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SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

l e q s m c o d n e o b a

ana kalandaZisadmi miZRvnili leqsmcodneobis meore samecniero sesia

(masalebi)

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Tbilisi

2008

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redaqtori Tamar barbaqaZe

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa

TinaTin duglaZe

redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi, merab kostavas q. 5 © SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti tel. 99-53-00; E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge daibeWda ISBN

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winaTqmis magier

2008 wlis gazafxuli, samwuxarod, gamorCeuli iqneba qarTuli leqsis istoriisa da TeoriisaTvis: martis damdegs amqveyniur saqarTvelos ganeSora erovnuli poeziis dedofali a n a . . .

... oriode TveSi ana kalandaZisadmi miZRvnili ukanask-neli weriliT aRasrula Tavisi miwieri cxovreba qarTuli leqsis dauRlelma mkvlevarma akaki xinTibiZem.

leqsmcodneobis meore samecniero sesia qarTuli li-teraturis institutSi mzian-Crdiliani ganwyobilebiT mim-dinareobda 2008 wlis 28 maiss...

es krebuli imitomac aris sayuradRebo, rom misi meS-veobiT, 24 wlis mere, unda aRdges miviwyebuli tradicia qarTuli leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili yovel-wliuri krebulebis gamocemisa, romelsac safuZveli Cau-yara qarTuli leqsis mkvlevarTa mravali Taobis sayvarel-ma, dauviwyarma moZRvarma, akaki xinTibiZem 1984-1985 wlebSi (`WaSniki. qarTuli leqsmcodneobis sakiTxebi~, Tsu, 1984; `qarTuli leqsmcodneoba~, qarTuli literaturis instituti, 1985).

T. barbaqaZe

2008. 11 seqtemberi

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ana kalandaZis axali wignis gamo

ana kalandaZe _ es saxeli samaradJamod darCeba qar-Tuli poeziis istoriaSi. is brwyinvaleba, romelic man moi-tana, arasdros ar gafermkrTaldeba.

Cven megobrebi viyaviT, Tanakurselebi. igi kavkasiur enaTa ganyofilebaze swavlobda, me _ qarTuli enisa da literaturis. pirvelad akaki SaniZis aspiranti iyo, Semdeg arnold Ciqobavam waiyvana enaTmecnierebis institutSi. sa-siamovnoa, rom literaturis institutis direqciam, pira-dad qalbatonma irma ratianma am saRamos anas saxeli daar-qva. madloba ekuTvnis ana kalandaZis bolo wignis redaq-tors qalbaton guCa kvaracxelias, am wignis gamocemaze zrunvisaTvis da qalbaton Tamar barbaqaZes _ am saRamos organizebisaTvis.

ana kalandaZe triumfiT Semovida Cvens poeziaSi, misi leqsebis xelnawerma krebulma maSin TiTqmis mTeli saqarTvelo moiara.

1945 wels, axaldamTavrebuli mZvinvare omis Semdeg, mSvidi, nazi lirikuli xmis gagoneba adamianTa sulis davane-ba iyo, magram oficialurma kritikam maSin poets cudad umaspinZla. ar apaties sabWouri mwerlobis saerTo stili-dan gadaxveva. lamis kalamze xeli aaRebines, magram didma poeturma energiam Tavisi gaitana.

ana kalandaZis leqsebi imTaviTve Seiyvara mkiTxvelma. `saqarTveloo lamazo~ TiTqmis iseTive popularul simRe-rad iqca, rogorc akakis `suliko~. nino, Tamar da qeTevan axali SarvandediT gabrwyindnen, daviT aRmaSenebli sxva speqtriT iqna danaxuli (`fexi damadgiT, gulze damadgiT fexi yovelman~).

qaluri kdemiT ealerseba poeti yvavilebs, mcenareebs (TuTa iqneba es, magnolia Tu iasamani); savsea maTi eSxiTa da surnelebiT. TiTqosda, qarTuli flora sakuTar baRnarad aqvs qceuli: `askili, mocxari, mocvi, gzadagza kunelic gvxvdeba~. amave dros, yoveli yvavilis ukan adamiani dgas da gulRiad saubrobs masTan:

akaki xinTibiZe

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raRac mewyina Sengan, SroSanav, usiamovnod raRacam gamkra.

sruliad axali Strixebi iyo qarTul poeziaSi samkau-

lebasxmuli TaTris gogona, vardebis gamyidveli iezidi gogo da sanapiroze stveniT mimavali boSa qali.

erTxel anam miTxra: enaTmecnierebis institutSi Semo-vida gogona da meubneba: me iezidi varo.

ana kalandaZe sakuTar sulSi CaRrmavebuli poetia. sakuTari samyaro da TviTgamoxatvis sakuTari wesi aqvs: ara saganTa da movlenaTa pirdapiri aRqma da saxeldeba, ara artistizmi da paTetika, aramed saidumlo CurCuli:

me Sen dagxurav lamaz gvirgvins da maT miwiers Cems saidumlos gaziareb, o, fiqrTa CemTa.

aseTive CurCuli esmis mas garesamyarosgan:

ra CurCuli esmiT yurTa CemTa. naTeli leqsiT wers ana kalandaZe, naTeli saxeebiT da

sada versifikaciiT, araviTari Zieba musikaluri sazomis Tu moxdenili riTmisa. imdeni sagulisxmo aqvs mkiTxvelisTvis gasandobi, rom garegnul efeqtebs ar saWiroebs. zogjer arc raime gansakuTrebuls ambobs:

mwyemssa hkiTxa: romelia qarTlis gzaÁ, mwyemsma uTxra: saqarTvelo aris ese...

(`modioda nino mTebiT~) magram iseTi momxiblavi ubraloebiT aris naTqvami:

`mwyemssa hkiTxa, mwyemsma uTxra~, rom ginda TiToeul sity-vas moefero..

pirveli saocari gabrwyinebis Semdeg gvegona, sakuTar stilSi Caiketeboda, magram moulodneli metamorfozebi SemogvTavaza.

erT zafxuls fSav-xevsureTs ewvia da 14 leqsiT vaJas samyaroSi anaseuli suli Seitana.

iqaurma mTqmelma dauwera:

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es leqsebi fSavis xevSi dakrefili vardebia, Seni brolis TiTebidan Cvens gulSi rom vardebian.

mere iyo da Tavisi qristianuli gancdebi ormociode

sagalobliT mogvawoda:

ar Seval taZrad, uwminduri sadac Sevida. arc qveynis tkivilebs iyo ganridebuli: 9 aprili, spi-

takis miwisZvra, `mesxeT-javaxeTis nasoflarebis rukasTan~! mwared ganicdida eris sulier dacemas: Rreobas,

sicrues.

Cagvityda xidi, Cven momavals velodiT sxvagvars. Tumca mainc `yoveli mSvenieria~. sinaze, sikeTe, keTilSobileba, uSualoba da gulwrfe-

loba _ ai, ana kalandaZis poeziis ani da hoe. gvelic ki, borotebis simbolo gveli, locvis pozaSia danaxuli.

Zlieria anaseuli siyvaruli: `aRvinTebi da davSrtebi Senda~, `icodnen yovelT, aRematebi CemTa nebaTa~.

zomieri arqaizacia xibls aZlevs mis poetur enas: `fex-ze macvia irmis tyaviT Sekruli xamli~. erTaderT arqaul sityvas `xamli~ urartus epoqaSi gadavyavarT (`me mivaSureb urartus qvabebs~).

yvelaze Zvirfasi xati anasi Tavisi samSobloa da `saqarTveloo lamazo~ TiTqmis aseTive popularul simRe-rad iqca, rogorc akakis `suliko~.

XX saukunis saqarTvelos bevri kargi poeti hyavda, magram ana kalandaZe Taviseburi da gamorCeuli iyo.

galaktionis Semdeg igi yvelaze meti popularobiT sargeblobda. Zalze bevri Tayvanismcemeli hyavda. skolebi, umaRlesi saswavleblebi, warmoeba-dawesebulebani erTma-neTs ejibrebodnen, romeli ukeTes Sexvedras gaumarTavda, ara pompezurs, aramed alalsa da sadas, rogoric misi pirovneba iyo.

erTxel studentebma mTxoves _ universitetSi migvewvia. Cemi sityva ase davamTavre: `vetrfiT mas haerovani

trfobiT, rogorc besiki etrfoda Tavis ana dedofals~. more dRes mirekavs: `ana dedofali~ amoagdeo. ar davujere

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da Cems werils saTauradac ki miveci, rac Semdeg Zalze gavrcelda.

Tavisi bolo wigni `anas~ saxelwodebiT dabeWda (sxva did qarTvel poetebTan erTad, man Rirseulad daimsaxura mxolod saxeliT xseneba!).

es werili, gansxvavebuli redaqciiT, oriode wlis win gamovaqveyne. saTauric sxva hqonda: `pirveli wignis gamo~. ra vicodi, es misi ukanaskneli wigni iqneboda.

..... ana kalandaZe. Caqra qaTqaTa ciskris varskvlavi. win midevs poetis leqsebis bolo krebuli warweriT:

`Cemo kako, kvlav mravali gazafxuli! siyvaruliT. ana!~ mas Semdeg mxolod or gazafxuls moveswari. axla mis suraTs vealersebi, romelic leqsebis 1957

wlis gamocemas aqvs darTuli. Cemo ana, vidre mand movidode, Seni poeziis usazRvrod

Tayvanismcemeli, aRtacebuli mkvlevari viqnebi. dideba Sens saxels! P.S. redaqtoris SeniSvna: ...batonma akakim es sityvebi 23 maiss dawera. 26 maiss ki

gardaicvala. 2008 wlis 28 maiss, leqsmcodneobis meore sesiaze,

batoni akaki ana kalandaZis am leqsebis wakiTxvas apirebda: 1. `rom avyolodi gulisTqmas~. 2. `Tqvi, arjakelo xviara~ (erT sufraze viwro wreSi

anas saukeTeso leqsis sadRegrZelo vTqviT...). 3. `loculobs gveli~. 4. `rogor minda SenTan~.

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manana kakabaZe

ana kalandaZe I

anas gamoCena poeziaSi da polikarpe kakabaZe

`gaiJRereben gulSi dRevandelobas winaswarmetyvelurad misadagebuli striqonebi polikarpe kakabaZisa~...

(ana kalandaZe 1995: 3)

idga 1946 wlis 25 maisi, roca sruliad axalgazrda, 23 wlis gogona, ana kalandaZe, mokrZalebuli da iasaviT Tav-daxrili, mweralTa kavSiris sasaxleSi mivida da waikiTxa sakuTari leqsebi. anas am pirvel gamoCenas eswreboda polikarpe kakabaZe. igi cnobili iyo rogorc umkacresi Semfasebeli literaturuli qmnilebisa. geniosTa garda aravin moswonso, ambobdnen ukmayofilebiT sabWoTa ideo-logiis wnexis qveS qedmoxrili mwerlebi. magram moxda moulodneli da gasaocari ram. aRfrTovanebuli usmenda polikarpe kakabaZe angelozuri gogonas leqsebis kiTxvas. mis winaSe sruliad gansxvavebuli poeti idga, romelic arafriT hgavda sabWoTa mwerlebis gunds. im dRes mas es-moda namdvili poetis xma. `namdvili poeti~, `namdvili mwe-rali~ _ iseTi mowiwebiT warmoTqvamda am sityvebs `yvaryva-res~ avtori, ise iSviTad, da, albaT, mxolod ukvdav mweral-Ta mimarT, rom es miseuli Sefaseba yvela epiTetze Zlierad JRerda da yvela qebaze mets niSnavda. misTvis `namdvili~ _ ukvdaveba da maradiuloba iyo mxolod.

`namdvili poeti!~ _ ambobda aRfrTovanebiT polikar-pe kakabaZe da es misi aRfrTovaneba imdenad gadamdebi iyo, rom mweralTa kavSiris kedlebi gaavso am ganwyobilebam. mwerlebi monusxulebi usmendnen ucnobi gogonas leqsebis kiTxvas, romelic sul sxva Temebze werda, sul sxva samyaro-dan modioda. igi TiTqos cidan Camofrinda Tavisi poeziiT da pirdapir satusaRoSi movida Tavisi leqsebis rveuliT. sabWoTa kavSiri xom didi satusaRo iyo, xolo mweralTa kavSiri misi nawili, es gogona ki Tavisufali suliT movida, is jer kidev ar iyo tyve.

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aravin ifiqros, rom metad advilia didi mwerlis uceb da pirveladve Secnoba. rac ufro didia niWiereba, miT ufro Znelia misi sworad Sefaseba. rom dainaxo da Seafaso niWiereba, aseve didi da gansakuTrebuli niWi da unari aris saWiro.

SeiZleba iTqvas, polikarpe kakabaZis ganwyobilebam swori gza misca Tavidanve ana kalandaZis poeziis Sefasebas. man gavlena moaxdina maSin mTel mweralTa kavSirze. polikarpe kakabaZe gansakuTrebuli energiiT icavda anas sxva mweralTa winaSe, sadac yvela ar iyo megobrulad ganw-yobili namdvili niWierebis mimarT. igi Sedioda mweralTa kavSiris mdivnebTan da sxva Zlevamosil pirebTan da uxsnida maT anas poeziis mniSvnelobas. `yvaryvares~ avtors didi gavlena hqonda mweralTa Soris, mis azrs gansakuTrebiT uwevdnen angariSs.

anam, SesaZloa, arc ki icoda yvela niuansi im brZo-lebisa, rac mis garSemo da mis zurgs ukan trialebda. yoy-mani, miiRon Tu gawiron, radgan gansxvavebuli azri da Tavi-sufali sulis ltolva despotiis am satusaRoSi miuRebeli iyo da bunebrivad isjeboda.

satusaRoSic arsebobs Tavisufali suli. da is kidev ufro Zlieri da mebrZoli xdeba, kidev ufro uaxlovdeba RmerTs tanjvaTa da usamarTlobaTa gancdis gamo. tanjviT kidev ufro Zlierdeba da daumarcxebeli xdeba suli da aR-wevs Tavis srulyofas. aseTi sulis adamianebi iSviaTia, mag-ram maT didi gavlena aqvT sazogadoebaze da am gavlenis wi-naaRmdeg ibrZvis yovelgvari xelisufleba, gansakuTrebiT ki, despoturi da totalitaruli reJimebi. samkvdro-sasi-cocxlo brZolebi mimdinareobda aseTi adamianebis winaaRm-deg im epoqaSi, romelSiac mouxda samwerlo asparezze ga-mosvla ana kalandaZes.

anas saxelma gamoCenisTanave iseTi elvareba miiRo, rom mis winaSe qedi moidrika pirquSi reJimis msaxurma mweralTa organizaciam. aramciredi iyo is Rvawli, romelic dasdo polikarpe kakabaZem anas im pirvel aRiarebas. man Seiyvara igi, rogorc poeti da rogorc pirovneba, da es grZnoba si-cocxlis bolomde atara. misi argumentebi metad damarwmu-nebeli iyo mweralTa sazogadoebisaTvis. igi aZlevda maT Zalas, gabedulebas, uxsnida guls namdvili da ase gansxvave-buli, `ara sabWouri~ poeziis siyvarulisaTvis. polikarpe kakabaZis aRfrTovanebam da misma energiam, misma Zalam, sab-WoTa mwerlebs, cxovrebisagan gatexilebs, Semata vaJkacoba,

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kacoba da gabeduleba eRiarebinaT, rom mosawonia anas poe-zia, rom misaRebia anas poezia, rom sabWoeTis mtrobad ar CaeTvlebaT anas mweralTa rigebSi miReba... es didi monapo-vari iyo, radgan leqsebis beWdvaze jer yoymani mimdinareob-da, gaebedaT Tu ara aseTi araordinaluri Temebis miReba sabWoTa poeziisaTvis... arc erTi leqsi traqtorze, koleq-tivze, qarxanaze, sabWoTa mSromelebze da bolos, ... da upir-velesad, arc erTi leqsi beladze! arc cocxal beladze — stalinze da arc mkvdar beladze — leninze! arc erTi leqsi partiaze da xelisuflebaze! da mainc aRiares mweralTa kav-SirSi! es didi gabeduleba iyo maTgan. Jurnal-gazeTebma gabedes anas ramdenime leqsis gamoqveyneba.

magram ana kalandaZis leqsebi dabeWdvamde vrcelde-boda xelnaweris saxiT. da es iyo gasaocari da didi aRiareba poetisa.

im dros, roca yovelgvari naweris gavrceleba SeiZle-boda `kontrrevoluciad~ da raRac ubedurebad moenaTlaT, xalxi ar emorCileboda amgvar saSiSroebas da anas leqsebs xelnaweris saxiT avrcelebdnen...

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anas ucnobi werilebi da leqsebi dResac inaxeba Cvens ojaxSi anas leqsebis xelnaweri

krebuli. igi ekuTvnoda Cems das, polikarpe kakabaZis ufros qaliSvils, mzias. man erT-erTma pirvelma gadawera anas leq-sebi da Semdegom gulmodgined avrcelebda maT Tavis nac-nob-megobrebSi.

anas samwerlo asparezze gamoCenisTanave polikarpe kakabaZem gaacno igi mzias, romelic anas toli iyo. ana da mzia damegobrdnen, erTmaneTis gulis mesaidumleni Seiqmnen im wlebSi.

Cvens saojaxo arqivSi inaxeba ori werili ana kalandaZisa, miwerili mziasadmi 1947 wels.

es werilebi gamoxatulebaa am ori adamianis gulwrfe-li megobrobisa da siyvarulisa. amave dros, werilebi Seica-ven ramdenime mniSvnelovan dokuments poetis cxovrebis gzisa da Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb.

anas erTi werili gagzavnilia Tbilisidan qviSxeTSi 1947 wlis 18 agvistos, xolo meore _ 1947 wlis 12 seqtem-

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bers xidisTavidan TbilisSi. swored am meore werilSi Car-Tulia anas ori ucnobi leqsi, rogorc Cans, eqspromtad SeTxzuli werilis weris procesSi. es leqsebi arasodes da-beWdila, isini anas TxzulebaTa arc erT gamocemaSi Setani-li araa, isini werilis teqstSi CarTulia rogorc misi orga-nuli nawili da ara calke damoukidebeli nawarmoebi. anas leqsebi Cven davyaviT striqonebad pirobiTad, isini weri-lis teqstSi gabmiT aris Cawerili, dauyofavad.

I teqsti: `me vxedav varskvlavebiT anTebul zanzibars. (13)

da uricxvT msrbolTa misken xomaldTa nairis qveyniT, (14)

wyalSi CayvinTulT arabTa myivarT... (10) mesmis Sriali ZvirfasTa frTaTa velurTa Tavze...

(14) maTi `uiambo~... (15) guguni Cumi indoeTis okeanisa... (14) talRaTa misTa mindobia sevdis kunZuli: (14) macremlebs farul~... (5)

II teqsti: `cvalebadobdes, de, bedi Cveni, (10) viTarca avi afra arabTa: (10) xan TeTrad gviCndes, (5) xanac — molibrod: (5) TvalT mieamis feri yoveli~... (10)

werilis teqsti, sadac CarTulia anas es leqsebi, gark-

veulwilad xsnis maT azrsa da mniSvnelobas. imdenad kargia anas es werilebi, rom poetis epistola-

ruli memkvidreobis nimuSad gamodgeba, amitom maTi gamoq-veyneba mizanSewonilad miviCnieT.

anas pirveli werili mziasadmi:

`ar daviwyeba moyvrisa, arodes gvizams ziansa~... Cemo sayvarelo mzia!

me amJamad TbilisSi var (erTi kviraa rac Camovedi erTi mniSvnelovani saqmis gamo). rasakvirvelia, me viyavi (CemTvis ucnob) Sens mamidasTan im imediT, rom gnaxavdi. magram movt-yuvdi (Sengan maxsovda umetesad am zafxuls TbilisSi momix-deba yofnao).

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Sen, albaT, axla Zalian bevri samecadino gaqvs, Cemo kargo, laSqrob kirosTan erTad... (mzia im periodSi antikur literaturaSi mecadineobda, aspiranturisaTvis emzadebo-da _ m.k.). gasagebia Seni xangrZlivi dumili. magram mainc ver momitevebia SenTvis es ambavi. mzia, aRar giyvarvar? albaT.

mzia, aq Cveni saerTo nacnobTagani aravin Semxvedria. me isev male waval sofelSi da ar vici, rodis movbrundebi iqedan. imecadine, xels ar SegiSli...

Rrma pat.c-iTa da moridebiT momikiTxe b-ni polikarpe, deda, daikoebi da Zamiko. siyvaruliT mogikiTxavs deda, mamidebi da zurabi.

gkocni uricxvs... aniko. 18 / VIII 1947 w.

P.S. Tu odesme gadaswyvito werilis mowera, sofelSi

momwere. iqneb misamarTi ar gaxsovs? maS dagiwer: sof. xidis-Tavi, Coxatauris r-ni. ana pavles as. kalandaZes.

naxvamde, mzia~.

anas meore werili mziasadmi:

`Cemo sayvarelo mzia! mamidam miTxra, rom mziam gikiTxao... gamikvirda: veWv, kvalad gaxsovde... Zalian maintere-

sebs Seni gamocdebis ambebi... zafxuls, rasakvirvelia, Zali-an kargad gaatarebdi... mzia, Cemo mzia, ver warmoidgen, ro-gor menatrebi, rogor minda, SenTan viyo... ar vici, ra ganz-raxviT ara mwer werils (ara, werils ki mwer, Turme, magram isev saxlSi inaxav... eg rogor iqneba?).

marTali giTxra, Sengan amas ar movelodi, magram ra gaewyoba? raxan egrea, albaT, egre unda iyos, eg xom Senc ici?

me Zalian kmayofili var Cemi lamazi da sayvareli sof-liT... avi rai meTqmis misda garna kargisa?

menatreba nata (joxaZe)... Tu naxo, gadaeci Cemgan, rom Zalian, Zalian minda misi naxva da ambavTa misTa cnoba...

mzia, platonis `kanonebi~ wavikiTxe, buddas cxovre-bac... Zalian momwons senkeviCi: ra Tbilia, ra kargia... amayia, namdvili poloneli... miyvars, Zalian miyvars aseTi siamaye (gamigeb...). ra bednieria es kaci: qveyana mouvlia, bevri una-xavs, bevri gaugonia: me vxedav varskvlavebiT anTebul zan-zibars. da uricxvT msrbolTa misken xomaldTa nairis

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qveyniT, wyalSi CayvinTulT arabTa myivarT... mesmis Sriali ZvirfasTa frTaTa velurTa Tavze... maTi `uiambo~... guguni Cumi indoeTis okeanisa... talRaTa misTa mindobia sevdis kunZuli: macremlebs farul...

mzia, Sen sul imas CamCiCinebdi, rom ukumegdo varami Cemi, sul mxianuli vyofiliyavi... mec, mec minda, Cemo mzia, Senc sZlio Seni sevda (!!), ar moiwyino: sofeli mxiarulia. `sxvisi momrevi Zlieria, Tavisi Tavis momrevi — yovlad Zlierio~, ambobs Cinuri sibrZne...

de, viyoT yovlad Zlierni~, amas raRa sjobia, ara, mzia? cvalebadobdes, de, bedi Cveni, viTarca avi afra arabTa. xan TeTrad gviCndes, xanac molibrod: TvalT mieamis feri yoveli... sofeli mxiarulia. mun rasa vpovebdT, `wiaRsa S �a abraamisasa?~

iyavi sul kargad, Cemo sayvarelo, gkocni uricxvs. mamidam siyvaruliT mogikiTxa: werili, Tu Seni ganwyoba gikarnaxebs, momwere, Tu ara da, nu... Sewuxeba Seni ar minda...

Sengan moZulebuli, magram marad Seni moyvaruli aniko.

12 / IX 1947 w. sof. xidisTavi.

P.S. mzia, ar gaicino, gigzavni Citunias bumbuls... misi frTebi me maqvs didis ambiT Senaxuli... Seinaxe: samaxsovrod iyos Cemda... am sacodavi Cioras istoriis Sesaxeb Semdeg...

mzia rogor mecineba, roca movigoneb, rogor gamovr-bodiT qviSxeTidan, ... sicivisagan mobuzuli beRurebiviT rom vijeqiT lixis sadgurSi da velodiT matarebels...

ar vici rodis Camoval: sul ar minda mand yofna... Cems gulSi jojoxeTia... ra mere...

a r a f e r i . . . . . (me xom mCvevia ase?)~

werilSi Citis sami nacrisferi patara bumbulia Cata-nebuli. maTi istoria CemTvis ucnobia. rac Seexeba anas mier qviSxeTis da lixis gaxsenebas, es CemTvis kargad nacnobi ambavia.

1947 wlis martSi ana kaladaZe mamaCemTan da mziasTan erTad qviSxeTSi Camovida CvenTa stumrad. amis Sesaxeb ana wers: `erT dRes me da mzia Cagvsva matarebelSi (polikarpe kakabaZem _ m.k.) da Cagviyvana qviSxeTSi~ (kalandaZe 1995: 3). imxanad mamaCems ojaxi zamTar-zafxul qviSxeTSi, mweralTa

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dasasvenebel saxlSi hyavda dabinavebuli, TviTon gakruli iyo gzaze Tbilissa da qviSxeTs Soris.

da ai, martis erT mSvenier dRes, roca Tovli jer kidev mTlad damdnari ar iyo, gvestumra qviSxeTSi ana mziasa da mamaCemTan erTad. Cvens sixaruls sazRvari ar hqonda, me mas vuyurebdi rogorc RvTaebas, misi leqsebi ukve zepirad vicodi da nawili gadawerilic mqonda CemTvis rveulSi. ana ukve legenda iyo. ana ramdenime dRes darCa CvenTan, vseir-nobdiT ezoSi, velebze da tyeSi yvelani erTad. ana iyo mokrZalebuli da Cumi, Zalian ubralo da sada, da amis gamo kidev ufro momxibvleli da mimzidveli. igi aseTi darCa mTeli cxovreba, es mis niWierebas ise uxdeboda... am Tvise-bebis gamoc gansakuTrebiT moswonda igi mamaCems. maxsovs maTi saubrebi qviSxeTSiac da TbilisSiac... mudam amaRle-buli ganwyobilebebiT da sulierebiT savse... ana wers: `Cems mimarT mamobrivi grZnobiT uTbeboda guli... mirCevda, xSi-rad mekiTxa `biblia~ _ `biblia~ ikiTxeo, TiTqmis yovel Sex-vedrisas metyoda xolme ... baton polikarpes TiTqos afiq-rebda, rom saRvTo wignebTan Cemi SemaerTebeli Zafi ar gaw-yvetiliyo!~ (kalandaZe 1995: 3; kalandaZe 2007: 377).

mziasadmi miwerili werilebidan Cans, ras kiTxulobda ana im periodSi, ra literaturuli interesebi hqonda, ra idumali fiqrebi, grZnobebi da gatacebebi, romelTa Sesaxeb uambobda megobars, guls uxsnida.

anas werilebi TiTqos mxatvruli prozaa, romelic dagvafiqrebs bevr sakiTxze poetis biografiidan. ratom iyo ase mWmunvare ana, roca werils werda megobars? misi stri-qonebidan iRvreba sevda maSinac ki, da ufro metad, roca me-gobars mouwodebs, dasZlios kaeSani: `Sen sul imas CamCiCi-nebdi, rom ukumegdo varami Cemi, sul mxiaruli vyofiliya-vi... mec, mec minda, Cemo mzia, Senc sZlio Seni sevda (!!), ar moiwyino, sofeli mxiarulia. [...] mun rasa vpovebT `wiaRsa~ S a abraamisasa?~

sasowarkveTili brZola ismis Rrma sevdiT Sepyrobili nazi da poeturi sulisa... ra iyo mizezi am sevdis?

sevdis mizezi ubednieres solomon mefesac ki hqonda, gamarjvebulsa da, RmerTis mier camde amaRlebuls... rac ufro didia RvTis suli adamianSi, miT metia masSi siyvaru-lisa da sevdis SegrZnebac.

anas unazes lirikaSi siyvarulisa da sevdis motivebi urTierTgadajaWvulia da qaluri kdemamosilebiT dafaru-lia maTi warmoSobis intimuri mizezebi da arc Cven gvaqvs

15

ufleba veZioT igi biografiul detalebSi, raic mxolod sababi xdeba maRali sulis amoZravebisaTvis. siyvarulis mizezi TviT adamianSia RvTivboZebuli... Zlieri sulieri tkivilebi warmoSobs ukvdav striqonebs did poetTa SemoqmedebaSi.

anas poeziis es mxare jer kidev Sesaswavlia, da, albaT, araerTxel gaxdeba mkvlevarTa Ziebis sagani.

anas poezias amoZravebs siyvaruli, Tavisi mravalferi gamovlinebebiT, _ patara yvavilis, Tu patara Citis bediT, ametyvelebuli bunebis, Tu adamianis sifaqizis gancdiT.

`man icoda yoveli axladgaSlili vardis saidumlo...~ wers novalisis Sesaxeb haine (haine 1904: 336).

anam icis sulis simSveniere boSa qalisa, Tu TaTris gogonasi, adamianis, mTeli misi bunebiT boZebuli niWiT...

ana wvdeba bunebis suls, axladgaSlili vardi, Tu Tu-Tis xe, misTvis ukidegano siyvarulis nawilia, romelsac igi mTlianad Seupyria, da romelTan erTadac igi arsebobs Tavisi poeziiT.

igi ganazogadebs yvelaze namdvils, waruvals, da ubi-woebas adamianis bunebaSi, rac RmerTTan, maradiul WeSmari-tebasTan anaTesavebs kacs. swored es siyvarulia, romelic iRvreba misi leqsebidan idumal sevdasTan erTad da momnus-xvelad moqmedebs adamianze, gadahyavs igi samyaroSi, sadac pirvelyofili umankoebaa da mxolod siyvaruli.

aseTia namdvili ana. ana ar aris iq, sadac politikur sakiTxebze iwyeba

msjeloba leqsSi.

III

anas pirveli wigni 1946 wels, roca ana gamoCnda samwerlo asparezze, Tan-

daTan garTulda viTareba, kulturasa da literaturas gan-sakuTrebiT utevdnen mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi, da, rasakvir-velia, saqarTveloSic. Tu iq, maRla, gaZlierdeboda daWere-bi da ideologiuri wnexi, CvenTanac saswrafod mibaZavdnen centrs...

ana Tavis mogonebebSi wers: `imave wlis agvistoSi (1946 w. _ m.k.) leningradis literaturuli Jurnalebi `zvezda~ da `leningradi~ daamuSaves `apolitikuri, sabWoTa xelisu-flebisaTvis ideologiurad ucxo da mtruli nawarmoebe-

16

bis~ gamoqveynebisaTvis. amas mohyva is `mkacri ganaCeni~, romelic exeboda mTel Cems poezias... `mas aklia Camoyali-bebuli codna cxovrebisa, unari movlenebis sworad danaxvi-sa, ar xelmZRvanelobs mowinave ideebiT, dekadentur moti-vebis tyveobaSia moqceuli. erT leqsSi ana kalandaZe `udab-nos mwirs~ uwodebs Tavis Tavs, da, marTlac, misi zogierTi leqsi Zveli samonastro cxovrebis himnografiebs gvago-neben. ... vis esaWiroeba dRes amgvari leqsebi? vis sulier ganwyobilebas gamoxataven isini? formalizmi, uideoba, apo-litikuroba amaze Sors ver wava~-o, werda erT-erTi avtori.

... zogi gamouqveynebeli leqsic ver ascda kritikis saerTo qarcecxls.

imave wlis seqtemberSi saqarTvelos mweralTa mesame yrilobaze swored `Cvens periodul presaSi gamoqveynebul uideo, mxatvrulad metad sust da yovelgvar sazogadoeb-riv mniSvnelobas moklebul leqsebsa da, agreTve prozasa da dramaturgiaSi istoriuli TematikiT gatacebaze~ iyo saubari.

aseT viTarebaSi Cemi krebulis gamocemaze ocnebac ki ar SeiZleboda~ (kalandaZe 2007: 348-349).

anas pirveli krebuli 1953 wels gamovida. 50-iani wle-bis dasawyisSi, ormocdaTormet-ormocdacamet wlebSi um-Zimesi periodi iyo saqarTveloSi. kidev ufro gaZlierda represiebi, daWerebi, gadasaxlebebi, dasmenebi, jaSuSoba. etapebiT mihyavdaT yovel dRe tusaRebi cimbirisaken da sapatimroebSi sawamebeli iaraRebiT SanTavdnen adamianebs... axal ocdaCvidmet wels iwyebdnen... mTeli Taobebi unda moe-celaT... aseTi iyo daberebuli da kidev ufro gaborote-buli beladis gegma... romlis bolomde miyvana mas aRar daa-cales mismave TanamoZmeebma... igi mokvda 1953 wlis martis dasawyisSi da amieridan represiis is dawyebuli talRa Se-Cerda. adamianTa daxvretisa da dapatimrebis gamzadebuli siebi gaauqmes.

aseT pirobebSi gamovida ana kalandaZis pirveli krebu-li da Tumca igi mxolod Semodgomaze gamovida stambidan, swored yvelaze rTul ormocdaTormet-camet wlebis peri-odSi dgeboda krebuli da mzaddeboda gamosacemad.

