Lesson 5 Forces That Build the Land - SharpSchoolnewlondonscs.sharpschool.com/UserFiles/Servers/Server_327725/File...Lesson 5 Forces That Build the Land ... ESS.32 Demonstrate the

Lesson 5

Forces That Build the Land

You have probably seen mountains, such as these in California, in pictures. You may have even visited one. Why do mountains form? How do they get their shapes?

Mount Whitney, California

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344ENGAGE

ESS.32 Demonstrate the results of constructive and destructive forces using models or illustrations (ESS-M-A7) Also covers PS.12A

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Materials

• modeling clay, 3 colors

• metric ruler

• sheet of waxed paper

• 2 hardcover books (of similar thicknesses)

• plastic knife

Step

Step

How do mountains form?

PurposeWhat happens when rock in Earth’s crust moves? Make a model to demonstrate the results of pressure on layers of rock in Earth’s crust.

Procedure

Make a Model Make three clay layers, each a different color, 15 cm square, and 1 cm thick. Pile the layers like a sandwich, and gently push on the top so that the layers stick together. Place the layers in the center of the waxed paper.

Observe Place two books so that the spines touch opposite ends of the clay. Slowly and firmly push the books toward each other. Describe what happened. Flatten the clay.

Observe Use the knife to cut a “fault” across the clay at a 45° angle. Place the books so that the spines touch opposite ends of the clay. Slowly push the books toward each other again. Describe what happened. Flatten the clay.

Observe Move the books to the other sides of the clay. Slowly push the books in opposite directions along the “fault.” Draw a picture of the layers.

Draw Conclusions

Interpret Data Your model represents forces on layers of Earth’s crust. Which step modeled the formation of layers uplifted along a fault? Which step modeled folded mountains? Which step modeled movement without uplift? Explain your answers.

Explore More

How could you manipulate your model to demonstrate a fault where the layers on top of the fault move down and the others move up? On which side would the mountain form? Explain.

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345EXPLORE

SI.13 Identify patterns in data to explain natural events (SI-M-A4) SI.14 Develop models to illustrate or explain conclusions reached through investigation (SI-M-A5)Also covers SI.12, SI.15, SI.22A


▶ Essential QuestionHow do forces change Earth?

▶ Vocabularyfault, p. 346

earthquake, p. 348

focus, p. 348

aftershock, p. 348

seismic wave, p. 349

epicenter, p. 349

volcano, p. 352

vent, p. 352

▶ Reading Skill Infer

Clues What IKnow

What IInfer

▶ Technology e-Glossary and e-Review online at www.macmillanmh.com

ESS.32

What forces change Earth’s crust?The forces that move continents can also change

the continents’ shapes. The continents are on top of large pieces of Earth’s crust called tectonic plates. These plates slide past each other at transform boundaries, and the pieces of rock rub together. This force, called shearing, works like the blades of a pair of scissors and causes the rock to break. Plates collide at convergent boundaries. The force of this collision, called compression, squeezes the rock. At divergent boundaries, plates separate as new crust forms between them. The force of this separation is called tension. Tension makes the crust longer and thinner. When force exceeds the rock’s strength, the rock breaks, forming a fault. A fault is a break or a crack in the rock of the lithosphere along which movements take place. Faults are usually located along the boundaries between tectonic plates.

Three Kinds of Faults

Forces cause different kinds of faults. Shearing forms strike-slip faults. Tension produces normal faults. In a normal fault, the rock above the fault moves down. Look at the diagram on the next page. Can you determine how this lengthens the rock layers? Compression produces reverse faults. In a reverse fault, the rock above the fault moves up.

The Teton Range in Wyoming is made of fault-block mountains.

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346EXPLAIN


Uplifted Landforms

Mountains form where plates push against each other. Sometimes the plates compress rock. Mountains that are made up mostly of rock layers that were folded by being squeezed together are folded mountains. At other times, the rock breaks. Mountains that are made by huge, tilted blocks of rock separated from the surrounding rock by faults are fault-block mountains.

A large area of high, flat land that was formed by the movement of Earth’s crust is called a plateau. The Colorado Plateau formed when rock layers were pushed upward. The Colorado River cut through part of that region and eventually formed the Grand Canyon.

