Lesson 23: "More Than One Witness"

7/31/2019 Lesson 23: "More Than One Witness"

1/14

]d mdukcdnm znv} lnkmdw}v# ed }d2 lèlcnkmynccgpvwkmnpvflddckd}gv8:>8+hcdevzd}+fdo

&> N rdkg cgnmgx uxd}g nhdw} }lg idccdu`ke o`xnfwcdwv `kf`mgk} `k l`v uggacp cg}}gx }dl`v o`vv`dk zxgv`mgk} `k Fl`cg2 Dk Odkmnp ug m`mk} lnyg nkp}l`ke zcnkkgm# vd ug mg/

f`mgm d akdfa n} n fdwzcg di ldwvgv dk nhdw} gygxp v}xgg} `k dwx zxdvgcp}`ke nxgn+ Eg}/}`ke fcdvg }d }lg gkm di }lg gygk`ke# @ igc} òzxgvvgm }d akdfa dk n fgx}n`k mddx+ ]lgp cg}wv `k+ Ug }nwel} n ino`cp di v`| zgdzcg# i`yg di uldo fdwcm hg hnz}`rgm+ Ni}gx ug i`k`vlgm}lg m`vfwvv`dk# }lg uìg v}nx}gm }gcc`ke wv nhdw} n mxgno vlg lnm+ Vlg }dcm wv }ln} }lxggmnpv hgidxg ug akdfagm dk }lg`x mddx# vlg lnm n mxgno di }ud nkegcv nzzgnx`ke }d lgx+Ulgk vlg vnu dwx infgv# vlg ncodv} v}nx}gm fxp`ke hgfnwvg dwxv ugxg }lg infgv di }lgnkegcv+ @ no vd g|f`}gm }d lnyg }lg dzzdx}wk`}p }d }gnfl }l`v ino`cp+,M+ Agccp Demgk ,uldvgxygm nv n o`vv`dk zxgv`mgk} `k Fl`cg# Nkmxgu F+ Va`kkgx# Ygxvg hp Ygxvg ]lg Hdda di Odxodk# Ydc+ ># =:=/:7

&8 Zxgv`mgk} Lpxwo Vo`}l nxdvg nkm onmg n igu xgonxav+ Lg fdoznxgm }lg

cnupgxv }d zdccùdev# uèecgxv# nkm }dnmv+ Lg vn`m }lgp udwcm mxp wz kg|} incc+]ldvg flnxnf}gxv# @ zxgvwog# ugxg onmg `k e`rrnxm ona`ke }òg# ulgk `} unvflgnzgx }d eg} e`rrnxmv }lnk vdwcv1 idx ì n vdwc fdv} -7# n e`rrnxm udwcm fdv} kd}`ke2 càg }xgg }dnmv# }lgp flnkeg fdcdx }d vw`} }lg dhbgf} }lgp nxg wzdk+ ]lgp

dwel} }d hg igxxg}gm dw} càg xn}v+ Pdw fdwcm mgvfx`hg }lgo nv pdw udwcm n lgmeglde2 }lgnxg `k gygxp lgmeg# v}`ka`ke càg }lg vawka,L`v}dxp di }lg Flwxfl# Ydc+ 9# Fl+>:# z+8=:+

&6 Ni}gx }lg znkdxno`f y`v`dk di }lg cìg ug gnfl c`ygm lnv hggk g|l`h`}gm# vwxgcp `} u`cckd} hg mìi`fwc} }d zxdkdwkfg n }xwg nkm g~w`}nhcg bwmeogk} wzdk }lg lwonk xnfg+ Nv }lg

zxdzlg} Ncon nkm }lg zxdzlg} Bnfdh mgfcnxgm# ug vlncc lnyg n hxèl} xgfdccgf}`dk di dwxznv}# ,Ncon >>2=6zgxigf} akducgmeg di ncc dwx ew`c} nkm dwx wkfcgnkc`kgvv nkm dwx knagm/kgvv1 nkm }lg xèl}gdwv vlncc lnyg n zgxigf} akducgmeg di }lg`x gkbdpogk}# nkm }lg`xxèl}gdwvkgvv# hg`ke fcd}lgm u`}l zwx`}p,8 Kgzl` 02>= Gnfl `km`y`mwnc u`cc vgg gpg }dgpg u`}l l`v kgèlhdx ,M)F :

&= Gcmgx Mncc`k L+ Dnav }nwel}2 ]lg zxdzlg} Kgzl` mgvfx`hgv }lg I`knc Bwmeogk} `k}gxov di uln} ug lnyg hgfdog2 Nkm ì }lg`x udxav lnyg hggk i`c}l`kgvv }lgp owv} kggmv

hg i`c}lp1 nkm ì }lgp hg i`c}lp `} owv} kggmv hg }ln} }lgp fnkkd} mugcc `k }lg a`kemdo diEdm ,> Kgzl` >7266 ]lg vnog udwcm hg }xwg di vgci`vl dx m`vdhgm`gk} dx nkp d}lgx zgx/vdknc n}}x`hw}g `kfdkv`v}gk} u`}l }lg xg~w`xgogk}v di Edm+ Xgigxx`ke }d }lg v}n}g di }lg

u`fagm `k }lg I`knc Bwmeogk}# Ncon g|zcn`kv }ln} ì ug nxgfdkmgokgm hp dwx udxmv# dwx udxav# nkm dwx }ldwel}v# ugvlncc kd} hg idwkm vzd}cgvv1 nkm `k }l`v nuiwc v}n}g ug vlncckd} mnxg }d cdda wz }d dwx Edm,Ncon >82>=

Ixdo vwfl }gnfl`kev ug fdkfcwmg }ln} }lg I`knc Bwme/


2/14

Ixdo }lg FGV Hdda di Odxodk V}wmgk} Onkwnc# 8::0# >7=

ogk} `v kd} bwv} nk gyncwn}`dk di n vwo }d}nc di eddm nkm gy`c nf}vuln} ug lnyg mdkg+@} `v nk nfakducgmeogk} di }lg i`knc giigf} di dwx nf}v nkm }ldwel}vuln} ug lnyg hg/fdog+ @} `v kd} gkdwel idx nkpdkg bwv} }d ed }lxdwel }lg od}`dkv+ ]lg fdoonkmogk}v#dxm`knkfgv# nkm fdygknk}v di }lg edvzgc nxg kd} n c`v} di mgzdv`}v xg~w`xgm }d hg onmg `kvdog lgnygkcp nffdwk}+ ]lg edvzgc di Bgvwv Flx`v} `v n zcnk }ln} vlduv wv ldu }d hg/fdog uln} dwx Lgnygkcp In}lgx mgv`xgv wv }d hgfdog+,FX# Df}+ 8:::

&7 Gcmgx V}gxc`ke U+ V`cc }nwel} }ln} n xgvwxxgf}gm hdmp `v hgnw}ìwc hgpdkm ncc

fdozxglgkv`dk# u`}l ~w`fagkgm vgkvgv# nozcì`gm zdugxv di zgxfgz}`dk# nkmynv}cp `kfxgnvgm fnznf`}p idx cdyg# wkmgxv}nkm`ke# nkm lnzz`kgvv,FX Df}+ >059

&9 Zxgv`mgk} Hxèlno Pdwke lnv u`vgcp dhvgxygm2 (Ug }nca nhdw} dwx }x`ncv nkm}xdwhcgv lgxg `k }l`v cìg2 hw} vwzzdvg }ln} pdw fdwcm vgg pdwxvgcygv }ldwvnkmv nko`cc`dkv di pgnxv ni}gx pdw lnyg zxdygm in`}liwc }d pdwx xgcè`dk mwx`ke }lg iguvldx} pgnxv `k }l`v }òg# nkm lnyg dh}n`kgm g}gxknc vncyn}`dk nkm n fxduk di ecdxp

`k }lg zxgvgkfg di Edm1 }lgk cdda hnfa wzdk pdwx c`ygv lgxg# nkm vgg }lg cdvvgv# fxdvvgv#nkm m`vnzzd`k}ogk}v# }lg vdxxduv nx`v`ke ixdo m`vdhgm`gk} fl`cmxgk / ixdo u`fagm znxgk}vuld lnyg dzzdvgm }lg`x fl`cmxgk uld u`vlgm }d gohxnfg }lg }xw}l# }lg zgxvgfw}`dkv ixdof`}p }d f`}p# ixdo v}n}g }d v}n}g# hg`ke lwk}gm nkm mx`ygk# pdw udwcm hg fdkv}xn`kgm }d g|/fcnò# %Hw} uln} di ncc }ln}4 ]ldvg }l`kev ugxg hw} idx n odogk}# nkm ug nxg kdu lgxg+ Ulnyg hggk in`}liwc mwx`ke n igu odogk}v `k dwx odx}nc`}p# nkm kdu ug gkbdp g}gxknc cìgnkm ecdxp# u`}l zdugx }d zxdexgvv `k ncc }lg hdwkmcgvv akducgmeg nkm }lxdwel }lg fdwk}cgv}negv di zxdexgvv`dk# gkbdp`ke }lg vo`cgv nkm nzzxdhn}`dk di dwx In}lgx nkm Edm# nkm diBgvwv Flx`v} dwx gcmgx hxd}lgx+%( ,BM# 52857+


3/14

Ncon >>2=6 n hxèl} xgfdccgf}`dk di ncc dwx ew`c}

@k }lg xgvwxxgf}`dk# ug u`cc kd} vwiigx }lg cò`}n}`dkv di ogodxp ul`fl ug lnyg `k odx}nc`}p+ Dwx zgx/vdknc fdozw}gxv u`cc hg nhcg }d i`km i`cgv owfl hg}}gx }lnk }lgp md kdu+ ]lgxg `v vf`gk}ì`f nkm nkgfmd}ngy`mgkfg }ln} }lg hxn`k v}dxgv gygxp}l`ke ul`fl lnzzgkv }d wv `k dwx c`ygv+ Dwx `knh`c`}p }d xgfncc fgx}n`k

gygk}v mdgv kd} ognk }lg `kidxon}`dk `v kd} }lgxg+

Kgwxdvwxe`fnc g|zgxògk}v# mdkg dk nunag zn}`gk}v# lnyg vlduk }ln} gcgf}x`fnc v}òwcn}`dk }d mìigxgk}zdx}`dkv di }lg hxn`k fnk v}òwcn}g }lg xgfncc di gygk}v `k }lg vwhbgf}v cìg }ln} lnm cdke v`kfg hggk idx/

ed}}gk+ ]lg g|zgxògk}v hx`ke }lg ogodx`gv hnfa u`}l }lg vnog y`y`mkgvv nv ì }lg gygk}v }dda zcnfgpgv}gxmnp+ Zcnf`ke }lg gcgf}x`fnc v}òwcn}`dk dk mìigxgk} zdx}`dkv di }lg lwonk fgxghxnc fdx}g| u`cc zxd/mwfg }lg xgfncc di mìigxgk} gygk}v# vweegv}`ke }ln} ncc gygk}v `k dkgv cìg nxg xgfdxmgm vdogulgxg `k }lg

hxn`k+

Ug fdoodkcp lgnx di zgdzcg uld hgc`gygm }lgp ugxg nhdw} }d m`g vnp# op cìg icnvlgm hgidxg op

gpgv+ Ldu fdwcm }lgvg ogodx`gv icnvl `k}d dkgv fdkvf`dwvkgvv ì }lgp ugxg kd} ncxgnmp v}dxgm `k }lghxn`k4 @i }l`v `v }lg fnvg# nkm }lg vfx`z}wxg vweegv}v `} `v vd# ug udwcm hg u`vg }d xgzgk} di }ldvg }l`kevul`fl ug md kd} unk} }d xgogohgx n} }ln} mnp+ ]lgk ug u`cc hg nv }lg xèl}gdwv uld vlncc lnyg n zgx/igf} akducgmeg di }lg`x gkbdpogk}# nkm }lg`x xèl}gdwvkgvv ,8 Kg 02>=+ ,EdvzgcMdf}x`kg+fdo

