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Lesson 2a – Italian Expansionism (1930s)
Essential QuestionTo what extent was there continuity in Italian foreign policy in the 1930s?Learning Outcomes - Students will:
◦ Preview – Italian foreign policy?◦ Learn about the shift in foreign policy◦ Learn about the impact of the Spanish Civil
War on Italian foreign policy
Success CriteriaI can create my outline to answer the essential question
Leave space for 2 lessons
PreviewWhat are the messages of
these quotes by Mussolini
“My objective is simple. I want to make Italy great, respected and feared.”
“The Twentieth Century will be a century of Italian
power.”
How do you
think he
could do
this?
VocabFour Powers PactStresa FrontHoare-Laval PactRome – Berlin Axis AllianceAnti-Comintern Pact
ReadingSL & HL – Pg. 119-
140 (Move to Global War)◦ Make sure you are adding
to Notes Essential Question
◦ IB Math Notes only = max 5 Textbook only = max 5 Notes + Textbook = 6~7
3 Lessons
Mussolini and Hitler
Originally, saw Hitler as a junior ally while Mussolini had to goal of being a power in Europe ◦ June 1934 – Mussolini invited Br, Fr, and
Ger to sign the Four Powers Pact These powers came to Italy and Mussolini was
giving Europe leadership
◦ 1934 – meets Hitler in Venice calling him “a silly little monkey”
concerned with Hitler’s claim to Austria, specifically the German speaking area of Alto Adige ◦ 1934 – Leader of Austria, Dollfuss, is
assassinated by Austrian Nazis◦ July 1934 – Italy placed troops on the
Austrian-Italian border to block the Anchluss
◦ Apr. 1935 – Stresa Front – he formed an alliance with Britain and France to prevent German expansion and protect Austrian sovereignty
Abyssinia Background: 1895-6 – Italy
invades Abyssinia but, despite superior weapons, are defeated, ◦ the only European power to be
defeated by an African opponent in the colonial era
1935 – over a local disagreement over grazing rights, Mussolini sends 500,000 soldiers, with the latest weaponry (tanks, poison gas) against Ethiopians, many using spears◦ 275,000 Ethiopians killed
International reaction◦ Britain and France were not to serious
and actually proposed giving Italy 2/3 of Abyssinia, until it was leaked (Hoare-Laval Pact)
◦ League of Nations condemned Italy, declaring it the aggressor nation and imposed sanctions, but not on oil
Abyssinia - Impact
Collapse of the Stresa front◦ After the failure of (Hoare-Laval Pact, Br
and Fr imposed an oil embargo in Mar. ’36, but not implemented until May
Nationalist support for Mussolini grew Pushed Italy and Germany closer to
one another 1936 – Mussolini tells Hitler that he does not
oppose an Anchluss with Austria 1936 – agreed to join Hitler in the Spanish Civil
War
League of Nations is seen as weak◦ July – ends all sanctions against Italy
Mussolini had the first steps of his “New Roman Empire,” although it did not bring him much economic benefit◦ Continued guerilla warfare◦ Italy spent 12.5% of its budget on East
Africa◦ “Ethiopia bled Italy dry” - Clark
Spanish Civil War
Italy supplies 70,000 troops (3x more that Germans) to support the nationalists
Why?◦ Confidence – success of Abyssinia◦ Anti-communist – USSR sent troops to
help◦ Prevent France from gaining influence
over the Left◦ Support of the Catholic Church – worried
about a communist takeover in Spain Impact
◦ Moved Hitler and Mussolini closer together Oct 1936 – Rome – Berlin Axis Alliance Nov 1937 – Anti-Comintern Pact (Ger, Jap) 1938 – Italy accepts the Anschluss
◦ Italy withdraws from collective security Dec 1937 – leave the League of Nations
To what extent was there continuity in Italian foreign
policy in the 1930s?What is the question asking you?What questions must you answer?
◦ What was the foreign policy previously (1920s)?
◦ Did it stay the same in the 1930s? Be specific – To what extent means was it a complete
change or partial?
◦ Why did it change/stay the same?How can you structure your answer?
Make sure you
leave space
throughout
because
we
will add m
ore
later
Lesson 2b – Italian Expansionism (1930s)
Essential QuestionTo what extent was there continuity in Italian foreign policy in the 1930s?Learning Outcomes - Students will:
◦Preview – Hitler and Mussolini◦Learn about the shift in foreign policy◦Learn about Italy’s move to war
Success CriteriaI can create my outline to answer the essential question
Leave space for 3 lessons
PreviewWhat do you think
the relationship is between Hitler and Mussolini?◦Pre-1937 – Why?
1934 – meets Hitler in Venice calling him “a silly little monkey”
◦Post-1937 – Why does it change?