Quick Check

Infer Why are faults often produced

along plate boundaries?

Critical Thinking Why do some

mountains form as folded mountains

and others form as fault-block

mountains?

A strike-slip fault is produced at a transform boundary. The plates slide past each other without moving up or down. Slabs of rock move past each other in different directions. The San Andreas Fault is an example of a strike-slip fault.

A reverse fault is produced at a convergent boundary. The plates push together. Rock above the fault surface moves upward. The Himalayas in central Asia were formed at a reverse fault.

A normal fault is produced at a divergent boundary. The plates pull apart. Rock above the fault surface moves down. The Sierra Nevada in California were formed at a normal fault.

How does a reverse fault differ from a strike-slip fault?

Clue: The arrows illustrate the plates’ movement.

Types of Faults

Read a Diagram

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347EXPLAIN


PACIFICOCEAN

INDIANOCEAN ATLANTIC

OCEAN

ARCTIC OCEAN

Major earthquake

Tectonic plate

What are earthquakes?Stretching a rubber band takes

energy. When you stretch it past the breaking point, it snaps. This releases the energy you put into stretching it.

This rubber-band model helps explain an earthquake. An earthquake is a sudden shaking of Earth’s crust. Most earthquakes occur when the ground near a plate boundary shifts and changes position. Forces at plate boundaries stretch, push, and bend large sections of rock. Energy can build up in the rock for years or even decades. When the rock breaks or slips, energy is released, and Earth’s crust moves.

Earthquakes can also occur away from plate boundaries. Here the condition of rocks and soil may cause movements and shifting that can produce earthquakes.

The point below the surface of Earth where an earthquake begins is called the focus. Many smaller earthquakes, called aftershocks, can follow a major earthquake. Aftershocks can be almost as strong as the original earthquake. They can continue for days, weeks, or months after the first earthquake.

“Moonquakes” (earthquakes on the Moon) are far less frequent than those on Earth and are not as strong.

Along which ocean coastline do earthquakes tend to occur closest to the shore?

Clue: Where are most of the earthquake icons located?

Read a Map

Earthquake Locations

SI.18

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348EXPLAIN


Focus and Epicenter

Quick Check

Infer Why do most earthquakes

occur near or along a fault?

Critical Thinking Do all

earthquakes occur at plate

boundaries? How do you know?

Earthquake Waves

The sudden movement of an earthquake causes rock to vibrate. A vibration that travels through Earth and is produced by an earthquake or a volcanic eruption is called a seismic (SIZE•mik) wave. Seismic waves spread out in all directions from an earthquake’s focus. The location on the surface directly above the focus is called the epicenter (E•pih•sen•tur). People located at or near the epicenter are the first to feel the earthquake.

Making Mountains

Make a Model Place a sheet of aluminum foil on a flat surface such as a desk or a table. Arrange rocks and pebbles on the foil to represent various landforms.

Experiment Press your hands down flat on the edges of the foil. Slowly slide your hands closer together. Watch the surface of the foil for any changes.

Observe What happens to the foil surface as your hands move? What happens to the rock and pebble “landforms”?

Infer What would happen if you moved your hands faster or at different angles?

SI.14, SI.21

The epicenter is the place where the strongest shocks are felt and the greatest damage usually occurs.

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349EXPLAIN


How destructive is an earthquake?The Mercalli (mer•KAH•lee) scale rates what people near the epicenter feel and observe when an earthquake occurs. It is based on observed effects, not on mathematics. Because of this difference, the Mercalli scale is less reliable than the Richter scale.

Tsunamis

In December 2004, an earthquake in the Indian Ocean launched a tsunami (su•NAH•mee), a series of huge waves caused by an earthquake or a volcanic eruption beneath the ocean floor. The tsunami broke over the coasts of several nations. It caused extensive damage and loss of life.

Water in a tsunami moves away from the epicenter of the earthquake in all directions. Tsunamis have long wavelengths and low amplitudes, or wave heights. The speed of a tsunami depends on the depth of the water.

In October 2005, an earthquake caused great damage to parts of Pakistan and India. Where will the next major earthquake happen? How powerful can earthquakes be?

Magnitude is the measure of the energy released during an earthquake. The strength of an earthquake can be measured in several ways. One measure is magnitude, and another is the extent of damage that an earthquake does to an area.

