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Lesson 22
WW II -- Second Battle of the Atlantic, Pt 2
Allied Strategy
• Protect existing shipping
• Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet
• Go on the offensive against the U-boats• Improve intelligence on U-boat operations
• Close Mid-Atlantic Gap
• Develop Hunter-Killer teams
Enigma
Source
British intelligence received its first Enigma machine in 1939 from Polish military
Additional machines captured by Royal Navy
• May 9, 1941: U-110 off Iceland
• October 30, 1942: U-559 in the Mediterranean
USN captured U-505, June 4, 1944
Direction Finding
High Frequency Direction Finding (HF/DF)
“Huff-Duff”
( ELINT )
German subs required to report positions
Allies used information to reroute convoys
• Later used to direct Hunter- Killer task forces
Source: The World At WarMid-Atlantic Gap
Maritime Patrol Aircraft
SourceRAF Liberator
USAAF A-29 Hudson
RAF FortressBlimps
Maritime Patrol Aircraft
Caught On The Surface – Robert Taylor
RAF Sunderland Flying Boat – Coastal Command vs. U-461
20 July 1943 – Bay of Biscay
Source
Airborne Detection Tools Leigh Light
Powerful aircraft light for night attacks
Introduced June 1942
Airborne Detection Tools Airborne Radar
Permitted location of submarines in bad weather and at night
First U-boat kill November 1941
RAF Coastal Command Liberator Mk III with ASV radar
Antenna Detail
Pioneering video documentary 1952-53
Going on the Offensive
(0 – 7:04)
Escort Carrier
T-3 Tanker
USS Bogue
Built in Kaiser shipyards on T-3 tanker hulls
Escort Carrier
Comparison With Fleet Carrier
USS BogueCVE-9
Source
Displacement: 7,800 tons standard; 15,700 tons full load (design)Length: 495' 8" (151.1 m) Beam: 111.5' (34 m)Power plant: 2 boilers (285 psi); 1 steam turbine; 1 shaft; 8,500 shpSpeed: 16.5 knotsArmament: 2 single 5"/51 (later 5"/38) gun mounts; (1943) 8 twin 40-mm/56-cal gun mounts; (1943) 27 single 20-mm/70-cal gun mountsAircraft: 24Aviation facilities: 2 elevators; 1 hydraulic catapultCrew: 890
Laid Down: 1 Oct 41 Launched: 15 Jan 42 Commissioned: 28 Sep 42
Hunter-Killer Team
Hunter Becomes the Hunted
U-118 under attack by aircraft from USS Bogue
June 12, 1943Source
Battle of the Atlantic Won
( 1:48:30 – 1:54:10 )
Capture of U-505
Task Force 22.3
June 4, 1944
Escort carrier Guadalcanal (CVE-60)
Five destroyer escorts:
Pillsbury (DE-133) Pope (DE-134), Flaherty (DE-135), Chatelain (DE-149), Jenks (DE-665)
Captain Dan GalleryCommander
Capture of U-505
( 18:12 – 25:27 )
Capture of U-505
Boarding Party Arrives from USS Pillsbury
June 4, 1944
Capture of U-505
First USN combat prize since War of 1812
Capture of U-505
USS Guadalcanal towing U-505
Players in U-505 Capture
Captain Daniel V. Gallery LT(jg) Albert L. David
Players in U-505 Capture
Captain Daniel V. Gallery
• Commander, Task Group 22.3
• After capture, Navy did not know what to do with him
• Set his sights on capturing a U-boat
• Decorate him
• Court martial him
• Eventually promoted him to rear admiralWhy?
Players in U-505 Capture
LT(jg) Albert L. David
• Asst. Engineering Officer on USS Pillsbury
• Led boarding party to U-505
• Remained inside sub despite threat of scuttling charges & open sea valves
• Awarded Medal of Honor
• Only MOH awarded for Battle of Atlantic
May 1943: The Turning Point
“What is now decisive is that enemy aircraft have been equipped with a new location apparatus … which enables them to detect submarines and attack them in low cloud, bad visibility, or at nights. Much the largest number of submarines now being sunk are being sunk by aircraft. … These losses are too high. We must now husband our resources because, to do anything else, would simply be to play the enemy’s game”
Admiral Dönitz to Hitler, May 1943
U-boat Losses By Month
U-boat.net
Ship Losses 1940 - 1945
Ships Lost vs. Built1939-1945
Source
US Shipbuilding
Source
Ships Built by US Maritime Commission1939-1947
US Maritime Commission
5,500+ ships
Losses
Museum of Science & Industry, Chicago
Victory in the Atlantic
( 25:26 - 26:29)
"The Battle of the Atlantic was the dominating factor all through the war. Never for one moment could we forget that everything happening elsewhere, on land, at sea, in the air, depended ultimately on its outcome.”
Winston S. Churchill,The Second World War, Volume V, Closing the Ring1951
The Second Battle of the Atlantic
“The German people do not understand the sea”
Attributed to Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz (1849-1930)
Lesson 24WW II: America Enters the War
Lesson Objectives
• Understand the Japanese and American strategies for the war in the Pacific and Asia.
• Analyze the impact of the military revolution during the interwar years on the war in the Pacific theater.
• Become familiar with the timeline of events in the Pacific war.
• Understand the significance of the Battle of Midway and the role of signals intelligence in the outcome.