VocabMunich ConferencePact of Steel
ReadingSL & HL – Pg. 119-
140 (Move to Global War)◦ Make sure you are adding
to Notes Essential Question
◦ IB Math Notes only = max 5 Textbook only = max 5 Notes + Textbook = 6~7
3 Lessons
Changing Relationship1937 – Mussolini visits
Hitler◦ Hitler produces a grand
parade showing the military might of Germany
◦ It is apparent that the Mussolini has become the junior partner in this alliance
In an alliance with Germany, Italy would be the minor member◦ 1938 – signed a pact of
friendship with Br, but also prepared the Italian navy for war against Britain
1938 Munich Conference
Mussolini wished to be seen as the “broker of peace,” therefore reaffirming his powerful standing in Europe◦ Like Chamberlain, he is seen as a
hero of Europe by preventing war◦ Mussolini believes it as well
Britain and France would do anything to avoid war◦ Mussolini took advantage of this to
push his own foreign policy in the Balkans and Mediterranean Ex. Calls for the annexation of
Corsica, Nice and Tunis
Invasion of AlbaniaMar 1939 – Hitler invades the
rest of Czechoslovakia, without informing Mussolini◦ Britain and France do nothing
Apr. 1939 – invades Albania◦ 1934 – Albania asserted some
independence signing trade agreements with Yugoslavia and Greece
◦ 1939 – Mussolini sends an ultimatum demanding Albania to allow Italian occupation, which is refused
◦ Similar to Poland, Britain provides guarantees to Greece and Romania to aid if attacked
Key Point: Hitle
r
ignores MussoliniKey Point:
Mussolini is
consistently
playing catchup
to Hitler
Move to War
May 1939 – Pact of Steel◦ Military alliance promising Italy
would fight on Germany’s side◦ Mussolini informs Hitler that his
army is 3 years away from being ready
Aug – Nazi-Soviet Pact◦ Mussolini is not informed
Sept 1 – Hitler invades Poland◦ Mussolini does not enter since he
is not ready + the country has fought wars over the last 5 years (war weary)
June 1940 – Italy declares war◦ German success worried Mussolini
that nothing would be left for him
To what extent was there continuity in Italian foreign policy
in the 1930s?Return to your outline
◦What information can you add? Ex. Munich Conference? Ex. Invasion of Albania? Ex. Pact of Steel? Ex. Hitler-Mussolini relationship?
Lesson 2c – Italian Expansionism (1930s)
Essential QuestionTo what extent was there continuity in Italian foreign policy in the 1930s?Learning Outcomes - Students will:
◦Review – answer our essential question◦Learn about what historians say about the
topic
Success CriteriaI can apply historian’s point of views to my outline
Leave space for 3 lessons
PreviewDiscuss our essential question
◦To what extent was there continuity in Italian foreign policy in the 1930s?
What is your opinion◦Use your outline to help
VocabRenzo De FeliceAJP TaylorGerhard Schreiber
ReadingSL & HL – Pg. 119-
140 (Move to Global War)◦ Make sure you are adding
to Notes Essential Question
◦ IB Math Notes only = max 5 Textbook only = max 5 Notes + Textbook = 6~7
3 Lessons
Italian Foreign Policy
Mussolini-Hitler
AllianceHistorian
Example: Why did Italy enter
WW2?
Italian Right-Wing
British
German
Leave 3 lines for
each category
HistoriographyItalian Right-wing
◦ Italian foreign policy: before 1935, Mussolini sought France’s approval for an Italian empire in N. Africa Mussolini wished to be the
power that balanced Europe (Munich Conference)
Alliance with Hitler was not imperialist in nature
◦Historian: Renzo De Felice (Mussolini’s official biographer)
HistoriographyBritish
◦Italian foreign policy: Mussolini sought an expansionist policy, but sometimes conflicted with Hitler Ex. Mussolini thought Hitler
agreed to leave Austria independent, but this is in contrast to the Anschluss
◦Historian: AJP Taylor
HistoriographyGerman
◦ Italian foreign policy: dependent on the domestic policies within Italy Foreign Policy was just a form
of propaganda to gain domestic approval
Had no strategy joining with Hitler
More a product his own rhetoric about his goal of an Italian empire
◦Historian: Gerhard Schreiber
Italian Foreign Policy
Mussolini-Hitler
AllianceHistorian
Example: Why did Italy enter
WW2?
Italian Right-Wing
British
German
Leave 3 lines for
each category
To what extent was there continuity in Italian foreign
policy in the 1930s?Return to your outline
◦Tell me your answer to this question
◦Do any of the historians we looked have a similar point of view? Ex. Does your answer focus on the
impact of domestic factors? Which historian would agree with this?
IB Tip
0 historians
= max score
52 or m
ore =
possible full
scores