Two Measures of Earthquakes

The Richter (RIK•tur) scale is a set of numbers used to describe an earthquake’s magnitude on a scale of 1 to 10. An increase of 1 on the Richter scale means a tenfold increase in an earthquake’s magnitude.

The strength of an earthquake can also be measured by its intensity, or the strength as it is felt on Earth’s surface.

How a Tsunami Moves across the Ocean

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350EXPLAIN


Quick Check

Infer During an earthquake, a

refrigerator moves, and pictures

fall off the wall. How strong is the

earthquake?

Critical Thinking Why is it useful

to have two scales for measuring

earthquakes?

• Assemble an emergency kit with a flashlight, a radio, and first-aid supplies.

• Make an emergency escape plan for moving away from dangerous surroundings.

• If you live in an area that could be hit by a tsunami, know the route to higher elevations farther inland.

• If an earthquake strikes, stay away from windows.

Summary of the Richter Scale

Magnitude Description

1–2+recorded on local seismographs but not generally felt

3–4+ often felt, no damage

5+widely felt, slight damage near epicenter

6+damage to poorly constructed buildings and other structures within tens of kilometers of epicenter

7+“major” earthquake, serious damage within up to 100 km (60 mi) of epicenter

8+“great” earthquake, great destruction and loss of life in areas more than 100 km (60 mi) from epicenter

9+

“rare great” earthquake, major damage over a large region more than 1,000 km (600 mi) from epicenter

Summary of the Mercalli Scale

Intensity Description

IIfelt by people at rest or in places more favorable to sensing tremors

IVfelt indoors and outdoors; similar to vibrations of passing trucks; windows, doors, and dishes rattle

VIfelt by almost everyone, walking is unsteady, pictures fall off walls, furniture may move or fall over

VIIIwalls may collapse, monuments may fall

Xmost buildings are destroyed, large landslides occur, train tracks are bent slightly

XIInearly total damage, objects are thrown into the a ir, some landforms are moved

Earthquake-Safety StepsIn the open ocean, tsunamis move at speeds of 500–1,000 km/h (300–600 mph). However, a tsunami slows down as it approaches a shore. The length of each wave decreases, but the height increases. The water piles up, and it is often pulled away from the coastline as the tsunami approaches land. Finally, the tsunami crashes onto the shore as a giant wall of water. Fortunately, most earthquakes do not cause tsunamis.

Protecting against Earthquake Hazards

People cannot prevent earthquakes. However, we can help protect ourselves against the damage they can cause. For example, scientists design some buildings in earthquake-prone areas with “shock absorbers” to minimize the damage caused by seismic waves. Also, many highways in these areas are supported by special reinforced columns to help prevent collapse.

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351EXPLAIN


Volcanoes are vents in Earth’s crust through which magma, gases, and other materials are forced out.

How do volcanoes form?A volcano is an opening in Earth’s

crust through which lava flows. As one crustal plate moves under another, the rock in the mantle and lower crust melts and becomes magma. Melting rock produces gases that mix with magma. Over time, the gas-filled magma rises, because it is less dense than the solid rock around it. Rising magma can build up in a weak part of overlying rock, forming a magma chamber. Magma chambers are the reservoirs from which volcanic materials erupt.

When magma reaches the surface, it erupts through a central opening called a vent. Recall that once magma reaches the surface, it is called lava.

After an eruption, lava cools and hardens, forming a mound. After many eruptions, this mound can grow. A crater is the space around the vent at the top of a volcano.

Some volcanoes are located in the middle of a plate. Scientists believe these volcanoes form over a hot spot, a very hot part of the mantle. As a plate moves over a hot spot, rising plumes of magma break through. The Hawaiian Islands were formed as the Pacific Plate moved over a hot spot.

Most volcanic eruptions, like most earthquakes, occur along the boundaries between shifting plates. Volcanoes and earthquakes change the surface of Earth in ways that we can see immediately.

How Volcanoes Form

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352EXPLAIN


Quick Check

Infer Why do shield volcanoes take a long

time to form?

Critical Thinking Why do volcanoes at

hot spots eventually become extinct?