1953 wlis 19 noembers ana movida CvenTan stumrad da mamaCems moarTva Tavisi axlad gamoSvebuli leqsebis Txeli krebuli. 48 leqsi Sedioda am krebulSi (kalandaZe 1953).

umetesi nawili am krebulSi Semavali leqsebisa, daax-loebiT 26-27 leqsi Semdgom gamocemebSi anas am saxiT aRara-

17

sodes Seutania. mxolod mcire maTgani, mxolod ramodenime leqsi Secvlili redaqciiTaa Sesuli Semdgom gamocemebSi.

es iyo uSvelebeli, grZeli, gawelili, trafaretuli teqstebi, `poezias~ rom eZaxdnen avbediT, sabWoTa xanaSi, stalinis reaqciis umZimes periodSi. aseT teqstebs CvenSi `paravozs~ eZaxdnen. ramdenime mainc rom ar waemZRvarebi-naT, komunisturi ideologiis momxreobis dasamtkiceblad, krebuls ar dabeWdavdnen... magram amdeni?

sikvdilis marwuxebSi moaqcies poezia... es ar iyo anas poezia, es iyo iZulebiT dawerili teqs-

tebi, romlebic SeiZleba Seadaro im Tavis gadasarCenad SeTxzul aRiarebebs, wamebis Sedegad rom awerinebdnen sapa-timroebSi sikvdilmisjil adamianebs...

leqsebi beladebze, partiaze, viRac muSakebze... poli-tikuri siyalbe, gamogonili teqstebi, romelTac araferi hqondaT saerTo anas poeziasTan, da saerTod, poeziasTan, SemoqmedebasTan...

am saSineli teqstebis fonze, anas poeturi margali-tebi, aqa-iq mimobneulni morcxvad, TiTqos Camqraliyvnen da acremlebuliyvnen, isini Seuracxyofilni Tavis Tavs aRar gavdnen...

giliotinaze aiyvanes poezia. maxsovs mamaCemis reaqcia, roca anas es krebuli waikiTxa. igi gafiTrebuli iyo, rogorc qaRaldi, Tvalebidan

cecxlebi ifrqveodnen, Sublze xels irtyamda dro da dro. `es ra uqnia, es ra qna~! _ imeorebda igi. movida ana, calke dasva polikarpe kakabaZem, ojaxis

wevrebi oTaxidan dagviTxova. mesmoda misi sityvebi oTaxidan gasulsac... `es ra qeni,

es ra qeni, ana... es ra Caidine...~ anas Tavis marTleba: `ra meqna, batono polikarpe, mai-

Zules, iZulebuli viyavi..:~ `awi, Sen leqss ver dawer~... umkacresi ganaCeni tyviasa-

viT miaxala `yvaryvares~ avtorma, visganac anas mxolod aR-frTovaneba da unazesi mofereba axsovda... ana gulSi daWra am sityvebma, mTeli cxovreba atarebda am tyvias guliT ana...

`me mjera, batono polikarpe, isev davwer leqss~... kvlav Tavs imarTlebda ana, angelozi gulSi WrilobiT...

SemdgomSi ana polikarpe kakabaZis Sesaxeb dawers: `misi Sexedulebebi, miseuli Sefasebebi, mere da mere ufro xel-Sesaxebni da sacnaurni xdebian, mere da mere, rac ufro Rrmad gixdebaT cxovrebiseul labirinTebSi svla...

18

... is gaxldaT wminda da amaRlebuli, miwier cduneba-Tagan Seuvali da mousyidveli!~ (kalandaZe 1995:3, kalandaZe 2007: 378).

anas moxvda drois msaxvrali xeli, da dazro misi yva-vili, romelic iSleboda simartoveSi, rogorc mistikuri vardi sasufevelSi.

misi poezia, simartoveSi Seqmnili, Tavisuflebis su-liT iyo aRbeWdili. roca waarTves Tavisufleba, daemsgavsa galiaSi Caketil bulbuls.

* * *

anam kidev dawera mravali leqsi, Seqmna mTeli ciklebi, kidev mravaljer gaaxara Tavisi mkiTxveli... man Semoitana poeziaSi axali Temebi da ganwyobilebebi, gansakuTrebulia religiur Temebze Seqmnili misi ciklebi. ana Rrmad reli-giuri poetia, igi mistikisadmia midrekili, da es mJRavndeba TiTqos arareligiur Temebze Seqmnil nawarmoebebSiac ki...

didebuli poeti qali, Rrma, meocnebe TvalebiT, Cumi sevdiT Sepyrobili, mxiaruli sicilis drosac ki... saTayva-nebeli poeti da saTayvanebeli pirovneba...

magram mis poeziaSi ganumeorebeli darCa is pirveli pe-riodis leqsebi... is pirveli gamonaTeba misi niWisa, romel-mac aRafrTovana mTeli saqarTvelo, roca xelidan xelSi gadadioda anas leqsebi da iqmneboda xelnaweri krebulebi anas poeziisa.

SeiZleba iTqvas, arc erT poets XX saukuneSi, ase mcire droSi, aseTi didi aRiareba da popularoba ar miuRia CvenSi, rac xvda wilad anas, roca gamovida samwerlo asparezze, is siyvaruli SaravandediviT mohveba anas mTel Semoqmedebas... ana uyvarT, Zlier uyvarT saqarTveloSi da uyvarT gansa-kuTrebiT im leqsebis gamo, xelnaweris saxiT rom vrcelde-boda xalxSi.

Cven vfiqrobT, kargi iqneba gamoices anas erTi krebu-li im xelnaweri krebulebis mixedviT, romelic sakmaod bevria xalxSi da romelsac sruliad gansakuTrebuli xibli aqvs...

anas TviTonac, Tavisi pirveli, `faruli~ periodis leqsebi moswonda gansakuTrebiT, igi wers: `kmayofili ma-inc... Cemi Semoqmedebis im `faruli peridiTa~ var, `saidum-los gacxadebas~ rom uswrebda win, e. i. roca sruli Sinagani da garegani simSvidiT viyavi moculi da, maSasadame, _ Tavisufali ucxo Tvalisagan~ (kalandaZe 2007: 359).

19

IV

anas siTamame anas pirveli, xelnaweri krebuli Seicavs 78 leqss da

yvela maTgani Sedevria. am leqsTa krebulma aRfrTovanebaSi moiyvana mTeli

saqarTvelo da anas didi mwerlis saxeli Seuqmna. am poeturi qmnilebebiT ana uceb gaxda popularuli,

mTeli qarTveli xalxisaTvis sayvareli poeti. misma saxelma daigrgvina da ukvdavebiT Semosa ocdasami wlis gogona.

es leqsebi Seqmnilia 1945-46 wlebSi, roca maTi avtori 22-23 wlisaa.

nuravis gaukvirdeba, rom anam, ase axalgazrdam Seqmna Tavisi Sedevrebi.

22 wlis asakSi wers baraTaSvili Tavis poemas `bedi qarTlisa~, xolo `merani~ 25 wlisam Seqmna, 16 wlis asakSi ki, leqsis `SemoRameba mTawmidazed~ pirveli varianti dawera.

23 wlis grigol orbeliani `sadRegrZelos~ pirvel variants qmnis, xolo aleqsandre WavWavaZe 18 wlis asakSi, 1804 wlis mTiuleTis ajanyebis monawile, 1804-05 wlebSi qmnis mTel cikls mRelvare, patriotuli leqsebisa, rom-lebmac mas didi poetis saxeli moupova.

da bolos, msoflio sevdis udidesi mgosani, jorj baironi mxolod 23 wlisaa, rodesac wers `Caild haroldis mogzaurobis~ pirvel da meore simReras, da roca 1812 wlis 10 marts poema gamovida gasayidad, erT dReSi misi avtori msoflios yvelaze popularuli poeti xdeba. am nawarmoebiT igi uceb iqca msoflios xalxTa gulTampyrobeli.

vfiqrobT, anas leqsebis pirveli xelnaweri krebuli, romelmac esoden didi saxeli moutana mis avtors, calke wignad rom gamoices, igi poetis TayvanismcemelTaTvis didi saCuqari iqneba.

* * *

anas nazi poezia savsea siTamamiT. anam Seqmna nawarmoe-bebi, romlebic ar emorCileboda im kanonebs da normebs, sabWourma reJimma rom dausaxa mwerlobas `socrealizmis~ saxiT.

am siTamames anas aZlevda gansakuTrebuli niWiereba, misi pirovnuli Tvisebebi da maRali morali.

20

gansakuTrebuli niWiereba ar emorCileba da ver dae-morCileba amoralur, Zaladobriv sistemas da reJims, ami-tom aucileblad xdeba dapirispireba niWier Semoqmedsa da saxelmwifoebriv sistemas Soris, maTi Serigeba SeuZlebe-lia, amitom didi Semoqmedi yovelTvis tragikulia da dev-nili... Tu moxda Serigeba, muza samudamod tovebs poets da igi iqceva Cveulebriv meleqseT. aseT mTxzvelTa nawerebSi yvelaferia, riTma, ritmi, Tema, aliteraciebi... magram aRar aris poezia. iq yvelaferia, magram aRar aris RvTaebrivi naperwkali, romelsac uwodebdnen berZnebi muzas...

23 wlis gogona Semovida qarTul mwerlobaSi da Semoi-tana didi siaxle, axleburi, Tamami xedva, romelic haeriviT Wirdeboda qarTul suls da cnobierebas, amitom Seiyvara igi erma da es siyvaruli aRarasodes ganelebula.

WeSmariti, maRali xelovani yovelTvis opoziciaSia xelisuflebasTan.

xelisuflebas yovelTvis yavs farTo wre `Tavis xelo-vanTa~, romelTaTvisac igi asatania da sayrdenia. magram es wre ZiriTadad saSualo niWis adamianebia. brwyinvale niWi miuRebelia diqtatorisaTvis, is mas awuxebs, radgan maRal-niWieri pirovneba ver xdeba diqtatoris morCili, ver asrulebs mis nebas, mas ar SeuZlia uaryos sakuTari Tavi, sakuTari me.

dapirispireba xelisuflebasTan niWieri Semoqmedisa Zalauneburad xdeba, bunebrivad.

Tbila mTavrobis kalTaSi, daculi xar da mSvidad xar, magram es kalTa yvelas ver daitevs da iq mliqvnelTa da moxerxebulTa adgilia mxolod. ... es kalTa ver itevs namd-vil niWierebas. maRali Semoqmedi, Tavisufali suliT mTav-robis kalTaSi ver moTavsdeba. mas ver eguebian, da igi ver egueba mliqvnelTa da moxerxebulTa wres, romelic yovel-Tvis budobs xelisufalTa siaxloves.

ginda simSvide, ginda moeSvan Sens devnas, SenTvis iyo da qmnide, magram Seni marTali SemoqmedebiT bunebrivad upirispirdebi im garemos, sadac sitkbo da siuxvea garantirebuli.

rac unda ecados baraTaSvili, da misi werilebidan Cans, rom igi kidec cdilobs amas, mas ar miiReben iq, xelisufalTagan uzrunvelyofil wreSi, mas iqidan gamodev-nian, radgan igi `bedi qarTlisas~ da `meranis~ avtoria. rad-gan mas ar SeuZlia ar daweros: `saxelmwifosa sjulis erTo-ba araras argebs, odes Tviseba erTa mis Soris sxvadasxvaob-

21

des~... mTavari principi, mTavari satyuara _ `sjulis er-Toba~ saqarTvelos xelSi Casagdebad, _ gaabaTila, uaryo argumentirebulad da xmamaRla... amisaTvis daisaja didi devniT da naadrevi sikvdiliT...

Sen, Semoqmedo, icode, ganwiruli xar tanjvisaTvis da devnisaTvis... amqveyniuri bedniereba SenTvis araa. Sen sev-diT gulSi da sulSi ivli mTeli cxovreba... samagierod, Sen gaqvs bedniereba Semoqmedisa, rodesac qmni, da am bedniere-bisaTvis da am sixarulisaTvis swirav yovelives... am sixa-rulis wamebs araferi Seedreba, Sen maSin RmerTTana xar, mis siyvarulSi sufev da suli Seni ubrundeba Tavis sawyiss, maradiul cxovrebas...

xolo Tu Seegue, icode, dakargav im waruval bednie-rebas, romelsac verasodes daibruneb, da isev mRrRneli sevda ukmayofilebisa samudamod Caibudebs Sens sulSi.

sevdiani Tvalebi hqonda anas, igi ebrZoda cxovrebas, cdilobda garkveulwilad Segueboda kidec mas, magram gulis siRrmeSi ukmayofilebis grZnoba mudam Tan axlda.

anam icoda sicocxlis fasi, Tayvans scemda, uyvarda igi, rogorc umSvenieresi saCuqari Semoqmedisa. uyvarda RvTiv boZebuli sicocxle, romelic xanmoklea, rac unda dRegrZeli iyo. magram xom maradisobaSi Sedixar am xanmokle sicocxlis manZilze qmnili Seni saqmeebiT! mxolod erTxel geZleva es didi saCuqari, sicocxle, da maszea damokidebu-li rogori iqneba Seni maradiuli arseboba...

ana Sevida maradiul arsebobaSi Tavisi didi poeziiT, umwikvlo cxovrebiT da Tavisi sevdiT, romelsac warmoSobs bunebrivad, didi Semoqmedis amqveyniuri cxovreba.

damowmebani:

kalandaZe 1953: kalandaZe a. p. leqsebi. Tb.: `saxelmwifo

gamomcemloba~, 1953. kalandaZe 1995: kalandaZe a. p. brZenkaci. Tb.: gaz. `literaturuli

saqarTvelo~, 31, 1995. kalandaZe 2007: kalandaZe a. p. gamomibrwyindi, miuRwevelo. Tb.:

gamomcemloba `sulierebis, kulturisa da mecnierebis aRorZinebisa da ganviTarebis sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis saerTaSoriso saqvelmoqmedo fondi, 2007.

haine 1904: Гейне Г. Романтическая школа. Г. Г. Полное собрание сочинений в 6-ти томах. СПб.: 3, 1904.

22

Tamar barbaqaZe

bibliis anarekli anas poeziaSi

1946 wlis 25 maisi _ ana kalandaZis leqsebis kiTxvis dRe mweralTa kavSirSi _ 60 wlis winaT da axlac, anas gareSe Cavlili pirveli gazafxulis mere, qarTul poeziaSi namdvi-li `afeTqeba~ aRmoCnda...

iuri lotmani wignSi `kultura da afeTqeba~ wers. `siaxle mecnierebasa da xelovnebis sferoSi moulodnelis ganxorcielebaa~ (lotmani 2005: 14), iqve ki gansazRvravs mo-salodnelisa da moulodnelis gadajaWvis aucileblobas: `danaRmuli veli, sadac naRmebi winaswar ganusazRvrel ad-gilebSia Cadebuli da gazafxulis mdinare, romelsac Tavisi mZlavri, magram mizanmimarTuli dineba moaqvs _ aseTia ori vizualuri saxe, romlebic istorikosis cnobierebaSi Cndeba da dinamikuri (feTqebadi) da TandaTanobiTi procesebis Seswavlas iTvaliswinebs. am ori struqturuli tendenciis urTierTaucildebloba ki ar gamoricxavs, aramed mkveTrad warmoaCens maTs urTierTgapirobebulobas~ (lotmani 2005: 15).

ana kalandaZisa da mTeli qarTuli mwerlobisTvis, bolSevizmis batonobis TiTqmis 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi, es `danaRmuli veli~ uZvirfasesi saganZuri iyo erovnuli sit-yvierebisa, _ saguldagulod gadamaluli biblia; `gazafxu-lis mdinare~ ki _ anas axalgazrdoba, romelsac unda gadae-taninebina poetisaTvis Tavsdatexili Rvarcofi partiuli kritikisa. mogvianebiT, `saubrebSi~ ana aRniSnavda: `rodesac `uideobisa da apolitikurobisaTvis~ gamakritikes ormoci-an wlebSi, did ubedurebad ar mimiRia. es albaT imitom mox-da, rom upirveles yovlisa, vgrZnobdi mkiTxvelis did yu-radRebas da mxardaWeras, mis Tanadgomas! ase moxda imito-mac, rom axalgazrduli asaki miwyobda xels. qveSecneulad imasac vgrZnobdi, rom sxvagvarad ar egeboda, rom qveyanaSi arsebuli wesebis gamo es gardauvalic iyo _ `mosaxdeli~ unda `mogexada~! yovelive aman ganapiroba albaT kritkisad-mi maSindeli Cemi gulgriloba~ (kalandaZe 1996: 137). aqve, TiTqos SemTxveviT, ana oTxsityvian fragments urTavs: `amazrzenia qals dapirispirebuli mamakaci~! brZenma poetma amiT gacilebiT meti gviTxra, vidre Cven SegveZlo gvegu-lisxma. `afeTqeba~ moxda da dRes anas poezia, anas `teqste-

23

bi~, rogorc Serwyma `teqstSi moqceuli uamravi teqstisa~, mravalSriani uZvirfasesi zodebiT mbrwyinavi, calkeuli Senakadebis Seswavlis sixaruls gvaniWebs.

ana kalandaZis bolo wignis (2004) winasityvaobaSi guCa kvaracxelia aRniSnavs poetis adreul SemoqmedebaSi meta-fizikuri, magram cxadi, araenigmaturi leqsebis fsalmunu-ri tonalobis, bibliiseuli kilos Sesaxeb (kalandaZe 2004: 4); geronti qiqoZis STabeWdileba ana kalandaZis poeziis pirveli mosmenisas ase ganisazRvra: poets hqonda metad originaluri religiuri msoflSegrZneba, sruliad axali poeturi metyveleba. misi STagonebis wyaroebs `qarTlis cxovreba~, biblia, daviT guramiSvili, guriis folklori warmoadgenda.

ana kalandaZisaTvis xSirad bibliis enis, personaJTa, siuJetTa anarekli leqsis versifikaciuli struqturis safuZvlad qceula. poetis striqonebi, 1945 wels dawerili:

Wreli pepela yvavilebis bangiT daiTvris da guls gauSlis saalersod sioT salbunTa... o, Senc... vin ityvis, Cemo kargo, o, vin daiTvlis, dRes meramdened gadaSale ukve `daviTni~ _ wigni fsalmunTa sulis saamod? _

(` Wreli pepela yvavilebis bangiT daiTvris...~)

_ dRes erTgvar aRsarebad gaismis, poetur TviTref-

leqsiad, Tu ra kvebavda anas STagonebas studentobis Jams... da 90-iani wlebis bolos, 1995 wels.

momcems wyalobas oriv sofeli saswauli Tu iyo caTani? Sens xsenebaze peplis mofrena... gamocxadebad Senad CavTvale!

(` momcems wyalobas...~)

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marTlac `caTa saswaulad~ unda miiCnios mkiTxvelma anas am ori leqsis grafika: pirvelSi datexili ToTxmetmar-cvledi, e. w. besikuri 5/4, 5, 5, 5,5, xolo meoreSi — simetriu-li aTmarcvledis — 5/5 Sefardeba 5 marcvlian monakveTeb-Tan (5/2,3) peplis cal frTasaviT farfatebs, TiTqos meore frTa zesTa soflisaa da amqveynad uxilavia.

...1948 wlis gazafxulze kaTalikos-patriarqma, uwmin-desma da unetaresma kalistrate cincaZem ana kalandaZe Ta-vis rezidenciaSi miiwvia da gamomSvidobebisas `daviTni~ aCuqa, 1873 wels, TbilisSi gamocemuli `tyavgadakruli wig-ni~, rogorc Semdeg poeti moixseniebs mas (kalandaZe 1996: 522) k. cincaZisadmi miZRvnil leqsSi: `gzas miikvlevda xalx-Si mimoza~ (1961):

da aqviTindnen mZime zarebi, WirisufalTa viTarca SehferT, da Semovida taZrad daviTi ebraelebis usworo mefe, da gadaSala Tavisi wigni tyavgadakruli, Rirssaxsenebi...

... ucnauri bedi ewia patriarqis naCuqar biblias: gamo-

fenidan, romelsac `anas samyaroSi~ erqva, igi moipares. sa-tanisa da angelosis Widili anas leqsebsa da cxovrebaSi ur-TierTs erwymoda, Tumca orive garegnulad sada, mSvidi, aumRvreveli iyo:

da... rodesac mzes Sevxede gvirgvinosans Cemo kargo, qveyanaze gavCndi odes, _ bedi hqondes! — Tqva SavTvala angelosma, _ bedi hqondes! xa, xa, xa, xa... arasodes!

(`aRaravin aRar miyvars~, 1945) bibliur saxeTagan satanas gverds unda `umSvenebdes~

yorani da gveli, Tumca iesosTan yorani ver bedavs yrantals:

...arsiT Tamami ar Cans yorani — leSis mosurne... mTaT yves RaRadi frTebi gaSala angelosurebr, aRdga Tavadi!

(`ar Cans yorani~, 1945)

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gvelis saxe sruliad gansakuTrebuli da originalu-

ria anas leqsSi `loculobs gveli~. vaJas `baxtrionis~ msgav-sad, aq gveli icvlis bunebas, bibliuri codvis mizezi anas leqsSi locviT gamoisyidis danaSauls da bunebis mSvenie-rebas uerTdeba. `loculobs gveli~ qaluri moqnilobisa da silbos, silamazisa da harmoniis gansaxierebaa:

tyis banovani zanti zmorebiT, tanmoxatuli ucxo zolebiT morCeba locvas da SiSis mgvreli xelSi dairiT velebs daivlis da uzundaras icekvebs gveli...

demonur samyaroSi gveli, rogorc negatiur-demiurgi-

uli arseba, mbrZaneblobs dedamiwaze, qaluri mTvareuli sawyisiviT, miwis simboloa da simbolistTa SemoqmedebaSi igi miwieri arsebobis dabneulobis gamomxatveli xdeba. gan-sxvavebiT simbolisti poetebisagan, romelTa artfaqti aris creation ex nihilo (`Seqmna arafrisagan~), kaenis, adamian-demo-nis, anu mesiis satanuri saxecvlileba, anas leqsSi borote-bac ki sikeTisaken iswrafvis, raTa uarsom arsi ipovos, qvey-nis mSvenierebas Seerwyas da, radgan ukve icis sikvdili, datkbes cxovrebiT, icekvos locvis sixarulis Semdeg. Tu simbolizmSi arCevani avtonomiuri, Tavisufali silamazis sasargeblod keTdeboda, uTanabrdeboda gaTavisuflebas moralur-esTetikuri kategoriebisagan da esTetikuri xde-boda boroteba (simboluri imoralizmi), anas poeziaSi, qris-tianuli sulis mSvenierebiT miiRweva moralur-eTikuri idealebis ganmtkiceba.

...macxovari anas leqsebSi mwyemsis salamurs usmens, martis Camavali mzis sxivebiT ganaTebul mindorSi bibliu-ri simSvidiTa da ueWvelobiT, Tanac leqsi sunTqavs, TiT-qos, radgan mdelo irxeva hangebiT:

irxeva, bibinebs kordi pawia, TeTri yvavilebis kaba acvia... salamurs atirebs `mwyemsi qacvia~ da Zovs cxovari... es simReraa mzis sasalamo, martispiruli...

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gverdgangmiruli dums macxovari, usmens salamurs...

(`usmens~, 1945)

anas am leqsis (`usmens~) araTanabarazomieri striqone-bi sruliad gamorCeuli ritmiuli rxeviT varirebs 9-tae-pedSi: 3 TerTmetmarcvliani (5/6) striqoni uceb, mosxletiT xuTmarcvlediT icvleba; mere, TiTqos suli moiTqvao, erTi aTmarcvliani (5/5) striqoniT, saxeli erqmeva suraTs (`es simReraa mzis sasalamo~) da nawyvet-nawyvetad mihyveba erT-maneTs oTxi, xuTmarcvliani taepi, romelTagan ori kompo-zitia (`martispiruli~, `gverdgangmiruli~), xolo danarCe-ni ori — zmnuri Sesityveba: `dums macxovari~, `usmens sala-murs~. macxovris dumili da salamuris tirili maradiuli, ukvdavi melodiaa Cveni yofisa da poeziisa: sada da genia-luri, romelic dausabamoa da usasrulo.

ana riTmis didostati ar yofila, arc sagangebod eZeb-da riTmebs; arc mkiTxveli rCeboda nirwamxdari da misi pov-niT damaSvrali, radgan mis lqsSi sulis musika ufro ali-teracias emyareba, magram es pawia leqsi riTmebis wnuliTac ucnaurad Seukravs poets: samjerad daqtilur riTmas aaa: `pawia _ acvia _ qacvia~ enacvleba wyviladi: aa zusti riTma (martispiruli — gverdgangmiruli, cxovari _ macxovari) da agvirgvinebs iSviaTi disonansi: sasalamo _ salamurs. gra-fikiT, taepTa datexviT es 9-taepedic pepelas frTasa hgavs ise, rogorc anas bevri sxva pawia leqsic. amis gamo, leqsebis taepTa simciris gamo, gansakuTrebiT Ciodnen Turme kompo-zitorebi, romelTac anas leqsebis simRerad qceva surdaT (kalandaZe 1996: 559); anas ki ar SeeZlo, bunebrivia, kompo-zitorTa Txovnisamebr, striqonebis mimateba, maTi azriT, am mcire zomis leqsebisaTvis: isini xom sunTqvis ritms, peplis frTis rxevas, anareklis cimcimis kanonzomierebas emyare-bodnen, bibliuri sibrZnis gamonaTebas emsaxurebodnen.

anas leqsi, Tavisi tradiciuli, ZirZveli qarTuli sa-zomebiT (5/5, 5/4/5, 5, 5/6, 442 da a. S.) da bibliuri arqaiz-mebiT, TiTqos, Zvelmoduri unda mogCvenebodaT dRes, mag-ram Tanamedrove mkiTxvelis, `Tvalisa~ da `smenis~ leqsebis gauval uRransa Tu CixSi moqceuls, SeuZlia, naxos da mois-minos namdvili poetisa da poeziis qmnilebis amouwuravi SesaZleblobani, Tundac am zemoxsenebuli, erTi patara leqsis magaliTze: riTmis, ritmis, strofikis daurRvevlad,

27

yvela saleqso parametris SenarCunebiT, rogor miiRweva grafikuli (vizualuri) da smeniTi (audio) efeqti.

`samocian wlebSi Zveli qarTuli enis fondis Sesav-sebad leqsikologiis ganyofilebis TanamSromlebma oSkis bibliis (meaTe saukune) nusxurad naweri teqsti mxedruliT gadmoviReT (xelT fotopirebi gvqonda). `mefeTa wigni~, `igavni solomonisni~, `ezekieli~, `ezra~, `esTeri~, `ivdi-Ti~... ubednieresi wuTebi iyo Cems cxovrebaSi! aqedan iyo moberili Cemi ganwyobilebac am leqsis Sesaqmnelad _ `vera-vin amCnevs Sensa mSvenebas~. es usaTauro leqsi 1962 wels daiwera~ (kalandaZe 1996: 137). simetriuli aTmarcvlediT 5/5 Sesrulebuli es mkacri da mSvidi leqsi kargad eTanxmeba im sulier ganwyobilebas, romelic bibliidan moberili madliT xmianobs imave wels daweril anas leqsebSi: `varsk-vlavi brwyinavs ase saamod?..~, ` akrTobs Rameebs frTaTa Sriali lurj serafimis~, ` da ganibnia es samefoca~, am leqsebSi yvelgan mefobs drois msaxvrali xelisa da aCr-dilTa sidiadis meufeba, magram yvelaze zustad anas mier saxeldebuli leqsi gamoxatavs poetis imdroindel sulier mdgomareobas:

... da hfenen miwas Tvis sulis naTels... didebulia simSvide maTi.

simSvide kviparosTa da ara brwyinvaleba libanis ke-

darTa, anu maradiuli simSvide sasaflaoTa da ara gamarj-vebis warmavali pompezuroba _ ase konkretdeba bibliis wignTagan mogvrili ganwyobileba.

`bibliuri saxeebi da siuJetebi~ dRevandelobas xSi-rad gasaocari aqtiurobiT exmaurebian, gasaocrad esadage-bian xolme dRevandeli adamianis gancdebsa da ganwyobile-bebs... Cemi gulisTqma xSirad miesadageba xolme CemTvis saintereso adgilebs am brZnuli wignebidan, rogorc Zveli, ise axali aRTqmidan; amitomacaa `biblia~ STagonebis uSreti wyaro yoveli droisa da yoveli epoqis xelovanisaTvis~, _ wers ana kalandaZe (kalandaZe 1996: 77-78), romelic gvacnobs leqsis `elises~ Seqmnis istorias, Tu rogor imoqmeda poet-ze bibliaSi wakiTxulma, winaswarmetyvel elises Tavgadasa-valma: mSobliur miwas mowyvetili, ucxo qveynis moqalaqe-Tagan davalebuli brZeni samagieros gadaxdas Seecdeba, dia-saxlisi gaocdeba: sakuTar qveyanaSi mcxovrebs ra unda mi-Wirdes ucxotomelis dasaxmarebelio. ana kalandaZe gviam-

28

bobs am epizods da dasZens. `yovel Cvengans unda axsovdes, rom mSobliur miwas mowyvetili kaci haerSi atacebuli anTeosiviT iRupeba. amis gaxseneba, vfiqrob, dResac ar aris zedmeti. am epizodiT moxiblulma davwere leqsi `elise~, romelsac erTvis minaweri: `bibliidan~.

ucxo miwaze moxvda elise, ucxoTa Soris daido bina... rogorc brZenkacs da winaswarmetyvels, moukiTxavdnen pursa da Rvinos... _ me riTi gizRoT samagiero? _ hkiTxavs ucxotoms RvTaebis swori... pasuxi: _ Cven Cven miwaze vcxovrobT, ram gagviWirvos TvistomTa Soris?

leqsebi: `elise~, `ezdra~, ` umCatesia, umsubuqesi~

1978 wels aris dawerili, samives erTvis avtoriseuli miniSneba: `bibliidan~. qarTuli enis dacvis wlis, 14 aprilis madli mosavT 5 marcvliani taepebiT daweril leqsebs:

gandidebula maTiT qveyana, amaRlebula mironiT maTiT... naTelTa kacTa grZneuli xomli maradiulad brwyindeba qarTlze!

(` gandidebula maTiT qveyana~)

sagangebod unda aRvniSnoT 5-marcvliani sazomiT da-weril taepTa simravle anas im TxzulebebSi, romlebic bib-liur motivebzea dawerili da kvlav mivubrundeT e. w. `peplis~ msgavs leqsTa konstruqciasa da grafikas.

rogorc cnobilia, sazomi 5/5 Caxruxaulis Suaze gayo-fiT aris miRebuli, romantikosebma ki Caxruxaulis naxevar-taepSi kenti striqonebi datexes.

