Lesson 3 | Moving Cellular Material

Cell Structure and Function 45

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Student Labs and Activities Page

Launch Lab 46

Content Vocabulary 47

Lesson Outline 48

MiniLab 50

Content Practice A 51

Content Practice B 52

Math Skills 53

School to Home 54

Key Concept Builders 55

Enrichment 59

Challenge 60

Skill Practice 61

Lesson 3 | Moving Cellular Material

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46 Cell Structure and Function

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What does the cell membrane do?All cells have a membrane around the outside of the cell. The cell membrane separates the inside of a cell from the environment outside a cell. What else might a cell membrane do?

Procedure

LESSON 3: 5 minutesLaunch Lab

Data and Observations

Think About This 1. What part of a cell does the wire mesh represent?

2. What happened when you poured birdseed on the wire mesh?

3. Key Concept How do you think the cell membrane affects materials that enter and leave a cell?

1. Read and complete a lab safety form.

2. Place a square of wire mesh on top of a beaker.

3. Pour a small amount of birdseed on top of the wire mesh. Record your observations below.

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Moving Cellular MaterialDirections: Write the correct term in the boxes to the right of each definition. Then use the letters in the numbered boxes to spell a seventh term.

active transport diffusion endocytosis exocytosis

facilitated diffusion osmosis passive transport

Content Vocabulary LESSON 3

1. occurs with the help of transport proteins

2. movement through a cell’s membrane without using the cell’s energy

3. movement through a cell’s membrane that requires energy

4. when a vesicle releases its contents outside of a cell

5. movement of substances from higher to lower concentration

6. diffusion of water molecules

7. is the process during which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane.

1

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Moving Cellular MaterialA. Passive Transport

1. A cell membrane is , which means that it allows only certain substances to enter or leave a cell.

2. Passive transport is the movement of substances through a cell membrane without

using the cell’s .

B. Diffusion

1. Diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of

concentration to an area of

concentration.

2. Usually diffusion continues through a membrane until the

of a substance is the same on both sides of the membrane.

C. Osmosis—The Diffusion of Water

1. Osmosis is the diffusion of molecules only through a membrane.

2. If the concentration of water in the air surrounding a plant is less than the concentration of water inside the plant’s vacuoles, water will diffuse into the

until the concentrations of water are equal.

3. Facilitated diffusion allows molecules to pass through a cell membrane using

proteins.

a. Carrier proteins carry through the cell membrane.

b. proteins allow ions to pass through the cell membrane.

D. Active Transport

1. Active transport uses the cell’s to move substances through a cell membrane.

2. Active transport moves substances from areas of

concentration to areas of concentration.

Lesson Outline LESSON 3



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Lesson Outline continued

3. A cell uses to take in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane.

4. A cell’s vesicles release their contents outside the cell

during .

E. Cell Size and Transport

1. For a cell to survive, its surface area must be large compared to

its .

2. As a cell , its volume increases faster than its surface area.



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How is a balloon like a cell membrane?Substances within a cell are constantly in motion. How can a balloon act like a cell membrane?

Procedure

LESSON 3: 20 minutes

Analyze and Conclude 1. List the senses that were most useful in identifying the substances.

2. Infer if you could identify the substances if you were blindfolded. If so, how?

3. Describe how the substances moved and explain why they moved this way.

4. Key Concept Explain how a balloon is like a cell membrane in terms of the movement of substances.

MiniLab

1. Read and complete a lab safety form.

2. Make a three-column table in your Science Journal to record your data. Label the first column Balloon Number,the second column Substance, and the third column Supporting Evidence.

3. Use your senses to identify which substance is in each of the numbered balloons.

4. Record what you think each substance is.

5. Record the evidence supporting your choice.



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Moving Cellular MaterialDirections: Complete each definition. Then use the terms below to complete the chart.

carrier proteins channel proteins diffusion endocytosis

exocytosis facilitated diffusion osmosis

Content Practice A LESSON 3

Passive transport is1.

2. 3. 4.

Active transport is5.

6. 7.



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Moving Cellular MaterialDirections: List a fact or term next to each bullet to complete the chart.

Information to Find Answers

1. What passes through a cell using passive transport?

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•

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2. What are three types of passive transport?

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3. How do substances move in passive transport?

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4. What is the diffusion of water molecules only?

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5. What is used in facilitated diffusion to assist the transport of sugar and sodium molecules?

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6. What is only used in active transport? •

7. How do substances move in active transport?

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8. Which proteins are used in active and passive transport?