Types of Volcanoes

Three main kinds of landforms are produced by volcanic eruptions. One kind is a cinder cone volcano, a landform mainly made up of small rock particles, or cinders. As erupting lava shoots into the air, it breaks into small pieces. These fragments cool and harden as they fall back to the ground. The fragments pile around the vent, forming a cone with steep sides.

A second kind of volcanic landform is a shield volcano, a landform made up of many layers of rock. As fluid lava flows out to the surface from a vent, it spreads out in all directions, cools, and hardens into rock. Successive layers of lava rock build up to form a volcano with broad, gently sloping sides that resemble a shield carried by ancient warriors.

The third kind of volcanic landform is a composite volcano, a landform made up of layers of thick lava flows alternating with layers of ash, cinders, and rocks. These layers form a symmetrical cone with steep sides that are concave, or curving inward.

Sometimes a volcano’s crater collapses into the vent. This forms a wide crater called a caldera (kal•DER•uh).

Volcanoes that have erupted recently are active volcanoes. Some volcanoes are dormant, or sleeping. They have not erupted for a long time, but they have erupted in recorded history. If a volcano has never been observed erupting, it is said to be extinct.

▲ Italy’s Stromboli, a composite volcano

composite cone

▲ Mount Capulin in New Mexico, a cinder cone volcano

cinder cone

▲ Hawaii’s Mauna Loa, a shield volcano

shield volcano

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353EXPLAIN

(t) Dr. John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited


batholith

dike laccolith

What are other volcanic landforms?When the rocks around a dike are

worn away, the dike looks like a long ridge. When magma hardens between horizontal layers of rock, a flat sill is formed. Sometimes, a sill’s magma is thick and does not spread out very far horizontally. Instead, it pushes upward. This forms a dome-shaped laccolith (LA•kuh•lith). The largest and deepest magma formation is a batholith (BA•thuh•lith). Batholiths are large pockets of magma that reach deep into the crust.

A string of island volcanoes, or an island arc, can form where one oceanic plate is driven under another. Part of the sinking plate melts, and magma moves up through the crust along a line parallel to where the plates meet. The Aleutian Islands and the Philippine Islands are volcanic island arcs. Where plates move apart, volcanoes can form at gaps along the plates’ edges. These volcanic landforms are called rift volcanoes.

Magma can affect many land features. When magma rises, it pushes against rock layers above it. This can form a large, dome-shaped structure. Weathering and erosion can then strip away the warped layers, exposing the volcanic rock beneath. The Black Hills of South Dakota are dome mountains. If magma hardens in vertical cracks across horizontal layers, a dike forms.

Quick Check

Infer Why do so many island

chains and island arcs form

in the Pacific Ocean?

Critical Thinking What is the

relationship between active

volcanoes and earthquakes?

Volcanoes differ in the kinds of materials they eject, in the intensity and frequency of eruptions, and in the types of landforms that result.

Volcanic Landforms

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354EXPLAIN


Writing Link Math Link

Think, Talk, and Write Vocabulary The point on Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s focus is called the .

Infer Why do most earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur along plate boundaries?

Clues What IKnow

What IInfer

Critical Thinking Why might seismic waves from the same earthquake damage one area more than another?

Test Prep Which is not a part of a volcano?A magma chamberB ventC craterD inner core

Test Prep Which of the following does not cause an earthquake?A lava moving to the top of a volcanoB water penetrating Earth’s surfaceC motion along breaks in Earth’s crustD high temperatures in Earth’s inner core

Essential Question How do forces change Earth?

Visual Summary

Make a Study GuideMake a trifold book. Use the labels shown. Complete the phrases, and include a sketch that summarizes each example of Earth’s forces.

Explanatory WritingWrite an essay identifying the time

frames over which natural events,

such as mountain formation, volcanic

eruption, and earthquakes, occur.

Explain why the time frames differ.

Calculate VolcanoesAlaska has about 40 active volcanoes,

or about 8 percent of all the active

volcanoes on Earth. Calculate how many

active volcanoes Earth has.

Faults are breaks or

cracks in rock that

normally form at plate

boundaries.

Earthquakes usually occur at plate

boundaries. There

are different ways

of measuring an

earthquake’s strength.

Volcanoes form when

magma breaks through

the crust.