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viTa pepela arxevs nel-nela,

spetak SroSanas lamazad axrils. ase sayure, ucxo sayure

eTamaSeba Tavissa aCrdils. (nik. baraTaSvili, `sayure~).

sagulisxmoa, rom nikoloz baraTaSvili msgavsi sazo-

miT, datexili CaxruxauliT, daweril leqsebs, pirvelad 1839 wels mimarTavs da amgvari metruli naxaziT wers ekaterine WavWavaZisadmi miZRvnil sam leqss: `Tavadi W-is asulis, ek....nas~, `sayures~ da `...na fortepianozed momRera-li~. gr. orbelians amgvari metriT 1835-1840 wlebSi ori leqsi dauweria: `so...or...~ da `albomSi Rrafinia opermanisa~.

nikoloz baraTaSvilis leqsSi satrfos pepelasaviT sayuris rxeva grafikuladac peplis msgavsebiT aris gadmo-cemuli ise, rom mkiTxveli aramarto Seityobs ambavs, aramed xedavs kidec sayure-peplis moZraobas. xuTmarcvledis va-riaciebi: 2 3 (3 2) da 4 1 yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba ana kalandaZis leqsebSi. sagulisxmoa, rom xuTmarcvliani sa-zomiT aris Sesrulebuli Tavidan bolomde vaJa-fSavelas poema `sindisi~ (1913 w.), romelic kaenisa da misi Sinagani msajulis — sindisis — paeqrobas eZRvneba:

jer isev sveli — Zmis sisxliT — xeli hqonda Zmis mkvlelsa, codvisa mqnelsa. Tan aqvs imedi, rom misi bedi ayvavdeboda, wyena pirvel mkvlels aRar hxvdeboda.

baraTaSvilisa da vaJa-fSavelas poeziasTan sulieri

siaxlove anas leqsebis metrikamac airekla da gansakuTre-biT im metafizikuri siaxloviT gaxda sacnauri, gaelvebis wamieri xilviT rom SeigrZnoba. pepela, rogorc kavSiris saSualeba imiersa da amier qveynebs Soris, sayovelTaod cnobili xat-simboloa. ucnaurad xmianobs am TvalsazrisiT striqonebi murman lebaniZis im leqsisa, anas rom uZRvna poetma:

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xatpepelas CrdilSi mxari getkineba...

murman lebaniZes, did poetsa da ana kalandaZis erT-

gul megobars, bevrjer gauxarebia ana, Rrmad Caswvdomia misi leqsis saidumlos; es Cans am miZRvnaSic...

anas leqsis sicxade da idumaleba gansazRvravs, albaT, kidec misi siRrmesa da mSvenierebas. bibliis sibrZne da poe-turoba ki erT-erTi macocxlebeli nakadia anas ukvdavebisa.

damowmebani:

kalandaZe 2004: kalandaZe a. leqsebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `qarTuli

ena~, 2004. kalandaZe 1996: kalandaZe a. ortomeuli. t. II, Tb.: gamomcemloba

`saqarTvelo~, 1996. lotmani 2005: lotmani i. kultura da afeTqeba. Tb.: gamomcemloba

`ena da kultura~, 2005.

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Suqia afridoniZe

ana kalandaZis poeturi samyaro

qarTuli poeziis moyvaruls, vin icis, ramdenjer wau-kiTxavs an warmouTqvams (TavisTvis Tu xmamaRla) ana kalan-daZis leqsebi! Znelad Tu rgebia CvenSi vinmes aseTi pativi da pativiscema, siyvaruli da erTgulebis dadastureba Ta-vis mkiTxvelTa Tu msmenelTa mxridan _ dawyebuli wignam-deli asakis bavSvebidan da elitaruli sazogadoebiT dam-Tavrebuli, umkacres profesionalTa CaTvliT.

poeti kvlav da kvlav gviwvevs sasaubrod _ swored rom sasaubrod: ana kalandaZis poezia aki maradiuli, amas-Tan, mouwyinari saubaria poetisa mis garSemo arsebulsa Tu miuwvdomel SoreulTan (drosa da sivrceSi), xilulsa Tu uxilavTan, amqveyniursa Tu imqveyniurTan... usulo sagani masTan ar arsebobs: yvelaferi gasulierebulia...

magram roca mkiTxveli ubrundeba xolme am leqsebs, mas xSirad, garda tkbobis survilisa, amoZravebs imis ime-dic, rom raRac axals aRmoaCens misTvis kargad nacnob striqonebSi. da xom yvelam sakuTari gamocdilebiT viciT, rom mis poezias am mxrivac arasdros gauwbilebia mkiTxveli!

yovelive es ki uTuod imitom xdeba, rom ana kalandaZis poezia iseTive Rrma da faqizia, rogoric miseuli `qarTuli ca~ _ `ise Rrma~, `ise faqizi”. wynarad da sadad naTqvami es Sesityvebebi gacilebiT Zlieria, vidre zogi sxva poetis paTosiT da omaxianad warmoTqmuli, Tundac araordinaru-li da energiuli sityvebi. anda rogor SeiZleboda Tqmu-liyo ufro martivad da amave dros egzom amaRelveblad, vidre am orsityviani frazebiT iTqva erT-erT yvelaze po-pularul leqsSi: mwyemssa hkiTxa da mwyemsma uTxra, romel-sac mosdevs albaT yvela qarTvelisaTvis sanukvari sityve-bi, `qarTlis~ ganmanaTlebeli qalwulis saqarTvelos sazR-varTan moRwevis mimaniSnebeli da gamouTqmeli TrTolvis momgvreli sityvebi ZvelqarTulgareuli elementiT: `saqa-rTvelo aris ese”...

sul axlaxan, vidre ana kalandaZe fizikurad jer kidev CvenTan iyo, mis yovel axal poetur publikacias mkiTxveli mouTmenlad moeloda sxvadasxva grZnobiT: zogni, ubra-lod, tkbebodnen; sxvani udarebdnen maT poetis adrindel leqsebs, zogic axal frazeologiasa da intonaciebs uZebni-

32

da (garkveuli siaxle xom marTlac mudam axlda mis leqsebs). dRes ki, rodesac poeti Cven Soris aRar aris da axali le-qsebis xilva-ganxilvis saSualebac wagverTva, sxva aRa-raferi dagvrCenia, garda imisa, rom isev warsuls mivapyroT mzera...

erTi ram ki mainc udavoa: ra TvaliTac da ramdenjerac unda wavikiTxoT (an movisminoT) ana kalandaZis leqsebi, ver-sad wavuvalT im WeSmaritebis aRiarebas, rom jer kidev sul axalgazrda (magram ara damwyebis donis!) poeti gamoCenisTa-nave (1945-46 wlebSi) yvela im TemiT, mTeli im ritmika-into-naciiT da, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, im zneobrivi siwmi-ndiT moevlina mkiTxvel sazogadoebas, romlebiTac Semoq-medebiT mwvervalze myofma datova samzeo. am mxriv er-TaderTi gamonaklisia 1950-ian wlebSi sruliad unikaluri, mahipnozebeli saxeebiTa da ritmebiT aRsavse, nedli da mCqe-fare nakadi e.w. “fxouri” ciklis leqsebisa, am mkacr, magram enamzeobiT ganTqmul kuTxeSi rom iSva poetis samsaxureb-rivi mogzaurobis Sedegad, romelic gangebis Zalam pilig-rimis moxilvad gadauqcia poets. sxva romeli Tema Tu into-nacia SeiZleba dasaxeldes, imTaviTve rom ar axasiaTebda poetis Semoqmedebas?! ufro zusti ki iqneboda, Tu vilapa-rakebdiT bolo periodSi Zveli Temebis metad gaRrmaveba-daxvewasa da ukve nacnobi intonaciebis gamravalferovnebaze.

am gagebiT ana kalandaZis mimarT savsebiT marTldeba, aqcentis erTgvari gadaweviT, tomas sternz eliotis sity-vebi: `In my beginning is my end~ (= sadac viwyebi, iqve vTavdebi; zedmiwevniT: Cems dasawyisSia Cemi dasasruli) (elioti 1970: 182).

ana kalandaZis pirovnuli simyare mkiTxvelisaTvis mis ucvlel pasuxismgeblobaSic vlindeba (Tumc amiTac ar amoiwureba igi): poeti `igivea marad da marad~ _ uRalato sakuTari Tavisa da mkiTxvelis mimarT. marTalia, mas leqsad ar warmouTqvams Tavis saxelovan winamorbedTa _ ilias, akakis, galaktionis _ saprogramo sityvebi poetis daniSnu-lebaze (`RmerTTan laparaki~, `garemoebis sayviri~, `sisxli-an angelosTan dgoma~), magram Tavisi mkiTxveli man umaRlesi zneobis gakveTilebs aziara. mwerlis misia ana kalandaZes Rrmad Segnebuli rom ar hqonoda, igi ar ityoda am sityvebs esoden mSvidad da RirsebiT: `drodadro Cvens gzas Segvax-senebs eklians RmerTi~. swored amitom macxovris jvarcmis cocxali gancdac eris codvaTa mtvirTveli protagonistis

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_ am SemTxvevaSi poetis _ arcTu Soreul gamoZaxilad unda miviCnioT.

didi poetis saxeli ana kalandaZisaTvis arc erT (da maT Soris arc bolo xanebis solidur) saiubileo TariRs ar moutania. poeti araTu zogadad sicocxleSive, aramed, SeiZ-leba iTqvas, axalgazrdobidanve, gamoCenisTanave klasiko-sad damkvidrda qarTul mwerlobaSi. da Tumca yoveli Cven-gani da yvelani erTad mowmeni varT poetis Sinagani ganvi-Tarebis axali safexurebisa, axali simaRleebisa, yvelam uT-qmeladac icis, rom is Zvelic (da swored is Zveli) leqsebi ukve iseTi xarisxisaa, rom ubereblad SemorCa (da SemorCeba kidec!) mravalsaukunovan sasuliero da saero qarTul poezias mis saukeTeso nimuSebSi _ miqael modrekilisa da ioane minCxis, rusTavelisa da guramiSvilis, baraTaSvilis, iliasa da akakis, vaJasa da galaktionis gavliT.

es aris klasikis gardauvali da upiratesi xvedri. am upiratesobis ganmsazRvrelad ki ana kalandaZis Semoqmede-baSi Cven gvesaxeba poetis Cangi (TviT anas sityviT) Tu qnari (galaktionis sityviT) _ anas ena.

Tu gavixsenebT ana kalandaZis biografiis im faqts, rom man Tbilisis universiteti kavkasiur enaTa ganxriT daamTavra da arn. Ciqobavam igi imTaviTve enaTmecnierebis institutis leqsikologiis ganyofilebaSi danerga misi poe-turi niWis gasaxarad da gasafurCqnad, ar SeiZleba ar aRv-niSnoT, rom masSi warmatebiT dagvirgvinda poetisa da praq-tikosi leqsikografis procesobrivad TiTqos uCinari, Se-degobrivad ki friad saCino unikaluri eqsperimenti.

rac arsebiTia: ana kalandaZis udidesi damsaxurebaa, rom man 15-saukunovani qarTuli saliteraturo ena gamoi-tana muzeumidan da mSobel xalxs daubruna, magram ara gamo-safenad, rogorc samuzeumo eqsponatisa, aramed sayovel-Taod gamosayeneblad _ obisa Tu Jangis mosacileblad da niadag SromiT axali brwyinvalebis misaniWeblad. amitomac JRers ase cocxlad da gugunebs ase Zalumad anas bageTagan Zveli qarTuli, xan ki ase laRad moedineba mTis dialeq-tebisagan monaberi leqsebi. uTuod amitomvea, rom mis poe-ziasTan miaxlebisas ar gvtovebs mSobliuri enis maradiuli erTianobis cocxali gancda.

anas poeziis mizidulobis mTavari saidumlo, Cemi az-riT, anas enis stiqiaa, romelic, pirvel yovlisa, mSobliuri wiaRis gancdas warmoSobs, rac Tavidanve Sinagani wonaswo-robisa da harmoniis, maSasadame, sulieri komfortis ganwyo-

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bas gviqmnis. am mxriv anas leqsebis musika iavnanasa da pir-veli zRaprebis, iseve rogorc bunebis _ qarisa da wvimis _ nacnobi xmebis efeqtis mqonea. Sors rom ar wavideT, amis klasikuri magaliTia TviT `saqarTveloo lamazo~-s dasaw-yisi, sadac am bunebriv xmebSi Cawnulia samSoblos cneba _ rogorc erTaderTisa da ganumeoreblisa, risTvisac refre-nad gamoyenebuli grigol orbelianis cnobili ritorikuli striqoni am gziT aforizmis Zalas iZens.

aseve xelSesaxebia anas poeziaSi saqarTvelos wvril-wvrili adgilebis, wyalTa da mTaTa, mcenareTa _ xeTa da yvavilTa lokaluri saxelebis unikaluri gamoyenebis efeq-ti, romelsac asazrdoebs qarTuli warmoebis gamo Tundac ucnob saxelTa nacnobad, mSobliurad aRqma (aseTebia, erTi mxriv: joWoswyali da sindieTis Rele, jamjamas mTa da WiWakvis Wala, meore mxriv ki: kenkeSa da ukadrisa, vardkaWa-Wa da borboliWyebi...). am TvalsazrisiTac ana kalandaZis poezia namdvili `bunebis karia~ qarTvel ymawvilTaTvis; da Tu imasac davumatebT, rom poetis leqsebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili aqvs miCenili saqarTvelos istoriasa da kulturas, msoflio civilizaciis umniSvnelovanes bibliur Tu mi-Tologiur movlenebsa da personaJebs, Tamamad SegviZlia poetis Semoqmedebas qarTul sinamdvileSi `saymawvilo poe-turi enciklopedia~ vuwodoT.

magram anas aSkara gamorCeuloba TanamedroveobaSi sulac ar niSnavs mis simartoves drois vertikalze. ana kalandaZe Tavisi eTikuri mrwamsiT erTgulia qarTuli Tu sakacobrio zneobriv-esTetikuri idealebisa da Rirseuli gamgrZelebelia maTiT nasazrdoebi tradiciebisa; masTan gaumijnavia istoriis realoba da SemoqmedebiTi fantazia; misTvis mTavari kiTxvaa ara is, Tu ra aris, an aris Tu ara, aramed _ ratom da risTvis aris is, rac aris. realurSic da gamonagonSic poeti azrsa da zneobas eZebs (Tundac maTi povna didad ar eimedebodes), radgan maTSi eguleba wamali sazogadoebis xsnisa. amitom, Tumc mokrZalebiT, magram Rir-sebis grZnobiT kisrulobs igi “sulieri yavarjnis” rols. movusminoT anas:

umaduroba? ar daijeroT, o, nu, nu ityviT, RvTis gulisaTvis, _ RvarZls nu SeurevT madlTa cisaTa, eWviT nu SeryvniT: krTodes mTiebad,

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kacTa Sendoba da patieba, _ uumaRlesi qveynad sikeTe!

(*** umaduroba? ar daijeroT... _ ana 2004:406)

amitomac aRar unda gagvikvirdes, rom poeti Tavis li-

rikul personaJebTan TviT aris bunebrivi Suamavali: viTar-ca nel sios, Cvenamde moaqvs bunebis pawawina da umweo Svil-Ta Cumi Civili, raTa SegvZras, gagvilRos yinuli, gagviTbos guli Semweobis surviliT, raTa es siTbo salbunad moaxma-ros urvilT.

am ganwyobilebas TiTqos iribad exmianeba Cexoviseuli formulac: `mwerlis valia ara braldeba da gankiTxva, ara-med dacva da gamosarCleba sasjelmisjili braleulisa~ (Cexovi 1962: 275). da Tu raime umsubuqebs yofas Cvens poets, es aris Tvinieri da udrtvinveli aRqma misTvis erTxel da samudamod gamotanili nebayoflobiTi ganaCenisa, romelsac mwerloba hqvia.

aqve ar SeiZleba ar movigonoT, Cveni azriT, erTi niSan-doblivi waxnagi poetis mzerisa Tavis istoriul gmirebze. sayovelTaod cnobilia ana kalandaZis SesaniSnavi leqsebi saqarTvelos yvelaze Zlevamosil mefeebze _ daviTsa da Tamarze, erekle meoreze... magram sainteresoa, rom anas poetur mzeras am SemTxvevaSi daviT aRmaSeneblis rogorc mmarTvelis goniereba da gamWriaxoba, anda mis mier omebis Zlevamosili gadaxda ki ar izidavs, aramed... marTlac uni-kaluri faqti erTmmarTvel mbrZanebelTa mefobis praqtika-Si _ `galobani sinanulisani~, romlis gardaTqmiT amsaxve-lia gamaognebeli epitafiuri sityvebi: `fexi damadgiT, gu-lze damadgiT fexi yovelTa~. warmosaxviT dialogSi daviT aRmaSeneblis warmatebul bataliaTa Sesaxeb misi saflavis lodTan misuli, mefis gulze misive nebiT potenciuri fexis damdgmeli `yovelTagani~ esaubreba, TviT mas ki _ am saqme-Ta erTaderT gmirsa da Semoqmeds, amis Sesaxeb, aRarafris gagonebac ki aRar surs; kvlav imeorebs _ `fexi damadgiT, gulze damadgiT fexi yovelTa!~

poetis gulsa da gonebas, Cans, izidavs aseTi mravlis-mTqmeli kontrastebic: Zlevamosil omTa Semdeg kacTa Zlie-ri naxevris lmobiereba _ sulis amaRlebis niSnad, xolo su-sti naxevris, aseve amamaRlebeli, sulieri Zala da simtkice. gavixsenoT poetiseuli mefe-dedoflebi _ `Sori~ da `axlo Tamari~, ruqnadinze gamarjvebuli, romelsac `saxelovani

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tyve~... [ezinkeli] `nalad cxenTa” gauyidia~, an sarwmunoebi-saTvis Tavganwiruli `udreki dedofali~ qeTevani da sarwmunoebisave simtkicisaTvis `tanjuli, gvemuli~ SuSaniki...

anas poeturi azrovnebis erT-erTi tradiciuli dama-xasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebaa ucxo modgmisa da tomis SvilTa mimarT siyvarulisa da erTgulebis gamovlena. gadavxedoT anas leqsebs berdeda lela wiklaurisadmi, romelic qisteb-Tan erTad sakuTar Tavsac Rirseulad ixasiaTebs: `ras am-bob, qalav, vaJkaceb iyvnes~, an sxvagan: `vaJkacis fasi... Cvenc vicodiT, qistmac icoda~.

rogor cocxldeba vaJas xsovna! gavixsenoT aqve Sami-lis suraTze minaweridan es gulisSemZvreli striqonebi:

TavisuflebiT Sobilo, Tavisuflebas icavdi... aTasgzis nawiokebi, Sendobas Semogficavdi. (saqarTvelois cis madlma _ ana 2004:346)

es sityvebi Sendobis cremliT brwyinavs _ niSnad Tavi-suflebisaTvis brZoliT danaTesavebisa da TiTqos im cod-vis gamosasyidad, bedis ironiiT rom isev qarTvels ergo saerTo mtrisagan kavkasiis naxevarsaukunovani damcvelis Sepyroba.

oci wlis winandeli arc es sityvebia dRevandelobis satkivars didad daSorebuli: `gagvyida”, _ Cemze ityvian, SeCvenebao maradi~, _ da myisve iRviZebs iliaseuli: `Cemze amboben, is siaves qarTlisas ambobs~.

TviT sulieri krizisis drosac ki, roca wonasworo-bis dakargva ase iolia, poeti Tavs ikavebs augi da mouzomavi sityvebisagan _ swored imitom, rom kargad icis sityvis fa-si da Zala. poeti xednis da iurvebs Tavis grZnobebs (gavixse-noT floberis `grZnobaTa aRzrda~). amis gamo risxvac ki ana kalandaZesTan keTilSobilebiTa da samarTlianobiTaa aRbe-Wdili da mas araferi aqvs saerTo sulieri SeWirvebis Tanm-dev sulmokleobasTan, pirovnebis damamcirebel zizRsa Tu RvarZlTan.

Tavisi qceviTa da niriT, sakuTari Semoqmedebisadmi damokidebulebiT ana kalandaZe nicSes Segonebas misdevs: `mgosans marTebs dadumeba, odes leqsi ametyveldes~ (nicSe 1962: 280); da raoden simboluria, rom swored dumilia anas

37

erT-erTi sayvareli sityva: aki `mwveli dumili~ poetis Zli-eri sametyvelo saSualebaa da warmosaxviT adresatebTan in-timuri urTierTobis mauwyebeli.

cxadia, pirveli ara var, vinc ana kalandaZes meditaci-uri ganwyobis poetebs miakuTvnebs. TviTCaRrmavebis fonad poeti gayuCebul da garindebul peizaJs irCevs, radgan mxolod aq xorcieldeba idumali kavSiri sulTa Soris (ara aqvs mniSvneloba, vis an romel sulebzea aq laparaki: yvela-ferSi RvTis xeli urevia, yovelive misi nebiTaa gaCenili). sagangebo siCumes xazs usvams Tovliani Rameuli peizaJi da mis fonze `qaTmis xmoba~ da `Tolias yefa~, tyeSi Wreli ko-dalas kakuni, fexqveS Semodgomis foTlebis xmauri. samagie-rod, poeti gviwvevs Ramis mnaTobTa cimcimisa da `mkrTal sxivTa~ fenis Zlieri musikis sasmenad. amitomaa, rom ana kalandaZis poeziaSi obertonebi sWarbobs mTel tonebs. anas leqsebSi yvelaferi jadosnuri idumalebiTaa moculi. poe-tis garemomcvel samyaros locvisa da aRsarebis, grZneuli CurCulisa da Srialis xmebiT avsebs _ mkrTali sxivebis, varskvlavTa cimcimis an sanTlebis Suqze da muq sanTlebad `garindebuli naZvebis~ fonze. am xmaTa rxevisa da sxivTa na-Tebis asparezi ki xan zedaznis tyeebia, xan sasaflao, xanac _ beTaniis gamzianebuli sanaxebi. poetis TanagrZnobisaT-vis Ria guli upasuxod ar rCeba: buneba mas ndobiT aji-ldoebs da sxvaTaTvis dafarul saunjes uSurvelad uCve-nebs poets, axal saidumloT aziarebs.

niSandoblivia, rom siCumis sinonimTagan poeti upira-tesobas aniWebs dumils (sxvadasxva formiT): `dums sasaf-lao sevdiani, viT Zveli qaldu~, _ `sasaflao, dumils rom erTvis~, sadac `rogorc mogvebi, dganan Zeglebi idumalebi~, xolo mis zemoT `cas gadauvlis mdumare cremli~; `dums mkvdar dumiliT veli vrceuli~ `da naRvlianad duman Cange-bi~, mdumarea Wadaric, rogorc `tao da qalde, rogorc dumili cisa da qveynis~; `jer mdumarea~ anas sayvareli verx-vebic, qariSxlis molodinSi garindebulni, qarSi ki `foT-lis eqos gamSleli~ da `mzisken zRapruli raSiT mimavalni~.

ana kalandaZis poeturi niWi rom gamorCeulia, es iseTi aSkara faqtia, rom SeuZlebelia amis SegrZneba Tavad poets ar hqonoda. miuxedavad amisa, mis poezias araferi aqvs saer-To egocentrizmsa Tu narcisizmTan, rac xSirad Tan sdevs xolme sxvadasxva qveynis poetTa gamorCeulobas. magram ana kalandaZis pirovnebas, did poetur talantTan erTad, swo-red axlaxan naxseneb, pirovnebis damangrevel am TvisebaTa

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damZlevi sulieri sispetake da zneobrivi simaRlec gamoar-Cevs. anaSi gacxadebulia sruli harmonia poetisa da pirov-nebisa. da es ar SeiZleba sagangebod ar aRiniSnos swored dRes _ Cveni Tanamedrove sazogadoebisaTvis misabaZad da samagaliTod...

aTwleulebia gasuli mas Semdeg, rac ana kalandaZem Tavisi unikaluri lirikiT faqtobriv moipova oden saxeliT moxseniebis pativi. amitom aravis gahkvirvebia, roca 2004 wels misma mSobliurma enaTmecnierebis institutma Tavisi usaCinoesi wevrisa da qarTveli eris saamayo poetis saiubi-leod gamosca misi leqsebis albaT yvelaze sruli krebuli da avtorad wigns waawera: ana. da am aqtiT samarTlianobam izeima. es precedenti analogiuri warweriT ganamtkica Cveni sapatriarqos mier gamocemulma axalma krebulmac (2007).

am samarTlianobasve RaRadebs didi poetis wminda saf-lavic mTawmindaze.

damowmebani

ana 2004: ana. `qarTuli ena~ (red. g. kvaracxelia). Tb.: 2004. elioti 1970: Eliot T.S. Collected Poems (1909-1962). Harcourt, Brace &

World, Inc. 1970. nicSe 1961: The Faber Book of Aphorisms (ed. by W.H. Auden and Louis

Kronenberger). 1961. Cexovi 1961: The Faber Book of Aphorisms (ed. by W.H. Auden and Louis

Kronenberger). 1961.

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marika jiqia

swored saTaurs Seaqvs leqsSi sinaTle... saTauri poetikis kategoriaa. igi, rogorc teqstis ga-

morCeuli nawili, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli leqsTan ideur-Tematuradac da emociuri SeferilobiTac. leqsis saTauri gansakuTrebuli poziciis polifunqciuri elemen-tia. igi mxolod ganmasxvavebeli niSani ki ar aris, aramed poeturi teqstis ganuyofeli nawilia, masSi mTavris warmomCeni.

zogadad saTauri Txzulebis mxatvruli struqturi-dan momdinareobs. jer iqmneba leqsi da Semdeg erqmeva (an ar/ver erqmeva) saTauri. magram mkiTxvels Sebrunebuli Ta-namimdevrobiT miewodeba _ jer saTauri, mere _ leqsi. wa-kiTxuli Tu warmoTqmuli saTauri ueWvelad gavlenas ax-dens leqsis informaciulobaze da ganawyobs adamians teqs-tis aRqmisaTvis.

bolo krebuls, romelic ana kalandaZis sicocxleSi gamoica, mxolod saxeli aweria (kalandaZe 2004), anu is faqtia konstatirebuli, rom gvari aSkarad Warbia. sxva did qarTvel SemoqmedTa gverdiT man Rirseulad daimsaxura mxolod saxeliT xseneba.

krebulSi 490 leqsia. amaTgan 191 aris dasaTaurebuli, xolo 299 usaTauroa.

amTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom usaTaurobis SemTxveva-Si sityvebiT ararealizebuli, nulovani saTauri ganusazRv-reli asociaciebiT datvirTuli teqstis molodins qmnis. usaTauroba Taviseburi miniSnebaa imisa, rom teqsti SeiZ-leba savse aRmoCndes pasaJebiT, romelTa gansazRvreba da saTaurad gamotana Znelia. erTi ram xazgasasmelia _ mxo-lod lirikaSia usaTauro teqstebi. lirikis ena semantiku-rad rTulia. usaTauroba TavisTavad aramc da aramc ar aris saTauris rolis Sesustebis maCvenebeli. swored lirikaSi aqtiurdeba yoveli enobrivi faqti, leqsis yoveli struq-turuli erTeuli. am fonze usaTauroba gamoucnobi seman-tikuri Sesityvebebis erTgvari markeri xdeba da igi swored poetikis TvalsazrisiT aris niSneuli.

lirikuli Janri poetis sulieri cxovrebis erTi rome-lime gancdili momentis gansaxovnebaa. emociuri gancdis es momenti, miuxedavad Tematikur-azrobrivi gansxvavebulobi-

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sa, umeteswilad pirveli piriT gadmoicema, imitomac, rom lirikosi poeti TviTon aris mTxrobeli. es principi mkiTx-velamde saTqmelis bevrad ufro sainteresod miwodebis Tvalsazriss uaxlovdeba da epikur JanrebSi arsebuli mTxrobelis gamoyenebis xerxs esadageba.

ana kalandaZis poeziaSi ki saTaurebi marTlac `gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa~... isini ganvalageT leqsikur-semantikuri monacemebis mixedviT. calke gamovyaviT erTgvarad winaswar ganWvretili saTaurebi, romlebic, faqtobrivad, origina-luri rakursis miuxedavad Tematikis stereotipebiT aris Semofargluli. esaa mcenareTa da cxovelTa dasaxeleba, bu-nebis movlenebi, weliwadisa da dRe-Ramis dro, geografiu-li saxelebi, istoriul da literaturul pirTa galerea an-Troponimebis saxiT da sxv. aseTi saTaurebis SemTxvevaSi mkiTxveli erTgvarad momzadebuli xdeba teqstis gaTavi-sebisaTvis.

mcenareTa dasaxelebas Seicavs Semdegi saTaurebi: • rogor minda SenTan, Cemo magnolia! • TuTa • Camovfrindebi, iasamano... • o, es Wadari... • broweulebi • iyav dRegrZeli, lurjTvala iav! • garindebulo naZvebo • o, idumali arxevs kvipaross...

frinvelebi gamokrTa Semdeg saTaurebSi: • mercxalT gvaxaron... • xmoben kakbebi • au, afrinda gundi yoranTa • ar Cans yorani...

zedmet detalizacias rom gverdi avuaroT, aqve davumatebT:

• Tqvi, Wiamaria! • karSi gamo, Wia-Wiamaria! • frTamoxatulo pepelav • loculobs gveli.

weliwadis droTagan poets saTaurSi mxolod gazafxu-li gamoaqvs:

• modis gazafxuli

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• sasaflaos gazafxuli • gais gazafxuls • maisSi.

bunebis movlenaTagan ki _ mxolod qari: • qarSi • qari ibrZoda vaSlis rtoebTan... • sasaflaoze qari daZrwis • qarma Searxia rtoi Zewnisai • vicnob am qarebs...

mxolod erTganaa: Rrublebi. saTaurebSi mnaTobTagan upiratesad mze da varskvla-

vebia `gamomzeurebuli~: mzis salocvelSi

• da mze rvalisa... • me mzes vumRereb • mzisken mifrinavs! • mkvdarTa mze var... • mxmobs varskvlavebis TeTri RvTaeba • aq Caesvena erTi varskvlavi... • modis varskvlavi • varskvlavi brwyinavs ase saamod?... • varskvlavebis SaravandiT... • cas moswyda Suqurvarskvlavi • aq ... ra gaZlebda uamvarskvlavod?

da mxolod erTxelaa: mTvaresTan wava yamari. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom memorialur leqsebs ana iSvia-

Tad mimarTavs. esenia: • nato vaCnaZes • vaJas • berdedas _ lela wiklaurs • isev berdedas • naTela baliauris werilebidan • TviTon... erekle mobrZandeba • fexze wamodga gogolauri • iliam brZana • Sexvedra ludiT SemTvral TorRvasTan axielSi • puSkinisadmi

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sami qarTveli da erTi ucxoeli gvirgvinosani qalia saTaurTa palitraze:

• Soria Tamar • qeTevan dedofali • mariam dedoflis freskasTan • kleopatra

ori leqsis saTaurSia napoleoni: • o, iq cekvavda napoleoni • napoleonis niRabi austerlicis muzeumSi

ramdenime leqsis saTaurSi eTnonimi xmianobs: • boSa qali • arabi xar? • TaTris gogonav • qarTveli meomris simRera • arabebi • saiT movidnen pelazgebi • moxuci indieli

adgilobrivi toponimebia gatanili Semdeg saTaurebSi: • fitareTSi • amRaSi • sairmis mTebSi • aTengenobaze axielSi • dilis namazi Senaqos sanaxebSi • bodbedan ninowmindamde • awyurTan • udes taZarSi • mesxeT-javaxeTis nasoflarebis rukasTan • saqarTveloo lamazo

Segvxvda ori hidronimi: • roSkis wyalTan • aragvi isev xmaurobs...

leqsebis saTaurebSi mogzaurobis kvalobaze aRbeWdi-lia toponimebi da RirsSesaniSnaobani:

• maT balkaneTSi poves sadguri... • esmis poloneTs! • garibaldis ZeglTan qalaq aCerialeSi • egviptis erT patara sadgurSi

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• harcis mTebSi • kairos muzeumSi • luqsoris gzaze • Zveli xomaldi stokholmis navsadgurSi • zmaneba monmartrze • petres taZarSi TeTri pieta...

saTaurad xalxuri leqsisa da simReris dasawyisia gatanili:

• yayaCosa siwiTliTa • JuJuna wvima movida

erTsityvian saTaurSi leqsis Tema mowodebulia uko-mentarod, dawurulad da igi Zlieri emociuri da seman-tikuri muxtis mqonea. aseTi saTaurebia:

• TuTa • dairebi • kvlavindeburad! • bediswera • amaod! • ramdenjer? • amwe • dabrundiT! • Sexvedra • xilva • Rrublebi • mravalJamier! • roca • sufraze • Cveneba • gulubryvilobav!

amrigad, ana kalandaZis leqsebis saTaurebi semantikur velebSi iqna gaerTianebuli. leqsis siuJeti efuZneba cxovrebiseuli situaciebis mravalferovnebis gadatanas sfecifikur mxatvrul enaze, romelSic saxeliTi elementebis mTeli mravalferovneba, mTeli samyaro daiyvaneba sam umTavres SesaZleblobaze: is, vinc laparakobs, aris me; is, visac mimarTaven, aris Sen da is, vinc arc mea da arc Sen _ aris is. I da II piris nacvalsaxelebi

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konstituciuria lirikuli leqsisTvis, III piri ki epikuri Txrobis konstituciis kuTvnilebaa.

lirikuli me leqsis samyaros umniSvnelovanesi maor-ganizebelia. I piris nacvalsaxeli metyvelebis romelime sxva nawilis substituti ar aris. igi gamoxatavs lirikuli leqsi-saTvis ganusazRvrelsa da ganzogadebul pirovnebas, rome-lic Tavisufalia zedmeti, lirikuli “me”sTvis arasaWiro wvrilmanebisagan, racaa: saxeli, asaki, garegnoba, socialuri mdgomareoba, epoqa, garegnoba. me _ Sen _ abstraqtuli liri-kuli sivrcea, me _ Tqven _ sayofacxovrebo-lirikuli. pir-veli piric ornairad gadmoicema: erTi, rodesac pirveli pi-ris nacvalsaxeli mocemulia, meore, roca igi ar aris repre-zentirebuli.