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9. What does a cell do to a substance in endocytosis?

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10. What does a cell use to eliminate a substance that is too large to leave by diffusion?

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11. Which structures join with the cell’s membrane during exocytosis?

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Content Practice B LESSON 3



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Use Ratios The area of a rectangle is the length times the width, or A = l × w. The surface area of a rectangular solid is the sum of the areas of the six surfaces. The volume of this solid is the product of the length, width, and height, or V = l × w × h. The ratio of surface area to volume compares the amount of surface area on a three-dimensional solid to the volume of the solid. This ratio may be expressed as A/V or A:V.

A rectangular solid measures 10 cm wide, 5 cm long, and 2 cm tall. What is the ratio of surface area to volume?

Step 1 Calculate the surface area. Add the areas of the six surfaces. (10 + 5) + (10 × 5) + (5 × 2) + (5 × 2) + (2 × 10) + (2 × 10) = 160 cm2

Step 2 Calculate the volume.10 × 5 × 2 = 100 cm3

Step 3 Write the ratio. Divide by the greatest common factor to simplify.A:V = 160:100160 ÷ 20 = 8 and 100 ÷ 20 = 5A/V = 8:5

Math Skills LESSON 3

Practice 1. A rectangular solid has a surface area of

22 cm2 and a volume of 6 cm3. What is the surface-area-to-volume ratio?

2. A rectangular solid has a surface area of 52 cm2 and a volume of 24 cm3. What is the surface-area-to-volume ratio?

3. A rectangular solid measures 5 cm long by 3 cm wide by 1 cm high. What is the surface-area-to-volume ratio?

4. A rectangular solid measures 8 cm long by 2 cm wide by 2 cm high. What is the surface-area-to-volume ratio?

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Moving Cellular MaterialDirections: Use your textbook to respond to each statement.

1. Use the terms below to fill in the concept map about the movement of materials into and out of cells.

diffusion endocytosis exocytosis facilitated diffusion osmosis

2. With your learning partner, fill a clear drinking glass with water. Set the water on a table. Then carefully add 1 drop of food coloring to the water. Do not mix or stir the water. Observe the water for 5 minutes while the dye diffuses. Record your observations here.

School to Home

do not use the cell’s energy

a.

b.

c. d. e.

Materials move in and out of cells in

processes that

use the cell’s energy

LESSON 3

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Moving Cellular MaterialKey Concept How do materials enter and leave cells?

Directions: Write a short description of how each transport system works. Under each description, add a simple diagram that shows how the process occurs in a cell. Include arrows.

Passive Transport

Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion

Description: Description: Description:

Diagram: Diagram: Diagram:

Active Transport

Endocytosis Exocytosis

Description: Description:

Diagram: Diagram:

Key Concepts Builder LESSON 3

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Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Each term is used only once.

Key Concepts Builder LESSON 3

1. the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

2. transport proteins that carry large molecules, such as sugar molecules, through a cell membrane

3. the state a substance is in when the concentration of the substance is the same on both sides of a cell membrane

4. when a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane

5. the diffusion of water molecules only

6. when molecules pass through a cell membrane using special proteins

7. transport proteins that form pores through a cell membrane

8. the movement of substances through a cell membrane by using the cell’s energy

9. proteins that assist with the transport of molecules through a cell membrane

10. when a cell’s vesicles release their contents outside the cell

11. what a cell membrane is because it allows only certain substances to enter or leave a cell

12. the movement of substances through a cell membrane without using the cell’s energy

A. semipermeable

B. passive transport

C. diffusion

D. equilibrium

E. osmosis

F. facilitated diffusion

G. transport proteins

H. carrier proteins

I. channel proteins

J. active transport

K. endocytosis

L. exocytosis



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LESSON 3


Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided. Use complete sentences.

1. What is active transport?

2. What is endocytosis?

3. What is exocytosis?

4. How does a cell use endocytosis to form a vesicle?

5. How does a cell use exocytosis to release the contents of a vesicle outside the cell?

6. What role does cellular energy play in active transport?

Key Concepts Builder



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Moving Cellular MaterialKey Concept How does cell size affect the transport of materials?

Relationship Between Surface Area and Volume

Surface Area 6 24 54

Volume 1 8 27

Ratio of Surface Area to Volume 6 to 1 3 to 1 2 to 1

Directions: The table above shows the surface area and volume of sample objects. Use the table to help answer each question. Use complete sentences.