-Review Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com

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355EVALUATE


Mount St. Augustine, Augustine Island, Alaska

356EXTEND

What happens before a volcano

erupts? First, magma moves into

the magma chamber beneath the

volcano. Then, the magma starts to

rise to the surface. As the magma

moves, it causes small earthquakes.

The chance of an eruption increases

as these earthquakes occur closer

to the surface. Scientists use

seismometers to detect this activity.

Scientists also look at the

type of earthquake. Short-period

earthquakes happen as magma

breaks through rock on its way to

the surface. This tells scientists that

the amount of magma near the

surface is increasing. Long-period

earthquakes tell scientists that there

is an ongoing movement of magma

beneath the surface. This may mean

that magma is flowing and moving

toward the surface.

Explanatory Writing

A good explanation

▶ develops the main idea with facts and supporting details;

▶ lists what happens in an organized and logical way;

▶ uses time-order words to make the description clear.

Write About ItExplanatory Writing What are the differences between short-period and long-period earthquakes? Research these earthquakes. Write an explanatory essay with details that support your main idea.

-Journal Research and write about it

online at www.macmillanmh.com

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ELA.22 Develop grade-appropriate paragraphs and multiparagraph compositions using the various modes … (ELA-2-M4)

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Solve ItMountains erode at an average rate of about 1.8 m per year. Estimate how long it would take a mountain that is 2,500 m high to erode away completely.

Estimate Quotients

▶ You can use comparable numbers to estimate 1,070,000 cm ÷ 0.1143 cm/year. What numbers close to these are easier to divide?

▶ 1,000,000 is close to 1,070,000. 0.1143 is between 0.1 and 0.2, but much closer to 0.1

▶ Therefore, 1,000,000 ÷ 0.1 = 10,000,0001,000,000 ÷ 0.2 = 5,000,000

▶ Since 0.1 is much closer to 0.1143 than 0.2 is, the age of the Teton Mountains is a little less than 10,000,000 years old .

Forces within and on Earth

change the shape of the land. The

Teton Mountains of Wyoming have

risen about 0.1143 centimeters every

year. Although the highest peak

is just over 2,250 meters above

the lowest part of the valley, the

mountains have actually uplifted

10,700 m.

Using this information, you can

calculate the range of time over

which the Teton Mountains grew.

Divide 10,700 m (1,070,000 cm) by

0.1143 cm to get your answer.

Instead of using long division to

get an exact answer, you can make

an estimate. Use numbers that are

close to the ones in the problem but

are easier to divide.

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357EXTEND

ESS.38 Estimate the range of time over which natural events occur (e.g., lightning in seconds, mountain formation over millions of years) (ESS-M-B3)E

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358

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DOK 1

Visual Summary

1. Magma flows through an opening in Earth’s crust called a(n) .

2. The breakdown of rocks and other materials is called .

3. As lava or magma cools, a(n)

is formed.

4. A solid natural material made from nonliving substances in the ground is a(n) .

5. Glaciers, wind, and water can cause

.

6. All water on Earth is part of its

.

7. The layer of gases that surround Earth is called the .

8. A sudden shaking of Earth’s crust is called a(n) .

9. Heat and pressure are needed in order to form a(n) .

10. A mixture of bits of rock and once-living plants and animals is called

.

ESS.32

ESS.32

ESS.31

ESS.31

ESS.32

ESS.34

ESS.35

ESS.32

ESS.31

ESS.30

Fill each blank with the best term from the list.

atmosphere, p. 324

earthquake, p. 348

erosion, p. 334

hydrosphere, p. 320

igneous rock, p. 300

metamorphic rock,

p. 300

mineral, p. 296

soil, p. 310

volcano, p. 352

weathering, p. 332

Lesson 1 Rocks and

minerals are used for many

different things.

Lesson 2 Soil is a

natural resource made

of a mixture of nonliving

material and once-living

things.

Lesson 3 Air and water

are resources that support

life on Earth.

Lesson 4 Weathering and

erosion change the shape

of Earth’s surface.

Make a Study Guide Put your lesson study guides together as shown. Attach the Lesson 5 study guide to the back. Use this unit study guide to review what you have learned.

Lesson 5 Many landforms

result from changes and

movements in Earth’s

crust.