Bdlk ]npcdxEdm lnv onmg gnfl onk n xge`v}gx u`}l`k lòvgci# nkm gnfl onk fnk xgnm l`v duk xge`v}gx# vd inx nv lggkbdpv l`v zgxigf} infwc}`gv+ ]l`v fnk hg gnv`cp fdozxglgkmgm+

Cg} pdwx ogodx`gv xwk hnfa# nkm pdw fnk xgogohgx }lg }òg ulgk pdw m`m n eddm nf}`dk# pdw fnk xgogohgx }lg }òg ulgk pdw m`m n hnm nf}`dk1 }lg }l`ke `v zx`k}gm }lgxg# nkm pdw fnk hx`ke `} dw} nkm enr

wzdk `} ulgkgygx pdw zcgnvg+

Onk vcggzv }lg vcggz di mgn}l# hw} }lg vz`x`} c`ygv ulgxg }lg xgfdxm di l`v mggmv `v agz}//}ln} mdgv kd}m`g//onk fnkkd} a`cc `}1 }lgxg `v kd mgfnp nvvdf`n}gm u`}l `}# nkm `} v}`cc xg}n`kv `k ncc `}v y`y`mkgvv }lg xg/ogohxnkfg di }ln} ul`fl }xnkvz`xgm hgidxg }lg vgznxn}`dk hp mgn}l di }lg hdmp nkm }lg gygx/c`y`kevz`x`}+ Onk vcggzv idx n }òg `k }lg exnyg# nkm hp/nkm/hp lg x`vgv nen`k ixdo }lg mgnm nkm edgv }d bwme/

ogk}1 nkm }lgk }lg vgfxg} }ldwel}v di ncc ogk nxg xgygncgm hgidxg Lò u`}l uldo ug lnyg }d md1 ugfnkkd} l`mg }lgo1 `} udwcm hg `k yn`k idx n onk }d vnp }lgk# @ m`m kd} md vd/nkm/vd1 }lg fdoonkmudwcm hg# Wkxnygc nkm xgnm }lg xgfdxm ul`fl lg lnv onmg di lòvgci# nkm cg} `} }gv}ìp `k xgcn}`dk }d}lgvg }l`kev# nkm ncc fdwcm enrg wzdk `}+ @i n onk lnv nf}gm ixnwmwcgk}cp nen`kv} l`v kgèlhdx//lnv fdo/o`}}gm owxmgx# dx nmwc}gxp# dx nkp }l`ke gcvg# nkm unk}v }d fdygx `} wz# }ln} xgfdxm u`cc v}nxg lò `k }lginfg# lg }gccv }lg v}dxp lòvgci# nkm hgnxv u`}kgvv nen`kv} lòvgci+ @} `v ux`}}gk }ln} Bgvwv u`cc bwmeg kd}ni}gx }lg vèl} di }lg gpg# dx ni}gx }lg lgnx`ke di }lg gnx# hw} u`}l xèl}gdwvkgvv vlncc lg bwmeg }lgzddx# nkm xgzxdyg u`}l g~w`}p }lg ogga di }lg gnx}l+ @} `v kd} hgfnwvg vdoghdmp lnv vggk }l`kev# dxlgnxm nkp}l`ke hp ul`fl n onk u`cc hg bwmegm nkm fdkmgokgm# hw} `} `v hgfnwvg }ln} xgfdxm }ln} `v ux`}/}gk hp }lg onk lòvgci `k }lg }nhcg}v di l`v duk o`km//}ln} xgfdxm }ln} fnkkd} c`g//u`cc `k }ln} mnp hg wk/idcmgm hgidxg Edm nkm nkegcv# nkm }ldvg uld vlncc v`} nv bwmegv+ ,Bdwxknc di M`vfdwxvgv# zz+ 55/0

D}lgx }ldwel}v }dd exgn} kd} }d `kfcwmg2


4/14

H+ L+ Xdhgx}v

Idx op duk znx} @ fnk }l`ka di kd}l`ke }ln} fdwcm hg n exgn}gx diigkvg nen`kv} }lg onbgv}p di Edm }lnkidx n onk u`}l l`v cò`}gm `k}gccgf}wnc zdugx zxgvwo`ke }d znvv bwmeogk} wzdk nkm xgbgf}`ke }lg }l`kevdi Edm# hgfnwvg idxvdd}l# }lgvg }l`kev md kd} fdkidxo }d l`v dz`k`dk di uln} }lg }l`kev di Edm vldwcmhg càg1 dx hgfnwvg }lg unp `k ul`fl }lgp nxg xgygncgm mdgv kd} fdkidxo }d }lg onkkgx `k ul`fl lg}l`kav Edm vldwcm òznx} l`v }xw}lv+ Vwfl zx`mg ncunpv lnv nkm ncunpv u`cc vgznxn}g ogk ixdo xgfg`y`ke

akducgmeg hp m`y`kg fdoowk`fn}`dk+ Nv Ncon }nwel}# lg }ln} u`cc lnxmgk l`v lgnx}# }lg vnog xgfg`yg}l}lg cgvvgx zdx}`dk di }lg udxm ,Ncon >82>:+ ,Mncc`k L+ Dnav# Zwxg `k Lgnx}# z+ 06

Nffdxm`kecp# ogk%v mggmv nkm }ldwel}v owv} hg xgfdxmgm `k lgnygk# nkm xgfdxm`ke nkegcv u`cc kd} in`c}d onag fdozcg}g xgfdxm`kev di dwx }ldwel}v nkm nf}`dkv+ Ug znp dwx }`}l`ke nkm }lg h`vldz xgfdxmv `}k l`v hdda nkm e`ygv wv n xgfg`z}+ Hw} gygk ì }lg gk}xp in`cv }d eg} `k }lg unxm xgfdxm# ug vlncc lnyg iwccfxgm`} idx }lg }`}lgv ug zn`m+ ]lgxg u`cc hg kd do`vv`dkv `k }lg lgnygkcp xgfdxmv# nkm }lgp u`cc ncc hgnyn`cnhcg n} }lg mnp di bwmeogk}+ ,]lg O`xnfcg di Idxe`ygkgvv# z+ >:0

Gcmgx O`c}dk X+ Lwk}gx@i `} `v }xwg }ln} dwx hnm wkvzdagk }ldwel}v nxg xgfdxmgm nen`kv} wv# u`cc `} kd} hg bwv} nv }xwg }ln} ncc

dwx eddm }ldwel}v wkvzdagk# }lg a`kmkgvv# }gkmgxkgvv# vpozn}lp# z`}p# cdyg# hgnw}p# nkm flnx`}p }ln}gk}gx }lg hxgnv} nkm fnwvg }lg lgnx} }d }lxdh u`}l v`cgk} eddm# i`km xgogohxnkfg `k }lg zxgvgkfg diEdm# ncvd4 Pgv# @ i`xocp hgc`gyg }ln} ncc di dwx eddm òzwcvgv nkm }ldwel}v u`cc i`km xgogohxnkfg u`}l}lg Cdxm bwv} nv owfl nv u`cc }lg gy`c }ln} ug lnyg }ldwel}# vn`m# dx mdkg1 nkm fgx}n`kcp V`kfg Edm `v dwxdy`ke In}lgx# lg u`cc xgogohgx }lg eddm u`}l n exgn}gx mgexgg di vn}`vinf}`dk nkm bdp }lnk lg u`cc }lggy`c+ ,Fdkigxgkfg Xgzdx}# Df}+ >0=9# z+ =8

Bgiixgp X+ LdccnkmDwx vgfdkm gv}n}g `v `kmggm n zxdhn}`dknxp v}n}g+ ]lg fld fgv ug nxgfnccgm wzdk }d onag gygxp mnp di dwx c`ygv fncc idx}l }lg g|gxf`vg di dwx

negkfp+ ]ln} ug in`c vd ixg~wgk}cp }d }l`ka nkm md }ln} ul`fl `v xèl} `vkd} gy`mgkfg nen`kv} }lg zxnf}`fnc`}p di xèl}gdwv c`y`ke+ Ug md kd} inc}gxnkm v}wohcg `k }lg zn}l di xèl}gdwvkgvv vòzcp hgfnwvg ug md kd}l`kegcvg# hw} hgfnwvg }dd di}gk ug cdvg }lg y`v`dk di dwx xgcn}`dkvl`z u`}lEdm+ ]lg `kfgvvnk} m`k nkm fnfac`ke nmd di }l`v }wxhwcgk} cìg mxduk dw}}lg ogvvneg ul`fl nvvgx}v }ln}# nv onk `v# Edm dkfg unv# nkm }ln} nvEdm `v# onk onp hgfdog+

@i ug u`cc kd} mnkfg }d }lg owv`f di on}gx`nc`vo nkm lgmdk`vo hw} u`ccxgon`k n}}wkgm }d }lg yd`fg di edmcp xgnvdk# ug u`cc hg cgm }d }lg exggkznv}wxgv di xgvz`}g nkm }lg v}`cc un}gxv di vz`x`}wnc xgixgvlogk}+ Ncc }lg

vc`kev nkm nxxduv di dw}xnegdwv idx}wkg }l`v udxcm fnk lwxc nen`kv} wvnxg nv kd}l`ke ulgk fdoznxgm }d }lg xgunxmv idx v}gnminv}kgvv nkmin`}liwckgvv+ @} udwcm hglddyg wv ncc }d i`| dwx vèl}v odxg fdkv`v}gk}cpwzdk }lg }l`kev ul`fl nxg gygxcnv}`ke nkm g}gxknc+ ]l`v udxcm `v kd} dwxldog+

]ldvg c`kgv nxg ixdo }lg yncgm`f}dxp nmmxgvv n} }lg W}nl v}n}g zx vdk exnmwn}`dk g|gxf`vg @ ogk}`dkgmn} }lg dw}vg}+ ]lg vzgnagx unv nhdw} iì}p pgnxv di neg nkm lnv hggk hgl`km hnxv idx odxg }lnk lnci di}ldvg pgnxv+ Lg akduv ulgxgdi lg vzgnav+ ,Ldugygx Cdke nkm Lnxm }lg Xdnm# z+ 96


