.88) (L.88) astonish:astonish: surprise very much; surprise very much; amazeamaze

e.g.e.g.--Her devotion to work always astonishes --Her devotion to work always astonishes us.us.

30.30. (L.90) (L.90) swear:swear: make a serious promise make a serious promise about ( often followed by infinitive about ( often followed by infinitive toto or or that-clausethat-clause))

e.g.e.g.---- The witness swore to tell the whole The witness swore to tell the whole truth.truth.

---- He swore that he would never lie.He swore that he would never lie.

31.31. (L.91) “To be able to (L.91) “To be able to make a livingmake a living by on by one’s mind instead of by stealing,” he says, e’s mind instead of by stealing,” he says, “That would be a “That would be a miraclemiracle.”.”

Q:Q: What can you infer from the sentence?What can you infer from the sentence?

make a living:make a living: earn money (by doing sth.) earn money (by doing sth.)

miracle:miracle: an amazing or wonderful event, an amazing or wonderful event, esp. sth. that happens unexpectedlyesp. sth. that happens unexpectedly

e.g.e.g.---- He makes a living by writing.He makes a living by writing.

---- It is a miracle that no one was killed It is a miracle that no one was killed in in the earthquake.the earthquake.

32.32. (L.95) “A man without the proper use of (L.95) “A man without the proper use of tthe intellectual facultieshe intellectual faculties of a man is, if pos of a man is, if possible, more sible, more contemptiblecontemptible than even a cowa than even a coward.”rd.”

译文：译文：一个不能恰当运用一个不能恰当运用人类智力人类智力的人极可能的人极可能比懦夫更比懦夫更可鄙可鄙。。faculty:faculty: mental and physical abilities mental and physical abilities

e.g.e.g.---- He is 90 years old but still has most He is 90 years old but still has most of of his faculties.his faculties.---- It is a myth that the faculty of hearinIt is a myth that the faculty of hearing is g is greatly increased in blind people.greatly increased in blind people.

4. Text Organization: The text can be roughly divided into two parts. In tThe text can be roughly divided into two parts. In t

he first part the author expresses a concern, and in he first part the author expresses a concern, and in the second he narrates a tale.the second he narrates a tale.

Main ideas of each part:Main ideas of each part:

Part One (Paras.1-10)Part One (Paras.1-10)

Teenagers’ idleness and ignorance will produce seTeenagers’ idleness and ignorance will produce serious effects on all concerned and society as a whorious effects on all concerned and society as a whole.le.

Part Two (Paras.11-24)Part Two (Paras.11-24)

Kevin 1990 comes to realize in his dream how greKevin 1990 comes to realize in his dream how greatly lack of education costs his forebears, himself, atly lack of education costs his forebears, himself, his children and the society they live in, and how ihis children and the society they live in, and how important it is to study hard.mportant it is to study hard.

Development by cause and effectDevelopment by cause and effect

Part OnePart One

CauseCause

Teenagers’ intellectualTeenagers’ intellectual

laziness and ignorancelaziness and ignorance

Part TwoPart Two

CauseCause

Lack of educationLack of education

EffectsEffects

All people will be seriouslyAll people will be seriously

affected. A modern industrialaffected. A modern industrial

state will stop functioning.state will stop functioning.

EffectsEffects

Kevin 1990, his forebears Kevin 1990, his forebears

(with the exception of his (with the exception of his

intellectual father), and hisintellectual father), and his

children lead a poor life…children lead a poor life…

Homework:

Review “Reading aloud” in Units 1-8 of Review “Reading aloud” in Units 1-8 of Integrated CourseIntegrated Course

Learn by heart “Words and Phrases to Drill” in Learn by heart “Words and Phrases to Drill” in Units 1-8 of Units 1-8 of Integrated CourseIntegrated Course

Finish reading Finish reading Reading CourseReading Course and get prepared and get prepared for Week 18’s Extensive Test.for Week 18’s Extensive Test.

Remember to bring your listening Remember to bring your listening textbook for next week’s big class.textbook for next week’s big class.

Thank you!Thank you!