I piris nacvalsaxelia Semdeg saTaurebSi: • me aragvze davrCebodi... • me mivaSureb urartus qvabebs • me mzes vumRereb • o, me ki ara, guli xarxarebs

xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac I piris nacvalsaxeli ar aris mocemuli da qarTuli zmnis `niWierebisda~ gamo igu-lisxmeba Semdeg saTaurebSi:

• ra var? stviri var! • rogor minda SenTan, Cemo magnolia! • sad ganveSoro? • Camovfrindebi, iasamano... • aRaravin aRar miyvars! • gxedav, brZenkaco! • ar sixarulni myofnian Zvelni • pawawina rto var • mterobas vuTvli... • gana ar vici? • momagondebiT

Cven nacvalsaxelia nagulisxmevi: • vuaxlovdebiT ocdameerTes! • fic gavatexineT amRionT... • da kvlavac gavZlebT! • mterze mivideT! • vficavT joyolos salocavs!..

II piris nacvalsaxeli iSviaTia:

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• Sen... TiTqos SekrTi. • Sen, saxiero!

Semdeg saTaurebSi II piris nacvalsaxeli ar aris realizebuli:

• gadaiwurav nurc axla imeds! • TviTonve uwyi, • ra mogwons ufro • ratom SeSale biliki? • ver mride ufskruls! • dRevandels hgodeb... • yuri miupyar • arabi xar? • mo, momefere, Cemo bebia... • Tqvi, Wiamaria! • iSriale, igugune!... • hkarnaxobT qronoss! • raisTvis mdevni? • karSi gamo, Wia-Wiamaria! • iyav dRegrZeli, lurjTvala iav! • isev gaxseni guli Cemi • iis surneli saiT mogyva? • damiloceT, Zmebo! • o, nu maxuravT sevdis Saravands

III piris nacvalsaxeli poets saTaurSi arcerTxel ar gamouyenebia. am piris formebia Semdeg saTaurebSi:

• usmens • o, aris raRac... • vinac Sen axla simxdales gwamebs... • Tavs gixriT mdablad yoveli qarTli! • am suriT svamen • Semovlen rokviT... • ician mgzavrTa • mercxalT gvaxaron • ver waiRes, vera! • saiT arian? • imperiebi Tu hymobdnen vinmes?!

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saTaurTa madiferencirebel erT-erT formalur kri-teriumad sintaqssac mivmarTeT. mravali leqsis saTaurs aRmoaCnda msazRvrel-sazRvrulis struqtura:

• Zvel sasaxleSi • petres taZarSi TeTri pieta • kairos muzeumSi • Zveli xomaldi _ stokholmis navsadgurSi • moxuci indieli • indielis niRabi milesis parkSi • cisfer meCeTSi • qarTuli taZris erT-erT kedelze • luqsoris gzaze • sityvis gamtexze • mefis sasjeli • oqros niskarti, skvinCa batono! • Suafxos Rame • roSkis wyalTan • xatis droSebiT...

xSirad msazRvreli ori da metwevraa: • WeSmaritebis wminda kunZulze! • furclebi didis qarTlis cxovrebis • imisi laRi bibini • Sexvedra ludiT SemTvral TorRvasTan axielSi • qarTuli taZris erT-erT kedelze • saqarTvelois cis madlma

anas leqsebSi didi datvirTvis aris mimarTva: • gulo, gulsa Sina... • frTamoxatulo pepelav... • saqarTveloo lamazo • Cveno brwyinvale winaprebo • Sen, saxiero • garindebulo naZvebo • miTxar, Zmobilo! • furclebo didis qarTlis cxovrebis! • Sen, saxiero1

winadadeba xSirad gvxvdeba anas leqsis saTaurad: • aq sul axloa

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• o, idumali arxevs kvipaross • gadaiwurav nurc axla imeds • o, me ki ara, guli xarxarebs • Semodioda CvenSi kalanda • mercxalT gvaxaron • sad midrkes Tavi? • iis surneli saiT mogyva • brZoliT brundeba laSqari • ineba caman • modioda nino mTebiT • moucavs guli wminda molodins... • TviTonve uwyi • usasyidloa Seni gulisxma... • varskvlavi brwyinavs ase saamod? • ra var? stviri var • Semovlen rokviT • modioda nino mTebiT • xmoben kakbebi • qari ibrZoda vaSlis rtoebTan • cas moswyda Suqurvarskvlavi • SenSi xom RvTaebis Zalaa?! • ar Cans yorani • imperiebi Tu hymobdnen vinmes?! • wylad iqca Rvino • Tavs gixriT mdablad yoveli qarTli • vuaxlovdebiT ocdameerTes! • o, iq cekvavda napoleoni • qarma Searxia rtoi Zewnis • unda mkurnali sneuls! • rad momagonda? • gadaiwurav nurc axla imeds! • Weqda mazurka • Cvenia, aba visia es bumberazi mTebi? • o, nu maxuravT sevdis Saravands • isev gaxseni guli Cemi

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anas leqsi xSiradaa dasaTaurebuli martivi winadade-bis nawiliT an rTuli qvewyobili winadadebis mTavari an damokidebuli segmentiT:

o, ima grZneul xalxur simRerebs... mas, alaverdis didebul taZars... sad midrkes Tavi? rom frTebs ufrore Zlierad vSlideT! aseTi dari Tu iyo maSin?... vinac Sen simxdales gwamebs.

ana kalandaZis leqsebi ramdenime rakursiT Seiswavle-

ba. Cven davakvirdiT saTaurebs, Tumca saTauris kvlevisas poeturi teqstis mxolod lingvisturi an informaciul-Teoriuli kriteriumebiT SezRudva ar Rirs. leqsTa saTau-rebSi gamoiyo ramdenime semantikuri veli: dasaTaurebuli leqsebi ganlagda leqsikur-semantikuri monacemis mixed-viT. Tuki samomavlod Sedgeba saTaurTa leqsikonebi, erTi Taobis poetTa Tanxvdoma-gansxvaveba saintereso suraTs mogvcems.

ai ras wers Tavad poeti: `Cems rigiT meore krebulSi, romelic 1957 wels unda gamosuliyo, ukve SemeZlo Setana im leqsebisa, romlebic ar Sevida pirvel (1953 wels gamosul) krebulSi `apolitikurobisa~ da `uideobis~ gamo. batonma simonma (Ciqovanma) mirCia zogierTi leqsebisTvis saTauri saerTod momeSorebina meti sifrTxilisaTvis: saTauri TvalSi xvdebaT da yuradRebas iqcevso. asec moviqeci da usaTaurod davtove leqsebi:

• mkvdarTa mze • loculobs gveli • au, afrinda gundi yoranTa • ician mgzavrTa • usmens • sasaflaoze qari daZrwis • xatebTan Sveni daxrili wamiT • aq Caesvena erTi varskvlavi • sad ganveSoro? • aRaravin aRar miyvars! • mo, momefere, Cemo bebia... • magram...amaod

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• gulo, gulsa Sina • saiT movidnen pelazgebi • sasaflaos gazafxuli (es saTauri viRacam Secvala

saTauriT `lado asaTians~ (yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, ar miyvars aseTi `pirdapiri~ saTaurebi!) da a.S. es `urTier-Toba mere ukve meqanikurad gadavida Semdgom krebulebSi~ (kalandaZe 1996: 402-403 ).

am gulistkivilianma striqonebma aRmiZra survili, davkvirvebodi ana kalandaZis leqsebis saTaurebs, da ai ra aRmovaCine isev anaseuli: “codvad mimaCnia, roca mTargmne-li angariSs ar uwevs dedans da Tavis nebas Tavs axvevs av-tors (mag., usaTauro leqss asaTaurebs, leqsis saTaurs cvlis sul sxva saTauriT, anda sulac moaSorebs da leqss usaTaurod tovebs)... yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, xSi-rad swored saTaurs Seaqvs leqsSi sinaTle!” (kalandaZe 1996: 69).

damowmebani:

kalandaZe 1996: kalandaZe a. Targmanebi, prozauli nawerebi. ortomeuli. tomi II, Tb.: gamomcemloba “saqarTvelo”, 1996.

kalandaZe 2004: kalandaZe a. leqsebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `qarTuli

ena~, 2004.

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manana gelaSvili

emociuri mexsierebis roli ana kalandaZis poeziaSi

`o, aris raRac usazomod damafiqreli~ _ ase mTavr-

deba ana kalandaZis erTi leqsi. swored am usazomod dama-fiqrelis moazrebidan da im ufaqizes sulier moZraobaTa mxatvruli gamosaxvidan, romelic am moazrebas sdevs Tan, iRebs saTaves ana kalandaZis poeturi samyaro.

es samyaro siCumeSi danTqmuli, garindebuli samyaroa, sadac umciresi Cqamic ki ar gamorCeba misi Semoqmedis maxvil smenas, ferTa da ganwyobaTa cvalebadobis yoveli niuansi uzustesad aRibeWdeba da am samyaros ganumeorebel xibls qmnis. amave dros es samyaro cocxalia da cvalebadi, radganac uzenaesidan iRebs dasabams, masSi brunavs da feTqavs.

`poeti imdenad genialuria, ramdenadac misi emociuri mexsiereba Zlieria da maxvili~ (tatiSvili 1920: 2) — werda erT eseSi erekle tatiSvili. saocrad zustad aris naTqva-mi: emociuri mexsiereba.

amgvari emociuri mexsierebis gareSi warmoudgenelia ana kalandaZis poezia. swored amgvari aRqmiTaa ganpirobe-buli is faqti, rom mis poetur samyaroSi qarTuli istoria da sulieri kultura erTianobaSia gaazrebuli da moiaz-reba ara rogorc warsulis, istoriis sakuTreba, aramed rogorc cocxali. TiTqos poeti Tavad iyos momswre, ufro metic Tanamonawile da Tanamoazre mTeli im mravalsauku-novani istoriuli procesis, rac erma da qveyanam gamoiara; xolo mTeli qarTuli literatura iakob xucesidan ana kalandaZemde mis poetur samyaroSi istoriul procesad ki ar warmogvidgeba, aramed erTianobad, romelic axla, amJa-mad, erT maradiul awmyoSi arsebobs.

erT leqsSi galaktioni wers: rusTaveli maxsovs bavS-vio. amgvari paradoqsi, romelic logikuri azrovnebisaT-vis Seusabamoa, poeziaSi realobaa. albaT amitom ixateba warsuli ana kalandaZis poeziaSi gansacvifrebeli intimiT:

mzis Rimili aRaCina caman, vards aRmoCnda xmai saocari; fexSiSveli modioda Tamar dedofalo, saiT miiCqari.

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anda:

fexi damadgiT, gulze damadgiT fexi yovelman, wyaloba hyaviT... saqarTvelois yovlis mpyrobelman visurve daviT fexqveS gacviTeT saflavis lodi yurZnis mtevnebiT aseTi codva ra gaqvT, mefeo, miutevebi?

amgvari uSualobiT Semodis warsuli ana kalandaZis

poetur samyaroSi, romelsac pirvel leqsSi Tamarisadmi, meoreSi ki _ daviTisadmi mimarTuli kiTxva mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels. kiTxviTi winadadebebis siuxve, metwilad upa-suxo kiTxvebi erTerTi sagulisxmo maxasiaTebelia ana kalandaZis poetikis da araCveulebrivad zustad gamoxa-tavs samyaroTi gaocebis im did niWsa da gulubryvilobis sirZnes, romliTac es poeziaa aRbeWdili. am leqsebSi ki am ritorikul kiTxvebs amasTanave is funqciac akisriaT, rom istoriuli faqti gaacocxlos, warsuli TvalnaTliv daana-xos mkTxvels da awmyos kuTvnilebad aqcios.

amitom aris SesaZlebeli ana kalandaZis poeziaSi bod-bedan ninowmindas mimavali gzaze wminda nino gakrTes da misi kabis Sriali gavigonoT (swored amgvari natifi deta-lebiT miiRweva es intimi, romelic istorias acocxlebs), an veliscixeSi laSa giorgis gonebis warmtaci diaci davlandoT.

xSirad poetis Tvalsawieri scildeba sakuTari qvey-nis istorias da ufro Rrma Sreebs _ qaldeasa da urartus qvabebs moixilavs.

ise vCerdebi iSTaris bWesTan misi maRali madlis msurveli, rogorc odesRac... babiloneli, rogorc odesRac... Zveli Sumeri

ambobs erT leqsSi ana kalandaZe da es analogia Zvel

babilonelTan da SumerTan arc moulodnelia da arc SemTx-veviTi. ubralod es qronologiurad ufro daSorebuli Sreebia kacobriobs sulieri istoriis, romelsac ana kalandaZis poezia isev da isev erT maradiul awmyoSi moiaz-

52

rebs. qronologiur siSores emocia Slis, ara mxolod imi-tom, rom adamianis grZnobani _ SiSisa Tu samyaroTi gakvir-vebis, Zrwolisa Tu gaxarebis, an kidev siyvarulis madlis survili, romelmac iSTaris bWesTan miiyvana poeti _ mar-adiulia, aramed imitomac, rom avtors aqvs gamorCeuli unari cocxali emociiT aRiqvas istoria da mkiTxvelSic igive emocia aRZras.

am leqsSi es azri analogiiT, SedarebiT gamoisaxa, sxvagan ki mkiTxveli Tavad iqceva uSualo mowmed Tu rogor iSleba droisa da sivrcis samani da rogor iqceva poeti maradisobis binadrad. isev da isev emociuri mexsierebis wyalobiT, romelic ana kalandaZis iSviaT unarSi vlindeba: Soreuli ucbad gaacocxlos liriuli detaliT. magali-Tad, Tundac ase:

mcxunvare mzeSi TvalSeudgam karnakis svetebs Camouqrolebs refertiti samefo etliT da Tebes wava naRvliani, Tvalebdaxrili...

ase iwyeba erTi leqsi. ai, ukve daixata suraTi: samefo

etli, karnakis svetebi, mWmunvare nefertiti. es suraTi jer Sors aris Cvengan, radgan mkiTxveli jer mxolod mWvretelia, garedan mWvreteli. es suraTi jer mxolod da mxolod istoriis kuTvnilebaa. igi jer ar gacocxlebula, jer mkTxvelis sulSi ar axmianebula. da ai, uceb moulod-neli gagrZeleba:

viT uRran tyidan svetTa siRrmiT moismis isev romeliRac Citis Zaxili.

am mcire detaliT ikvreba suraTi da mkTxvelic ivseba im naRveliT, romelsac nefertiti Seupyria da romelic leqsis dasawyisSi mxolod misi naRveli iyo, axla ki mkiTxvelisacaa.

maxsovs, uaxlesi sazRvargareTuli literaturis kursi batoni mixeil kveselavas mihyavda universitetSi. absurdis Teatrze saubrisas semuel beketis erTi nawarmoe-

53

bidan wagvikiTxa karga mozrdili fragmenti, sadac ramde-nime gverdi uWiravs imis aRweras, Tu rogor anawilebs ken-Webs sawuwnavad nawarmoebis gmiri. gvikiTxavda da gvikiT-xavda, vidre erTerTma msmenelma gaTangulma ar amoioxra. es Semoklebuli Targmaniao, Caicina: gmiri wvalobs, da Tu masTan erTad mkiTxvelic ar gawvalda, Tu ar damyarda emo-ciuri kavSiri mkiTxvelsa da teqsts Soris, maSin ramdenic ar unda vimeoroT, rom samyaro, romelsac beketi xatavs absurdulia, rom misi gmiris mier azrisa da daniSnulebis Zieba am samyaroSi mxolod da mxolod sizifes Sromaa, es yvelaferi mkiTxvelisaTvis mxolod cariel sityvebad darCebao.

amrigad, is rac mxatvrul teqsts ganasxvavebs sxva ti-pis teqstisgan, ufro metic is rac mxatvrul teqsts mxatv-rul teqstad aqcevs swored is faqtia, rom igi upirveles yovlisa emociuri informaciis matarebelia.

amrigad, ana kalandaZis leqsTa erT nawilSi xdeba So-reulis awmyod qceva emociuri mexsierebis saSualebiT. zog leqsSi ki procesi piruku mimdinareobs, anu mogoneba awmyo-dan warsulisaken miedineba, rogorc magaliTad am leqsSi:

mzem aiwia fexiswverebze mzem mzis qalaqSi Camoixeda idga Tbilisi, rogorc erekle, xmalSemarTuli nariscixesTan Rrublebi rokviT daiZrnen qarSi da miaSures lilisfer mTaTa...

leqsi Tundac aq rom mTavrdebodes, es fragmenti ukve iqneboda mSvenivrad daWerili ganwyobilebis nawarmoebi, STambeWdavi poeturi saxeebiTa da saintereso ritmiT. mag-ram leqsi xom amiT ar mTavrdeba, mas kidev ori jadosnuri striqoni mosdevs:

aseTi dari Tu iyo maSin odes Tbilisi aiRes sparsTa?

es ori striqoni erTbaSad Slis zRvars awmyosa da war-

suls Soris, radgan orive dro am erT magiur momentSi iyris Tavs.

tomas elioti cnobil eseSi `tradicia da pirovnuli niWiereba~ SeniSnavda, rom tradicia upirveles yovlisa is-

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toriis SegrZnebas gulisxmobs. xolo istoriis SegrZneba imas niSnavs, rom warsuli ara marto warsulad aRviqvaT, aramed Tanamedroveobadac. istoriis SegrZneba awerinebs adamians ara mxolod Tavisi Taobis poziciidan gamomdina-re, aramed ise, TiTqos mTeli evropuli literatura, homerosidan mokidebuli da masTan erTad misi mSobliuri qveynis literatura, erTdroulad arseboben da erTian wesrigs qmnian (elioti 1989: 407). eliots miaCnda, rom tra-diciis SeZena mxolod Tavgadakluli Sromis fasadaa SesaZ-lebeli: sakuTari da msoflio kulturuli memkvidreobis dauRalavi da saguldagulo SeswavliT. Tumca ana kalanda-Zis fenomeni SesaniSnavi dasturia imis, rom eliotiseuli tradicia, romelic kacobriobs sulieri kulturis erTia-nobaSi arsebobasa da moazrebas gulisxmobs, intuitiuri mocemulobac SeiZleba iyos.

vfiqrob, swored tradiciis amgvari gaazrebidan iRebs saTaves ana kalandaZis enobrivi fenomeni. Seuryvneli qar-Tulis floba, frazis Taviseburi mimoxvra, saleqso for-mis uwvalebeli daurveba, _ ai, ra gvxvdeba maSinve TvalSi. Tavis werilSi ana kalandaZeze Tamaz Cxenkeli aRniSnavda, rom enobrivi samyaro Zveli qarTulis wiaRidan iRebs saTa-ves, rom avtori ara mxolod kargad icnobs Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebs, aramed, rac mTavaria, gauTavisebia, is rac saukuneTa manZilze Seqmnila sityvasTan WidilSi.

amitom JRers ase bunebrivad ana kalandaZis erTerT leqsSi 15 saukunis winandeli dialogis CarTva:

roca sxivi gansasvenad yvavilebis TeTr gvirgvinebs eaxleba da yvavili saalersod rtoebs gaSlis, yrmai erTi madgeba ucxo senaks, `_ rai ginebs?~ `xuces, giwess, pitiaxSi...~

aseTive organulia bibliuri frazebi, xan pirdapir,

xan perifrazirebuli saxiT rom gvxvdeba ana kalandaZis leqsebSi, oRond perifrazaSi dedanis surneli da intona-cia yovelTvis Seuryvneladaa SenarCunebuli.

magaliTad:

ars gzai Seni _

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grZneulebisa, gaugebari ars gzai Seni!

anda:

ar aris mzis qveS sxva saswauli, arc mTvaris qveSe

rame axali...

da kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli am poeturi samyarosi: es aris ukideuresi ltolva sikeTisadmi, Tu SeiZleba ase vTqvaT eTikuri ukompromisoba, an Tu gnebavT, zneobrivi heroizmi, is, rasac vaJa `bilws ar Sevekvri zaviTa~-s uwo-debda. ana kalandaZis poezia warmoudgenelia am zneobrivi modusis gareSe,

am SemTxvevaSic uRrmesi da uzogadesi sulieri Ziebe-bi umciresi da ufaqizesi detaliT cocxldeba da sunTqavs, rogorc am leqsis bolo striqoni, romelic formaluri, anu leqsTawyobis TvalsazrisiTac gamoirCeva mTlianisagan da amiT kidev ufro metad agrZnobinebs mkiTxvels mis gan-sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas am nawarmoebis aRqmisaTvis.

vipove Cemi wminda savseba amaoebis winaSe farad: senaki Cemi mitovebuli grZneul sxivTagan aivso kvalad... davde Sens ferxTiT iis yvavili.

amitom qceula yovlismomcveli siyvaruli umniSvne-

lovanes grZnobad ana kalandaZis poeziaSi. es is siyvaru-lia, romelsac wmida mociquli pavle epistoleSi korin-TelTa mimarT ase xatavs: `da maqvndes RaTu winaswarmety-veleba da uwyodi yoveli saidumlo da yoveli mecniereba da maqvndes RaTu yoveli sarwmunoeba vidre mTaTa cvale-badmde da siyvaruli ara maqvndes, ara-ve-rai var~.

ufro metic poetis azriT maRali zneobis, siyvarulis gareSe codnis SeZena saxifaTo iqneboda. am SemTxvevaSic am mosazrebis dasayrdens, Tavis Tanamoazres ana kalandaZe saqarTvelos istoriaSi eZebs da ilias saxiT poulobs kidec:

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Tu kacis suli yru da bnelia, guli boroti gonebas Trgunavs, saSiSi aris mis naswavloba: samSoblov Cemo, miiReb unass da damangrevel vulkanis Zalas... saSiSiao, iliam brZana.

magram yvelasze kondensirebulad da mZafri eqspresi-iT zemoxsenebuli eTikuri ukompromisoba Semdeg striqo-nebSi gamoixata:

mijnurma Cemma... Cems mters baRis kari gauRo da SemouZRva Cems walkotSi monurad, mdablad... daWkna SroSani, gaxma vardi, damdablda dafna, moeRo bolo sulis Cemis

mbrwyinav zeimTa... ar Sevel taZrad

uwminduri sadac Sevida...

ana kalandaZis leqsTa es cikli, romelsac pirobiTad uzenaesTan miaxloeba vuwodoT im sulier ZiebaTa ligikur gagrZelebad mesaxeba, romelic adreul leqsebSi gamoikve-Ta. iSviaTia poeti, romelsac aseTi sulisSemZvreli TrTo-lviTa da sifaqiziT gamoexatos RvTaebrivisadmi ltolva, idumalTan miaxloebiT gamowveuli sixaruli da amave dros krToma, romelsac RvTaebrivis sidiade aRZravs adamianSi:

nu miaxlovdebi, Sen, ciskris varskvlavo, nu miaxlovdebi; xom xedav SiSisgan miwaze garTxmulan kvlav Cemi totebi.. nu miaxlovdebi, Sen, idumalebav, nu miaxlovdebi...

`poezia ki ar unda niSnavdes, aramed unda iyos~, _

ambobda erTi amerikeli poeti. diax, unda iyos: erTiani da Sekruli, mravalniSnadi da RrmadniSnadi, rogorc Tavad samyaro. yoveli Semoqmedi xom samyaros miseul xats qmnis, romlis gareSe Cveni warmosgena samyaroze gacilebiT ufro Raribi iqneboda, radgan mis mier Seqmnil xatSi axleburad

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ikiTxeba ufro didi Semoqmedis mier Seqmnili samyaro. ana kalandaZis poeziac samyaros swored amgvari wakiTxvaa.

damowmebani:

elioti 1989: elioti t. s. tradicia da pirovnuli niWiereba.

krebulSi: eseebi. inglisuridan Targmnes paata da rostom CxeiZeebma. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1989.

tatiSvili 1920: tatiSvili e. eqstasis. gaz. `saqarTvelos samreklo~, 1920.

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Tamar paiWaZe

nacionaluri problematikis interpretacia ana kalandaZis poeziaSi

rogorc saliteraturo kritikaSi acxadeben, gasuli

saukunis meore naxevris lirikosi poetis `upirvelesi dafna mefeTa~ ana kalandaZes ekuTnis. maSin ambobdnen, rom omis tkivilebiT daRlil, gaTiTokacebul qalaqSi, grZnobagam-kacrebuli adamianebisaTvis ana kalandaZis faqizi poeturi farfati sulierebisa da mSvenierebis mogonebis gzad iqca da amis gamo mis saxelsac da poeziasac xazgasmuli emociiT Sexvda sazogadoeba. `sxvanair~ poezias yursmiCveulTagan erTgvari braldebac ki gaismoda, rom socialuri simZafre da aqtualoba aklda axalbeda poetis striqonebs. dRevan-deli gadmosaxedidan es damokidebulebani TiTqos arc unda iyos ucxo, Tu im drois cenzurul-ideologiur garemos ga-viTvaliswinebT, es yovelive `mweralTa administratoris~ miTiTebas ufro hgavda, literaturul periodikaSi gabne-uls. poetis renomes amgvari axsnac upoves `keTilganwyobil-ma~ literatorebma, rom is qalia, susti da ar SeuZliao sxva-gvarad wera.

faqtia, ana kalandaZis SemoqmedebiTi biografia poetu-ri `imijis~ cvalebadobiT, mxatvrul formaTa da saxeTa mo-difikaciiT, axali formalur-literaturuli mosaxvevebiT ar xasiaTdeba, es poezia erTxel arCeul gzaze erTguli, frTxili, da pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse msvleloba ufroa. Tavisive literaturuli Taobis warmomadgenelTagan gansx-vavebiT SemoqmedebiTi gardatexisa da varirebis procesi aq arasodes Semdgara. aqedan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove lit-mcodneobaSi is azric aris damkvidrebuli, rom 1945-46 wle-bis poetur qmnilebaTa `xelxvaviani siis ganvrcoba ana kalandaZis moRvaweobis Semdgom wlebSi arsebiTad ufro raodenobrivi zrdis gziT warimarTa, vidre Tvisebrivi gaana-lizebisa da gaRrmavebis mimarTulebiT~(a. nikoleiSvili). isic aRiniSna, rom ana kalandaZis poeziis gansakuTrebuli rezonansulobisa da popularobis mizezi ara mxolod qalisa da qaluri intonaciis faqtorSi unda veZioT, aramed im droSic, roca is mwerlobaSi movida; igulisxmeba II msof-lioomisSemdgomi xana, roca damZimebuli emociebiT gamkac-rebul garemoSi galobasaviT gaisma ana kalandaZis romanti-

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kuli poeturi Segonebani. swored es `lirikuli CurCuli~ da poeturi harmonia CauTvales naklad poets da socialuri simZafris Tu aqtualobis arqonaze miuTiTes. saliteraturo kritikaSi isic aRniSnes, rom `amgvar Sexedulebebs aqvs Ta-visi safuZveli~ (g. asaTiani), ris mizezadac aRniSnuli `poe-turi qaluri buneba~ Seracxes, rac mkacri redaqtor-kriti-kosebisagan TavdasaRwevi Sirmis funqciasac asrulebda.

sakuTari Semoqmedebis monoproblemur, erTmimarTu-lebriv Tematur-mxatvrul arCevanze Tavad poetic araer-Tgzis miuTiTebda saliteraturo periodikaSi gabneul in-terviuebsa Tu werilebSi da es arCevani sakuTari mxatvruli xelweris damaxasiaTebel mxared miaCnda; ana kalandaZis poe-ziis umniSvnelovanesi Tviseba, Tu samarko niSani dabolos Rirsebac, swored is aris, rom fenomeni, xasiaTi, suli, Te-matika, mxatvruli tradicia, yovelive aq qarTulia. es xaz-gasmuli nacionaluri da eTnografiuli dasazRvruloba ana kalandaZis poetur statuss sakuTari Taobis SemoqmedTaga-nac ki gamoarCevs. am SemTxvevaSi garkveulwilad uadgilo-caa visaubroT interkulturul gaWrebze da komparativis-tul paralelebze, magram Zalian bunebrivia saubari naciona-lur da trdiciul modelebze; es Tviseba orive mimarTule-biT ikveTeba _ SinaarsSic da formaSic. ana kalandaZis poe-ziis xazgasmuli individualizmic aqdan iwyeba: Semoqmedis mzaobas imemkvidreos erovnuli sakiTxavi da tkivili egebeba lirikuli gmiris pozicia sakuTari ganwyoba, STabeWdileba daaxvedros `saqarTveloze did safiqrals~ da amgvarad war-moudginos mkiTxvels nacionaluri problematika.

samSoblo ana kalandaZis poeziis personificirebuli xatia _ warsuliT, eklesiiT, eniT, bunebiT da awmyoTi _ am safuZvelze igeba mTeli misi poezia, yoveli Tema da mimarTuleba.

Q qaro miuvals kldeze davdgi Cemi miwuri, iq, axlos mzesTan sul axlos mzesTan... qaro miuvals kldeze davdgi Cemi miwuri Sen mogugundi xSirad am kldesTan, o, sal kldeebze Semodgi fexi... davemkvidrebi im mTebis wversa: surs samudamod vuyuro mzesa...

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rogoria ana kalandaZis saqarTvelo? aRniSnuli indivi-dualizmi da gamorCeuloba sakuTari Taobisaganac ki am mxriv yvelaze aSkarad saxierdeba. muxran maWavarianis, murman lebaniZis, SoTa niSnianiZis patriotuli poeturi pasaJebisagan gansxvavebiT aq xazgasmuli esTetizmi, panTeiz-mi da simSvide sufevs, amas emateba minoruli ganwyoba, rome-lic ana kalandaZis mTel poezias gasdevs. poetis naciona-lur-patriotuli poziciisa da emociis upirvelesi fiqsa-tori lirikuli gmiria- iseve amayi Tavisi qveynis warsuliT, iseve dafiqrebuli mis bedze, rogorc tradiciulad moiaz-reboda qarTveli poetis umTavres saTqmelsa Tu safiqralSi, da striqonTa Soris XX saukunis qarTul mwerlobis didi tkivili _ borkilayrili samSoblos xilvis natvrac ara-erTgzis xmiandeba.