1. What happens to the volume of an object as its surface area increases?

2. What is the changing relationship between volume and surface area as an object gets bigger?

3. What problem would unlimited cell growth pose for a cell?

4. Why can a cell not survive under conditions of unlimited growth?

LESSON 3Key Concepts Builder



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Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease

Enrichment LESSON 3

Imagine slowly losing your most precious memories. You can barely remember how to do the simplest task, let alone recognize the face of a loved one.

This devastating scenario is common for the nearly 5 million Americans afflicted with Alzheimer’s disease. This progressive brain disease attacks nerve cells in the brain, usually in older people. It affects a person’s memory, thinking patterns, and behavior. In the United States, Alzheimer’s is the sixth leading cause of death. Currently, there is no cure.

Cell Transport and Alzheimer’s Disease Scientists have made great strides in

understanding Alzheimer’s disease. They now know that certain genes have a role in the disease. Recently, they also discovered that Alzheimer’s might be linked to problems associated with cell transport. Nerve cells have axons that can extend several feet from the main body of the cell, which makes transport an important issue.

As you have learned, proteins are one type of macromolecule in cells. Proteins

have several functions, one of which is to help transport materials inside cells. Scientists are studying several proteins in nerve cells, including the amyloid precursor protein (APP). The exact role of APP is unclear, but it appears to be crucial in transporting materials and information from the nerve cell to the axons. In patients with Alzheimer’s disease, this cell transport system breaks down. As a result, the cell sends out signals that eventually lead to its death.

Working Toward a Cure Scientists are working to understand how

this transport breakdown occurs. They have discovered an enzyme that splits APP into two parts, one of which is called beta amyloid. When this split occurs in a certain way, beta amyloid forms the plaques, or deposits of protein, found in and around the nerve cells of Alzheimer’s patients. By regulating the production of beta amyloid, scientists hope to prevent the formation of plaques and halt the death of nerve cells in the brain. The challenge, however, lies in keeping all the other functions of APP intact.

Applying Critical-Thinking SkillsDirections: Answer each question or respond to each statement.

1. Infer what it means when a disease is called progressive.

2. Identify the challenges that scientists face in their search for a cure for Alzheimer’s disease.

3. Evaluate the information in the article. What does it imply about the importance of cell transport?

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Observing Cell Transport Using simple materials you have in your home, devise an experiment that will allow you

to observe cell transport. Develop a specific question that your experiment will answer. Be sure to list materials that you use and develop the appropriate steps when you conduct your experiment. Which safety precautions should you consider while you plan and perform your experiment?

Prepare a report detailing your question, experimental plans, and procedures, data, and results, as well as your conclusions.

Challenge LESSON 3

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How does an object’s size affect the transport of materials?Nutrients, oxygen, and other materials enter and leave a cell through the cell membrane. Does the size of a cell affect the transport of these materials throughout the cell? In this lab, you will analyze and conclude how the size of a cube of egg white affects material transport.

Learn ItTo analyze how an object’s size affects material transport, you will need to calculate each object’s surface-area-to-volume ratio. The following formulas are used to calculate surface area and volume of a cube.

surface area (mm2) = (length of 1 side)2 × 6

volume (mm3) = (length of 1 side) 3

To calculate the ratio of surface area to volume, divide surface area by volume.

Materialshard-cooked eggs 250-mL beaker plastic knife blue food coloring

metric ruler plastic spoon paper towels

Safety

Try It 1. Read and complete a lab safety form.

2. Measure and cut one large cube of egg white that is 20 mm on each side. Then, measure and cut one small cube of egg white that is 10 mm on each side.

3. Place 100 mL of water in a plastic cup. Add 10 drops of food coloring. Gently add the egg-white cubes and soak overnight.

4. Remove the cubes from the cup with a plastic spoon and place them on a paper towel. Cut each cube in half.

5. Examine the inside surface of each cube. Measure and record in millimeters how deep the blue food coloring penetrated into each cube.

Large cube:

Small cube:

Analyze and ConcludeSkill Practice LESSON 3: 30 minutes

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Apply It 6. How does the depth of the color compare on the two cubes?

7. Calculate the surface area, the volume, and the surface-area-to volume ratio of each cube. How do the surface-area-to-volume ratios of the two cubes compare?

8. Key Concept Would a cell with a small surface-area-to-volume ratio be able to transport nutrients and waste through the cell as efficiently as a cell with a large surface-area-to-volume ratio?

Skill Practice continued

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Lesson 3 | Moving Cellular Material