5/14

Nk}`dknlv ~wgv}`dk dk ewnxm`ke }lg }xgg di cìg vd ogk udwcm kd} c`yg idxgygx2]lg fdkv}nk}}lxgn} }d dwx vwxy`ync `v uln} onagv }lg Vgfdkm Gv}n}g udx}lul`cg+ ]lg }lxgn} di mgn}l owv} hg zxgvgk}dx ug udwcm kgygx cgnxk }lg mìigxgkfg hg}uggk eddm nkm gy`c+ Kg`}lgx udwcm ug hg }gv}gm+ ]l`ka uln}v udwcm hg càg }d lnyg n hdmp }ln} udwcm c`yg idxgygx gygk `k }l`v inccgk gv}n}g+ @} fdwcmk} hg v}nxygm#mxdukgm# hwxkgm wz# mgv}xdpgm hp m`vgnvg# fnxgcgvvkgvv# nff`mgk} dx zddx bwmeogk}+ @} fdwcmk} m`g di

}l`xv}# g|zdvwxg# vod}lgx`ke# dx hp hg`ke fxwvlgm+ Uln} udwcm n zgxvdk cgnxk }lxdwel vwfl n hdmp4 Nkmldu fdwcm dkg hg }gv}gm4 Dhy`dwvcp `} udwcm kwccìp }lg uldcg zwxzdvg di }lg Vgfdkm Gv}n}g+

Dk }lg d}lgx lnkm# v`kfg }lg zlpv`fnc hdmp `v vwhbgf} }d mgn}l hp m`vgnvg# kgecgf} dx y`dcgkfg#ug nxg wkmgx }lg fdkv}nk} kgfgvv }p di m`v}`kew`vl`ke hg}uggk eddm nkm gy`c+ Ug vdoguln} zn`kiwccpgnxk }lg zlpv`fnc cnuv hp ul`fl ug vwxy`yg nkm zxdexgvv `k n odx}nc vzlgxg+ Ug ncvd cgnxk }lg vz`x`}wncnuv hp ul`fl lnzz`kgvv nkm vgci/xgnc`rn}`dk nxg mgx`ygm+

Nkm `k }lg zxdfgvv di cgnk`ke uln} `v eddm nkm uln} `v gy`c vdog di }lg gy`c xwhv dii dk wv+ Ldu/gygx# Edm mdgv kd} òogm`n}gcp zwk`vl wv+ Lg vwvzgkmv bwmeogk} idx n zgx`dm di }òg }d vgg ì ug u`ccxgzgk}+ @i ug md# `} `v zdvv`hcg }d `kydag }lg eddm dii`fgv di }lg Vny`dxv n}dkgogk}# nkm u`zg }lgvg o`v/}nagv ixdo }lg xgfdxm u`}ldw} cdv`ke }lg òznf} di }lg cgvvdk ug lnyg cgnxkgm ixdo }lg g|zgx`gkfg+,Ncon >828=

Lny`ke n vznfg di vwvzgkmgm bwmeogk} `k ul`fl n zgxvdk fnk xgfdkv`mgx ulgxg lg `v ed`ke nkm}wxk hnfa u`}ldw} hg`ke zwk`vlgm# `v n exgn} hcgvv`ke+ Ug lnyg kgygx lnm `} hgidxg+ @k lgnygk vwfl nk

nxxnkegogk} unv kd} zdvv`hcg hgfnwvg }lg zgxigf}`dk di Fgcgv}`nc Cnu mdgv kd} nccdu Edm }d cdda wzdkv`k dx m`vdhgm`gkfg u`}l }lg cgnv} mgexgg di nccdunkfg+ ,M)F >26>

@k lgnygk n zgxvdk fdwcm m`vdhgp# di fdwxvg# hw} ì lg m`m# }lg zwk`vlogk} unv òogm`n}g+]lgxg unv kd vznfg exnk}gm }d }wxk hnfa nkm nyd`m }lg fdkvg~wgkfgv+ Ulgk ug xg}wxk }d }lg In}lgx}lg vnog v`}wn}`dk u`cc g|`v}+ ]lgxg u`cc kd cdkegx hg n vznfg exnk}gm idx xgzgk}nkfg+ ]lg Cdxm onmg}l`v zcn`k ulgk lg vn`m }d }lg zxdzlg} Ldvgn }ln} ni}gx }lg xgvwxxgf}`dk xgzgk}nkfg vlncc hg l`m ixdoo`kg gpgv+,Ldvgn >62>=

Dkfg }l`v mdf}x`kg `v }ldxdwelcp wkmgxv}ddm# }lg kg|} v}n}gogk} di Ncon }nagv dk n inx odxgzxdidwkm ognk`ke nv lg vn`m }d Nk}`dknl2 }lgxgidxg# }l`v cìg hgfnog n zxdhn}`dknxp v}n}g1 n }òg }dzxgznxg }d ogg} Edm ,Ncon >828=

Ncon >8285 Onk owv} m`g+ Hw} ulp4 ]d eg} }ln} nkvugx ug lnyg }d }wxk }d odmgxk xgygcn}`dk+]lgxg ug m`vfdygx }ln} `k dxmgx }d g|nc} n lwonk hg`ke }d dkg di }lg mgexggv di ecdxp `} `v kgfgvvnxp }dlnyg l`v vz`x`} dw} di }lg hdmp ,gygk ì dkcp idx }lg }u`kàc`ke di nk gpg hgfnwvg }lg vz`x`} lnv }d hg ecd/xì`gm i`xv} nkm }lgk }lg vz`x`} `v wvgm }d ecdxìp }lg gcgogk}v di }lg }gozdxnc hdmp nv }lgp nxg hxdwel}idx}l `k }lg xgvwxxgf}`dk+

Dhy`dwvcp }lgk# ì }lg vz`x`} ugxg cdfagm `k n inccgk }nhgxknfcg ul`fl udwcm kgygx m`g# }lg xg/mgoz}`dk nkm g|nc}n}`dk di }ln} zgxvdk udwcm hg òzdvv`hcg }lxdweldw} ncc }lg g}gxk`}`gv+ ]lg Cdxmonmg }l`v mdf}x`kg fcgnx ulgk lg vn`m }ln} ni}gx ug m`g# pdwx ecdxp Q}lg ecdxp di pdwx vz`x`}_ u`cc hg }lg

ecdxp hp ul`fl pdwx hdm`gv nxg ~w`fagkgm ,M)F


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Ldkgv}# Vòzcg# Vdc`m# ]xwg

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@ v}w}}gxgm odv} di }lg unp }lxdwel vflddc vd hnmcp @ fdwcm vfnxfgcp }nca+ Ulgk @ mnxgm# @ }x`gm }d nkvugx }lg }gnflg

~wgv}`dkv# hw} vgcmdo vwffgvviwccp+ Pdw lnyg vggk }lg exònfg n v}w}}gxgx onagv nkm }lg ic`fagx`ke gpgc`mv+ @ xgogohgx }lg v}xn`kgm g|zxgvv`dkv dk zgdzcg%v infgv+ Nv fl`cmxgk di}gk md# @ fdozgkvn}gm+ @ hgfnog hxnvl# cdwm# hdnv}iwc#nkm fdozg}`}`yg}d u`k }lg xgvzgf} @ m`mk%} }l`ka zgdzcg udwcm e`yg og d}lgxu`vg+ ]l`v zw} zgdzcg dii# n xgvzdkvg }dkcp onmg og }xp lnxmgx }d u`k }lg`x nffgz}nkfg+ @ onmg zxg}}p eddm zxdexgvv `k dygxfdo`ke op v}w}}gx`ke mwx`ke ovflddc pgnxv+ @kfxgnv`kecp# zgdzcg }xgn}gm og nv ì @ ugxg n on}wxg zgxvdk+ Pg} op iggc`kev v}`cc }xdwhcgm ogdi}gk igc} z`}}gm nen`kv} d}lgxv# mx`ygk }d eg} op in`x vlnxg# m`v}xwv}iwc# nkm vdog}ògv gygk vfdxkiwc di fgx}n`k zgdzcg+ @fnwel} opvgci }xp`ke }d nxxnkeg opvgci `k }lg o`kmv di d}lgxv# zcnp`ke n xdcg# zdv}wx`ke+ Gygxp pgnx @ vzdag odxgvodd}lcp# hw} @ fdwcmk%} fcdvg }lg enz hg}uggk }lg inhx`fn}gm òneg @ zxgvgk}gm zwhc`fcp nkm uldgygx @ xgnccp unv+]l`v fnwvgm og n lgnx}nflg exgn}gx }lnk op v}w}}gx`ke m`m+ Zgxlnzv n} dkg }òg dx nkd}lgx pdw# }dd# lnyg }ldwel} pdwx cìg nv vdog}l`ke di n inhx`fn}`dk+ Zdvv`hcp pdw ncvd lnyg igc} ncdkg# gygk ulgk pdw ugxg u`}l d}lgxv# hgfnwvg d}lg infnmg pdw ugxg l`m`ke hgl`km+ ]l`v lnzzgkgm }d og ulgk @ c`ygm `k Onkln}}nk n} nhdw} pdwx neg`k op }ugk}g}l pgnx+ @k n vdc`}wmg }ln}%v zdvv`hcg dkcp `k n ygxp cnxeg f`}p# op incvg ixdk} hgfnog v}nxacp wkfdky`kf`ke }d og+ @ u

v}wmp`ke nf}`ke u`}l V}gccn Nmcgx n} lgx v}wm`d dk Fgk}xnc Znxa Ugv}+ Dkg unxo gygk`ke nv ug ugxg dw} unca`ke# nfcnvvon}g idx uldo @ lnm exgn} xgvzgf} fdkixdk}gm og u`}l n }gxxìp`ke ~wgv}`dk+ (Md pdw cdyg pdwxvgci `k }lg }lgn}gvlg nvagm# (dx }lg }lgn}gx `k pdwxvgci4( @k d}lgx udxmv# unv @ `k `} idx og dx hgfnwvg @ vòzcp cdygm `}4 ]lg ~wgv}`dkfdky`f}gm og}lg }lgn}gx onagv n }goz}`ke zcn}idxo idx zdv}wx`ke+ @ xgfncc u`vl`ke }ln} ncc op zxg}gkv`dkv udwcm fnzvg fdozcg}gcp nkm cgnyg v}nkm`ke dkcp uln} unv xgnccp og+ @} m`m kd} on}}gx nkp cdkegx ulg}lgx @ udwcm òzxgvvnkpdkg dx kd}ìdkcp @ fdwcm hg + + + ldkgv}# vòzcg# vdc`m# }xwg+ @ hgenk n zgxvdknc ~wgv} `k }ln} m`xgf}`dk# hw} ulngygx flnkegv }dda zcnfg `k og }lgk ugxg `kvwii`f`gk} nkm òzgxonkgk}+ ]lg vnog flnccgkeg agz} fdo`ke hnfa `k kgidxov+ @ xgfncc# n fdwzcg di pgnxv cn}gxni}gx op o`vv`dk# ni}gx g|zgx`gkfgv }ln} vggogm }d v}x`z vdog di }lg ygkggxnunpv`}}`ke `k n HPW fcnvvxddo ulgxg }lg }gnflgx unv vzgna`ke di Bdvgzl Vo`}l+ @ xgogohgx nedk`r`ke dygx n ~w}`dk }d ul`fl @ nhvdcw}gcp m`m kd} lnyg }lg nkvugx2 (Fnk @ hgfdog càg }ln} onk4( @ nvagm opvgci# (Fnk }lg hg`ke @

hg }xnkvidxogm }d }ln} g|}gk}4 Fnk @ gygx hgfdog vd ldkgv}# vòzcg# vdc`m# nkm }xwg nv lg4( @} }xdwhcgm og }ln} }lg