Sen ise Rrma xar, qarTulo cao, Sen ise Rrma xar samkvidro Sens qveS mtrad Semosulma veravin naxa: verca osmalom, verca monRolma da verca sparsma Seni didebis momReralia oSki da zarzma, beberi tao Sen ise Rrma xar, ise faqizi, qarTulo cao.

vaJur, deklarirebul SemarTebas, ana kalandaZis patri-otul poeziaSi erTmniSvnelovnad Caenacvla rainduli aris-tokratizmi, sinaze, Tavmdabloba; mowodebas-saubari, tri-bunalobas-sagnobrioba, lozungs-Txroba... faqtia, aRniSnu-li paTetikuri gamoxatulebebisagan ana kalandaZemde qarTu-li poeziis erovnuli problematika xSirad dazRveuli ar iyo, metic, lirikuli gmiris (anu poetis) emocia zogjer im-denad omaxiani da xazgasmuli iyo, rom xSirad faravda kidec mxatvruli faqtis, leqsis mTavar saTqmelsa da ideas; dauur-veblobis es `seni~ raRa dasamalia da zogierT cnobil Semoq-medTa poetur naazrevSic gaxmianebula. iqneb amis mizezicaa, bolo xanebSi saliteraturo kritikaSi damkvidrebuli erTi mimarTuleba Tu tendencia, (garkveulwilad memarcxene-ra-dikaluric) rom droTa viTarebaSi qarTuli poeziis patrio-tuli Tematika iqca poetis mier gulis mooxebis, aucile-

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beli, `saprogramo~ saTqmelis, dabolos poziciis dafiqsire-bis formad, rac literaturuli pronvincializmis udavo ga-movlinebad miiCnies, mavanma kritikosebma ki es gancxadebani aRniSnuli pronvincialuri poeziis prozaul formad gada-aqcies da paTetikuri kiTxviT: `patriotizmi pronvincializ-mia?~ am damokidebulebis utrirebac moaxdines.

am fonze ana kalandaZis patriotuli poezia swored imis dasturia, rom patriotizmis mcnebas kuTxur-partiku-laruli da usagno emociuri Tu iaffasiani, demagogiuri aRsarebebiT ver axsni, is gulwrfeli grZnobis, mxatvruli srulyofis da marTali gansjis nayofia.

ros varskvlavebi xmauriT ainTebian caTani, kldes moawydeba zRvauri meSvide caze atanils... aq daibada „suliko“, mzisken gafrinda „merani“... da Tundac gadmosuliyo mteri Smagi da verani, marjvens mosWrida aluda, siT gauSvebda le ჲla ?... dabla Srialebs molisebr yanai gauyelavi... mTaT orbis frTebi moisxes, caSi asula Zerai... qari gimReris nanasa, zRapars giambobs Wadari... Zewnam alersiT amavso eWvebiT naavadari... saqarTveloo lamazo, „sxva saqarTvelo sad ari?“

amdenad, araviTari maJoruli paTetika, TviT yvelaze

optimisturi striqonebic ki faqizi ganwyobiTa da gulSiCam-wvdomi lirizmiTaa gamsWvaluli. am faqtis Sedegi saxezea Tematur-problematuri Tu mxatvrul-stiluri mimarTule-biT: saqarTvelos istoria, misi gmirebi, qarTuli mwerloba, qarTuli xasiaTi da qarTuli eTnosi ana kalandaZis patrio-tuli lirikis Tematur mimarTulebebs warmoadgens da yove-li maTgani Sesaabamisi originaluri mxatvruli, enobrivi, stiluri da formaluri niSnebiTaa gaformebuli:

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risad ar momxedav? Tvalganawamebi mindvrad gelodeba leli mkrTomareo, gulo, gulsa Sina cremlTa mawvimebo, sulo, sulsa Sina sevdis mTovareo... arwivni yivian, xmoben arwivebsa da CurCulebs nami lelze ananTebi... irgvliv mzis naTeli dasdgomia mTebsa, caSi gafrenilan nisliani mTebi... mzei SeniT mzeobs, mzed enTebi, zeob, gvirgvins irqmev mzisebr... Cemi gulis Zaxils, o,RaRadiss Cemsas, Sen... arsaiT ismen? moeaxlos lelsa gvirgvindidebuli, sxivTa mTovareo... ar SekrTeba maSin, ar daWkneba igi, miuwvdomareo.

istoriuli warsulis sisxlxorceuli gancda-sazoga-

dod mniSvnelovani Tematika XX saukunis qarTuli poeziisa-Tvis, garkveulwilad gamZafrebuli da dakonkretebuli iqna ormocdaaTianelTa Taobis leqsebSi. ana kalandaZis poeziac am tendenciis amsaxvelia. poetisaTvis saqarTvelos istoria awmyosTvis saxsovari Rirebulebaa, mniSvnelovani, saamayo, aRsaniSnavi... amisTvis ki avtori cnobil istoriul meTods- warsulidan gmirTa gamoxmobisa da dRevandeli gadasaxedi-dan lirikul gmirTan saubriT anxorcielebs. istoriul-literatutuli foliantebis, dokumentaluri masalis, enob-rivi arqaizaciis sinTeziT da lirikuli gmiris CarTviT poeturi saTqmeli gansakuTrebul formebSi realizdeba:

sad midis es gza krwanisis Semdeg sad midis mtkvari, sad midis mTvare mxarsisixliani samasi fariT? samasi fariT ra moaqvT CvenTan krwanisis mxedrebs? sicocxle moaqvT, ukvdavebaa imaTi xvedri! imaT TvalebSi daxeT inTeba cecxli faruli, _ sviT sixaruli am Tasebidan sviT sixaruli.

poetis es emocia, erovnul problematikaze aRmocene-

buli qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis `ar axalia~, magram ana kalandaZis leqsebSi sagnobrioba da sasaubro intonacia Sei-

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Zina. calsaxaa, ana kalandaZis poeziis savizito baraTad is-toriul gmirTa saxeebi unda miviCnioT. saqarTvelos war-sulidan gamoxmobil istoriul personaJebs lirikuli gmiri gansakuTrebuli paTetikiTa da TayvaniscemiT mimarTavs da am gziT maT Rvawlsa da istoriul misias usvams xazs. am TvalsazrisiT istoriuli Tematika poetis SemoqmedebaSi originalur saxes iRebs, radgan miZRvniT-istoriuli mimar-Tulebis poeturi striqonebi mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi Ziri-Tadad TxrobiTi formis Tu elementis matarebelia. aq ki swored mimarTviTi forma, lirikuli gmirisa da leqsis ad-resatis dialogia wamoweuli _ swored am gziT cdilobs poeti Canafiqris, ideis realizebas.

sxvamxriv, am mimarTulebis poeziaSi warmoCenili ganw-yoba, mizani, problematika Tu idea tradiciulia, gmirTa im cnobili saxeebiT warmodgenili, romelTac qveynis istori-ul Tu sulier yofaSi uSualo monawileoba arguna bedad arsTagamrigem. yvelani aq arian, daviT aRmaSenebeli:

fexi damadgiT, gulze damadgiT fexi yovelman, wyaloba hyaviT... saqarTvelois yovlos mpyrobelman visurve daviT... fexqveS gacviTeT saflavis lodi yurZnis mtevnebiT... --aseTi codva ra gaqvs mefeo miutevebi Rirs msaxurebdi qarTul miwa-wyals, rai gadardebs? gaswie igi “nikofsiiTgan darubandamde“.... Tu, es maRalTa Tavmdablobaa odiT da odiT? Tu codvili xar, maSin, mefeo, raRa qnan codvilT sulis simSvidis, sulis simSvidis versiT mpovelTa? --fexi damadgiT, gulze damadgiT fexi yovelTa...

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Tamar mefe:

mzis Rimili aRaCina caman vards aRmoxda xmai saocari: fexSiSvela modioda Tamar... dedofalo saiT miiCqari?

SuSanik dedofali:

mohyavT SuSaniki tanjuli, gvemuli foTolni tirian oqrosferisani nislebs efareba cai didebuli, qarma Searxia rtoi Zewnisai. mTaTa moixades gvirgvinni mefurni, TvalTa sxivi mowyda elvarebisai tirian, moTqvamen „dedani zepurni“, tirian yvavilni cxared velisani

qeTevan dedofali: …

ze mihqonda, Rrublebisken cecxli qarsa, qroda qari... TeTri xeli gulze edo dedofalsa, tinad idga dedofali... Tma daSloda, Tavi nazad daexara, sikvdilis win qarTlis vardad gaexara... loculobda... ros Camoswyda bageT misTa: „arasodes!“ dafdafebs hkres ganarisxTa, cxeli SanTi miutanes brolis mkerdTan, cxeli rkina, saqarTvelos guls rom kveTda.

mefe erekle:

aspinZas midis mefe erekle, TaTarze mihyavs qarTlis laSqari... gadaiares beber xerTvisTan, saaTabagos mtveri aSales... ukan datives Zveli awyuri — isic mravali brZolis momlevi... bevri mteri gyavs, dido mefeo, aravinaa Seni momrevi!

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...da sxvebic. faqtia, SemoqmedebiTi proporciebi daurRvevelia,

erovnuli tkivili, siamaye da fiqri zustad ise awvalebs poets, rogorc mis araerT winaTaobels. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom ana kalandaZis poeziaSi erovnul-patriotuli Tematika mxolod maJoruli tonebiTa da paTetikuri intonaciebiT ar Semoifargleba, sasaubro intonaciebi da minoruli ganwyo-bani maSinve sacnauri xdeba roca is mSobliuri mikrogaremos, nacnobi vizualur-emociuri peizaJiT aris warmodgenili. es poetis Sinagani intuiciis Sedegia, realuri suraTebi da poe-turi aRqma —sagani da saganTa sistema ana kalandaZis leq-sebSi garkveuli mxatvruli formiT warmodgeba; poetisaTvis samSoblo zogjer kalandis RameSi, mSobliur sarkmelTan momlodine bebiis xatebaSi, zedaznisa da arxotis velebis peizaJebSi, aragvispiris saTibebis, laSaris gzisa da Suafxos Ramis umSvenieres suraTebSi saxierdeba.

amdenad, eTnologiuri Tematika da bunebis aRqma ana kalandaZis poeziaSi garkveulwilad patriotuli Tematikis nawilia da arcerT SemTxvevaSi mxolod mxatvruli aqsesuari. am leqsTa gansxvavebuli ganwyoba: nisliviT moronine sevda, gulSiCamwvdomi lirizmi da Sinagani TrTolva mamulze fiq-risa da siyvarulis gansxvavebul saTqmels ganapirobebs, xma-maRali mowodebisa da intonaciisagan sruliad ganridebuls. aSkaraa is faqtic, rom poetisaTvis buneba, qarTuli peizaJia da qarTuli soflis satkivaric, dacarielebuli saxlebis problemac aqve ikveTeba.

Tovli aWara-guriis mTebis, Cemeul mTaTa... mcire wisqvili gubazoulze, Cems ezos karTan... wyavis foToli, nams rom frTxilad inaxavs, TrTolviT... Tovli aWara-guriis mTebis, nisli da Tovli.

es prolematika akavSirebs poets folklorul saxeeb-Tan. ana kalandaZis poeziis ideur-esTetikuri modeli da enobrivi qsovili folklorul sawyisTa Tanaziaria.. is sav-sebiT bunebrivad enivTeba poetis ideasac da mxatvrul for-masac: aranairi stilizacia Tu epigonizacia, yovelive cal-saxad individualur xedvaSia moqceuli. mgvari ideur-mimar-

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Tulebrivi paraleli kidev ufro mravalferovans xdis pira-dul gancdaTa prizmaSi moqceul mxatvrul faqtebs:

mwvervalo,SalSavs Semovyev, nisls da qars momaZalebo... Sav buruss irgvliv Semomxvev, ugzod, ukvalod marebo... mindodi? arad mindodi, zesknel-qvesknelis karebo! „Cem RmerTis ar meSinodes“, fexsac ar dagakarebo

ana kalandaZis poeziis mniSvnelovani mxarea bibliuri

motivebis poeturi interpretacia, romelic Tavis mxriv me-ditaciur gansjaTa erTgvari safuZveli xdeba, bibliuri siuJetebi lirikuli gmiris sulier idealebs erwymian da mis poetur biografias maRalzneobriv aspeqtSi warmoaCenen. amis dasturia ana kalandaZis poeziis cnobili simboluri xati —wminda nino:

lurj mwvervalebs qari rZisfer nislSi xvevda... da, rodesac barSi vardni yvaodnen, Tovli ido javaxeTis mTaTa zeda da tyeebSi qariSxlebi bRaodnen... mohkioda, qari Rrublebs mohkioda da faravans tbasa zeda Zrwoda qari... modioda, nino mTebiT modioda da mohqonda sanatreli vazis jvari... Tovlis mTebiT hkvirdeboda ucxo mgzavri, - vis unaxavs vardobisas Tovli mTebze? mwyemssa hkiTxa: romelia qarTlis gzai? mwyemsma uTxra: saqarTvelo aris ese...

SeuZlebelia aq ar movixmoT samiode aTwleuliT adre

Seqmnili grigol robaqiZis lirikuli Sedevri `wminda nino~, romelSic modernistuli TvalTaxedva erTgvarad qristianul sibolikaze `gadatyda~ da mSvenieri formac miiRo:

qalwulo nino, eSvebi CrdilebiT: dalursul foTlebSi mzisTvali daRvaruli.

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Cven danelebulni da gulaxdilebi, Sen win vefinebiT uSret siyvaruliT. mcxeTas rom mogesma neli xma zeviTgan — guli RvTismSobelis CvenTvis xom uxvia — jvari gamoWeri vazis nasxlevidan da cxeli Wriloba TmebiT Seuxvie. ... qalwulo nino! viT miwis xnulebi, Sen win gadaxsnilan aw Cveni gulebi, mo, gadagviare beds gadavurCebiT. da terfebs dagikocnoT magari tuCebiT.

Tumca mxatvruli meTodi am leqsebs Soris gansxvave-

bulia, magram cxadia, idea, poeturi datvirTva, mniSvnelobis aRqma da lirikuli gmiris pozicia absoluturad identuri.

gansakuTrebuli gamomsaxvelobiTa da poeturi saxee-biT gamoirCeva ana kalandaZis intimur-meditaciuri Tema-tikis poezia, romlis mniSvnelovani nawili aseve tradiciu-li nacionaluri modelebiTa da mentalizmiT aris gaxsnili. es leqsebi subieqtur gancdaTa wiaRSi warmoqmnilni, poetur sulsa da gonebaSi gatarebulni lirikuli subieqtis emoci-ur xats, gancdis siRrmes warmoaCenen da aqedan gamomdinare sayovelTao ganzogadebul gancdas aireklaven:

isev gankveTe Sen urCxuli gaumaZRari da damifare, viT walkotSi yvavils ifarav... gaaRe CemTvis, o, karebi Seni taZrisa, kvlav sasoebiT Semovide, xeluwifaro! mfarvelo Cemo, borotebis yoveli vcani: ar dacxres maTgan, ar dadumdes Cemi kamara! isev gaxseni guli Cemi mze-mTvarisaTvis da damifare, viT walkotSi yvavils ifarav!

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ana kalandaZis poeturi saqmianobis qronometraJi erT-nairad xvavrieli da maStaburi ar aris. bunebrivia, poetur biografiaSi yovelTvis saxierdeba aqtiuri da pasiuri xana. ormociani wlebis cnobil `SemoqmedebiT mowiolas~ `taim autic~ mohyva. mgvarma cvalebadobam poetis SemoqmedebaSi SemdgomSic araerTxel iCina Tavi. ana kalandaZe bolo xaneb-Sic cotas werda, TiTqos saTqmeli ukve iTqva da dacxra mZafri fiqrebi, Tumca erovnul fiqrsa da satkivars is bo-lomde ver Seelia. arc rwmena Secvlila da arc idea da arc saTqmeli gansxvavda. ideali da Rirebulebani ana kalandaZis poeziaSi mudmivi darCa-erovnul problematikasTan wilnayari.

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qeTevan enuqiZe

ana kalandaZis metrikis zogierTi sakiTxi

metri leqsis aramxolod mniSvnelovani komponenti, aramed erTgvari RerZia. martivi ganmarteba _ `Zlieri da susti adgilebis monacvleoba~, faqtobrivad, gvaZlevs rTul, myar sistemas, romelsac efuZneba leqsmcodneoba. metruli analizi iTvaliswinebs leqsis struqturis kvle-vas, magram amjerad sxva mizani gvaqvs: metruli struqturis ritmTan damokidebulebisa da metrze sintaqsuri konstruq-ciebis gavlenis kvleva. leqsi, pirvel yovlisa, teqstia. poeturi teqsti ki ganixileba, rogorc poeturi enis reali-zaciis erT-erTi SesaZlo forma. poeturi enis mkvlevarebi misi daxasiaTebisas yuradRebas amaxvileben enis esTetikuri funqciis realizaciis SesaZleblobaze, romelic vlindeba mxatvruli nawarmoebis yvela lingvistur elementSi; aseve, misi leqsikuri struqturis damokidebulebaSi avtoris es-Tetikur Canafiqrisadmi. am mxriv sainteresoa sityvis, ro-gorc upirvelesi elementis, semantikuri da esTetikuri transformacia da mizanmimarTuli cvlileba mxatvrul, gansakuTrebiT, poetur konteqstSi.

ana kalandaZis leqsebi, am SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT saintereso masalas gvaZlevs, erTi mxriv, metaplazmebis si-Warbis, meore mxriv _ mZafri emociuri fonis gaTvaliswinebiT.

leqsSi subieqturi toni mniSvnelovani ganmsazRvre-lia. mas swored ritmuli organizeba da eqspresiuli mety-veleba ayalibebs. metri marTavs ritms da imorCilebs eqsp-resias, Tu amas moiTxovs metris kanoni. eqspresias lirikul teqstSi qmnis mimarTva, Sorisdebulebisa da fonetikuri elementebis siWarbe. aseT SemTxvevaSi metruli sqema met-naklebad icvleba. es cvlileba, TavisTavad, Zalian sainte-reso formiT gvevlineba. grafikulad gamosaxul teqstSi darRveuli ar aris marcvalTa Tanafardoba, rac silaburi sistemis safuZvels warmoadgens, magram xmamaRla wakiTxvis procesSi maxvili ecema kanonis sawinaaRmdegod, raTa mka-fiod aisaxos sayuradRebo sityva an sintagma. sainteresoa, ramdenad emorCileba es cvlileba kanonzomierebas da Tu iTvaliswinebs konkretul sintaqsur erTeulebs, sintagmebs an metaplazmebs. silaburi leqswyobis normebidan gamomdi-nare, am gansxvavebis moxelTeba rTulia, radgan logaedi

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ganixileba ara mkacrad mowesrigebuli sammarcvledisa da ormarcvledis (an piriqiT) sinTezad, aramed Tavisufal xuTmarcvledad, romelic ar aris SezRuduli maxvilis dakanonebuli adgiliT. amave dros, metrsa da ritms Soris zRvari TiTqmis waSlilia. metrika ZiriTadad Semoifargle-ba marcvalTa raodenobiT, rac ganapirobebs terfebis erT-ferovnebas. Tumca, Tu davakvirdebiT, qarTuli enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli bunebrivi maxvilis adgilis gaTvaliswine-biT, terfebi erTi metruli sazomis farglebSi mainc icv-leba. cvlilebas ganapirobebs sintaqsisa da intonaciis faqtori. silabur-tonuri sistema, romlis umTavres RerZs swored maxvili warmoadgens, TavisTavad, did yuradRebas uTmobs am sakiTxs. metris struqturis cvlileba, ganpiro-bebuli ama Tu im faqtoriT, ukeT Cans swored silabur-tonuri poziciidan. es saSualebas mogvcems, davakvirdeT Sida process, leqsis yvela elementis urTierTmimarTebas da ganlagebas. sainteresoa, saleqso teqstis romeli elementis gavleniT icvleba metruli struqtura?

pirveli leqsi, romlis analizsac warmovadgenT _ `o, aris raRac~, heterometrulia: ToTxmetmarcvledi aTmarc-vledTan, Tumca gvxvdeba erTi cxramarcvledi (13) da erTi xuTmarcvledi (12). aseTi metruli wyoba damaxasiaTebelia qarTuli leqswyobisaTvis. ak. xinTibiZe werda:`igi gamoyene-bulia, erTi mxriv, rogorc leqsis sazomi erTeuli, xolo meore mxriv, rogorc strofis daboloebis aRmniSvneli _ 14-marcvliani sazomiT Sesrulebuli terfkvecili striqo-ni~ (xinTibiZe 1961:118).

14-marcvliani sazomis sqema moicavs Sefardebas: lo-gaedi _ peoni _ logaedi. Tumca garkveuli gansxvavebaa logaedebsa da peonebs Soris. sainteresoa, ra ganapirobebs am cvlilebas?

1. lamaz mindorze TrTis, kankalebs Crdili vaSlis

xis a 5 / 4 / 5

UU – UU – – UU UU – UU 2. da velsa gare bza mimodis mTvaris arSiyi...

a 5 / 4 / 5

UUU – U U – UU UU – UU

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3. da gundT varskvlavTa cad amohyris qari maSriyiT, a

5 / 4 / 5 UU – UU U – UU UU – UU 4. maRribs gastyorcnis da varskvlavni mkrTalis

cimcimiT x 5 / 4 / 5 UU – UU U – UU UU – UU 5. gzas dauTmoben mdablad dafions...

b 5 / 5

UU – UU UU – UU 6. ambors uyofen RamiT uxvad dacvarul serebs,

c 5 / 4 / 5

UU – UU UU – U UUU – U 7. vard-bililani kvlav alersis aramkmareni. . .

d 5 / 4 / 5 UU – UU U – UU UU – UU 8. da CurCuleben, CurCuleben Semogareni. . .

d 5 / 4 / 5

UU – UU U – UU UU – UU 9. da es CurCulic ismis mkafiod.

b 5 / 5 UU – UU UU – UU 10. da lurj balaxebs namisgan svelebs

c 5 / 5

UU – UU UUU – U 11. Tvis gulSi nadebs gaandobs RalRac.

e 5 / 5 UUU – U UUU – U 12. o, aris raRac

e 5 U – UUU

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13. usazomod damafiqreli. x 4 / 5

U – UU UU – UU (kalandaZe 1976:121)

ori gamonaklisis garda, leqsSi gvxvdeba meore peoni (U – UU). pirvel taepSi meore peonis adgils ikavebs ioniki (— — UU), xolo meeqvse taepSi - mesame peoni (UU – U). taepSi “lamaz mindorze TrTis, kankalebs Crdili vaSlis xis” sino-nimuri mniSvnelobis ori Semasmenlis Tavmoyra ganapirobebs meore peonis Canacvlebas ionikiT. cezuris adgili ar emTx-veva intonaciur pauzas. pirveli Semasmenlis erTmarcvlia-noba da mZime, romelic maT Soris Cndeba, garkveulwilad, ganapirobebs intonaciuri pauzis gaZlierebas. meore maga-liTSi gansxvaveba ganapirobebs ori garemoebis Tavmoyra: “ambors uyofen RamiT uxvad dacvarul serebs”. meore peo-nisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli maxvili meore xmovanze aseve daarRvevda leqsis intonacias da enis bunebrivi maxvilis adgils Secvlida. adgilis da viTarebis garemoebebi war-modgenilia ormarcvliani morfemebiT, romelTa bunebrivi maxvili bolodan meore marcvalze ecema. magaliTSi Senar-Cunebulia meore morfemis maxvili da aman ganapiroba mesame peonis gaCena. saintereso suraTi gvaqvs logaedebSi. maTi umetesoba anapestisa (UU _) da piriqisgan (UU) Sedgeba, xo-lo 5 logaedi moicavs tribraqsa (UUU) da qores (_ U). sainteresoa, riTia ganpirobebuli es cvlileba? meore ta-epSi pirveli logaedi Sedgeba sami morfemisagan: `da velsa gare~. sainteresoa, rom maTgan mxolod erTia srulmniSv-nelovani sityva _ `velsa~. `gare~ calke mdgomi Tandebulia, romelic daerTvis winamdebare morfemas. maxvili ecema Tandebulis pirvel marcvalze, rac, bunebrivia, morfemis ormarcvlianobis gaTvaliswinebiT. mesame magaliTi gvxvde-ba meaTe taepSi: `namisgan svelebs~. sintagmis meore erTeuli ormarcvliania, pirveli-sammarcvliani. meoTxe da mexuTe magaliTebi gvxvdeba meTerTmete taepSi (5/5). orive logaedi tribraqisa da qoresagan Sedgeba: “Tvis gulSi nadebs”, “gaandobs RalRac.” pirveli magaliTi sam erTeuls moicavs, meore _ ors. orive logaedis bolo sityva ormarcvliania. erTi logaedi Sedgeba amfibraqisa (U _ U) da piriqisagan (UU): `o, aris raRac~. es gansakuTrebiT saintereso magali-Tia. pirveli morfema Sorisdebulia, meore _ zmna, mesame _

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nacvalsaxeli. kavSiri predikatiulia. maxvili ecema ara meore ormarcvledze, aramed _ pirvelze. es SeiZleba ga-mowveuli iyos zmnis faqtoriT, romelic uSualod mohyveba Sorisdebuls da, garkveulwilad, aZlierebs mis efeqts. am SemTxvevam SeiZleba gvafiqrebinos, rom maxvilis ganmsazRv-reli aramarto marcvalTa raodenoba, aramed emociuri fo-nia. sainteresoa kidev erTi garemoeba. faqtobrivad, es er-TaderTi xuTmarcvliani taepia. misi momdevno me-13 taepic erTaderTi cxramarcvledia _ meore peoniTa da ZiriTadi logaediT. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom pirveli logaedi ara-mxolod grafikulad, aramed metruladac gamokveTili da aqcentirebulia. sainteresoa mexuTe taepis pirveli logae-di: `gzas dauTmoben~. s. gorgaZe werda: `Tu oTxmarcvlovani sityvis pirvel marcvledSi (Tavidan) xmovnebi uSualod misdeven erTmaneTs, maSin maxvili wina xmovanze (e.i. bolo-dan meoTxe marcvalze gadadis da mTeli sityva aseTi sqemiT gamoiTqmis: — UUU; ai, nimuSebic:

/ / / / / saidumlo, saubari, waiyvana, miirbina, miiyvana da

sxvani” (gorgaZe 1930:4). ana kalandaZis am leqsSi sxva SemTxveva gvaqvs: maxvili

ecema bolodan mesame marcvalze, rac ganpirobebuli unda iyos im garemoebiT, rom morfema `dauTmoben~ samaxvilo kompleqss (niko maris mier damkvidrebuli termini, rome-lic mogvianebiT Secvala sergi gorgaZiseulma `sintaqsurma jgufma~ (doiaSvili 1982:29)) qmnis erTmarcvlian sityvasTan (gzas), romelic sintagmis pirvel marcvals moicavs.

aris kidev erTi saintereso maxasiaTebeli, rac SeiZ-leba leqsis Taviseburebadac miviCnioT da axsnis moZebnac vcadoT. leqsisaTvis damaxasiTebelia arqaizmebis siWarbe: velsa gare, varskvlavni mkrTalis cimcimiT, gundT varskv-lavTa, ambors uyofen usazomod da a. S. leqsis Sinaarsi, ro-melic idumalebis efeqts qmnis; Tema, romelic Segnebulad aris gamokveTili swored arqaizmebis saSualebiT, romanti-kul asociacias qmnis. amas erTvis erTgvari asonansuri kon-trasti naxevartaepedebs Soris. aRwerili garemo, romelic kompoziciuri gamomsaxvelobiT gamoirCeva, Tavad qmnis er-Tgvar melodias. am fonze nawilobriv ignorirebulia bge-ris melodia; gameorebis myari (riTma) da aramyari (alite-racia, asonansi) sistemebi TavisTavad efeqts qmnian. gansa-

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kuTrebiT sayuradReboa sariTmo sqema, miTumetes, rom am fonze leqsSi SidariTmebic gvxvdeba: (7) ormarcvliani konsonanuri riTma: bililani-aramkmareni (orive logaedis bolo marcvlebi), (5-6) sammarcvliani asonansuri: uyofen-dauTmoben (taepebis pirveli logaedebi), (10-11) ormarcv-liani SidariTma da kiburi riTma: balaxebs-svelebs-nadebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom sariTmo erTeulebi naxevartaepedebis an logaedebis daboloebeze gvxvdeba, Sesabamisad, leqsSi logaedi mniSvnelovani komponentia.

sintaqsuri formebisadmi morCileba yvelaze ukeT vlindeba strofikaSi, radgan strofi gansazRvruli sintaq-sur-ritmuli erTeulia, romelSic ritmi gamokveTs sintaq-suri erTeulebis wesrigsa da Tanafardobas. leqsSi `o, aris raRac~ strofuli dayofa ar gvxvdeba, magram SeiniSneba saintereso sintaqsuri formebi: `Crdili vaSlis xis~; da `lurj balaxebs namisgan svelebs~. pirvel magaliTSi darR-veulia msazRvrel-sazRvrulis tradiciuli forma (`vaSlis xis Crdili~). mizezi, SesaZloa, mniSvnelovani sintagmis _ vaSlis xis gamokveTaa. am fonze ufro sainteresoa meore taepi _ `da velsa gare bza mimodis mTvaris arSiyi...~ `bzisa~ da `vaSlis xis~ Tavmoyra da aqcentireba sruliad naTel in-terteqstualur paradigmas qmnis. am SemTxvevaSi advilad aixsneba leqsis arqauli leqsika. saidumlos fonze mocemul bibliur elementebs met-naklebi sicxade SeaqvT leqsis struqturis TaviseburebaSi. forma sruliad exmianeba qao-tur sulier mdgomareobas, romelic avtors wminda, pirvel-yofili qaosisaken miaqanebs.

saxelmZRvaneloSi `literaturis Teoria. poetika~ b. v. tomaSevski leqsisa da prozis umTavres ganmasxvavebel niSnad swored mis semantikur potencials miiCnevs: `leqsSi sityvebi pirvel planze gamodian maSin, roca prozaSi Cven `davsrialebT~ sityvebSi da yuradRebas vamaxvilebT winada-debis centralur sityvebze. is faqti, rom metyveleba xdeba ara mijriT, aramed met-naklebad izolirebuli rigebiT, gansakuTrebul asociacias qmnis erTgvar sityvebs an para-lelur, simetriul rigebad ganlagebul sityvebs Soris~ (tomaSevski 1996:104).

leqsis Sinaarsi SeiZleba moklebuli iyos konkretul referents. aqedan gamomdinareobs misi abstraqtuloba, gan-zogadebuloba. leqsis azri mimarTulia zogadad situacii-sa da adamianisadmi. prozaSi verbalizebulia konkretuli situacia da konkretuli monawileebi. poeturi referenciis

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gamocana da paradoqsi is aris, rom pirveladi referen-ciuli damokidebulebis arqonis miuxedavad, leqsis teqsts aqvs potenciurad SeuzRudavi araenobrivi kavSiris damya-rebis SesaZlebloba. araenobrivi kavSiri gulisxmobs met-rul, ritmul, sariTmo da a. S. struqturas _ leqsis, ro-gorc TavisTavadi sametyvelo enis, umTavres maxasiaTeblebs.

meore leqsis metrul sqemaSic aseTive Canacvlebebia. `me ar var SenTvis~ izometruli wyobisaa. misi metruli zomaa 5/5:

1. es xmaa Cumi, Ramis da tyisa a 5 / 5 U U U – U U U U – U 2. _ me aq var isev, me aq var isev! a

5 / 5 U – U – U U – U – U 3. ara, xma igi mTvaridan modis b 5 / 5 – U – U U U U U – U 4. aduRebs talRebs, exeba kbodes b

5 / 5 U U U – U U U U – U 5. da Tvaluwvdenel sibneles erTvis b 5 / 5 U U – U U U U U – U 6. _ me ar var SenTvis, aRar var SenTvis b

5 / 5 U – U – U – U – U U 7. arc dasawyisi, arc dasasruli... c

5 / 5 U U – U U U U – U U 8. me boboqari saturnis suli c

5 / 5 U U – U U U U U – U 9. Ramis da tyisa, Tumc aq var isev! a

5 / 5 U U U – U U – U –U (kalandaZe 1976:225) `aTmarcvliani sazomi Tavisi epikuri bunebis gamo gan-

sakuTrebiT xSirad ixmareba poetur eposSi~, _ werda ak. xinTibiZe (xinTibiZe 1961:122). leqsisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia igive idumaleba. ar fiqsirdeba arcerTi mTliani logaedi;