-Glossary Words and definitions online at www.macmillanmh.com

UNIT 6 Review

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359

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Erosion or Weathering?Observe rock formations, buildings, and statues in your neighborhood.

What to Do

1. Find evidence of erosion or weathering. Record details about what you saw.

2. Make a list of examples of erosion and weathering.

Analyze Your Results

Explain which type of weathering or erosion you think has taken place and the reasons for your decisions.ESS.32, ESS.33

Answer each of the following.

11. Which are formed by the wind?

A sandbars

B meanders

C dunes

D barrier islands

12. Which is an example of chemical weathering?

A Tree roots break apart rock.

B Acidic water dissolves limestone to

form a cave.

C Water freezes and breaks rock.

D A glacier carves a river valley.

13. Look at the rocks shown below. Which statem ent is correct?

A The igneous rock could become a

sedimentary rock through pressure

and heat.

B The sedimentary rock could become

a metamorphic rock through erosion

and deposition.

C The metamorphic rock could

become an igneous rock through

melting and cooling.

D The igneous rock could become a

metamorphic rock through erosion

and deposition.

14. Compare and Contrast List different types of soil. Use reference materials to find out what kinds of materials are found in each type of soil.

15. True or False Oceans, mountains, and streams make up Earth’s hydrosphere. Is this statement true or false? Explain.

ESS.33

ESS.32

ESS.31

ESS.30

ESS.34

16. Communicate Define the term atmosphere. Describe each layer of Earth’s atmosphere.

17. Make a Model Create a model to show how forces change Earth’s surface.

18. Use Numbers Mountain formation takes millions of years; other natural events happen in seconds. Research a natural event, such as earthquakes, volcano eruptions, or lightning. Estimate the time it takes for this event to occur.

19. Infer Discuss why photographs of your family on a beach might look entirely different from year to year, even if they were taken in the same spot.

20. How do Earth’s lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere compare?

ESS.35

ESS.32

ESS.38

ESS.33

ESS.32, ESS.34, ESS.35

-Review Summaries and quizzes online at www.macmillanmh.com

DOK 2–3

DOK 4

marble sandstone

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1 Study the table below.

A copper penny has a hardness of 3. Which minerals would a copper penny most likely scratch?

A. topaz and talc

B. apatite and diamond

C. gypsum and talc

D. feldspar and quartz

2 The diagram below shows different layers of soil. In which layer will you most likely find the most nutrient-rich soil?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

ESS.31

ESS.30

3 Study the graph below.

How much of Earth’s freshwater is in liquid form?

A. 97 percent

B. 2.3 percent

C. 0.6 percent

D. 0.1 percent

4 Which statement defines the word atmosphere ?

A. A layer of gases that surrounds Earth’s core.

B. All of Earth’s liquid and solid water.

C. A layer of gases and other particles that surrounds Earth.

D. A part of Earth’s crust and the top of the mantle .

5 An experiment shows that waves can erode beaches. Which conclusion can you draw from this observation?

A. Sand dissolves in water.

B. Only salt water causes erosion.

C. Over time, beaches change shape.

D. All beaches erode at the same rate .

ESS.34

ESS.35

ESS.33

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6 Which most likely caused the split in the rock below?

A. a large animal

B. gravity

C. chemical weathering

D. freezing water

7 Which of the following best describes how a composite volcano is created?

A. Erupting lava shoots into the air and breaks into small pieces, which harden and pile up into a cone with steep sides.

B. Flowing lava spreads out in all directions, creating a broad, gently sloping landform with many layers.

C. Thick lava flows alternate with layers of ash, cinders, and rocks, making a symmetrical cone with concave sides.

D. Thin, fast-flowing lava sprays out of the ground, burning away soil around it to create a steep cone surrounded by a trench .

ESS.32

ESS.32

8 Which strategy will be most effective in preventing soil erosion on the hill pictured below?

A. adding more soil to the hill

B. running water down the hill

C. planting more trees on the hill

D. increasing the steepness of the hill

9 How long does it most likely take for an earthquake to occur?

A. centuries

B. seconds

C. months

D. years

ESS.33

ESS.38

Question Review Question Review

1 p. 297 6 p. 332

2 p. 311 7 p. 353

3 p. 322 8 p. 334

4 p. 324 9 pp. 348–349

5 pp. 337, 338–339

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