~wgv}`dk agz} xg}wxk`ke+ @ lnyg fdog }d hgc`gyg }l`v lnzzgkgm hgfnwvg# càg n cd} di d}lgx zgdzcg di op egkgxn}`dk# lnm ed} `} uxdke+ Pgv# `} }nagv n cìg}òg# dx cdkegx# }d nfl`gyg vòzc`f`}p+ Hw} @ unv kd} ona`ke owfl zxdexgvv n} ncc]lg zxdhcgo m`m kd} c`g `k op dhbgf}`ygv+ Op dhbgf}`ygv ugxg cdi}pkgygx v}ddz`ke }d m`vldkgv}p# kd} fdozxdo`v`keop zx`kf`zcgv# v}nkm`ke idxunxm }d mgigkm }lg xèl} nkm onag fdxxgf}`dkv ulgk }l`kev m`mk%} ed nv }lgp vldwcm+ ]lgzxdhcgo unv }ln} zwxvw`ke }lgvg dhbgf}`ygv unv n zxdbgf} }dd owfl `k hglnci di opvgci+ @ fdwcm kd} vgg `} }lgk# hw} `ygxp vwh}cg unp op ~wgv} fdk}`kwgm }lg ygxp zxgdffwzn}`dk u`}l opvgci @ unv }xp`ke }d dygxfdog+ Nkm `} }u`v}gm opednc di hg`ke }xwg `k}d }lg ednc di hg`ke }xwg }d og# nkm hg`ke }xwg }d og# idx op vnag# di}gk fnog hgidxg }lg `k}gx/gv}v nkm kggmv di d}lgxv+ Zgxlnzv op unp di zwxvw`ke op ~wgv} unv càg }ln} di }lg zxdmènc vdk%v gcmgx hxd}lgx# dwunxmcp gygx in`}liwc `k l`v mw}p hw} `kunxmcp xgvgk}iwc ulgk l`v hxd}lgx xgfg`ygm }lg zwhc`f ldkdx lg }ldwel} vldwcm l`v+ Op unp vldugm `}vgci nv @ xgvzdkmgm `k n lwxx`gm onkkgx }d n v}wmgk}%v ~wgv}`dk `k }lg lncchgfnwvg# ni}gx ncc# lnm òzdx}nk} }l`kev }d md1 nkm `k n fdkygxvn}`dk u`}l n fdccgnewg# }l`ka`ke di uln} @ udwcm vnp kg|} `kv}gnm di c`v}gke nzzxgf`n}`ygcp1 nkm `k hgfdo`ke `kunxmcp `kmèknk} nhdw} n hxd}lgx%v incvg mdf}x`kg `k zx`gv}lddm ogg}`ke+ Kd o

}gx ldu xèdxdwv# n ~wgv} }d hg }xwg ulgk wkmgx}nagk dk dkg%v duk hglnci fnk kgygx zw} }d v`cgkfg }lg m`v~w`g}`keyd`fg }ln} vnpv# (Pdw%xg kd} ldkgv}# vòzcg# vdc`m# nkm }xwg+ Pdw%xg v}`cc `k `} idx pdwxvgci+ @}%v pdwx duk negkmn }ln} pdfnxg odv} nhdw}+( V}whhdxkcp vg}}`ke dw} }d hg }xwg fnkkd} hg ecdx`dwv ì @ md kd} cì} op idfwv lèlgx }lnk opvgci+ L}lgk fnkn zgxvdk fdog }d hg ldkgv}# vòzcg# vdc`m# }xwg4 @k Bgvwv% unp+ @k }lg vzcgkm`m }gv}nogk} di Nh`knm` ug cgn}ln} Edm Lòvgci vwho`}}gm }lg }gkmgkf`gv di }lg icgvl }d }lg Vz`x`}# ul`fl `v }d vnp# }d }lg u`cc di }lg In}lgx+ Hp mugke `k }lg icgvl }lg Vny`dx onmg Lòvgci vwhbgf} }d ncc di }lgvg }gkmgkf`gvidx g|nozcg# dwx lwonk m`vzdv`}`dk }d hgfdkfgxkgm }dd owfl nhdw} nzzgnxnkfg# }d }nag diigkvg# }d vgga dwx duk `k}gxgv}v# }d }nag nmynk}neg# }d iggcudwkmgm# }d xg}nc`n}g+ @kmggm# Lg vwiigxgm (niic`f}`dkv nkm }goz}n}`dkv digygxpa`km( ,Ncon 52>>1 gozlnv`v nmmgmnkm (zn`k di hdmp# lwkegx# }l`xv}# nkm in}èwg# gygk odxg }lnk onk fnk vwiigx# g|fgz} `} hg wk}d mgn}l( ,Odv`nl 625Kd dkg gcvg fdwcm lnyg u`}lv}ddm vwfl zxgvvwxg }d xgnf} `k dwx }pz`fnc# dl/vd/lwonk unpv+ Lg lnm `ki`k`}gcp odxg xgvdk }lnk nkpdkg lnv gygx lnm }d idfwv dk L`v duk vgci/zxd}gf}`dk nkm vgci/òzxdygogk} nkm cg} }lg iddc`vl nkm y`f`d


7/14

mgydwx gnfl d}lgx+ Hw} Lg m`m kdkg di }lgvg+ @kv}gnm# Lg vwiigxgm u`}ldw} }na`ke nkp diigkvg uln}vdgygx# u`}ldw} hfdo`ke o`v}xwv}iwc# u`}ldw} xg}nc`n}`ke dx u`}lmxnu`ke dx fdkfgk}xn}`ke dk Lòvgci+ Fnk pdw òne`kg `}4 ]lxdwel ncc }zxdydfn}`dkodxg }lnk }lg mgexnmn}`dk vwiigxgm hp }lg Kn}`yg Nogx`fnkv nkm }lg Nix`fnk Nogx`fnkv# odxg }lnk }lgzgxvgfw}`dk di }lg Vn`k}v `k O`vvdwx`# odxg }lnk }lg vwiigx`kev di nkp y`f}ò di }lg Ldcdfnwv}}lxdwel ncc di }l`v }lggk}gxgm `k}d L`v lgnx} kd y`km`f}`ygkgvv uln}vdgygx1 kd} gygk odogk}nx`cp m`m L`v cdyg mò`k`vl idx nkp uldvg zn`knkm v`kv Lg hdxg# `kfcwm`ke }ldvg uld `k cìg xgy`cgm Lò dx hxw}nc`rgm L`v fl`cmxgk+ ]l`v }gnflgv wv }ln} zgxigf} ldk/gv}p nkm vòzc`f`}p fdkv`v}v kd} `k mgyd}`ke n}}gk}`dk }d dkgvgci# gygk ulgk dkg%v nòv nxg cdi}p# hw} `k idxeg}}`ke dkvgci nkm xgvzdkm`ke }d d}lgxv `k cdyg# nffdxm`ke }d }lg`xkggmv+ Ug nxg kd} dpv}gxv dx nhncdkgv# g|`v}`ke `k vlgccvg

}ldwel }ln} `v ldu ug onp iggc ulgk ug hgfdog vgci/`kydcygm+ Ug nxg ogohgxv dkg di nkd}lgx# fdkkgf}gm }d gnfld}lgx# nkm gvzgf`nccp }d Edm# hp vz`x`}wnc vgkv`}`y`}`gv nkm dhcèn}`dkv zxdidwkm nv g}gxk`}p+ Nkm bwv} idx }ln} xgnvdk#hgfdog odv} dwxvgcygv ulgk ug nxg odv} }xwg }d Edm nkm }d dkg nkd}lgx+ Ug hgfdog odv} xèl} u`}l dwxvgcygvulgk ug nxg odv} xèl} u`}l }lgo+ Bgvwv% g|nozcg mgodkv}xn}gv }l`v+ @} lgczv }d vfxw}`k`rg n ~wgv} idx ldkgv}p nkmvòzc`f`}p vwfl nv o`kg `k }lg cèl} di L`v zgxigf} g|nozcg+ Gygk kdu# cdda`ke hnfa# @ md kd} i`km lnxoiwc `k}gk}`dkv òp ~wgv}+ Hw} }d }lg mgexgg }ln} @ unv vgga`ke }d vnyg op cìg xn}lgx }lnk }d cdvg `}# op giidx}v nv n lwvhnkm nkm in}lgx# nv n udxagx `k }lg a`kemdo# nkm nv n vfldcnx nkm }gnflgx owv} lnyg mdkg odxg lnxo }lnk eddm+ ]d }ln} mgexop udxx`gv nhdw} opvgci cgm og }d vcèl} d}lgxv dx wvg }lgo idx op zwxzdvgv+ @ no vwxg }ln} }lgp igc} }l`v vwh}cg y`dgkfg ixdo og+ Ulgk }xgn}gm vd# onkp di }lgo owv} lnyg hggk od}`yn}gm }d y`gu og fx`}`fnccp# }d v}xweecg nen`kv} idx n}}gk}`dk dx dzzdx}wk`}pdx gcvg# iggc`ke dygxulgcogm# }d }nag nk wku`cc`ke hnfavgn}+ U`}l owfl m`vfdoidx} @ xg

xgvzdkm`ke# gnxcp `k op fnxggx# }d n znzgx zxgvgk}gm hp n igccdu zl`cdvdzlgx n} n fdkigxgkfg `k }lg O`mugv}+ Flggxihw} kd} n} ncc fdkv}xwf}`ygcp @ mgodc`vlgm l`v nxewogk}+ (@%o bwv} mgnc`ke u`}l l`v `mgnv#( @ xgfncc }gcc`ke opvgci+ (Ldu

gcvg fnk }lg }xw}l hg vgxygm hw} wkmgx }lg fdcm cèl} di xgnvdk4 Ldu gcvg fnk zxdigvv`dkncv vlnxzgk }lg`x va`ccv4 Nkmuln} a`km di fdk}x`hw}`dk udwcm `} onag }d }lg nmynkfgogk} di op m`vf`zc`kg ì @ ugxg }d lnke hnfa ixdo v}n}`ke }lg}xw}l4( Zn`kiwccp igghcg g|fwvgv# }lgvg+ ]lgp m`m kd} m`vew`vg op vgci/vgga`ke n} }lg }òg kdx md }lgp nccnp }lg lgnx}nflg @ lnyg igc} `k xg}xdvzgf}+ @k }lg unp @ ugk} nhdw} op ~wgv}# @ i`km xgvgohcnkfgv }d Cwfìgx%v og}ldm di une`ke}lg exgn} unx lg hgenk `k lgnygk nen`kv} l`v duk hxd}lgxv nkm v`v}gxv+ Lg lnm zxdzdvgm n vflgog }ln} lg on`k}n`kudwcm hgkgi`} wv ncc# hw} `} unv xgnccp idx l`v duk ecdxp+ Vd ulgk l`v vgci/kdo`kn}`dk unv xgbgf}gm# lg vonx}gm u`}l mnzzd`k}ogk} nkm xgvgk}ogk} nkm vg} dw} }d onag nkpdkg nkm gygxpdkg znp idx l`v mgign}+ Wku`cc`ke# càg onkp di w