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or taepSi gvxvdeba mimarTva (2,6). Warbobs erTmarcvliani da ormarcvliani sityvebi, gansakuTrebiT im taepebSi, romel-Tac emociurad datvirTuli intonacia axasiaTebs. 18 loga-edidan 7 tribraqisa da qoresagan Sedgeba (1-1, /3, 4-4, /5, 9/); 4 _ anapestisa da piriqisagan (5/, 7-7, 8/); 1 _ qoresa da daq-tilisagan (3/). am tipis logaeds sergi gorgaZe `antiadoni-surs~ uwodebs (gorgaZe 1930:53); 1 — amfimakrisa da piriqisa-gan (/6); 4 — amfibraqisa da qoresagan (2-2. 6/, /9). sergi gorgaZe mas ipostazirebul logaedur dimaterad moixse-niebs (gorgaZe 1930:56). bolo logaedi — `aRar var SenTvis~ taepis pirvel logaeds imeorebs, magram erT uaryofiT nawilaks (ar) cvlis meore (aRar), romelic amyarebs pirvels, magram, amave dros, akonkretebs, aZlierebs mas. es emociuri muxti, gansakuTrebiT kiTxvis procesSi, udavod amfimakrisa da piriqis sinTezs gvaZlevs. 8 logaedis (U U U – U) nawili sintagmebia, romlebic sammarcvlian da ormarcvlian mor-femebs moicaven: `mTvaridan modis~, `aduRebs talRebs~, `exeba kbodes~, `sibneles erTvis~, `saturnis suli~. sintaq-suri kavSirebi mravalferovania. gvxvdeba atributuli, predikatiuli da kompleturi. mTavari ganmsazRvreli aqac meore sityvis ormarcvlianobaa. logaedebis meore nawili sam morfemas moicavs: 1. `es xmaa Cumi~; erTi erTmarcvliani da ori ormarcvliani sityva. maxvili ecema mesame sityvis pirvel marcvalze. emociurad aqcentirebulia sityva `Cu-mi~. am SemTxvevaSi swored emociuri faqtoria gadamwyveti, radgan CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli da Sedgenili Semasmeneli, romlebic, garkveulwilad, mniSvnelovan komponentebs war-moadgenen, daCrdilulia Sinaarsobrivad ufro mniSvnelo-vani gansazRvrebiT. 2. amave tipis mesame logaedic sami sity-visagan Sedgeba: `Ramis da tyisa~ (orjer meordeba). aq aRar aris emociuri foni. maxvili ecema ormarcvliani sityvis bolodan meore marcvalze, rac tipuria, aqamde ganxiluli magaliTebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

momdevno taepSi ori logaedia. meore imeorebs pir-vels: `_ me aq var isev, me aq var isev!~ logaedebi Sedgeba amfibraqisa da qoresagan. aseTive struqtura aqvs meeqvse taepis pirvel da mecxre taepis meore logaedebs: `me aq var isev!~ _ 2-jer

`me ar var SenTvis~, `Tumc aq var isev!~

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pirvel, meore da bolo magaliTebSi maxvili ecema adgilis garemoebebze. mesame magaliTSi ki _ uaryofiT nawilaksa da nacvalsaxelze. yoveli maTgani 4 morfemas moicavs. meore da meoTxe sityvebi gansakuTrebuli emociu-ri datvirTviT xasiaTdeba. meore magaliTSi adgilis gare-moebas cvlis uaryofiTi nawilaki (ara), rac aseve aZlierebs emociur fons.

sainteresoa 4 logaedi, romlebic anapestisa da piri-qisagan Sedgeba: `da Tvaluwvdenel~ (5), `arc dasawyisi, arc dasasruli~ (7-7), `me boboqari~ (8). oTxive erTmarcvliani da oTxmarcvliani morfemebisagan Sedgeba. erTmarcvliani sit-yva da meore peoni qarTuli leqsisaTvis damaxasiaTebel na-xevartaepeds qmnis da, Sesabamisad, sruliad bunebrivia, Tumca sainteresoa, rom am leqsSi oTxive am tipis logaedi erTsa da imave muxlebs moicaven.

riTmis TvalsazrisiT es leqsi ufro mowesrigebulia. aqac gvxvdeba asonansuri riTmis magaliTi: `modis _ kbo-des~; aseve, konfliqturi (disonansuri, Sereuli) riTmis ma-galiTic: `tyisa _ isev~. teqstSi Warbobs winanunismieri bgerebi, rac Ramis ufaqizes asociacias qmnis. es ar aris martivi paronimuli baZvis survili qaris sisinTan an foT-lebis SrialTan. es Ramis metad intimuri da monotonuri xmaa.

mimarTva ganlagebulia Taviseburi formiT. rogorc wesi, mimarTvisas subieqti meore piria, magram aq sruliad sxva suraTi gvaqvs: _ `me ar var SenTvis~. `me~ subieqtia da, amas garda, pirvel poziciaze vxedavT. meore piri mocemu-lia TandebuliT _ `SenTvis~. es tipuri forma ar aris, mag-ram metad Rrma asociacias iwvevs. `SenTvis~ gulisxmobs gan-kuTvnils, aRTqmuls. pirveli piris poziciisa da meore pi-ris formis gaTvaliswinebiT poeti sakralur suraTs qmnis, romlis centrSi dgas TviTon da mxolod TviTon (!) swored aseTi kategoriuli intonaciaa gadmocemulia taepSi: _ `me ar var SenTvis, aRar var SenTvis!~

Tu SevajamebT araerTgvarovan mosazrebebs leqsis bunebasa da wyobis Sesaxeb, misi funqcionaluri wyoba, mxatvruli formis ZiriTadi parametrebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Semdeg saxes miiRebs: saleqso teqsti warmoadgens Tanafard da Tanazomier sametyvelo monakveTebs, romlebsac sintaq-sur erTeulebTan garkveuli kavSiris damyareba SeuZliaT. `Sinagani sazomi~ (metruli organizacia) xels uwyobs sity-vebis mowesrigebas da winaswar ganWvrets metyvelebis mom-

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devno segments. poziciurad ganlagebuli bgeraTa gameore-bis sistema _ riTma, qmnis axal azrobriv kavSirebs sity-vebsa da taepebs Soris. xolo poziciurad gaumyarebeli bge-raTa gameorebis sistema _ aliteracia da asonansi, ayali-bebs damatebiT mxatvrul motivaciebs leqsikur erTeulebs Soris da uzrunvelyofs sityvebis progresul-regresul mexsierebas. es zogadi maxasiaTeblebi xels uwyobs leqsis teqstSi semantikuri gardaqmnebis warmoSobas da adastu-rebs azrs, rom leqsi gansakuTrebuli enobrivi formaa, ro-melsac enaSi reprezentirebuli logikuri Sinaarsiis modi-ficireba SeuZlia; amave dros, aniWebs kompoziciur gamom-saxvelobasac.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom metrul struqturas, mis cvli-lebas, ganapirobebs leqsis ritmi, romelic efuZneba into-nacias, avtoris subieqtur tons, mis nebas; marcvalTa rao-denobas; aseve, sintaqsur konstruqciebs. es SeiZleba aixs-nas sintaqsuri elementebis sammagi funqciiT: rogorc ki teqstis specifikur samyaroSi SeaRwevs, is, rac aqamde zo-gadsakomunikacio sistemas ganekuTvneboda, maSinve indivi-dualur pozicias iZens; poeturi metyveleba Tavisi uSualo, aseve, zogadenobrivi mniSvnelobis garda, SeiZleba gadata-niTi mniSvnelobiT da funqciiT damkvidrdes. amas ganapi-robebs swored winadadebis sintaqsuri wyoba, ritorikuli figurebis ganlageba da a. S.; unda vaRiaroT, rom sintaqsur konstruqcias ukiduresi abstraqtuloba axasiaTebs, ris sa-fuZvelzec SesaniSnavad iTavsebs simboluri niSnis rols.

teqstis aRqma nawarmoebis analizis struqturalis-tur meTods efuZneba, romelic am sibrtyeSi erT mTliano-bad ganixileba. misi yvela elementis srulfasovnad gamov-lena SesaZlebelia teqstis sxva elementebTan mimarTebaSi. gramatikuli kategoriis elementebis roli mniSvnelovania leqsis azris konstruirebaSi, xolo Sinaarsi, xSir SemT-xvevaSi, arqikomponentsac warmoadgens.

damowmebani: gorgaZe 1930: gorgaZe s. qarTuli leqsi. Tb.: 1930. doiaSvili 1982: doiaSvili T. literaturul-kritikuli werilebi.

Tb.: `merani~, 1982. kalandaZe 1976: kalandaZe a. rCeuli. Tb.: 1976. tomaSevski 1996: Томашевскии Б. В. Теория литературы. Поэтика. М.:

1996. xinTibiZe 1961: xinTibiZe a. poeturi xelovnebis sakiTxebi.Tb.: 1961.

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Tea beriZe

ana kalandaZis `fSauri ciklis~ poetika

ana kalandaZis poeziaSi `fSaur cikls~ gansakuTrebu-li adgili ukavia. 1955 wlis ivlisSi poeti saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis enaTmecnierebis institutidan miuv-linebiaT sofel SuafxoSi. swored am periodSi iqmneba gans-xvavebuli xelweris leqsebi `fSauri ciklisa”, romelsac poeti, Semdgom, drodadro, periodulad miubrundeba.

`fSauri ciklis~ metrika saTaves xalxuri poeziidan iRebs. am kiloze dawerili leqsebi 8-marcvliani dabali SairiT aris Sesrulebuli (5/3). 1955 wels dawerili leqsebi am sazomiT aris gamarTuli. poeti striqonebs taepebad ar gamoyofs da arc maTi raodenobiT ifargleba. leqsebis umetesoba 8-striqoniania, mag: `WiCoze nislis kotori...~∗ ciklidan samiode leqsi 14-taepiania _ `cixegors galobs bulbuli~. ra Tqma unda, striqonTa aRniSnuli raodenoba sonetsa da oneginis strofs gagvaxsenebs, Tumca maTTan ana-seul leqsebis strofikas kavSiri ar aqvs, isini arc sazomiT, arc riTmiT ar miesadagebian aRniSnul formebs. gvxvdeba aseve 6, 16, 18 striqoniT gawyobili leqsebi. `gais gazaf-xuls~ _ 20-taepiania. `fSaur ciklSi” strofuli kanonzo-miereba darRveulia, anu leqsebis strofebad danawevreba ar xerxdeba. astrofia xalxuri poeziisaTvis aris damaxasiaTe-beli. am periodSi Sesrulebuli yvela leqsi intervaliani (xaxa) riTmiT aris gawyobili.

`fSavelo qalav, Tuluxi zurgze moigde TokiTa... gamogedevna aragvi mTidan mosuli rokviTa...~

intervaliani riTma damaxasiaTebelia qarTuli ze-

pirsityvierebisa da xalxuri poeziiT STagonebuli poete-bisaTvis. 1955 wels gariTmvis gansxvavebuli sistema aqvs leqss: ,,me aragvze davrCebodi”... pirveli strofi samjeradi riTmiTaa gawyobili (aaxa), meore strofSi isev intervaliani

∗ ana kalandaZis teqstebi damowmebulia poetis ortomeulidan.

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riTmaa mocemuli, magram aRsaniSnavia erTi faqtori: meor-deba sariTmo sityva _ ,,xaro~:

`nislauro, nisli xaro, gamiqrebi: mzisi xaro ... magram ra vqna, sxvisi xaro... ...Cemi gulis SiSi xaro... ...arwivebis SinSi xaro~.

monoriTmianoba, saerTod, damaxasiaTebelia xalxuri

poeziisaTvis, magram am leqsis SemTxvevaSi (nimuSSi gauriT-mavi striqonebi gamotovebuli gvaqvs), poeti gvTavazobs tavtologiur riTmas, rac leqss simsubuqes sZens.

akaki xinTibiZe wers: `ana kalandaZe xalxuri kiloTic sargeblobs da `aristokratiuliTac~, xSirad xalxuri leq-sis pirdapir citirebas axdens; Tumca misi stili darbais-luri qarTulia~ (xinTibiZe 2000: 102)

`fSauri ciklis~ Seqmnis Taobaze ana kalandaZe TviTon mogviTxrobs Tavis CanawerebSi: `xalxur kilos sagangebod mivmarTav xolme koloritis _ xalxurobis surnelis Sesa-narCuneblad. mivmarTav, cxadia, mxolod maSin, roca leqsis Tema moiTxovs amas. magaliTad, ase moviqeci fSauri leqsebis ciklis werisas. isini fSauri xalxuri leqsis motivebzea Seqmnili, _ xalxuri poeziis didebul kuTxes mindoda (uf-ro swori iqneboda, Tu vityodi, ,,undoda”-meTqi!) ase Sevx-mianebodi, mxolod ,,Tavis enaze!” ara, ver gadmoscems es naTqvami im ganwyobilebas, raic maSin ,,mkarnaxobda” am stri-qonebs: es leqsebi ase gaxmaurdnen CemSi mTidan dabrunebis-Tanave, mxolod ase mewereboda!” (kalandaZe 1995: 73).

1955 wlis `fSaur ciklSi~ gvxvdeba vaJa-fSavelas poe-ziis reminiscenciebi, rac gasakviri sulac ar aris, radgan ganwyobas qmnis garemos, sazomis, gariTmvis msgavseba. fSau-ri garemos zegavleniT, orive poeti aragvs, nisls, mTis yva-vilebs da mTa-kldeebs xatavs. leqsSi `vaJas~ vkiTxulobT:

`me vnaxe Seni lamazi fSavi — bumberaz mTebiTa... ... mTav bumberazo, miiRe Cemic... salami gviani...~

TavisTavad cxadia, rom motivebi, romelTac ana kalandaZe gvTavazobs, mTis adaT-wesebma gansazRvres. vaJa-

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fSavelas Semoqmedebas leitmotivad gasdevs `kai ymis~ saxe. leqsSi `doRi axielSi~ vkiTxulobT: `da mainc asgan Tavga-Cexili, ciskarauli moswonT gogoebs~. `baxtrionis~ gmirs `zezvai saocarias~ ana kalandaZec acocxlebs Tavis leqsSi: `zezva gafrindaulis Zegli qvemo alvanSi~ _`jaWvi rad gmosavs, gafrindaulo, alaverdisken ras zverav ase?~ kai ymis motivi mxolod fSauri ciklis kuTvnileba ar aris. ana kalandaZe Tavis poeziaSi xSirad acocxlebs istoriul gmirebs da maT didebiT mosavs: `saiT arian Salva, biZina da elizbari? mters saiT Cexavs marad Zlieri imaTi xmali?~ kai yma da gmiria anasTvis saqarTvelos didebuli mefe ereklec: `laSqars miuZRvis xmalCaugebi erekle mefe...~

xevsureTSi ana kalandaZes maspinZlobas uwevda naTela baliaurisa da aleqsi oCiauris ojaxi. maTTan erTad cxov-robda maTi moxuci deda, lela wiklauri, romelsac Svili-Svilebi berdedas eZaxdnen. berdeda im xevsurul tradici-ebze gazrdili qali gaxldaT, mtris vaJkacobas didad rom afasebda da marjvenas uqebda. poetze didi gavlena moux-denia am, as wels mitanebul, moxucs, swored aqedan iRebs saTaves berdedas motivi _ 1962 wels `berdedas _ lela wiklaurs~ da 1967 wels isev miubrundeba am motivs leqsiT `isev berdedas~:

` _ raisTvis aqeb qistebs, berdedav, maTs vaJkacobas, Zalas da simxnes? miwa uvsiaT maT xevsurT ZvlebiT... _ ras ambob, qalav, vaJkaceb iyvnes!~

`fSaur ciklSi~ gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs mTis yvavi-

lebs. yvavilTa da mcenareTa saxelebiT dedika oCiaurisagan Tvlis poeti Tavs davalebulad. ana kalandaZis Semoqmede-baSi bevria egzotikuri mcenare: arjakeli, maisteli, ken-keSa, ukadrisa, vardkaWaWa, darija, maSarisZira, SalSavi da sxva. `mcenareTa saxelebi leqsikonebSi ar miZebnia. arjake-li qsanze `gavicani~ _ lamisyanaSi yofnisas, satyrobela, ukadrisa, Wyanta (igive mTvaris yvavili), mJavela, fafanaga, Salani Tu mariamula — aragvispirebze,” _ wers ana kalandaZe.

ana kalandaZes naTela baliauri pirad werilSi werda: `mixarian, rom xandisxan Cems sayvarel xevsureTsac winwk-lebs esvri, magram Cven mets moviTxovT~... `fSauri ciklis~ leqsebi daaxloebiT ocia (`me aragvze davrCebodi~, `vaJao,

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dilis mzis sxivo~, `cixegors galobs bulbuli~, `fSavelo qalav Tuluxi~, `brols moamsxvrevs TeTraxeva~, `dRes qor-wilia Suafxos~ da a.S. marTalia, poeti mogvianebiTac es-tumreba mTas _ 1969 wels arxots inaxulebs, 1970 _ Satils, isev Cndeba xalxur motivze Seqmnili leqsebi, Tumca erTia-ni cikli aRar gvxvdeba. poeti iSviaTad mimarTavs xalxur kilos gviandel leqsebSi. strofi, riTma da metric ar aris SezRuduli. ra gaxda imis mizezi, rom poetma ar Seavso mogvianebiT `fSauri cikli~, an sxva ar Seqmna, amis axsna, albaT, imiT SeiZleba, rom poetma aRar gaimeora Tavisi Tavi, am cikliT da am formiT srulad amowura Tavisi saTqmeli.

damowmebani:

benaSvili 1986: benaSvili g. wyurvili wvdomisa. Tb.: 1986. kalandaZe 1995: kalandaZe a. ortomeuli. Tb.: gamomcemloba

`saqarTvelo”, 1995. qarTuli... 1980: qarTuli poeziis anTologia. Tb.: 1980. xinTibiZe 2000a: xinTibiZe a. qarTuli leqsmcodneoba. Tb.: 2000. xinTibiZe 2000b: xinTibiZe a. ra CurCuli esmiT CemTa yurTa?

mnaTobi. Tb.: 2000. CorgolaSvili 1987: CorgolaSvili m. Cemi gazafxulis yvavilebi.

Tb.: 1987.

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giorgi lobJaniZe

foruy faroxzadis poeturi reformebi sparsuli leqsis Tvisebrivi ganaxlebisaTvis

XX saukunis meore naxevris sparsul poeziaSi Tviseb-

rivi siaxle ramdenime gamorCeulma avtorma moitana. maT Soris gansakuTrebulia poeti qali foruy faroxzadi (1933-1969), romelmac, Tavisi arcTu xangrZlivi cxovrebis miuxe-davad, SeZlo sparsuli poeturi sityvis mravalsaukunovani tradicia axal simaRleebamde aeyvana, swored imiT, rom da-pirispireboda tradicias da saukuneebis manZilze gabato-nebuli obieqturi (koleqtiuri) poeturi cnobierebis sa-nacvlod Tavis leqsebSi win wamoewia subieqturi aRqma _ mkveTrad gamoxatul pirovnulobaze dasmuli aqcentebiT.

miznis misaRwevad faroxzads ramdenime mniSvnelovani amocanis gadaWram mouwia. upirvelesad, poeturi enis ganax-lebam, rac gulisxmobda am enis gaTavisuflebas didi xnis winaT damkvidrebuli kliSeebisagan.

faroxzadisaTvis sakiTxi ase idga: TavisTavad arcer-Ti sityva ar SeiZleba iyos poeturi an arapoeturi. mniSv-nelovania is, Tu ra Sinaarss vdebT ama Tu im sityvaSi da, rac mTavaria, ras moviTxovT TviTon poeziisagan (faroxzadi 2004: 78).

Tu poezia gvWirdeba rogorc saamo cxovrebisaTvis aucilebeli erTgvari burJuaziuli samSvenisi, maSin, rasak-virvelia, Tavisuflad SegviZlia da, ufro meti, aucile-belic kia davrCeT im sistemis sazRvrebSi, sadac poeturad mxolod vardisa da bulbulis tradiciuli esTetika aRiqmeba.

magram Tu gvinda, rom poeziam Tavisi namdvili funqcia Seasrulos, anu yofierebis tragikuli sazrisis gacnobiere-biT samyaroSi Cveni adgilis povnaSi dagvexmaros, maSin is ver iqneba SemosazRvruli mxolod im leqsikiTa da Temati-kiT, rac uwin mis arsebobas gansazRvravda.

faroxzads esmoda, rom Tuki tradiciuli yazali Tavis droze asrulebda zemoT miTiTebul funqcias da adekvatu-rad gamoxatavda drois Sesabamis, erTgvarad idiliur ganw-yobilebebs, dRes, roca dairRva odindeli harmonia, SeuZ-lebeli gaxda Tundac ise wera, rogorc poetebi werdnen, vTqvaT, atomis gaxleCamde (faroxzadi 2004: 79).

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xolo rakiRa TviTon atomis gaxleCa XX saukunis poetisaTvis ukve ara metafora, aramed realurad momxdari saswauli iyo, aman TavisTavad wamoWra metaforis, rogorc mxatvruli saSualebis, gadaazrebis aucileblobac. gamom-saxvelobiT saSualebebis ganaxlebam ki gamoiwvia struqtu-ruli cvlilebebi, rac tradiciuli saleqso sazomebis moS-liT dagvirgvinda.

faroxzadis Semoqmedebaze Tvalis midevnebiT SegviZ-lia am sazomebis rRvevis mTeli procesi aRvadginoT. Tu poeti pirvel-or krebulSi mainc inarCunebs formalur kav-Sirs tradiciul saleqso sistemasTan da strofuli poeziis nimuSebs gvTavazobs (rac, sxvaTa Soris, TavisTavad ukve ucxo elementia monorimuli sparsuli aruzisTvis) (Samisa 1994: 76) bolo wignebSi am pirobiT kavSirsac moSlis da gvTavazobs Tvisebrivad axali poeziis nimuSebs, romlebic garegnulad da zedapirulad evropuli poetikis verlibrsa da verblans mogvagonebs, magram arsobrivad principulad gansxvavdeba amisagan, radgan aruzis tradiciuli sistemis rRvevis Sedegia (Samisa 1994: 77).

foruy faroxzadis damokidebulebebs da mis mimarTe-bas poeziasTan SesaniSnavad gvixsnis misi interviu Jurna-list sirus TahbazTan, romlis sruli Targmani gamovaqvey-neT wignSi `meored dabadeba~ (aleqsandre orbelianis sazo-gadoeba, 2004), aq ki am interviudan ramdenime fragments davimowmebT, raTa gavarkvioT, ra moTxovnebs uyenebda poe-ti qali Tanamedrove poezias, romelic, misi azriT, epoqis suliskveTebis gamomxatveli unda yofiliyo. kerZod, Jur-nalistis SekiTxvaze, ratom werT leqsebs, ras eZebT leq-sebSio, foruyi upasuxebs: ` eg Tqveni ratom saerTodac ver egueba leqsebs da poezias. me ar SemiZlia giTxraT, ratom vwer leqsebs. vfiqrob, mizezi _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, erT-erTi mTavari mizezi, rac xelovan xalxs maTi saqmianobisaken ubiZgebs, gaxlavT am adamianTa qvecnobieri miswrafeba _ daupirispirdnen da ar daemorCilon warmavlobas. es is xal-xia, romelTac sicocxlec da sikvdilic sxvebze ufro uyvarT da ukeT esmiT. xelovnebac am qveynad darCenis, sa-kuTari Tavis ukvdavyofisa da sikvdilis sazrisis uaryofis Taviseburi mcdelobaa. zogjer vfiqrob: marTalia, sikvdi-li bunebis erT-erTi kanonia, magram adamiani mxolod am kanonis winaSe grZnobs Tavs umweod da arasrulfasovnad. sxva saqmea, rom sikvdils verafers mouxerxeb. is unda iyos da Zalianac kargi ramea. ai, es aris zogadi ganmarteba,

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romelic, SesaZlebelia, odnav suleluradac ki mogeCvenoT. piradad CemTvis ki poezia megobaria, da roca masTan miv-divar, SemiZlia, Zalze ubralod guli movioxo. is Cemi mewy-vilea, romelic srulmyofs, makmayofilebs da amas ise axer-xebs, rom Tavisi arsebobiT odnavadac ar Semawuxos. zogier-Tebi sakuTar danakliss cxovrebaSi sxva adamianebTan urTi-erTobiT, maTTan moZiebuli TavSesafris wyalobiT inazRau-reben. magram danaklisi amiT arasodes anazRaurdeba da rom anazRaurebuliyo, gana TviTon es urTierToba ar iqneboda yofierebisa da ama qveynis udidesi poezia?!

poezia CeTvis is sarkmelia, romelsac rogorc ki miuaxlovdebi, TavisTavad iReba. me vjdebi am fanjarasTan: viyurebi, vmReri, vRrialeb, vtiri, xeTa anarekls vuerTdebi da vici, rom fanjris iqiTa mxares sivrcea. iq viRacas usaTuod esmis Cemi: viRacas, romelic, sulerTia, orasi wlis Semdeg mova Tu samasi wlis winaT cxovrobda. poezia CemTvis kavSiris saSualebaa yofierebasa da arsebobasTan _ am sityvis yvelaze mravlismomcveli mniSvnelobiT. misi sikeTe isaa, rom roca adamiani leqss wers, SeuZlia Tqvas, varsebob anda ukve vicxovreo. mis gareSe ki aba, aseTi rameebis Tqma da gacxadeba rogor SeiZleba?

me Cems leqsebSi arafers daveZeb. SeiZleba iTqvas, Cems leqsebSi xelaxla vpoulob sakuTar Tavs. rac Seexeba, sxvaTa poezias, an zogadad, poezias... zogi leqsi Ria kari-viTaa, romlis arc aqeT da arc iqiTa mxares araferia. kaci ifiqrebs _ afsus qaRaldio! zogi leqsic, piriqiT, daketil karsa hgavs, romlis gaRebis Semdeg xvdebi, rom motyuvdi da arc ki Rirda misi gamoReba. mis miRma Camowolili sicariele iseTi sazarelia, rom `aqeTa mxaris~ _ zedapiris sisavsec ki ver anazRaurebs. arada, ZiriTadi, swored is _`iqiTa mxare~ anu siRrme, Sinaarsi unda yofiliyo.

ai, zogi leqsi ki kari ar aris, arc Ria da arc daxu-ruli. es leqsebi arc CarCoTi dasazRvrulni ar arian. gzas hgvanan, sulerTia _ grZelsa Tu mokles. gzas, romelic ra-RacasTan Sesaxvedrad midis, miiswrafis. mere ukan brundeba da arasodes iRleba siaruliT. zogjer Tu SeCerdeba, raRa-caze dasakvirveblad, romelic manamde, arc wina da arc ukana gzobisas, arasdros SeemCnia.

xandaxan minda poeziam xeli CamWidos, Tan wamiyvanos; fiqri, mzera, SegrZneba da xedva maswavlos. Cveni urTier-Tobis Sedegi ki kargad awonili fiqri da naazrevi iyos.

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me vfiqrob, rom xelovneba, poezia gacnobiereba unda iyos _ gacnobiereba cxovrebisa, arsebobisa da Tqven warmoidgineT im vaSlisac ki, romelsac vkbeCT an CakbeCas vupirebT.

SeuZlebelia mxolod SiSveli vnebebiT cxovreba. an ufro ukeT: xelovans ar SeuZlia da arc SeiZleba _ icxov-ros mxolod SiSveli vnebebisa da grZnobebis xarjze. adamia-ni kargad unda xedavdes Tavis Tavsa da Tavis samyaros da SemdgomSi swored es aucilebloba ubiZgebs fiqrisaken. xolo roca azrovneba iwyeba, kacs SeuZlia ukve myarad dadges fexze. ise ar gamigoT, TiTqos vambobde _ poezia Cafiqrebuli an filosofiurad Sefiqrianebuli unda iyos-meTqi. ara, ra sisulelea! amiT imis Tqma mindoda, rom poe-zia, xelovnebis sxva dargebis msgavsad, unda iyos azrov-nebiT gamobrZmedil da gawvrTnil SegrZnebaTa da wvdomaTa nayofi. Tu poeti naRdi poetia (da amasTanave: poeti anu ga-TviT-cnobierebuli), xvdebi, misi azrebi, ranairad, rogor Seedinebian mis poeziaSi, msgavsad: `fanjarasTan mofrenili Ramurasi~, msgavsad: `qvaze mkvdari torolasi~, msgavsad: `mzvareSi CaTvlemili kusi~ _ ase ubralod, lamazad da upretenziod... (faroxzadi 2004: 77-80).

vfiqrobT, interviuSi gaJonili odnavi paTetikis miu-xedavad, mainc SesaniSnavad Cans, ra moTxovnebs uyenebda foruy faroxzadi poeziis Sinaarsobriv mxares. misi pasuxe-bidan imasac vxedavT, rom igi reformis aucileblobamde racionaluri gansjis safuZvelze mivida. amitomac aRniSna XX saukunis iranuli poeziis erT-erTma metrma mehdi axavan salesma foruyis Sesaxeb werilSi `dRevandeli poeziis dampyrobeli~:

`darwmunebuli var, `meored dabadeba~ aramxolod foruyis, aramed mTeli Cveni dRevandeli poeziis maZiebeli da cocxali axalSobilis, mTeli sparsuli poeziis xelaxali dabadebac iyo. am sityvebis yvelaze ufro mkafio dadastu-reba ki isaa, rom Cveni poeziis axalgazrduli frTis war-momadgenlebi, yvelani, ise CaiZirnen am dabadebis bunebaSi, rom TiTqos es wigni yvela maTganis xelaxal Sobad iqca. foruyma Cveni drois poezia sul ramdenime wlis ganmav-lobaSi, sakvirvelad, mTeli ZaliTa da gabedulebiT, magram yovlad uiaraRod da ulaSqrod daipyro.

aqamde Cveni poeziis mpyrobeli xelmwife nima iyo, magram dRes axali mpyrobeli gamoCnda.

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am axali mpyroblis xedvis kuTxe sxva mimarTulebisaa. mas poeziis qalaqi SemTxvevis wyalobiT ki ar auRia, aramed daZabuli Ziebisa da Semecnebis meoxebiT avida gamarjvebis kvarcxlbekze da amitomac misi gamarjveba ufro myari da xangrZlivi iqneba~ (axavan salesi 1964: 101).

am Sefasebidan TiTqmis or aTeul welze meti gavida da drom daadastura da gamokveTa TviTon SesaniSnavi poetis mosazreba foruy faroxzadis siaxleTa arssa da mniSvnelobaze.

foruyis Taobis meore Cinebuli poetis ahmad Samlus azriT ki, `foruyi Zalian didi poetia. misi poezia Sorsaa didi TvalTmaqcobisa da riTma-ritmis eSmakobisagan. is arc zRaprebs yveba da arc ocnebebs gadmogvcems. misi leqsebi yvelaze ufro gulwrfeli sityvebia, rac ki SeiZleba vin-mesgan moismino. marTali adamianis sityvebia, romelsac naTqvamis adresatad upirvelsad sakuTari Tavi eguleba. xolo Tu bolomde ver SevZeliT misi gaazreba imitom, rom is Rrmaa da sazRvrebi ar uCans~ (Samlu 1965 : 53).

Sinaarsobrivi siaxleebi, cxadia, axali formebis damk-vidrebasac moiTxovda da gulisxmobda.

TviTon poeti sagangebod aRniSnavda, rom tradiciuli leqswyoba e. w. `aruz o yafie~ (arabuli arudi) Tanamimdev-rulad arasodes Seuswavlia da arsebiTad misTvis sulerTi iyo, Zveli poetikis wesebi da kanonebi, roca saqme adamianis, konkretulad ki misi pirovnuli gancdebis gadmocemas exe-boda (faroxzadi 2004: 87).

sainteresoa, rom Tanamedrove iranelma mkvlevarma sirus Samisam formis TvalsazrisiT faroxzadis leqsebi tradiciul poetikasTan mimarTebis kuTxiT sam wyebad daaj-gufa: a) leqsebi, romlebic tradiciul yalibebSi an (oTx-striqonedTa msgavsad) TiTqmis tradiciuli yalibTa farg-lebSia. am leqsebis sazomebi zustad misdevs tradiciuli aruzis ritmikas.

b) leqsebi, romlebic nimas sazomebSia dawerili, magram aruzis TvalsazrisiTac aranairi nakli ar gaaCniaT.

g) leqsebi, romlebic nimas yalibebiTaa Seqmnili, mag-ram faroxzads maTSi ori sazomi aqvs Sereuli, anda rome-lime mosalodneli komponentis (sparsuli ruqn, igive: ara-buli arudis _ bahr) sanacvlod, sxva iseTi komponenti aqvs gamoyenebuli, rac gavrcelebuli ar iyo aruzis tradiciul metrikaSi.

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siriuS Samisas azriT, yvelaze met yuradRebas swored am bolo tipis leqsebi imsaxurebs.

