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Les personnes issues de
l’immigration dans les
politiques socio-urbaines
à Bruxelles et Montréal MURIEL SACCO GERME-ULB
Management of the ethnic diversity in the new urban policies
implemented in Brussels and Montreal since the 90’s
Inspired by the french Politique de la ville (mission d’études, entretiens Jacques Cartier, colloques, ….) policy transfers
Similar objectives and tools: targeting popular and ethnic neighbourhoods
Comparing Brussels and Montreal:
similarities
Similar policy discourses about goals and tools of new urban policies in
Brussels and Montreal in the 90’s
Need of additionnal financial ressources to tackle urban problems
Integrated policies: urban and social dimensions of the poverty and exclusion
Selected areas targeted
Promotion of the neighbourhood level
Partnerships
Mobilization of neighbourdhood ressources
Participative devices
Social problems
Multicultural cities
Popular neighbourhoods in the center of the city
Financial and administrative cities
Decline of the industrial sector
Fiscal crisis
Interest for urban planning in the 90’s
Introduction of new urban policies in the 90’s
Differences
Brussels Montreal
Very decentralized
Strong municipal institutions
Proportional elections
Regional government at the level of
the city
High number of officials in the 19
municipalities of Brussels (± 600)
assimilationnisme
Very centralized
Weak inframunicipal institutions
Majoritarian elections
Municipal institutions at urban level
Low number of officials
interculturalism
Policies considered
Brussels Montreal
Contrat de quartier (1993-?): regional
Politique fédérale des grandes villes
(1999-?): federal
Quartiers ciblés et sensibles (1999-
2002)
Contrat de ville –volet lutte contre la
pauvreté (2003-?)
Programme de renouveau urbain
(2003-2005)
Revitalisation urbaine intégrée (2003-
?)
Methods
140 in-depth interviews with actors involved in the policy-making
Press review
Documents
Observations
3 neighbourhoods
Brussels : Dansaert, Anneessens and Cureghem
Montreal: Parc-Extension, Sainte-Marie et Saint-Jacques
Starting hypothesis
Politics frames policy
Historical Institutionnal : veto points and path dependence
Representations of policy implementation matters
Policy styles in the urban sector
Size and composition of the policy networks
Relationships between actors
Multilevel relationships
Tools
Participative devices : rules and impact on the policymaking
Use of the neighbourhood
Policy outcomes
Policy styles in new social urban
policies Brussels
Montreal
Participatory devices
Multilevel network
Multilevel hierchical relationships
Strong contractualization
Strong control of supramunicipal actors
Municipal actors specialized in the implementation
Weak coordination at the municipal level
Weak weight of the participative devices and associative actors
Urban experts: urban planning agencies
New projects
Local coalition
Reduced number of actors: inframunicipal officials and civil servants and communitarian actors
Cooperative relationships
Informal procedures
Expertise of the associative actors
Projects defined before the introduction of these policies
The preexisting context
Brussels Montreal
Crisis of the political legitimacy
Powerful municipalities : clientelism
and absence of municipal
knowledge
Fear of the inhabitants of popular
neighbourhoods: institutional and
political racism at the municipal
level (Rea, 1999)
assimilationnism
Popular neighbourhood
abandonned
Tradition of governance since the 70’s
Weak infra-provincial political power
Powerful communitarian groups at the
neighbourhood level : strong neighbourhood
expertise
Immigrants were already policy and
communitarian target at the provincial and local
level
Interculturalism
Neighbourhood as place of the policymaking
Different outcomes and goals
Brussels Montreal
Securitarian and esthetical attention new
urban jobs
Increasing the municipal patrimony
Social and middle housing
Attract middle classes
Modern architectural style
gentrification
place oriented
Community centered approach
empowerment
Increasing the quality of the provided local
services, including public spaces
Filling the gaps in the services offered
improve the services provided to inhabitants
and living conditions
people oriented
Transfers of existing practices at the
neighbourhood level
Different outcomes and goals
Brussels Montreal
General reluctance to participative devices
Inhabitants of these neighbourhoods are not the
policy target, social mixity by replacement
Fear of the ghettoisation need to add new
populations with better practices and lifestyles
Any relationship with migrant associations
assimilationnism continues
Politician try to reach new migrant
communities
Migrant associations are found to improve the
level of services they receive
Methodology to reach new migrants: visiting
them at home
Interculturalism is still working
Explanatory framework : the actors’
background
Brussels Montreal Dominant actors involved in the
economical development
Valorization of architects and city
planners through expertise
Local civil cervants come from the
private sector: weak
professionalization, local knowledge
and positions
Professionalization of the associative actors reduction of the politicization,
no expertise
Weak political actors
Civil servant from the social sector
Strong communitarian tradition at
the local level
Neighbourhood as scale of policy
making
The social and local development
as solution
Answer to the needs of residents
Explanatory framework: the actors’
background
Brussels Montreal
Low influence of the associative actors
Neighbourhood as scale of implementation
Architecture as solution
attract middle classes
Weak political actors
Civil servant from the social or
participative sector
Strong communitarian tradition at
the local level
Neighbourhood as scale of policy
making
The social and local development
as solution
Answer to the needs of residents
Explaining changes
Brussels Montreal
Renewal of the political and administrative
staff at the municipal level
Institutionnalization of the Region of Brussels
Learning process
Slow process of administrative
professionalization
Extension of the municipal electorate to
migrants
Strenghth of the policy rules:
municipal failure perceived at supracommunal
level
Retreat and institutionnalization of
communautarian actors
Strenght of the inframunicipal actors +
municipal reform (2001)
Institutionnalization of the
inframunicipal civil servants
Explaining continuities
Historical Institutionnal : veto points (Immergut, 1992)and path
dependence (Pierson, 1994)
formal institutional framework translates a specific conception of the
relationships between public actors and urban residents, citizenships
(Lascousmes and Le Galès, 2004)
Cognitive frame of the actors : interpretations of the new urban question
values as institution diffused by actors