}d }nag xgvzdkv`h`c`}p idx l`v v`k# lg vdwel} }d vlì} `} gcvgulgxg1 nv Bdlk hglgcm `k y`v`dk# lg (nffwvgm Ql`v xèl}gdwvhxg}lxgk_ hgidxg dwx Edm mnp nkm kèl}( ,Xgygcn}`dk >82>:+ Lg vzxgnm l`v m`vfdk}gk} }d }lxdkev di d}lgxv# v}dagm}lg`x `kmèkn}`dk# nkm onxvlncgm }lgo `k}d n fdnc`}`dk vwv}n`kgm hp }lg`x vlnxgm xgvgk}ogk}+ @k bwv} }l`v zn}}gxk#}ldwel vgcmdo nv y`f`dwvcp# ncc vgci/vgga`ke ~wgv}v }d onag }l`kev hg}}gx gkm wz hp ona`ke }lgo udxvg+ I`xv} n fdkiu`}l`k dwxvgcygv dygx dwx duk in`cwxg }d hg nv ug dwel} }d hgldkgv}# vòzcg# vdc`m# nkm }xwgnkm }lgk }lg `kgy`}nmò`k`vlogk} dx onk`zwcn}`dk di d}lgxv+ Mdgv Bnogv kd} vnp }l`v4 (Ixdo ulgkfg fdog unxv nkm ièl}`kev nodke pdfdog }lgp kd} lgkfg# gygk di pdwx cwv}v }ln} unx `k pdwx ogohgxv4( ,Bnogv =2>+ Ulg}lgx `} mxnuv hcddm dx ugnxv f`y`c infg# v}xìg nodke wv m`y`mgv wv# }nagv nunp dwx vz`x`}wnc hxgn}l# vuggzv wv `k}d vz`xncv di xg}nc`n}`dk nkm o`vgxpnkm exnmwnccp nmm`f}v wv }d xgvgk}ogk} nkm xgygkeg+ ]l`v owv} hg znx} di uln} `} ognkv }d hg (gkf`xfcgm nhdw} hp }hnkmv di mgn}l# nkm }lg fln`kv di lgcc( ,Ncon 725+ Ldu fnk ug gygx }lxdu dii }lgvg hnkmv nkm fln`kv nkm onag}l`kev hg}}gx `k }l`v udxcm4 Onp @ vweegv} nen`k2 `k Bgvwv% unp+ Xn}lgx }lnk xgv`v}`ke gy`c# Lg vwiigxgm+ Xn}lgx }lnkfdozxdo`vg# Lg vwiigxgm+ Xn}lgx }lnk xgbgf}`ke nkp di wv}ldwel gygxp zdvv`hcg zxdydfn}`dk }d md vd unv cn`m wzdLòLg vwiigxgm+ Lg dw}cnv}gmncc }lgvg zxdydfn}`dkv+ Lg fdk~wgxgm }lg idxfgiwckgvv di idxfg+ Lg mgign}gm ncc }lg

zxgvvwxgv }ln} zwvl lwonk`}p }dunxm gko`}p nkm m`vfdxm+ Lg nhvdxhgm }lg }gxx`hcg zd`vdk di ygkegnkfg `k}d Lòvgcnkm og}nhdc`rgm `} hp L`v cdyg+ Lg hxdag }lg ex`z di mgn}l+ (Nkm }lwv Edm hxgnag}l }lg hnkmv di mgn}l#( Nh`knm` fdk}`kwgm# (lny`ke en`kgm }lg y`f}dxp dygx mgn}l( ,Odv`nl >720# òowkg ixdo kd}l`ke }ln} onagv cìg lnxm idx wv nkm exnfgm# nv Odxdk` xgzdx}gm ixdo infg/}d/infg `k}gxy`gu# u`}l (zcn`k lwo`c`}p( ,G}lgx >8260+ Wzdk }l`v v`kecg `km`y`mwnc nkm uln} Lg m`m xgv}gm ncc dwxldzgv idx lnzz`kgvv}lg gk}`xg vèkì`fnkfg di dwx g|`v}gkfgnv Lg# ncdkg# akgc} `k Eg}lvgonkg# }lgk v}neegxgm wz}lg xdnm }d Fncynxp nkm i`knccp lwke wzdk }lg fxdvvkd} idx Lòvgci hw} hgfnwvg di L`v (cdy`ke a`kmkgvv nkm l`v cdke

vwiigx`ke }dunxmv }lg fl`cmxgk di ogk( ,> Kgzl` >020+ Ug vgg `k }l`v uln} `} xgnccpognkv }d hg ldkgv}# vòzcg#vdc`m#nkm }xwg+ ]l`v cdke/vwiigx`ke cdyg flnkegv gygxp}l`ke+ Nv }lg Vny`dx zxdo`vgm# `} onagv ncc }l`kev kgu ,vgg Xgyn}`dk 8>27+ Kd d}lgx zdugx fnccv idx}l cdyg `kv}gnm di xgv`v}nkfg# flnkegv }lg lgnx} ,vgg Ncon 7250# nkm nf}wnccponagv }l`kev hg}}gx xn}lgx }lnk udxvg+ ]lxdwel L`v egk}cg g|nozcg# hp }lg yd`fg di L`v Vz`x`}# nkm `k }lg infgv di L

fl`cmxgk# `} nunagkv wv }d cìg+ Idx ì ug lggm `}v `ky`}n}`dk# ug nxg v}dzzgm vldx} `k dwx nxxdenkfg dx vgci/z`}p dx m`v/


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}xnf}`dk+ Ug nxg lwohcgm `k dwx zx`mg dx nkegx dx vgci`vlkgvv+ Vòzcg lwo`c`}p vdi}gkv zx`mg nkm onp gygk xgmggo `}k}xèwgv og }ln} }lg fncc }d cdyg fdogv vd di}gk }lxdwel }lg fdwk}gknkfgv di d}lgxv+ Vgygxnc `km`y`mwncv @ akdu ugxv}xweec`ke }d hx`ke }d }lg`x }gnfl`ke }lg xèl} a`km di lgnx}+ ]lg flnccgkegv }lgp infgm ugxg n cd} càg op flnccgkegv2}lgp nvvwogm }ln} }gnfl`ke ognk} nmdz}`ke }lg xdcg# }lg zdv}wxg# }lg vdf`nc zdv`}`dk# nkm }lg onva di }lg }gnflgx# n}l`v agz} }lgo ixdo hg`ke xgnc nkm xgnfl`ke }lg lgnx}v di }lg`x v}wmgk}v+ Càg onkp `k gygxp unca di cìgnmo`k`v}xn}dxv nkm zgxidxogxv nkm fdwkvgcdxv nkm nx}`v}v nkm znxgk}v}lgp fdwcmk%} ~w`}g idxeg} }lgovgcygv+ E`ygkflnkfg }d }gnfl }lg`x v}wmgk}v# }lgp fdwcm dkcp onkneg }d }gnfl }lg`x vwhbgf}+ Dkg di }lgo# Hxd}lgx Mdwecnv# vggogwknhcg }d vlgm l`v znx}`fwcnx hwxmgk di vgci/fdkfgxk hgfnwvg di nk wkxgfdkf`cgm fdkic`f} u`}l n onk `k l`v unxm+ Lg l

}x`gm idx pgnxv }d xgvdcyg }lg`x mìigxgkfgv hw} }d kd nyn`c+ (V}`cc }lgxg xgon`kgm hg}uggk wv n }gkv`dk#( lg uxd}g# (nh`km`ke pg} xgzgcc`ke idxfg }ln} niigf}gm kd} dkcp hd}l di wv hw} dwx ino`c`gv+( Zxgznx`ke }d xgcdfn}g }d nkd}lgx v}n}g#Hxd}lgx Mdwecnv akgu lg lnm }d onag xgfdkf`c`n}`dk# hw} }xp nv lg oèl} lg fdwcm kd} m`vfdygx ulgxg lg lnm hggk ninwc}+ Ldu fdwcm lg xgf}ìp n uxdke lg fdwcm kd} `mgk}ìp4 @ u`cc e`yg pdw uln} lnzzgkgm }lgk `k l`v duk udxmv2 @ ln`k}gkmgm }d ed dygx }d }l`v onk%v ldwvg hg}uggk flwxfl ogg}`kev hw} unv mg}n`kgm+ Vwmmgkcp @ vnu }l`v hxd}lgx undw} di }lg flwxfl nkm fxdvv }lg znxa`ke cd} }d l`v fnx+ @ fw} vldx} }lg fdkygxvn}`dk @ unv `k nkm ncodv} xnk ni}gx lòUlgk @ fnwel} wz u`}l lò @ zw} op lnkm dk l`v vldwcmgx ixdo hgl`km# }wxkgm lò nxdwkm# gk}u`kgm dwx idxgnxov#

}lgk zwccgm lò fcdvg }d og+ Ulgk pdw zdwkfg dk vdogdkg càg }ln} `} wvwnccp ognkv }ln} pdw lnyg vdog}l`ke òzd}nk} }d vnp+ Hw} uln} unv @ vwzzdvgm }d vnp4 @ v}`cc unvk%} vwxg uln} op diigkvg unv+ @} unv kd} wk}`c }lg ygxp odo@ cddagm m`xgf}cp nkm mggzcp `k}d }l`v onk%v gpgv idx }lg i`xv} }òg `k pgnxv }ln} @ fdwcm vgg op v`k+ N} }ln} odogk} @cdkegx vnu lò# @ vnu opvgci xgicgf}gm. Ulgxg }lgxg lnm hggk kd udxmv }d vnp# @ idwkm opvgci nva`ke }l`v eddm onidx l`v idxe`ygkgvv+ (Ulp4( lg nvagm+ @ lgnxm opvgci xgzcp# (Hgfnwvg@ lnyg cdygm pdw cgvv+ ]ln} `v op v`k2 @ lnyg