Semdeg mkvlevari CamoTvlis im axal sazomebs, rac sparsul poeziaSi foruy faroxzadma daamkvidra. kerZod:

عالتن فغفعالتن فعالتن فعالتن ف . .1

nimuSi: agar xoda budam malaieq ra Sabi fariad miqardam seqeie xorSid ra dar qureie zolmaT raha sazand xademane baye donia ra az ruei xaSm migofTam barge zarde mahra az Saxeie Sabha joda sazand. )لن مفاعلن مفاعلن مفاعلن(فعالت فعالت فعالت فع 2

nimuSi: ei seTareha qe bar faraze aseman ba negahe xod eSaregar neSasTeid ei seTareha qe az varaie abrha bar jahane ma nazaregar neSasTeid

3)فاعلن مفاعلن مفاعلن( فعالت فعالت فغ 3

nimuSi: dar mani va in hame ze man joda ba mani va dideaT be suie yeir bahre man namande rahe gofTogu To neSasTe garme gofToguie yeir (Samisa 1994: 87-98)

sainteresoa, rom Samisa, faroxzadis mier Semotanil axal sazomebze saubrisas, poetis Semoqmedebis (pirobiTad) II (gardamavali) periodis nimuSebs iSveliebs.

rac Seexeba `meored dabadebidan~ dawyebul sruliad axal da gansxvavebul periods, es leqsebi veranairad veRar Tavsdeba arudis sistemis farglebSi da formalurad ufro axal evropul-amerikul poezias enaTesaveba. arsebiTad, SeuZlebelia uarvyoT franguli poeziis Rrma gavlena faroxzadis Semoqmedebaze. Tumca saintereso iqneboda, misi bolo periodis romelime leqsi agveRo da TiToeuli stri-qonisaTvis tradiciuli poetikis Sesabamisi `vazni~ _ sazomi migvewera.

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aseTi wmindad formaluri eqsperimenti Cven poetis sami leqsis magaliTze CavatareT da miRebulma Sedegebma gviCvena, rom foruyis verlibris yvela ritmuli sazomis `arqetipis~ moZieba SesaZlebelia `aruz o yafies~ sistemaSi. amitomac viziarebT Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmadac, faroxzadis poeturi reformebi formaluri TvalsazrisiT evropuli poeziis zegavlenis ki ara, ufro am tradiciuli arabul-sparsuli saleqso sistemis rRvevis Sedegia.

damowmebani:

axavan salesi 1965: axavan salesi m. dRevandeli poeziis mpyrobeli.

Jurnali `sefid o siah~ (spars. enaze), # 5, 1965. faroxzadi 2004: faroxzadi f. meored dabadeba (sparsulidan

Targmna, Sesavali werili da ganmartebani daurTo g. lobJaniZem). Tbilisi: 2004.

Samisa 1994: Samisa s. zogi ram foruyis Sesaxeb (spars. enaze). Teirani: 1994.

Samlu 1966: Samlu a. maZiebeli poeti qali. Jurnali `firdousi~, # 5, Teirani: 1966.

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apolon silagaZe

qarTuli leqsis kvalifikaciis sakiTxi 1. qarTul leqsze msjelobisas samecniero litera-

turaSi (gansakuTrebiT, Tu naSromi specialurad ar eZR-vneba tipologiuri kvalifikaciis problemas) jer kidev aisaxeba is Zveli viTareba, romelic axasiaTebda qarTul leqsmcodneobas saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi, kerZod: a) qarTuli leqsis Sinagani buneba calsaxad ar aris gansazRvruli; b) qarTuli leqsi SeiZleba iyos an silaburi, an silabur-tonuri (aqcenturi).

mTavari mizezi aseTi viTarebisa, rogorc Cans, aris uapelacio dayrdnoba SedarebiT metrikul tipologiaSi gavrcelebul oTxelementian sqemaze, romlis mixedviTac leqsi unda iyos an silaburi, an aqcenturi (dinamikuri, kva-litatiuri, silabur-aqcenturi, silabur-tonuri), an met-rikuli (duraciuli, kvantitatiuri), an tonuri. es marT-lac universaluri sqemaa da igi miRebulia rogorc amo-savali da principuli, miuxedavad zogierTi interpreta-ciisa da dazustebis arsebobisa, _ mag: sam tipamde dayvana (iakobsoni 1966: 361), an oTxi tipis or jgufad dayofa, ro-melTagan pirvelSi silaburi sistemaa warmodgenili, meo-reSi _ yvela danarCeni (loTsi 1966 : 140). magram amave dros aucilebladaa gasaTvaliswinebeli Semdegi principuli garemoeba (silagaZe 1987: 114 _ 115).

klasifikaciis aseTi dadgenili oTxwevriani sqemis arseboba CvenTvis yovelTvis ar unda niSnavdes imas, rom nebismieri leqsTwyoba, kerZod qarTuli, aucileblad erT-erT maTgans miekuTvneba, _ ar unda gamoiricxos Teoriuli SesaZlebloba, rom romelime konkretuli sistema ar Tavsdeba arcerT tipologiur jgufSi, an Tavsdeba imdenad pirobiTad, rom am jgufisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi apriorulad mas ar SeiZleba mieyenos.

amitom ar unda iyos misaRebi kvlevis iseTi meTodi, rodesac negatiuri argumentebiT mocemuli leqsTwyobis-Tvis uariyofa romelime sistemisTvis gankuTvnebis SesaZ-lebloba da, Sedegad, igi aucileblad miekuTvneba sxvas am-ave cxrilidan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, meTodologiurad ar aris swori, magaliTad, qarTuli leqsis bunebis gansazRv-ris Semdegi gza: Tu Cven davamtkicebT, rom qarTuli leqsi ar aris silaburi, es avtomaturad niSnavs imas, rom igi

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silabur-tonuria, da piriqiT _ Tu uariyofa qarTuli leqsis silabur-tonuroba, es kmara imis dasamtkiceblad, rom igi silaburia. mTavari am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom Se-mowmebis gareSe rCeba mesame SesaZlebloba: qarTuli leqsi SeiZleba arc silaburi iyos, arc silabur-aqcenturi (ag-reTve: arc metrikuli, arc tonuri) _ igi SeiZleba ori-ginaluri bunebisa iyos da emyarebodes enis fonologiuri sistemis iseT zesegmentur elements, romelsac ar emyareba oTxi sistemidan arcerTi.

2. mocemuli leqsTwyobis tipologiuri kvalifikacia, bunebrivia, calsaxadaa dakavSirebuli mocemuli enis pro-sodiuli sistemis elementTan _ zesegmentur, funqciona-lur fonemasTan, romelic leqsTwyobis sistemis warmomqm-nel faqtors qmnis. amave dros, leqsTwyobaSi, rogorc Cans, SeiZleba pirobiTad gamoiyos ori nawili, romelTagan erTi, myari, ganpirobebulia enis prosodiuli baziT, meore, moZravi da cvalebadi, dakavSirebulia eqstralingvistur faqtorebTan literaturuli, sazogadoebriv-kulturuli da a.S xasiaTisa (silagaZe 1987 : 49-55).

enobrivi suprasegmentuli elementi, aqtualizebuli leqsTwyobis mocemul sistemaSi, aRar aris enobrivi elementi _ funqciurad igi leqsis ritmuli organizaciis warmomqmneli elementia, e.i. sxva sistemis wevri. realurad am dros Semdegi suraTi iqmneba: mocemul dasrulebul saleqso-ritmul monakveTSi (striqoni, an ufro qveda donis erTeuli), romelic amave dros enobrivi struqturis mocemuli monakveTia, enobrivi zesegmenturi elementi warmodgenilia raRac poziciebSi da raRac raodenobiT ise, rom arc poziciebi, arc raodenoba araa gansazRvruli, magram am poziciaTa da raodenobaTa erTi nawili mudmivia _ mxolod am poziciaSi warmodgenili enobrivi elementi iZens ritmuli faqtoris mniSvnelobas. sxva sityvebiT: enobrivi masalis (sityvebis) SerCevisas mocemuli proso-diuli elementi erT an ramdenime garkveul adgilze myarad (aucileblad) unda iqnes warmodgenili sxva adgilebze misi fakultaturi yofna-aryofnis pirobebSi.

aseTi elementi, aRWurvili saleqso-ritmuli funqci-iT, unda qmnides minimalur ritmul erTeuls, rogorc kanonzomier agebulebas, romlis gameorebiT an amave donis sxva ritmul odenobebTan kombinirebiT miiReba yvela sxva donis, maT Soris ukiduresad dasrulebuli, ritmuli mo-nakveTi. aseTi erTeuli (an saleqso striqoni) qmnis opozi-

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cias amave donis minimum erT iseT erTeulTan (an saleqso striqonTan), romelic yvela niSniT identuria pirvelisa, garda saleqso-ritmul faqtorad qceuli prosodiuli elementis poziciisa (an poziciebisa). es garemoeba kidev erTi, damatebiTi argumentia imisa, rom mocemuli proso-diuli elementi leqsis ritmuli organizebis struqturu-li faqtoria (pirveli argumenti isaa, rom mocemul enaSi igi, rogorc suprasegmentuli fonema, relevanturia fonologiurad).

Sesabamisad, Tu leqsTwyobis sistemaSi struqturuli faqtoria, vTqvaT, maxvili (ukve ara enobrivi, aramed saleqso iktusi), maSin mocemuli silaburi sigrZis ritmul agebulebas unda upirispirdebodes imave an daaxloebiT imave sigrZis sxva agebuleba, romelsac ritmuli maxvili sxva adgilze aqvs, e.i. ritmul maxvilTa sxva ganlageba aqvs. Tu msjelobas ganvagrZobT sxva tipis leqsTwyobis (amje-rad, terfebze agebulis) magaliTze, amave mizeziT ar SeiZ-leba gvqondes, vTqvaT daqtili, Tu mis gverdiT sistemaSi ar gvaqvs amfibraqi an anapesti, an orive erTad; aseve: Tu vxedavT, vTqvaT, qores da meore peons, isini ar SeiZleba qmnidnen erTsa da imave ritmul erTeulsa da Semdeg _ erTsa da imave metrs.

yvelaferi zemoT Tqmuli exeba leqsTwyobis sistemis pirvel nawils, romelic mdgradi, ucvleli nawilia. igi ganpirobebulia enis prosodiuli sistemiT, romelic sTa-vazobs mocemul leqsTwyobas prosodiul elements saleq-soritmul faqtorad, da masze aigeba sistemis zogadi principic da sabazo wesebic erTeulTa struqturebisTvis, kombinatorikisTvis da a.S. _ ise, rom maTi moxsna an ar-sebiTi Secvla araritmul teqsts mogvcems, an leqsTwyobis sxva sistemas (Tu aseTi ram warmosadgenia).

3. Tu leqsTawyobis sistemas gansazRvravs enis proso-diuli baza, maSin bunebrivad unda daisvas kiTxva: miRebuli oTxklasiani sqema iTvaliswinebs Tu ara prosodiis yvela SesaZleblobas? versifikaciuli sistemebis tipologiuri kvalificirebisas gaTvaliswinebulia marcvali (marcvalTa raodenoba) da masSi (an misgan Seqmnil kombinaciebSi) moq-medi Semdegi ZiriTadi suprasegmentuli maxasiaTeblebi:

a) siZliere. am SemTxvevaSi leqsSi aqtualizebulia Zlieri (maxviliani) da susti (umaxvilo) marcvlebis dapi-rispireba, rac maT struqturulad Rirebul ganlagebas qmnis. es aris aqcenturi leqsi. mis gverdiT arsebobs sila-

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bur-aqcenturi leqsic, romelSic igive dapirispireba qmnis struqturul faqtors, plus (Warbi movlenis saxiT) _ izosilaburi wyoba.

b) sigrZe. struqturul faqtors warmoadgens xmovnis sigrZeze damyarebuli dapirispireba grZeli da mokle mar-cvlebisa, _ metrikuli leqsTwyoba.

g) simaRle. ZiriTadi tonis amaRleba-dawevaze (melo-dia) damyarebuli tonTa klasebi qmnian marcvlebis struq-turulad relevantur dapirispirebas, _ tonuri leqsTwyoba.

d) im enebSi, sadac CamoTvlili Tvisebebi ar warmo-adgenen fonologiur Rirebulebas, leqsis organizeba emya-reba marcvalTa raodenobis faqtors, _ am dros iqmneba (da ganlagdeba Tanabrad an kombinirebulad) myari silaburi sigrZis agebulebebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, aseve myar monakveTebad iyofa; es aris silaburi leqsTwyoba.

magram yoveli mocemuli enobrivi gamonaTqvamis saer-To saxis Seqmnisas, jer erTi, misi Semadgenlebi (maT Soris _ marcvlebi) SeerTebul mTels qmnian, meorec, am dros (marcvlis gagrZelebis, gaZlierebis da a.S. garda) mniSvne-lobis mqonea kidev erTi movlena _ gamijvna (pirvel rigSi sityvebisa maTi bolo da pirveli marcvlebis doneze); Sesa-bamisad, suprasegmentul fonemebs am movlenis aRniSvnis funqciac aqvT (rac kidev erT funqcias ukavSirdeba _ erTeulTa raodenobis aRniSvnas).

pirvel yovlisa, es aris pauza, romelsac struqtu-rul lingvistikaSi Tavidanve mieqca yuradReba (harisi 1951: 14).

ufro zustad, laparakia sazRvris, gasayaris (boundary) movlenaze sityvebs Soris, aseve _ sityvaTa Semadgenel morfemebs Soris, aseve _ Sesityvebebs Soris, rasac struq-turuli funqcia aqvs; sailustrciod minimaluri wyvile-bis monaxva yovelTvis SeiZleba: ingl. night rate: nitrate (gli-soni 1956: 41); rus. Подругу вели : подруг увели (axmanova 1966: 349); qarT. dawera qviTa: da weraqviTa. am dros or mezobel bgeras Soris saartikulacio Sesvenebaa e.w. Ria gadasasvle-lis (open transition) saxiT. es aris fonologiuri Rirebulebis mqone movlena (Treigeri 1941: 224-226; qarTuli enisTvis ix. wereTeli 1973: 44-50), romelsac pauzasTan, rogorc am Sem-TxvevaSi mijnis fonemasTan (juncture phoneme), erTad qmnis maxvilic da ritmic.

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rogoric unda iyos am movlenis fonetikuri buneba da misi kvalifikacia, mTavari am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom funq-ciurad Cven saqme gvaqvs struqturul gasayarTan, sadac pauza da sxva Tanmxlebi maxasiaTeblebi axdenen metyvele-bis erTeulTa, maT Soris maRali donis erTeulTa, pirvel rigSi, sityvaTa, diferencirebas.

Tu gadavalT saleqso-ritmuli organizaciis sistema-ze, am doneze sakuTriv lingvistur detalebs (fonetikuri da a.S. xasiaTisa) aRar aqvT mniSvneloba. mTavaria, rom aseTi enobrivi movlena, sityvaTgasayari, arsebobs da zogadad misi aRniSvna SeiZleba davukavSiroT pauzas, rogorc enob-riv (virtualur Tu realizebul) elements.

ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom am faqtors leqsmcod-neobiT analizSi yuradReba ar eqceva, _ Sdr. cezura (rit-muli pauza, metruli pauza da a.S.), romelic yovelTvis Tanxvdeba sityvaTgasayars (word-boundary); magram igi yvela SemTxvevaSi damxmare funqciis matarebelia, kerZod _ raRac struqturis mqone striqonis gayofis saSualebaa (es sazRvari nebismieri tipis leqsTwyobaSi yovelTvis Cndeba striqonis, rogorc dasrulebuli ritmuli monakveTis, bolosac). meore mxriv, Teoriulad SeiZleba warmovid-ginoT aseTi suraTic: sityvaTgasayari, reprezentirebuli saleqso sistemaSi, aqtualizebulia iseTi ZaliT, rogorc, vTqvaT, maxvili aqcentur leqsSi, da aqvs ritmis regulire-bis, Seqmnis Tviseba, e. i. warmoadgens mudmiv ritmul gasa-yars saleqso-ritmuli funqciiT.

4. leqsTwyobis aseTi sistema, rogorc Cans, sruliad realuria, _ aseTi viTareba Cven gvaqvs qarTul leqsSi, romlis kvalificireba silabur leqsad mxolod pirobiTad SeiZleba.

qarTulSi: a) saleqso erTeuls (striqons da sxv.) war-moadgens ara, vTqvaT, 7-marcvliani agebuleba, aramed 5+2 da 4+3, romelTagan TiToeuls Tavisi mudmivi saleqso gasa-yari (Seqmnili mudmivi sityvaTgasayaris bazaze) da Tavisi struqtura aqvs da TiToeuli qmnis damoukidebel metrs. b) metris agebisas 5+2 da 4+3 erTmaneTTan ar mezobloben (striqonebis Tu sxva erTeulebis saxiT); g) amave dros, 5+2 SeTavsebadia da mezoblobs iseT agebulebebTan, rogoricaa 5+5, 5+4, 5+3, 5+1, 5+0 (e.i. agebulebebTan, romelTac igive gasayari aqvT 5 marcvlis Semdeg), xolo 4+3 iseT agebule-bebTan, rogoricaa 4+4, 4+2, 4+1, 4+0 (e.i. agebulebebTan, romelTac igive gasayari aqvT 4 marcvlis Semdeg).

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sabolood, igive 5+2 qmnis damoukideblad (e.i. Tavisi gameorebiT) metrs, romlis saxe gansazRvrulia ara imiT, rom igi 7-marcvliania (radganac aseve damoukideblad qmnis metrs 4+3-c, romlis saxec ar aris imiT gansazRvruli, rom igi 7-marcvliania), aramed imiT, rom mas aqvs Tavisi struq-turuli niSani _ gasayari xuTi marcvlis Semdeg. amave dros, 5+2 qmnis sxva metrs 5+5-Tan mezoblobiT, romelsac sxva silaburi sigrZe aqvs (10 da ara 7 marcvliani), magram igive gasayari 5 marcvlis Semdeg; sxva metrs 5+2 qmnis 5+4-Tan, aseve 5+3-Tan, aseve 5+1-Tan, aseve 5+0-Tan, romelTac aseve sxva silaburi sigrZeebi aqvT, magram igive gasayari 5 marcvlis Semdeg; 5+2 aseve Seqmnis garkveul sxva metrebs erTdroulad ramdenime CamoTvlil agebulebasTan erTad, romelTac gasayari 5 marcvlis Semdeg aqvT. (igive _ 4+4-is Sesaxeb, romelic ar Seqmnis saleqso struqturebs im age-bulebasTan erTad, sadac gasayari 5 marcvlis Semdegaa, magram Seqmnis imaTTan erTad, sadac gasayari 4 marcvlis Semdegaa).

yvelaferi es imas niSnavs, rom ritmul struqturebs qarTul leqsSi silaburi sigrZe ar qmnis, aseve _ masze ar aigeba metris struqtura (izosilaburi monakveTebis ga-meorebiT, an sxvadasxva silaburi sigrZeebis kanonzomieri monacvleobiT). qarTulSi Cven ver vnaxavT, vTqvaT, 7-marcvlian striqons, aseTi striqoni unda iyos: an 5+2, rac damoukidebeli (sistemisTvis markirebuli) struqturaa da damoukidebeli metris baza; an 4+3, rac aseve damouki-debeli struqturaa da damoukidebeli metris baza (an 3+3+1, rac aseve damoukidebeli struqturaa da damouki-debeli metris baza).

sabolood, Tu isev 5+2 agebulebas ganvixilavT, igi ar aris 7 marcvali, es aris 5 marcvali plus 2 marcvali; Tu 5+5 agebulebas ganvixilavT, es aris 5 marcvali plus 5 da a.S. yvela SemTxvevaSi struqturas qmnis 5+X, e.i. ara marcvalTa raodenoba, aramed ritmuli gasayari 5-is Semdeg.

rodesac metri aigeba, striqonTa struqturebis Seer-Tebisas Cven gveqneba: an 5+2 agebulebis gameoreba _ erTi metri, an 5+5 agebulebis gameoreba _ meore metri (orsave SemTxvevaSi _ izosilaburi struqtura), da a.S. amave dros gveqneba 5+2, 5+5 da a.S. striqonebis erToblivi monawileo-ba sxva metrebis agebaSi. es imas niSnavs, rom marcvalTa raodenobis Tanabroba (izolisabizmis principi) metrSi fakultaturd SeiZleba warmodgenili iqnas, SeiZleba _

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ara, oRond yvela SemTxvevaSi ise, rom mudmivi ritmuli gasayari (misi adgili) aucileblad unda iqnas daculi.

magram izosilabizmis Sesaxeb qarTulSi msjeloba mxolod pirobiTad SeiZleba: imave 5+2 agebulebis (stri-qonis) gameorebaze damyarebuli metri struqturulad ar aris izosilaburi 7-marcvliani metri, radganac Cven gvaqvs 4+3 agebulebis gameorebiT Seqmnili sxva metri, romelic agreTve ar aris 7-marcvliani metri (aseve gvaqvs 3+3+1, romelic agreTve ar aris 7-marcvliani struqtura).

yvelaferi, rac aRiwera zemoT, aris gamartivebuli suraTi qarTuli leqsTwyobis sistemisa (mis Sesaxeb ix. silagaZe 1987), romelSic minimaluri ritmuli erTeuli (Cemi terminologiiT, orwevredi) aris binaruli agebule-bisa da mis struqturul saxes ganapirobebs ritmuli ga-sayari or segments Soris (binaruli erTeulebi qmnian ierarqias, Sesabamisad, ritmul gasayarsac ierarqiuli xa-siaTi aqvs; dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ix. silagaZe 1987; iqve _ struqturaTa agebis wesebisa da sxva kanonebis Sesaxeb). am erTeulis (umciresi ritmuli erTeulis) sistema sami klasisgan Sedgeba: I. 5+5, 5+4, 5+3, 5+2, 5+1, 5+0; II. 4+4, 4+3, 4+2, 4+1, 4+0; III. 3+3, 3+2, 3+1, 3+0 (saerTo formula n + k, sadac n = k an n > k).

pirveli klasis bazaze iqmneba metrebi: a) 5+5 (am age-bulebis gameoreba), 5+4 (am agebulebis gameoreba), da a.S; b) 5+5 da romelime agebuleba amave klasidan (agebulebaTa kanonzomieri kombinireba), 5+4 da romelime agebuleba amave klasidan da a.S; g) 5+5 da ramdenime agebuleba amave klasi-dan, 5+4 da ramdenime agebuleba amave klasidan da a.S. amave wesebiT iqmneba metrebi meore da mesame klasebis bazaze.

am sistemis realizaciisas Cven ver miviRebT metrs, romelic markirebuli iqneba rogorc silabTa garkveuli raodenoba. romelime 8-marcvliani struqtura (striqoni an sxva donis erTeuli), sinamdvileSi es aris an 5+3, an 4+4, an 3+3+2, da yoveli es agebuleba aris damoukidebeli metri; romelime 10 marcvali, es aris an 5+5, an 4+4+2, an 3+3+3+1 da a.S. da a.S.

erTeulTa struqturebs (da maT ierarqias) da saleqso metrebs qmnis ritmuli gasayari ( da misi ierarqia). ritmul gasayars warmoSobs sityvaTgasayaris mudmivi pozicia sxva sityvaTgasayarTa fakultaturi arsebobis pirobebSi (rit-muli gasayari, nebismieri ierarqiuli donisa, Tanxvdeba enobriv sityvaTgasayars, magram yvela sityvaTgasayari ar

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aris ritmuli gasayari). mocemuli erTeulis ritmuli gasayari aris erTeulis or wevrs Soris mudmivi faqtori, romelic am erTeulis, rogorc binaruli formis, doneze gamoyofs da aformebs mis or Semadgenels, xolo mTeli sistemis, rogorc ierarqiulad dakavSirebuli erTeulebis mTlianobis, doneze kravs am or Semadgenels da aformebs mocemul binarul erTeuls, gamoyofs ra mas erTeulTa ierarqiaSi. sxva sityvebiT, ritmuli gasayaris funqcia aris ara gayofa, aramed ori Semadgenlis dadgena da misi gaer-Tianeba erT binarul erTeulad. marcvalTa raodenobebi, romelic am dros iqmneba, mTlianad damokidebulia ritmu-li gasayaris faqtorze (izolisabizmi garegani niSania, romelic _ im SemTxvevaSi, Tu realizebulia _ warmoad-gens ritmuli siWarbis movlenas; struqturis poziciebi-dan ki, Cven gvaqvs erTi da imave ritmuli gasayariT Seqm-nili izomorfizmi, romelic im SemTxvevaSic warmodgeni-lia, rodesac garegani izolisabizmi ar gvaqvs); aseve: max-vilTa konfiguracia, romelsac leqsSi garkveuli damxmare funqcia aqvs (ufro dawvrilebiT ix. silagaZe 1986: 12-18), mTlianad damokidebulia ritmuli gasayaris faqtorze. (bunebrivia, leqsSi yovelTvis moinaxeba erTze meti maxa-siaTebeli, magram dgindeba erTi mTavari, mudmivi struq-turuli niSani; Sdr taranovski 1966: 173).

am tipis leqsTwyobis kvalifikacia mxolod ase SeiZ-leba: leqsTwyoba, damyarebuli ritmuli gasayaris faqtor-ze. amgvari leqsTwyobis adgili tipologiur sqemaSi ar SeiZleba iyos iq, sadac silaburi tipia.

aviRoT erT-erTi, SedarebiT axali, klasifikacia (loTsi 1966: 140-141), sadac saleqso metrebis ori princi-puli klasia warmodgenili (metris tipi, rogorc safuZve-li leqsTwyobis tipisa): 1. Pure-syllabic meter: regulirebulia mxolod marcvalTa raodenoba sintaqsur agebulebebSi _ sityvebSi, kolonebSi, winadadebebSi (silaburi leqsTwyo-ba). 2. Syllabic-prosodic meter: aqtualizebulia garkveuli pro-sodiuli maxasiaTeblebi da maTi poziciebi (plus, raRac doziT, marcvalTa ricxobrivi mowesrigeba); aq sami qve-klasi ganixileba, romelzec zemoT ukve iyo msjeloba: du-raciuli metri, dinamikuri metri da tonuri metri (da sami Sesabamisi tipi leqsTwyobisa).

am klasifikaciaSi qarTuli leqsis adgili meore klasSia da aq igi Seqmnis meoTxe tips: metri, romelic sityvaTgasayaris, rogorc prosodiuli faqtoris, struq-

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turul aqtualizebazea damyarebuli, da leqsTwyoba, rome-lic am saxis metrebs Seicavs.

5. Tqmulidan gamomdinare, pirvel rigSi, gamosaricxia iseTi tipis msjelobebi, rodesac qarTuli leqsis esa Tu is metri aRiwereba rogorc marcvalTa garkveuli raodeno-bisgan agebuli striqoni, vTqvaT, 10- marcvliani leqsi, an 8-marcvliani leqsi, an 16-marcvliani Sairi da a.S.

qarTulSi Cven gvaqvs ara 8-marcvliani striqoni da, Sesabamisad, 8-marcvliani metri (8-marcvliani leqsi), ara-med Semdegi sxvadasxva, sruliad avtonomiuri, striqonebi da metrebi: 5+3, 4+4, (3+0) + (3+2);

ara 10-marcvliani, aramed sxvadasxva: 5+5, (4+0) + (4+2), (4+1) +(4+1), (3+3) + (3+2);

ara 7-marcvliani, aramed sxvadasxva: 5+2, 4+3, (3+0) + (3+1);

ara 6-marcvliani, aramed sxvadasxva: 5+1, 4+2, 3+3; ara 9-marcvliani, aramed sxvadasxva: 5+4, (4+0) +(4+1),

(3+3) + (3+0); ara 11-marcvliani, aramed sxvadasxva: 6+5, (5+0) + (5+1),

(4+2) + (4+1), (4+0) + (4+3), (3+3) +(3+2); ara 12-marcvliani, aramed sxvadasxva: 6+6, (5+1) +(5+1),

(5+0) + (5+2), (4+3) + (4+1), (4+2) + (4+2), (4+0) + (4+4), (3+3) + (3+3);

ara 13-marcvliani, aramed sxvadasxva: (5+3) + (5+0), (5+2) + (5+1), (4+3) + (4+2), (4+4) + (4+1);

ara 14-marcvliani, aramed sxvadasxva: (5+2) + (5+2), (5+3) + (5+1), (4+3) + (4+3), (4+4) + (4+2), (5+4) + (5+0);

ara 15-marcvlian, aramed sxvadasxva: (5+3) +(5+2), (4+4) + (4+3), (5+5) + (5+0);

ara 16-marcvliani, aramed sxvadasxva: (5+3) + (5+3), (4+4) + (4+4), (5+5) + (5+1). daa.S. _ sia arasrulia.

6. zemoT warmodgenili interpretaciiT ganxiluli qarTuli leqsisTvis ar gamoiricxeba ganviTarebis raRac wina safexurze amosavlad vigulisxmoT silaburi stadia.

saerTod, analizi iZleva safuZvels dadgindes qar-Tuli leqsTwyobis diaqroniis kanonzomieri safexurebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, SesaZlebels xdis, rekonstruirdes Cven-Tvis cnobili safexurebis wina, pirveli, safexuri, romel-zec qarTuli leqsis ritmul erTeulebSi moqmedebda rit-muli gasayariT or tol Semadgenelad (n=k) gayofis prin-cipi. am safexuris win dasaSvebia iseTi prasafexuris arse-boba, romelzec raRac sigrZis dasrulebuli monakveTi

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(striqoni) ar segmentirdeba ufro dabali donis monakve-Tebad _ Semadgenlebad (ix. silagaZe 1989 : 658). am, silaburi sistemis msgavsi, mdgomareobidan sruliad bunebrivad war-moidgineba kanonzomieri ganviTareba im mdgomareobisken, romelic zemoT iqna dasaxelebuli amosaval safexurad, da Semdeg _ im mdgomareobisken, romelic zemoT aRiwera sis-temis saxiT. kerZod, sruliad realuria iseTi TandaTa-nobiTi gadasvla, rodesac izosilabur (an daaxloebiT Ta-nabar) ritmul odenobaSi gayofa (orad gayofa) iRebs re-gularul xasiaTs, misi pozicia myari xdeba, xolo erTeu-lis Semadgenlebi _ regulirebuli, rac, Sedegad, gasayars aniWebs struqturul funqcias da marcvalTa raodenobas ararelevanturs xdis.

silaburi sistema postulirebulia saerTo indoevro-puli leqsisTvisac (A. Meillet-s cnobili naSromis Semdeg _ meie 1923). Tu aqac davsvamT imave sakiTxs _ Semdgomi gan-viTarebisa da transformaciis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb, maSin asaxsnelia, rogor miiReba erTi da imave saerTo mdgo-mareobidan yvelanairi mdgomareoba _ silaburic, kvanti-tatiuric, aqcenturic, e.i. tipologiurad sruliad gansx-vavebuli sistemebi (silagaZe 1997: 19). miuxedavad imisa, rom es problema gaanalizebulia indoevropulis yvela jgufis _ dasavluris, centraluris, aRmosavluris _ doneze, ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom sabolood naTeli suraTia miRebu-li; ufro metic, yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevisaTvis naTe-li suraTi verc miiReba obieqturi sirTuleebis arsebobis gamo: uZvelesi teqstebi ukve im epoqebs ganekuTvneba, ro-desac yovel mocemul enaSi dasrulebuli (Camoyalibebuli) saxiT moqmedeben gansxvavebuli sistemebi; Sesabamisad, pos-tulirebulia ara marto saerTo indoevropuli mdgomareo-ba, aramed hipoTeturia saerTo xasiaTi enaTa jgufebisaT-vis; ufro metic, hipoTeturia konkretuli enebisTvis Zve-li formebi, mag: ZvelberZnulisTvis; saerTo sqemis farg-lebSi bundovania germanuli leqsis ganviTarebis gza da a.S.

magram, zogadad, silaburi Teoria, rogorc Cans, misa-Rebia, oRond Semdegi ganmartebiT: praqtikulad warmoud-genelia misi realurobis damtkiceba ise, rom aRdges yoveli enisTvis ganviTarebis konkretuli gza konkretuli, ZiriTadi transformaciebis CvenebiT; meore mxriv, amas sa-kiTxis gadawyvetisTvis ar aqvs mniSvneloba, radganac, ro-gorc Cans, unda miviRoT Semdegi zogadi debuleba: sila-buri mdgomareobidan SeiZleba miRebul iqnas yvelanairi

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mdgomareoba. mivuTiTeb mxolod or TvalsaCino arguments: a) leqsis silaburi xasiaTi ar gulisxmobs zustad dacul izosilabizms, _ vTqvaT, marcvlis amovardna an damateba SeiZleba vnaxoT im silabur sistemebSic, romelTac dasru-lebuli, Camoyalibebuli saxe aqvT; b) marcvalTraodenobis faqtori ama Tu im doziT monawileobs nebismieri tipis sistemaSi _ ganurCevlad imisa, struqturuli faqtoria igi Tu damxmare.

maSin SeiZleba CamovayaliboT Semdegi debuleba uni-versaluri xasiaTisa: leqsis silaburi tipi (an principu-lad misi msgavsi) aris erTaderTi tipi, romelic SeiZleba warmovidginoT yvelanairi SemTxvevisTvis rogorc amosava-li hipoTeturi sistema, romlidanac, rogorc derivati, miiReba dRes cnobili nebismieri sistema.

damowmebani

axmanova 1966: Ахманова О. С. Словарь лингвистических терминов. М.:

1966. glisoni 1956: Gleeson H. E. An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics. New-

York: 1956. harisi 1951:. Harris Z. S. Methods in Structural Linguistics. The University of

Chicago Press, 1951. iakobsoni 1966: Jakobson R. Linguistics and Poetics. In: Style in Language.