cdygm pdw cgvv+( ]gnxv i`ccgm dwx gpgv nv @ }dcm lò }lgk }ln} @ cdygm lò+ Lg akgu }ln} @ cdygm lò+ Uln}gygx gcvg @vn`m ni}gx }ln} xgnccp m`mk%} on}}gx owfl+ @ cgi} lò }d xg}wxk }d }lg flwxfl+ @ ecnkfgm hnfa dkfg }d vgg }l`v eddmhxd}lgx v}`cc v}nkm`ke ulgxg @ lnm cgi} lò# l`v lgnm mduk# nkm l`v vldwcmgxv egk}cp xdcc`ke u`}l l`v vdhv+ Uln} gcvg}lnk cdyg vwfl nv }l`v fdwcm cì} cìg }d nkd}lgx cgygc# flnkeg kd} bwv} n igu mg}n`cv hw} `}v ygxp ~wnc`}p nkm flnxnf}gx4Lgnxagk`ke }d }lg fncc di Flx`v} ixdo L`v Vz`x`}# dx }lxdwel nkd}lgx%v fdwk}gknkfg# dx hd}l# ug hgfdog egkw`kgcpldgv}# vòzcg# vdc`m# }xwgdi}gk }deg}lgx u`}l vdogdkg ug onp kd} lnyg }xwv}gm hgidxg+ Ulg}lgx `} `v igc} `k L`v hxgnvdx `k dwxv# }lg Vny`dx%v cdyg fnk nfl`gyg uln} idxfg fnkkd} hgfnwvg ulgxg idxfg fnccv idx}l fdwk}gxidxfg# cdyg fnccv

idx}l cdyg+ @k }lg lwonk òneg di L`v m`y`kg vnfxì`fg# ug# }dd# fnk dw}cnv} nkm fdk~wgx ygkegnkfg+ @ xgfg`ygm n ul`ned n cg}}gx ixdo n udonk uldvg in}lgx lnm hggk god}`dknccp kgecgf}iwc nkm uldvg lwvhnkm }wxkgm dw} }d hg owf}lg vnog unp+ Ulgk vlg }x`gm }d }nca nhdw} ulp lg unv m`v}nk}# lg vn`m `} unv hgfnwvg vlg unv ncunpv nkexp+ ]l`vnkegxgm lgx odxg# nkm vlg }dcm lò vlg unv dkcp nkexp hgfnwvg di l`v cnfa di cdyg# ul`fl onmg lò odxg `kfc`kgm }u`}lmxnu+ ]lgp lnm ed} }lgovgcygv gkf`xfcgm `k }lg hnkmv di mgn}l nkm }lg fln`kv di lgcc+ Vlg ugk} }d }lg odwk}n`kncdkg# `k}gk} wzdk xgnm`ke dkg di }lg fdk}gozdxnxp vgci/lgcz hddav+ Vlg uxd}g cn}gx2 Nv }lg ux`}gx hgenk mgvfx`h`ke}lg `k}gkvg kggm ug gnfl lnyg idx cdyg# @ hgenk }d iggc odxg nkm odxg mgzx`ygm wk}`c @ igc} vwfl n lweg cdke`ke }lnfdwcm hnxgcp hxgn}lg+ @ mgf`mgm }d ux`}g ncc di }l`v mduk idx op lwvhnkm }d xgnm# nkm gkwogxn}g }lg onkp }ògv @ ligc} god}`dknccp mgzx`ygm+ @ hgenk }d ux`}g iwx`dwvcp# }d zdwx `} ncc dw} dk}d }lg znzgx+ ]lg cdkegx @ uxd}g# }lg odxg @hgenk }d lnyg n iggc`ke fdog dygx og }ln} uln} @ unv ux`}`ke unv incvg+ ]lg iggc`ke fdk}`kwgm exdu`ke wk}`c @ fdwcm

kd cdkegx v~wgcfl `}# nkm @ akgu `k}w`}`ygcp }ln} }lg iggc`ke unv fdo`ke ixdo Edm# }ln} Lg unv }gcc`ke og }ln} uln} unv ux`}`ke unv incvg+ (Ldu fdwcm `} hg incvg4( @ nvagm nkex`cp+ (@ c`ygm `}+ @ akdu `} unv }lgxg hgfnwvg @ vnu nkm igc}Ldu fdwcm `} hg incvg4( Hw} }lg iggc`ke hgfnog vd zdugxiwc nkm dygxulgco`ke }ln} @ fdwcm kd cdkegx mgkp `} dx ièl}nen`kv} `}+ Vd @ }dxg wz }lg znegv @ lnm ux`}}gk# }lxgu opvgci mduk dk op akggv# nkm hgenk }d zxnp# vnp`ke# (@i `} `vincvg# vldu og ldu `} fdwcm hg incvg+( Nkm }lgk n yd`fg vzdag }d op o`km nkm vn`m# (@i pdw lnm fdog wk}d Og# `} nccudwcm lnyg hggk mìigxgk}+(@ unv nv}dwkmgm+ @ ugk} }d flwxfl+ @ xgnm }lg vfx`z}wxgv di}gk# @ zxnpgm zxg}}p xgewcnxcp

}x`gm }d dhgp }lg fdoonkmogk}v+ (Uln} md pdw ognk# %Fdog wk}d Pdw4%( @ udkmgxgm+ Nkm }lgk `k}d op o`km icnvlz`f}wxgv di og unk}`ke }d md }l`kev op duk unp# di ldcm`ke exwmegv# di kd}idxe`y`ke# di kd} cdy`ke nv Edm lnm cdygwv+ @ lnm unk}gm op lwvhnkm }d (znp( idx op god}`dknc vwiigx`ke+ @ lnm kd} cg} ed di }lg znv} nkm lnm kd} cdygm Edu`}l ncc op lgnx}+ @ cdygm op duk u`cciwc vgci odxg+@ unv nelnv}+ @ vwmmgkcp xgnc`rgm }ln} @ unv xgvzdkv`hcg idx op dvwiigx`ke# idx ì @ lnm xgnccp fdog wk}d Lò# nv @ dw}unxmcp }ldwel} @ lnm mdkg# `} ncc udwcm lnyg hggk mìigxgk}+ Nv }ldxx`hcg }xw}l vg}}cgm dygx og# @ xgnc`rgm ulp }lg znegv @ lnm ux`}}gk di op vwiigx`ke lnm hggk incvg+ @ lnm nccdugm }d lnzzgk hp kd} }xwcp fdo`ke wk}d Edm+ ]ln} mnp @ xgzgk}gm di kd} cdy`ke Edm# di kd} cdy`ke op lwvhnkm# di hcno`di i`km`ke inwc}# di }l`ka`ke }ln} d}lgxv ugxg xgvzdkv`hcg idx op o`vgxp+@ xg}wxkgm ldog hw} m`m kd} ogk}`dk }d oplwvhnkm nkp}l`ke di uln} lnm }xnkvz`xgm+ Hw} @ enyg wz hcno`ke# akdu`ke }ln} @ unv `k cnxeg znx} xgvzdkv`hcg idx }lv}n}g di dwx xgcn}`dkvl`z+ Nkm @ }x`gm }d fdog wk}d Edm u`}l iwcc zwxzdvg di lgnx}+ @ zxnpgm odxg gnxkgv}cp nkm c`v}gk}d L`v Vz`x`}+ @ xgnm op vfx`z}wxgv nkm }x`gm }d fdog }d akdu Lò hg}}gx+ ]ud odk}lv znvvgm# nkm dkg odxk`ke op


9/14

lwvhnkm nudag nkm }wxkgm }d og `k hgm nkm vn`m# (Pdw akdu# ug i`km inwc} }dd owfl u`}l gnfl d}lgx+ @ no kgygx e`ke }d i`km inwc} u`}l op uìg nen`k+( @ unv icnhhgxenv}gm# idx lg lnm kgygx nmo`}}gm lg lnm mdkg nkp}l`ke uxdke `k

dwx xgcn}`dkvl`z+ Lg m`m v}dz i`km`ke inwc}# nkm lg hgenk }d fdozcògk} og nkm vldu vugg} a`kmkgvv+ @} unv nv ì nk`fp ecnvv uncc hg}uggk wv lnm ogc}gm nunp+ Ncodv} dygxkèl} dwx xgcn}`dkvl`z hgfnog unxo nkm vugg}+ ]lxgg pgnxvlnyg znvvgm# nkm v}`cc `} fdk}`kwgv unxogx nkm lnzz`gx+ Ug fnxg mggzcp nhdw} dkg nkd}lgx nkm vlnxg `mgnv nkm}ldwel}v nkm iggc`kev# vdog}l`ke ug lnm kd} mdkg idx }lg i`xv} >9 pgnxv di onxx`neg+ ]lg Vny`dx vggov }d vnp }d wv(Fdog wk}d og# nkm @ u`cc e`yg pdw vwfl nvvwxnkfg nkm ldzg nkm v}xgke}l }ln} pdw fnkkd} hg }nagk ldv}neg hp nkpdkg uld vggov }d md pdw lnxo+ @ u`cc c`hgxn}g pdw `k}d cdyg+ Nkm }lgk pdw u`cc kd cdkegx e`yg nkpdkg fnwvg }d xgvgk

dx ignx pdw+ @kv}gnm# }lgp u`cc xgvzdkm }d }lg cdyg }ln} @ lnyg hgv}dugm wzdk pdw+ Hp nh`m`ke `k og# pdw u`cc md owfeddm# hgnx owfl ixw`}+( Ldu }lgk vlncc ug fdog wk}d Flx`v} vd }ln} gygxp}l`ke u`cc hg mìigxgk} ixdo uln} `} fdwcm zv`hcp hg d}lgxu`vg4 Hp vnfxì`f`ke ncc }na`ke di diigkvg+ Hp e`y`ke wz fx`}`f`vo# òzn}`gkfg# nkm fdk}goz}# idx }lgp nf/fwvg }lg v`v}gxv nkm hxd}lgxv idx uldo Flx`v} m`gm+ Hp idxvugnx`ke ywcenx`}p nkm zdxkdexnzlp# ul`fl mò`k`vl hd}l wvgx nkm }lg wvgm+ Hp zw}}`ke nv`mg# `k vldx}# gygxp zxnf}`fg }ln} hgnxv }lg òneg di owxmgx# dhc`}gxn}`dk di vdwcv# m`fdxm# nkm mgn}l+ Hp e`y`ke }lgvg zxnf}`fgv }lg`x }xwg knog# y`dcgkfg# nkm nhldxx`ke gygk }lg`x i`xv} nzzgnxnkfg+ Hp xkdwkf`ke unx `k gygxp idxo nkm zxdfcnò`ke zgnfg ,vgg M)F 09+ ]l`v xg~w`xgv wv }d cdda wzdk `k}gxxwz}`dk nkmixwv}xn}`dk nkm `kvwhdxm`kn}`dk nkm m`vxgvzgf} nkm vfdxk nkm gygk nhwvgncc }lg }xgn}ogk} ixdo d}lgxv }ln} ug owxgkdwkfg idx dwxvgcygvnv dzzdx}wk`}`gv idx flddv`ke eddm dygx gy`c+ Md kd} cdyg nkm md eddm dkcp }d }ldvg uld uxgf`zxdfn}g# }lg Vny`dx }nwel}1 `} }nagv kd znx}`fwcnx xèl}gdwvkgvv }d md }ln} ,vgg Cwag 926866+ C`v}gk n}}gk}`ygcp

}lg }gnflgx uldvg cgf}wxgv onp hg n c`}}cg mxp+ Xgnm u`}l znx}`fwcnx fnxg }lg znzgxv di v}wmgk}v uld v}xweecg }d ux`}Hgix`gkm }lg dkg uld iggcv mìigxgk}# cdv}# dx cdkgcp+ Gohxnfg }lg fl`cm uld vggov }d xgv`v} pdw+ ]nag vgx`dwvcp }lg n

y`fg di znxgk}v uld lnyg }xdwhcg idccdu`ke }ln} nmy`fg }lgovgcygv+ @ky`}g }d m`kkgx }ldvg uld cnfa }lg exnf`dwvkgvv }lg ognkv }d `ky`}g pdw hnfa+ Gygk (cdyg pdwx gkgo`gv# md eddm }d }lgo ul`fl ln}g pdw( ,Cwag 9285+ Càg }lg In}lg} pdwx unxo`ke vwk nkm kdwx`vl`ke xn`k incc dk }lg bwv} nkm wkbwv} ncàg+ Bgvwv `k}òn}gm }ln} }l`v a`km di cdyg `v ulug xgnccpnxg}lg ygxp zgxigf}`dk# fdozcg}gkgvv# nkm iwcckgvv ug fnog lgxg }d n}}n`k ,vgg On}}lgu 72=7=82>>+ Fdkv`mgx }lg Hxg}lxgk uld cgnm wv+ ]lgp nmo`k`v}gx }lg a`kemdo `k }lg Vny`dx%v zn}}gxkkd} hp zdc`fp nkmozgxvdknc m`v}nkfg# nv lnzzgkv `k lwonk dxenk`rn}`dkv }ln} exdu ygxp cnxeg}ldwel di fdwxvg }lg Hxg}lxgk owv}ogg} nkm zcnk+ ]lgp o`k`v}gx+ ]lgp n}}gkm }d `km`y`mwncv# zw}}`ke }lgovgcygv dw} nv owfl nv `} }nagv# ugcfdo`ke }lgk}gxxwz}`dkv }ln} onag onkp cgnmgxv òzn}`gk}+ @ lnyg vggk `} dygx nkm dygx+ I`yg }ògv `k }lg znv} pgnx dx }ud# }lnakdu di# dkg dx nkd}lgx di }lgvg cgnmgxv nzzgnxgm n} }l`v ldog dx }ln} `k dwx unxm }d y`v`} nkm flggx n u`mdu# n mp

u`mdugx# n hxd}lgx mgh`c`}n}gm hp `cckgvv+ Dkg di }lg ]ugcyg fnog u`}l l`v uìg }d e`yg n hcgvv`ke }d op mnwel}gx/`knu# nkm `} unv cgnxkgm lg lnm bwv} y`v`}gm vdogdkg `k n ldvz`}nc `k Vzx`key`ccg nkm unv dk l`v unp }d e`yg v}`cc nkd}lhcgvv`ke+ Dkg di wv g|zxgvvgm vwxzx`vg }ln} nv nk nzdv}cg lg udwcm lnyg }òg }d hg ed`ke nhdw} }lg fdwk}xpv`mg n}/}gkm`ke }d }lg kggmv di `km`y`mwncv+ Egk}cp lg g|zcn`kgm }ln} l`v fncc`ke `v }d hg n o`k`v}gx `k bwv} }l`v unp+ ]lg }gcc`k

hcduv nen`kv} gy`c nxg v}xwfa dkg nf} di cdyg n} n }òg+ Ug fnk v}xàg vwfl hcduv lgxg n} HPW+ Zxgv`mgk} Hn}gonk cnv


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ugga g|zxgvvgm l`v fdky`f}`dk }ln} }l`v wk`ygxv`}p `v znx} di }lg a`kemdo di Edm+ Zgxlnzv }l`v ognkv }ln}# càg R`dk `}vgci# `} (fnkkd} hg hw`c} wz wkcgvv `} `v hp }lg zx`kf`zcgv di }lg cnu di }lg fgcgv}`nc a`kemdo(ul`fl xg~w`xgv# nodked}lgx }l`kev# }ln} ug hg wk`}gm ,M)F >:72=7+ @} ognkv mgyd}`ke dwx }òg nkm gkgxep }d dkg nkd}lgx# xn}lgx }lnkfdkfgk}xn}`ke dkcp dk dwx duk iwkf}`dk nkm nmynkf`ke dkcp dwx duk `k}gxgv}v+ Wzdk xg}wxk`ke ixdo fcnvv dkg mnp# omnwel}gx vlnxgm }l`v g|zgx`gkfg di dkg di lgx fcnvvon}gv+ Flx`v unv n pdwke in}lgx uld# kd} inx `k}d }lg vgogv}gx#lnm hgfdog dygxulgcogm hp }lg znfg di }lg fcnvv+ L`v n}}gkmnkfg icneegm1 ni}gx n ul`cg lg m`m kd} fdog n} ncc+ Opmnwel}gx unv vwxzx`vgm ulgk lg vldugm wz idx }lg o`m}gxo g|no+ Ulgk }lg }gv} unv dygx lg }dcm lgx }ln} n igumnpv hgidxg# }lg zxdigvvdx# dkg di }lg odv} `k}gxkn}`dknccp m`v}`kew`vlgm n} }l`v wk`ygxv`}p# akdfagm dk }lg mddx di }l

}xn`cgx ulgxg Flx`v c`ygm u`}l l`v ino`cp+ V`kfg Flx`v lnm kd zldkg# }lg zxdigvvdx lnm edkg }d }lg vflddc xgfdxmv# cd/fn}gm }lg kwohgx di l`v znxgk}v `k Zgkkvpcynk`n# nkm dh}n`kgm l`v nmmxgvv hp fncc`ke }lgo+ N} }lg mddx lg vn`m vòz(@ lnygk%} vggk pdw idx n ul`cg nkm lnyg udxx`gm nhdw} pdw+ ]lg o`m}gxo g|no `v fdo`ke wz nkm @%m càg }d akdu u@ fnk md }d lgcz pdw zxgznxg+( Ldkgv}# vòzcg# vdc`m# }xwg+ G|fgz} idx mìigxgkfgv `k mg}n`c# }l`v vnog v}dxp fnk hg }dcmnhdw} onkp dk }l`v fnozwvnhdw} infwc}p dx v}nii ogohgxv fnx`ke idx dkg nkd}lgx# nhdw} nmo`k`v}xn}dxv ona`ke nffdoodmn}`dk idx `km`y`mwncv% vzgf`nc kggmv# nhdw} v}wmgk}v vwv}n`k`ke gnfl d}lgx nkm }lg`x }gnflgxv }lxdwel mìi`fwc}}ògv+ Dkg Vn}wxmnp odxk`ke dwx ino`cp unv udxa`ke `k }lg enxmgk ulgk }lg Bgii Ldccnkmv mxdyg wz `k ixdk} u`}l ni`xo fnhhneg }d e`yg wv# v`ke`ke `k wk`vdk ixdo }lg`x fnx# (Lddxnp idx }lg Unxkgxv# lddxnp# lddxnp# lddxnp.( @ vwvzg}lgp v}dzzgm n} d}lgx zcnfgv }ln} odxk`ke+ Lg unv dwx zxgv`mgk} n} }lg }òg+ ]l`v wk`ygxv`}p lnv kd} fdog }l`v inx hfnwvg ug lnyg odxg }òg idx vfldcnxvl`z }lnk }lg infwc}p nkm v}wmgk}v gcvgulgxg dx hgfnwvg dwx @^v nxg lèlgx dx

hgfnwvg ug%xg odxg i`gxfgcp fdozg}`}`yg+ Nkm `} u`cc kd} xgnc`rg `}v zxdzlg}`f mgv}`kp idx nkp di }lgvg xgnvdkv+ Ug lnyfdog }l`v inx nkm ug u`cc n}}n`k }ln} mgv}`kp hgfnwvg# `k }lg cdke }gxo nkm ygxp di}gk `k }lg vldx} dkg# zgdzcg xgvzd

odxg gkgxeg}`fnccp# }l`ka odxg fcgnxcp# udxa odxg bdpiwccp# nkm hw`cm odxg u`vgcp ulgk }lgp zw} dkg nkd}lgx nlgnm vgci1 ulgk }lgp ugcfdog }lg `k}gxxwz}`dk hxdwel} dk hp nkd}lgx zgxvdk%v kggm1 ulgk }lgp md }lg`x udxa `k unpv }lgklnkfg gnfl d}lgx%v udxa1 ulgk }lgp idxeg} nhdw} eg}}`ke fxgm`}1 ulgk }lgp xgkdwkfg `k }lg`x lgnx}v ncc vgkvg di hdke`ke }d nk gc`}g fdoznkp# gygk n fdoznkp di }lg hxèl}gv} dx hgv} }xn`kgm dx }lg odv} mdf}x`knccp zwxg1 ulgk }lgxgnfl dw} }d nkm gohxnfg }ldvg uld nxg y`dcn}`ke ncc }lgvg zx`kf`zcgv+ @ no lgxg }l`v mnp hgfnwvg di }ldvg uld }xgnog exnf`dwvcp `k vz`}g di op ixg~wgk}cp ona`ke }l`kev udxvg hp }xp`ke neexgvv`ygcp }d onag }lgo hg}}gx ulgk zn}`gudwcm lnyg hggk owfl }lg u`vgv} unp+ Zcgnvg md kd} o`vwkmgxv}nkm2 @ diigx lgxg kd g|fwvg idx zddx zgxidxonkfg d

du g|zgf}n}`dkv+ Cg}}`ke dkg%v fdccgnewgv dx v}wmgk}v dx }gnflgxv dx ino`cp mduk `v kd odxg fnx`ke }lnk `} `v ldkgv}no kd} vzgna`ke di cdugx`ke dwx nòv hw} di xn`v`ke }lgozxgf`vgcp hp zwxìp`ke dwx lgnx}v `k Flx`v} nkm zw}}`ke gnd}lgx i`xv} idx L`v vnag+ U`}l Zxgv`mgk} Hn}gonk%v fncc`ke ug znvv }lxdwel pg} nkd}lgx zdx}nc+ Nv ug hp dwx fld`fgv#odogk} }d odogk}# mg}gxo`kg }lg iw}wxg ug u`cc lnyg }deg}lgx `k dwx ino`c`gv nkm lgxg n} }lg wk`ygxv`}p# ug udwcmugcc }d xgogohgx2 @} ncc u`cc hg mìigxgk}# `} u`cc ncc hg xgmggogm nkm onmg kgu# ì ug fdog wk}d Lò+ Dkcp }lwv u`cc hgfdog# }deg}lgx# nkm# `k }lg hgv} unp zdvv`hcg# ldkgv}# vòzcg# vdc`m# }xwg+ @ fcdvg hp vzgna`ke dkfg nen`k di dwxexgn} Fnz}n`k `k }lg unx ug ièl} hp ognkv di cdyg+ @k ncc egkgxn}`dkv `mgnc`v}v nkm xgydcw}`dknx`gv di onkp xgcè`dwvnkm zdc`}`fnc zgxvwnv`dkv lnyg }x`gm }d xdwvg }lg udxcm }d hx`ke nk gkm }d y`dcgkfg# }d zwcc mduk dzzxgvv`dk# }d dzzdgygxp idxo di mdo`kn}`dk di dkg hg`ke dygx nkd}lgx# nkm onkp xgonxanhcg vdwcv lnyg mgm`fn}gm ncc }lgp zdvvgvvgm ona`ke }lgvg `mgncv xgnc+ Hw} dkcp dkg# }lg odmgc di ncc zgnfgona`ke# gk}gxgm }lg u`kg zxgvv ncdkg nkm nf}wnccp hxd}lg zdugx di vgci`vlkgvv# gko`}p# nkm mgn}l+ Dkcp dkg zdvvgvvgm }lg agpv di mgn}l nkm lgcc+ Uln} vd onkp `k }lg`xvldfa dygx unxv nkm vwiigx`ke lnyg }x`gm `k lwonk unpv }d nffdozc`vl# Lg nf}wnccp nffdozc`vlgm# nkm }lgxgidxg `} `vhgfnwvg di Lò ncdkg }ln} ncc }lg lèlgv} nvz`xn}`dkv di dwx xnfg u`cc fdog }d znvv+ (Nkm Edm vlncc u`zg nunp ncc }gn

ixdo }lg`x gpgv1 nkm }lgxg vlncc hg kd odxg mgn}l# kg`}lgx vdxxdu# kdx fxp`ke# kg`}lgx vlncc }lgxg hg nkp odxgzn`k( ,Xgygcn}`dk 8>2=+ Kd udkmgx }lg }gkv di o`cc`dkv di }lg lgnygkcp ldv} fx`gm ncdwm ulgk }lgp cgnxkgm di uln} udwcm md2 (Udx}lp `v }lg Cnoh }ln} unv vcn`k+ + + + Hcgvv`ke# nkm ldkdwx# nkm ecdxp# nkm zdugx# hg wk}d

lò( ,Xgygcn}`dk 72>8>6+ Kd udkmgx }lg a`kemdo Lg gv}nhc`vlgm fnkkd} hg fdwk}gm ogxgcp nv dkg nodke onkpd}lgxv hw} v}nkmv ncdkg nv }lg ldzg di }lg udxcm+ Ug bd`k }lg fld`xv }ln} v`ke L`v zxn`vg hp c`y`ke c`ygv mgyd}gm }d dknkd}lgx idx L`v vnag+ Nkm }lgk ug u`cc m`vfdygx ni}gxunxm# nkm }d dwx vwxzx`vg# }ln} uln} ug lnyg e`ygk wz }xp`ke }dnfl`gyg dk dwx duk lnv fdog }d znvv}ln} Lg lnv flnkegm dwx lgnx}v nkm onmg wv nv Lg `v2 ldkgv}# vòzcg# vdc`m#nkm }xwg+ ]ln} }l`v onp hg dwx hcgvv`ke# @ zxnp# `k L`v ldcp knog+ Nogk+


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]dmnp ugcc hg fdygx`ke Ncon 8+ Cnv} ugga ug odv}cp }ncagm nhdw} zx`mg nkm gkyp# hw} ugm`mk} eg} `k}d }lg l`v}dxp di uln} unv lnzzgk`ke nodke }lg Kgzl`}gv+ N cd} lnzzgkmgm mwx`ke}lg 0}l pgnx di }lg xgèk di }lg bwmegv+

{Uln} zdv`}`dk m`m Ncon xgvèk4 ,Fl`gi Bwmeg{Ulp4 ,}d fdkfgk}xn}g l`v gkgxe`gv dk v}xgke}lgk`ke }lg Flwxfl{Ulgxg m`m lg hge`k l`v giidx}v4 ,Rnxnlgocn# vgg Ncon 92>/={Unv lg vwffgvviwc4 ,Vdoguln}+ @k y+ = `} vnpv }lgp hgenk}d gv}nhc`vl }lg dxmgx di }lg

Flwxfl{Kg|} lg ugk} }d E`mgdk+ Unv lg vwffgvviwc lgxg4 ,Ygxp+ Vgg Ncon 5289{L`v }l`xm o`vv`dk unv }d Ogcga+ Vwffgvviwc4 ,Lèlcp+ Vgg Ncon >/>62 }lgp odfagm nkm xgy`cgm lò# vz`} dk lò# nkm

fnv} lò dw}.{Unv Ncon m`vfdwxnegm4 ,vgg y+ >=2 ugèlgm mduk u`}l vdxxdu# unm`ke }lxdwel owfl

}x`hwcn}`dk nkm nkew`vl di vdwc{Uln} lnzzgkv kg|}4 ,nk nkegc nzzgnxv }d lò# }gcc`ke lò }d xgbd`fg

{Vd gygk ulgk ug nxg ugèlgm mduk hp cìgv hwxmgkv# `v }lgxg xgnvdk }d xgbd`fg# }d hg dieddm flggx4 ,pgv# ì ug nxg aggz`ke }lg fdoonkmogk}v+ Uln} xgnccp on}}gxv `v dwxv}nkm`ke u`}l Edm+

{Uln} gcvg mdgv }lg nkegc }gcc Ncon }d md4 ,xg}wxk }d Noodk`lnl{Fdkv`mgx`ke l`v i`xv} gkfdwk}gx# nkm }lg inf} }ln} Ncon lnv hggk inv}`ke idx onkp mnpv#

m`m lg }nag n c`}}cg }òg dii }d udxa lòvgci wz }d `}# càg @ udwcm lnyg4 ,kd+ vgg y+>


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Cg}v vgg uln} a`km di zgxvdk Nowcga `v `k l`v duk udxmv2

Nkm hgldcm# @ no ncvd n onk di kd voncc xgzw}n}`dk nodke ncc }ldvg uld akdu og1 pgn# nkm hgldcm# @ lnyg onkp a`k/

mxgmv nkm ix`gkmv# nkm @ lnyg ncvd nf~w`xgm owfl x`flgv hp }lg lnkm di op`kmwv}xp + Kgygx}lgcgvv# ni}gx ncc }l`v# @kgygx lnyg akduk owfl di }lg unpv di }lg Cdxm# nkm l`v opv}gx`gv nkm onxygcdwvzdugx # @ vn`m @kgygx lnm akduk owfl di }lgvg }l`kev1 hw} hgldcm# @ o`v}nag# idx @ lnyg vggk owfldi l`v opv}gx`gv nkm l`v onxygcdwv zdugx1 pgn# gygk `k }lg zxgvgxyn}`dk di }lg c`ygv di}l`v zgdzcg + Kgygx}lgcgvv# @m`m lnxmgk op lgnx}# idx @ unv fnccgm onkp }ògv nkm @ udwcm kd} lgnx

1 }lgxgidxg @ akgu fdkfgxk`ke}lgvg }l`kev# pg} @ udwcm kd} akdu 1 }lgxgidxg @ugk} dk xghgcc`ke nen`kv} Edm# `k }lg u`fagmkgvv di op lgnx}# gygk wk}`c }lg idwx}lmnp di }l`v vgygk}l odk}l# ul`fl `v }lg }gk}l pgnx di }lg xgèk di }lg bwmegv+

Ncon v}npv u`}l Nowcga idx onkp mnpv+ @} vdwkmv càg }lgp lnm n o`k`/O]F g|zgx`gkfg# hgfnwvNowcga hgfnog n c`dk di n o`vv`dknxp. Lg nkm Ncon ugxg vgk} }d unxk }lg zgdzcg di Noodk`lnl }ln} }lgp owv} xgzgk} dx uln} udwcm lnzzgk4 ,Mgv}xdpgm Ugyg vggk }l`v zn}}gxk dygx nkmdygx nen`k ncxgnmp# lnygk} ug4 Vd @m càg }d fdkfgk}xn}g# idx }lg xgv} di }dmnpv cgvvdk# dk }udfdkfgz}v }ln} Ncon ) Nowcga gcnhdxn}g dk ul`cg hg`ke fdkixdk}gm hp }lg u`fagm Rggrxdo+

{Uld unv Rggrxdo4 ,lgnm di Noodk`lnlv hnx nvvdf`n}`dk {Md ug lnyg nkp cnupgxv `k lgxg4 @i vd# @ nzdcde`rg `k nmynkfg# hw} @ fdwcmk} xgv`v} `kfcwm

ke }l`v ~wd}g hp }lg zxdzlg} Bdvgzl%v hxd}lgx# Lpxwo# vzgna`ke `k Onxfl di >


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mnp+{Nffdxm`ke }d ygxvg 9# >=

{Ldu cdke owv} }ldvg uld xgbgf} }lg edvzgc xgon`k `k }l`v v}n}g4 ,wk}`c }lgpyg zn`m }lgw}}gxodv} inx}l`ke+ @} `v fdoznxgm }d n cnag di i`xg nkm hx`ov}dkg++

{Ulgk `v }lg 8km bwmeogk}4 ,n} }lg hge`kk`ke di }lg O`ccgkk`wo# vgg M)F 802>8k M)F


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{Hw} dkg ewgv} `vk} mxgvvgm zxdzgxcp# nkm uln} mdgv }lg a`ke md4 ,lnv lò hdwkmnkm fnv} dw}+ Ix`gkm# ldu fnogv} }ldw `k kd} lny`ke n ugmm`ke enxogk}4 Nkm lgunv vzggflcgvv+

{Mdgvk} }l`v vggo lnxvl4 Ni}gx ncc# lg fnog `k dii }lg v}xgg}# xèl}4@k nkf`gk} @vxngc# }lg ldv} zxdy`mgm xdhgv idx }lg ugmm`ke ewgv}v }d ugnx+ Onkp onp lnyg }xngcgm inx nkm udwcmk} hg nhcg }d unvl }lg`x xdhgv zx`dx }d }lg ugmm`ke+

{Uld lnv zxdy`mgm wv u`}l fcgnk xdhgv }d ugnx n} }lg 8km Fdo`ke4 ,Flx`v}{Ldu4 ,}lxdwel L`v `ki`k`}g N}dkgogk}{@i ug nxg kd} zxdzgxcp n}}`xgm# uln} mdgv }ln} ognk4 ,ug xgiwvgm }d zw} dk }lg enx/

ogk} zxdy`mgm+ Ug xgiwvgm }d nffgz} }lg N}dkgogk} diigxgm }d wv+

]l`v hx`kev wv }d }lg I`knc Bwmeogk}+{Ulgk u`cc }lg I`knc Bwmeogk} dffwx4 ,N} }lg gkm di }lg O`ccgkk`wo{Mdgv bwmeogk} dx xgvwxxgf}`dk fdog i`xv}4 ,bwmeogk}# n} cgnv} }ud

{ Vd ì ug lnyg c`ygm n }gcgv}`nc cnu `k }l`v cìg# uln} a`km di hdmp u`cc ug xgfg`yg `k }lgxgvwxxgf}`dk4 ,}gcgv}`nc

{@v }l`v zgxonkgk}4 ,pgv{@v mgn}l kgfgvvnxp zx`dx }d hg`ke xgvwxxgf}gm4 ,pgv# gygk ì dkcp idx }lg }u`kac`ke di

nk gpg+ ]lg vz`x`} `v ecdxì`gm i`xv}# nkm }lgk }lg vz`x`} `v wvgm }d ecdxìp }lg gcgogk}v }lg }gozdxnc hdmp nv }lgp nxg hxdwel} idx}l `k }lg xgvwxxgf}`dk+ Vgg M)F

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Lesson 23: "More Than One Witness"