Ed. by Thomas Sebeok, Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1966. loTsi 1966: Lotz J. Metric Typology. In: Style in Language. 1966. meie 1923: Meillet A. Les origines indo-européennes des mètres grecs. Paris:

1923. silagaZe 1986: silagaZe a. maxvilis sakiTxisaTvis qarTul leqsSi.

macne, enisa da lit. seria, 4, 1986. silagaZe 1987: silagaZe a. leqsmcodneobiTi analizis principebis

Sesaxeb. Tb.: 1987. silagaZe 1989: Силагадзе А. А. Грузинское стихосложение в свете проблем

общей метрической типологии. Сообщения АН Грузии, 133, № 3, 1989.

silagaZe 1997: silagaZe a. Zveli qarTuli leqsi da qarTuli poeziis uZvelesi safexuris problema. Tb.: 1997.

taranovski 1966: Тарановский К. Основные задачи статистического изучения славянского стиха. Poetics, Pоеtука, Поэтика. II, Warszawa: 1966.

Treigeri 1941: Trager G. L. and Bloch B. The Syllabic Phonemes of English. Language, 17, 1941.

wereTeli 1973: wereTeli g. metri da riTma vefxistyaosanSi. Tb.: 1973.

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Tamar lomiZe

analitikuri terminologia i. tinianovis `saleqso enis problemaSi~

rusuli formaluri skolis warmomadgenelTa Soris i.

tinianovs sagangebo adgili ganekuTvneba. tinianovi, Tavisi mravalferovani novatoruli mecnieruli naSromebiT da mxatvruli qmnilebebiT, erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso moR-vawea XX saukunis filologiaSi. amjerad ganvixilavT mis `saleqso enis problemas~, romelSic gadmocemulia saleqso enis pirveli (Teoriuli poetikis istoriaSi) semantikuri Teoria.

maSin, rodesac rus formalistTa naSromebi, rogorc wesi, uSualod emyareba lingvisturi semiotikis sosiurise-ul Teorias (Tumca formalistebma, am Teoriis gaTvaliswi-nebiT, aages TavianTi originaluri koncefciebi), tinianovis `saleqso enis problemaSi~ sosiuris ideebis zegavlena uSu-alod ar iCens Tavs. leqsiTi teqsti aq ar ganixileba ro-gorc niSani, ar gamoiyeneba semiotikuri opoziciuri momar-Tebebi: sinqronia _ diaqronia, ena _ metyveleba, sintagma-tika _ paradigmatika an sxva semiotikuri cnebebi. ismis kiTxva, iTvaliswinebs Tu ara es naSromi romelime lingvis-tur (an, SesaZloa, poetikur) Teorias da Tu iTvaliswinebs, romels? am sakiTxis gasarkvevad zogadad mimovixilavT im ZiriTad terminebs, romelic gamoyenebulia `saleqso enis problemaSi~.

tinianovis naSromi Sedgeba ori nawilisgan:1. `ritmi, rogorc leqsis konstruqtiuli faqtori,~ da 2. `saleqso enis sazrisi (смысл)~.

wignis pirvel nawilSi Semotanilia iseTi cnebebi, ro-gorebicaa saleqso rigis erTianoba da simWidrove (единство и теснота стихового ряда). termini saleqso rigis erTianoba araa ganmartebuli semantikuri TvalsazrisiT. avtoris TqmiT, aq nagulisxmevia saleqso rigis (am SemTxvevaSi _ taepis) metruli erTianoba, anu warmodgena misi, rogorc metruli erTeulis Sesaxeb (sistemur leqsSi da ara ver-librSi). kavSiri `da~ , romelic aerTianebs erTianobis cne-bas simWidrovis cnebasTan, migvaniSnebs, rom isini urTierT-dakavSirebulad unda ganvixiloT, e.i. pirveli maTgani, erTgvarad, ganapirobebs meores. marTlac, tinianovi aRniS-

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navs, rom leqsis `es orive niSani mWidro kavSirSia erTma-neTTan: simWidrovis cneba ukve gulisxmobs erTianobis cnebis arsebobas; magram erTianobac damokidebulia samety-velo masalis rigebis simWidroveze...raodenobrivad Zalze farTo erTianoba an kargavs Tavis sazRvrebs, an TviT iSleba erTianobebad, e.i. orive SemTxvevaSi aRar warmoadgens er-Tianobas~ (tinianovi 1924: 39). rac Seexeba simWidroves, misi safuZvelia swored rom saleqso rigis (aq, ZiriTadad, igu-lisxmeba taepi) erTianoba, romelic iwvevs sityvaTa Tviseb-riv urTierTzemoqmedebas da, Sedegad, maTi semantikis de-formacias. maSasadame, simWidrove ar unda gavigoT, rogorc saleqso rigis (taepis, strofis) sigrZis SezRuduloba (sa-pirispiro Tvalsazrisi ix. silmani 1977), aramed rogorc sityvis semantikis Secvla, rasac ganapirobebs leqsiTi met-yvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri faqtorebi.

eWvgareSea, rom leqsiT enaSi sityvaTa semantikuri deformaciis analizi aq xorcieldeba gaucnaurebis (остран-нение) im cnebis analogiiT, romelic literaturaTmcodneo-baSi Semoitana v. Sklovskim. gaucnaureba, rogorc mxatvru-li xerxi, gulisxmobs sityvebis an sagnebis avtomatizebu-li, Cveuli aRqmis rRvevas, anu mis deformacias. magram tinianovi yovelTvis saubrobs deformaciis Sesaxeb da arc erTxel ar axsenebs sityvas `gaucnaureba~. metic, mas Semo-aqvs sakuTari termini _ saleqso rigis erTianoba da sim-Widrove gaucnaurebis (aq: sityvis semantikis deformaciis) ganmapirobebeli, leqsiTi enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli konkre-tuli faqtorebis aRsaniSnavad. amis mizezad, albaT, unda miviCnioT is, rom Sklovskis TeoriaSi gaucnaureba xelov-nebis zogad principadaa aRiarebuli da, garda amisa, ZiriTa-dad prozaul nawarmoebebTan mimarTebaSi ganixileba.

aqve tinianovi msjelobs leqsiTi metyvelebis suqce-siurobisa (erTdroulobis) da prozauli metyvelebis simu-ltanurobis (Tanmimdevrulobis) Sesaxeb, magram ar ganmar-tavs am terminebis sakuTar gagebas. erTi SexedviT, gaugeba-ria, ratom axasiaTebs mecnieri metyvelebis zemodasaxele-buli tipebis mimarTebas drosTan sxvadasxvagvarad _ ro-gorc prozauli, aseve leqsiTi metyveleba, garkveuli gage-biT, Tanmimdevrulia, anu suqcesiuria. maS, ratom saubrobs tinianovi prozauli metyvelebis simultanurobis Sesaxeb?

SesaZlebelia tinianovis Tvalsazrisis Semdegnairi interpretacia: ueWvelia, is gulisxmobda metyvelebis ori tipis Tvisebriv gansxvavebas. marTlac, mouxedavad imisa,

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rom prozauli metyvelebac da leqsiTic ganfenilia droSi, pirveli maTganis Tviseba isaa, rom masSi sityvieri gamoxa-tuleba uSualod, ganuyoflad araa dakavSirebuli azrTan, anu am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia azris gamoxatva sxvadasxva-gvari leqsikuri saSualebebiT. prozauli formiT gamoTq-muli frazis mniSvnelobis aRqmisas fraza erTgvarad `ikum-Seba~ da scildeba Tavis enobriv substrats. rac Seexeba leqsiT metyvelebas, aq azri gacilebiT ufro mWidrodaa da-kavSirebuli Tavis sityvier gamoxatulebasTan da misi `SekumSva~ SeuZlebelia. rodesac vixsenebT leqss, vixsenebT ara azrs, romelic masSia gamoxatuli, aramed _ sityvebs, romlebiTac is gadmoicema. Sesabamisad, saleqso rigSi (ta-epSi, strofSi) gamonaTqvami aucileblad suqcesiuria _ droSia ganfenili, prozauli gamonaTqvami ki iolad garda-iqmneba `wertilovan~, simultanur azrad.

im kiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic winamdebare sta-tiis dasawyisSi davsviT, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa wignis meore nawili. aq detaluradaa ganxiluli saleqso rigSi mo-qceuli sityvis deformaciis tipebi. tinianovi wers: `yoveli sityva sagangebo elferiT aRiWurveba im metyvelebiTi gare-mos zegavleniT, romelSic is gamoiyeneba~ (tinianovi 1924: 57).

amgvarad, aq aqcentirebulia cneba garemosi, romelic zemoqmedebs sityvis semantikaze (SevniSnavT, rom erTiano-bisa da simWidrovis cneba ar emTxveva garemos cnebas _ esaa specifikuri, mxolod leqsisTvis damaxasiaTebeli faqtorebi, garemos Tvisebrivi maxasiaTeblebi da ara sakuTriv garemo).

aq unda gavixsenoT, rom tinianovi iyo aqtiuri wevri literaturaTmcodneTa im jgufisa, romlis lozungi gaxl-daT `xelovneba rogorc xerxi~ da romlis meTodologia ganisazRvreboda meore lozungiT `literaturaTmcodneo-ba rogorc lingvistika~. formalistebze udidesi zegavlena moaxdina lev SCerbas lingvisturma koncefciam. am ukanask-nelSi mniSvnelovani roli ganekuTvneboda cnebas foneti-kuri garemosi, romelic zemoqmedebs bgerebze. fonetikuri garemos cneba arsebiTia sosiurTanac: `mecniereba bgeraTa Sesaxeb WeSmarit Rirebulebas iZens mxolod maSin, _ werda sosiuri, _ rodesac Cven vawydebiT ori an meti elementis urTierTmimarTebis faqts, ... rodesac erTi elementis va-riaciebi ganisazRvreba meoris variaciebiT... Tu, Tavisi ZiriTadi principebis Ziebisas, fonologi upiratesobas aniWebs izolirebul bgerebs, es ewinaaRmdegeba saR azrs~ (sosiuri 1977:86).

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analogiurad, `saleqso enis problemis~ meore Tavis dasawyisSi tinianovi SeniSnavs: `sityvas ara aqvs erTi gan-sazRvruli mniSvneloba. is qameleonia, romelSic yovel jerze Tavs iCens ara marti sxvadasxva elferi, aramed, zogjer, sxvadasxva Seferilobac. abstraqcia `sityva~ erT-gvari rgolia, romelic yovel jerze axleburad Seifereba xolme im leqsikuri wyobis Sesabamisad, romelSic is ganTavsdeba da im funqciaTa mixedviT, romlebic axasiaTebs ama Tu im metyvelebiT stiqias~ (tinianovi 1924:48). maSasa-dame, bgeriTi, fonetikuri garemos analogiiT, tinianovs Semoaqvs cneba semantikuri garemosi, romelic leqsiT metyvelebaSi warmoiqmneba. mecnieri miuTiTebs, rom ar ar-sebobs sityva _ winadadebisgan mowyvetiT. izolirebuli sityva, misi TqmiT, sulac ar imyofeba arafrazobriv piro-bebSi. is mxolod sxva pirobebSia, winadadebaSi ganTavsebul sityvasTan SedarebiT. amitom semantikuri eqsperimentebi, romelTa dros cdispirebs warudgenen izolirebul sity-vebs da amowmeben am ukanasknelTa safuZvelze aRZrul aso-ciaciebs, sxva araferia, Tu ara uvargis masalaze Catare-buli eqsperimentebi. izolirebuli, e.w. saleqsikono sity-vis warmoTqmisas Cven ver miviRebT `sityvas, sazogadod~, aramed miviRebT sityvas axal pirobebSi, konteqstiT gansaz-Rvrul pirobebTan SedarebiT. tinianovis es azri (sityvis Sesaxeb) uSualod emTxveva mis Tanamedrove lingvistTa Tvalsazriss (fonemasTan dakavSirebiT), romlis mixedviT, maqsimalurad damoukidebel poziciaSi myofi bgera fonema ki araa, aramed misi erT-erTi varianti, Tumca _ ZiriTadi varianti (sagulisxmoa, rom lev SCerba alofonebs _ fone-mis variantebs _ fonemis sxvadasxva elfers uwodebda, ise-ve, rogorc tinianovi ama Tu im elferis saxelwodebiT moix-seniebda sityvis mniSvnelobis saxecvlilebebs).

aq ukve aSkaraa analogia lingvisturi semiotikis TvalsazrisTan, romelic axal masalazea gadatanili. wignis momdevno nawilebSi es analogia kidev ufro mkveTrad vlindeba.

tinianovs Semoaqvs axali, specifikuri terminebi _ mniSvnelobis ZiriTadi niSani (основной признак значения) mniSvnelobis meorexarisxovani niSani (второстепенный признак значения) da mniSvnelobis meryevi niSnebi (колеблющиеся приз-наки значения). ganvixiloT isini.

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mecnieri aanalizebs sityva земля-s mniSvnelobis cvli-lebebs sxvadasxvagvar leqsikur garemocvaSi:

1. Земля и Марс; земля и небо (tellus). 2. Зарыть в землю какой-либо предмет (humus). 3. Упал на землю (Boden). 4. Родная земля (Land). cxadia, pirvel magaliTSi igulisxmeba planeta dedami-

wa, meoreSi _ niadagi, mesameSi _ `Zirs~, meoTxeSi _ mamuli. raSia saqme? _ kiTxulobs tinianovi. _ ra gvaiZulebs,

rom sityva yvela am SemTxvevaSi aRviqvaT rogorc erTiani, identuri ram? amgvar faqtorad gvevlineba, misi azriT, mniSvnelobis ZiriTadi niSani, romelic yovel mocemul Sem-TxvevaSi iZens rTul semantikur obertonebs, anu meorexa-risxovan niSnebs. Zneli ara imis SemCneva, rom aq gadmotani-lia modeli fonemisa, romelic calkeul SemxvevebSi gark-veuli variaciebis _ alofonebis saxiT gvevlineba. imaze, rom cneba mniSvnelobis ZiriTadi niSani fonemis analogiiTaa Semu-Savebuli, mecnieri ar miuTiTebs wignis ZiriTad teqstSi, ara-med _ gakvriT _ erT-erT SeniSvnaSi, romelic erTvis teqsts.

sityvis ZiriTadi niSani SeiZleba sulac gaqres. amis magaliTebad tinianovs mohyavs sityvaTxmarebis iseTi nimuSebi, rogorebicaa:

1. Природа и охота (Jurnalis saxelwodeba). 2. У него хоть природа благодарная, да охоты к учению никакой. pirvel SemTxvevaSi природа aRniSnavs obieqturad arse-

bul organulsa da araorganul samyaros, охота ki _ nadi-robas; meore SemTxvevaSi природа aRniSnavs adamianis buneb-riv monacemebs, mis niWierebas, охота ki _ survils.

cxadia, rom meore SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ubralo omonimiasTan da ara meorexarisxovan niSnebTan.

Tu paralels gavavlebT fonologiasTan, cnobilia, rom arsebobs iseTi fenomeni, rogoricaa erTi fonemis Senacv-leba meoriT, rodesac icvleba sityvis forma (Sdr. вол _ волы, sadac fonema o-s enacvleba fonema a, rodesac o umaxvilo poziciaSi gadadis). amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom tinianovi aqac sargeblobs fonologiis monacemebiT, raTa, maTTan ana-logiiT, gaaanalizos sityvis semantikis Secvlis nimuSebi.

Semdeg is ganixilavs sityva человек-is sxvadasxvagvari gamoyenebis magaliTebs. davakvirdeT zogierT maTgans:

`Человек! Это звучит гордо~. _ am gamoTqmaSi sintaqsuri gankerZoeba ganapirobebs imas, rom sityvis kavSirebi sxva

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sityvebTan irRveva, irRveva sityvis Cveulebrivi sagnobrivi mimarTebebc, anu aq человек ar aRniSnavs adamians rogorc ma-Ralorganizebul cocxal arsebas, is aRiWurveba meorexa-risxovani niSnebiT da axal Seferilobas iZens. gamoTqmaSi Молодой человек aseve darRveulia uzualuri denotacia _ sityva молодой-s zegavleniT, Tumca, Tu SevapirispirebT sin-tagmebs молодой человек da старый человек, am sityvis ZiriTadi mniSvneloba aRdgeba.

andrei belis kalamburSi Человек - чело века sityva чело-век ormag semantikas iZens. erTi mxriv, is inarCunebs ZiriTad niSans, anu cnebiT mniSvnelobas, meore mxriv ki masSi, ma-Ralfardovani чело-s da века-s zegavleniT, Cndeba axali leq-sikuri Seferiloba, romelsac mecnieri meryev niSnebs uwo-debs, _ meryevs, radgan isini aramdgradia da mxolod ama Tu im konkretuli, specifikuri sityvaTSexamebisas vlindeba.

meryevi niSnebi Tavs iCens (da auferulebs ZiriTad niSans) iseTi faqtoris zegavleniTac, rogoricaa, magali-Tad, intonacia. rodesac briyvs ironiulad `genioss~ vuwo-debT, aq, ra Tqma unda, sityvaSi vlindeba meryevi niSnebi.

`saleqso enis problemaSi~ ganxilulia iseTi sakiTxe-bic, rogoricaa sityvis mniSvnelobis cvlilebebi, rodesac es sityva taepis kidura poziciaSia, sariTmo poziciaSia, anJambemans warmoqmnis da a.S., rac misi koncefciis dakonk-retebis mizans emsaxureba. leqsiTi enis tinianoviseuli analizi yovelTvis novatorulia da Rrma. am meTodebis gamoyeneba sxvadasxvagvari poeturi teqstebis ganxilvisas saSualebas miscems mkvlevrebs, warmoaCinon am teqstebis manamde ucnobi aspeqtebi.

amgvarad, aSkaraa, rom `saleqso enis problema~ ar war-moadgens gamonakliss rus formalistTa gamokvlevebs So-ris _ is mTlianad agebulia lingvisturi modelebis mixed-viT, rac naSromis nakli ki ara, Rirsebaa. amgvarma midgomam avtors saSualeba misca, ugulebeleyo leqsis analizis tri-vialuri meTodebi da SeemuSavebina axali, saintereso da nayofieri mecnieruli Teoria.

damowmebani:

silmani 1977: Сильман, Т. Заметки о лирике.Л.: 1977. sosiuri 1977: Соссюр, Ф . де . Труды по языкознанию. М.: 1977. tinianovi 1924: Тынянов, Ю. Н. Проблема стихотворного языка . М .: 1924.

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levan bregaZe

rostom erisTavis ori galeqsili epistole

akaki wereTlis mier mignebuli da mis mierve 1895 wels gamoqveynebuli saistorio Txzuleba `solomon pirveli di-di, imereTis mefe~ (`zepir-gadmocemuli Tanamedrovisagan, romelic iyo siko kandelakis papa da Cawerili misi Svili-Svilis siko kandelakisagan~) rostom raWis erisTavis or ga-leqsil epistoles Seicavs, romlebic sayuradRebo teqste-bia ara marto saqarTvelos istoriis, aramed qarTuli leqsis istoriisTvisac.

pirveli maTgani ortaepedia da misi adresati solomon pirvelia. is erTi aznauris xeliT gaugzavna rostomma mefes mas Semdeg, rac xelmwifesTan stumrad myofi, motyuebiT dauZvra maspinZels xelidan, raki Seatyo, rom raRacas cuds upirebdnen. ortaepedi erTi pirisadmi mimarTul sammag zmas Seicavs, rac avtoris maRal versifikaciul ostatobaze metyvelebs (`zma _ qarTuli leqsTwyobis termini; sityve-bis an maTi nawilebis sagangebo mijriT warmoqmnili sxva sityva, romelic gamoxatavs avtoris Sefarul azrs, Cana-fiqrs~. _ miqaZe 1979: 522):

`Sensa movel da Sevamkob Sensa tanadobasa, Seni udasturoba ki arRvevs baton-ymobasa~

(wereTeli 1958: 322).

zmurad ikiTxeba: `Sen samovel~, `Sen satana~, `Sen iuda~. [samo(v)elis semantika gamoikvlia eka CikvaiZem jerje-

robiT gamouqveynebel naSromSi `nikoloz gulaberisZis `sveticxovlis sakiTxavi~ da wminda ninos cxovreba~ da da-adgina, rom es eSmakis erT-erTi saxelTagania. Sdr.: akaki wereTlis striqonebi leqsidan `ucnauri ambavi~: `staceT xeli da wagvareT / satanasa da samoels~ (wereTeli 1954: 295); gvxvdeba `samael~ formiTac: `samael _ eSmakTa mTavari~ (abulaZe 1973: 361)].

aq zmaTa batareis meSveobiT avtori qmnis qveteqsts, romelic misi mowinaaRmdegis mkveTrad uaryofiT daxasia-Tebas warmoadgens. es qveteqsti SedarebiT msubuqi sayvedu-ris gamomxatveli teqstiT aris SeniRbuli: me SenTan keTili guliT movedi (Sens Sesamkobad movedi), Seni undobloba ki

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batonymuri urTierTobis damarRveveliao. `udasturoba~ (`Seni udasturoba ki...~) `undoblobis~ mniSvnelobiT aris leqsSi naxmari; dastureba/dasturoba Zvel qarTulSi ndo-basac niSnavda (abulaZe 1973: 124), Sesabamisad, `udasturoba~ `undobloba~ iqneba.

ortaepedis qveteqstis amocnoba mefis sasaxlis karze ar gauWirdebodaT: zmebis Seqmna-amokiTxva popularuli ga-sarTobi iyo saqarTveloSi, metadre me-18 saukuneSi. rafiel erisTavis mowmobiT, `...uwindel droSi zmobas... didi pativi edva da kargi mozmeebi, Sebaasebulni sazogadoebaSi, moswre-bulad gamoaparebdnen erTi meores zmas da amiT gamoiwvevd-nen msmenelT sicils da kiJins. maSin gamarjvebuli didad amayobda enamWevrobiT, moswrebuli zmebis TqmiT~ (erisTavi 1887: 19).

15-marcvliani sazomis es saxeobac (4 / 4 / 2 / 5), romli-Tac ortaepedia dawerili, unikaluri Cans Zvel qarTul poeziaSi.

akaki gawerelias Tanaxmad, `TxuTmetmarcvliani sazo-mebi qarTul klasikur leqsSi Zalze iSviaTad gvxvdeba (...). Cven SegviZlia mxolod ramdenime magaliTi davasaxeloT TxuTmetmarcvliani sazomis gamoyenebisa~ (gawerelia 1981: 261). a. gawerelias mier dasaxelebul magaliTebSi ar aris TxuTmetmarcvliani sazomis is saxeoba, romelic rostom erisTavis ortaepedSia gamoyenebuli [a. gawereliasTan es nimuSebia moyvanili: `gverd gangmirulman / gvapkura sisxli, / gvyna grilovanad~ (guramiSvili), `rasRa meqadi, / dasWer foladi / tyviis grdemliTa~ (besiki)].

meore epistole, romelic 16-marcvliani SairiT Ses-rulebuli 16 striqonisagan Sedgeba, marTalia, mefis meci-xovneebisadmi, basila da kvirika iamaniZeebisadmi, mimarTviT iwyeba, magram misi adresatic solomonia. basila da kvirika iamaniZeebi cixe-koSkebis Casabareblad gaayola mefem raWaSi erisTavs (mTel Cems samkvidros dagiTmobT, me ki sadme aqve samagiero miboZeT, raTa axlos viyo da ukeT gemsaxuroTo _ am cru dapirebiT moaxerxa erisTavma dasxltomoda solomons). Tavi rom samSvidobos daigula, cixe-koSkebis gadacemis nacvlad iamaniZeebs es leqsad dawerili baraTi gaatana rostomma mefesTan:

`ese asre ar iqnebis, basila da kvirikao! cixes marTmevs, mindors maZlevs, davjde unda virikao?! wadiT uTxarT Tqvensa mefes: me gaxlavar didi rostom!

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me erTgulad geaxeli, mipirobdi Ralats ratom? sityviT giTvli, wignsaca gwer, xeli aiRe raWazed! mixvdi, rom aRar gmorCilob, swori gidgebi Zalazed! raWis begaras aviReb, ar geridebi amazed. ubawrod viri damabiT damtvreul Celtis bagazed? Tu mipireb amowyvetas, aw mobrZandi, raRas yovni? cixe midgas maRal kldeze da zed mokvriT barakoni, xidiskarSi mcvelebi myavs da koSkebi samagroni. Cemi iyo, qvec wagarTvi kudaro da raWa-oni. Cemi winapari iyo erisTavi kaxaberi, Tamar mefis mamobilsa ymani hyavda ori bevri. me var misi tomisagan, ver matireb, tyvila mReri, gemorCilo, ar gaxlavar qajaia, Seni geri!~

(wereTeli 1958: 323).

mware teqstia, magram udavod poeturi niWiT dajil-doebuli, leqsis weraSi gawafuli adamianis SeTxzulia. ama-ze metyvelebs onomastikonis gamoyenebiT Sedgenili iSvia-Ti, e. w. egzotikuri riTmebi _ identuric (kvirikao : viri-kao) da araidenturic _ konsonansuri (rostom : ratom) da asonansuri (raRas yovni : barakoni : samagroni : raWa-oni).

es epistole e. w. Tematuri riTmebiT gamoirCeva, rac Zalian faseulia poeziaSi. rusuli riTmis reformatori vladimer maiakovski ambobs, rom mas, Cveulebriv, yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli sityvebi striqonis boloSi gaaqvs da cdi-lobs `radac unda daujdes~ gariTmos isini. amiT aqcentire-ba xdeba mTavari saTqmelisa, izrdeba riTmis azrobrivi ro-li da mniSvneloba. `mokle literaturul enciklopediaSi~ maiakovskis am meTodis gamo SeniSnaven: `rakiRa `yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli~ sityvebi leqsis TemasTan arian dakavSire-bulni, amitom amgvar riTmas SeiZleba Tematuri vuwodoT~ (enciklopedia 1971: 308). da iqve sailutraciod moyvanilia Tematuri riTmebis Semadgeneli sityvebi v. maiakovskis leq-sidan `vladikavkazi _ Tbilisi~: kavkasia, qarTveli, yaraba-xi, dariali, mtkvari, saqarTvelo, Tbilisi.

vnaxoT gansaxilav epistoleSi sariTmo erTeulebad gamoyenebuli Tematuri sityvebi: kvirika, rostomi, raWa, barakoni, raWa-oni, kaxaberi. aqedanac Cans, rom niWier poet-Tan gvaqvs saqme, leqsis ostatTan.

kargi poeturi gemovnebis dasturia isic, rom upira-tesad metyvelebis sxvadasxva nawilia erTmaneTTan gariT-muli _ arsebiTi saxeli da zmna: kvirikao : virikao [virikao, anu riki (rik-tafela) viTamaSo; `rikaobs _ rik-tafelas

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TamaSobs~ (qegl 1986: 379)]; raRas yovni : barakoni; mReri : geri; arsebiTi saxeli da kiTxviTi zmnisarTi: rostom : ratom; arsebiTi saxeli da ricxviTi saxeli: kaxaberi : ori bevri (ori bevri = 20 000).

leqsSi gvxvdeba Cinebuli groteskuli mxatvruli saxe _ `ubawrod viri damabiT damtvreul Celtis bagazed?~

Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi Znelad Tu moiZebneba sasaub-ro metyvelebasTan ase miaxloebuli eniT Sesrulebuli sxva poeturi Txzuleba. Tu am TvalsazrisiT rostom erisTavis am teqstebsa da imave epoqis poetis besik gabaSvilis leqsebs erTmaneTs SevadarebT, Tundac imave Janrisas _ galeqsil epistoleebs, romlebsac besikic werda da, sxvaTa Soris, besikis mama _ zaqariac (baramiZe 1952: 353-358), gansxvaveba TvalsaCinoa. besikis enas ase axasiaTebs aleqsandre baramiZe:

`...besikis bevri leqsis ena SedarebiT mZimea, zedmetad mWevria, zogjer xelovnuric. besiki Warbad xmarobs arqaul formebsa da leqsikas (...). wers maRalfardovanad da Rvlar-Wnilad. sayuradRebo isaa, rom RvlarWniloba igrZnoba ara marto saxotbo daniSnulebis leqsebSi, aramed poetis mSve-nier satrfialo lirikaSic, poetur epistoleebSi, diplo-matikuri xasiaTis saqmian werilebSi Tu kerZo mimoweraSi. RvlarWniloba imdroindeli mwerlobis niSandoblivi sti-luri movlenaa, rac anton kaTalikosma da imisma skolam daakanones, besikic poeturad aRbeWdavs drois am mwignob-rul-stilur tendenciebs~ (baramiZe 1962: 27-28. xazgasma Cvenia. _ l. b.).

rostom raWis erisTavis galeqsili epistoleebi ki mis dros gabatonebuli mwignobrul-stiluri manerisgan gadax-vevis da xalxur metyvelebasTan miaxloebis friad sagu-lisxmo nimuSebia.

Janrobrivadac metad sainteresoa es leqsebi _ ori Janria aq Serwymuli: erTi mxriv, es aris realurad arsebu-li, avtoris Tanamedrove adresatisadmi gagzavnili riTmia-ni leqsiT Sesrulebuli epistole, erTob kolorituli Jan-ri, romelic popularuli yofila me-18 saukunis saqarTve-loSi da Semdgomac mimarTavdnen mas Cveni poetebi (gavixse-noT paolo iaSvilis `werili kolau nadiraZes~, agreTve lado asaTianis leqsad Sesrulebuli werilebi nika agiaSvi-lis, alioSa sajaias, dimitri benaSvilis, kolau nadiraZi-sadmi gagzavnili) da, meore mxriv, saqme gvaqvs inveqtivasTan anu pamfletTan _ mwvave urTierTdapirispirebis gamomxat-vel teqstTan (gavixsenoT rostom erisTavis umcrosi Tana-

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medrovis, besikis, cota gviandeli inveqtivebi mzeWabuk orbelianisadmi da mzeWabuk orbelianisa besikisadmi miZRv-nili, agreTve ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, grigol orbelianis leqsad dawerili pamfletebi).

besikis mamis, zaqaria gabaSvilis, zemoT naxsenebi ga-leqsili epistoles gamo (romelic zaqarias astraxanidan miuweria giorgi batoniSvilisTvis) aleqsandre baramiZe Se-niSnavs, rom igi `erT-erTi upirvelesi da umniSvnelovanesi Zeglia satiruli Janrisa Zvel qarTul poeziaSi~ (baramiZe 1952: 354). mkvlevaris varaudiT, zaqaria gabaSvilis episto-le 1767 wels unda iyos SeTxzuli (iqve). rostom erisTavis satiruli epistoleebic daaxloebiT imave xanisaa.

yovelive zemoTqmulis gamo migvaCnia, rom rostom ra-Wis erisTavis galeqsili epistoleebi qarTuli leqsis da, sazogadod, qarTuli literaturis istoriis mkvlevarTa yuradRebis miRma ar unda darCes.

damowmebani:

abulaZe 1973: abulaZe i. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni. Tb.: 1973. baramiZe 1952: baramiZe al. narkvevebi. III. Tb.: 1952. baramiZe 1962: baramiZe al. besarion gabaSvili. wignSi: besiki.

TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb.: 1962. gawerelia 1981: gawerelia a. rCeuli nawerebi sam tomad. t. III (1).

Tb.: 1981. enciklopedia 1971: Краткая литературная энциклопедия. т. 6. М.: 1971. erisTavi 1887: erisTavi r. zma. Jurn. `Teatri~, 1887, № 6-7. miqaZe 1979: miqaZe g. zma. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. 4. 1979. qegl 1986: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. erTtomeuli. Tb.:

1986. wereTeli 1954: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet

tomad. t. III. Tb.: 1954. wereTeli 1958: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet

tomad. t. VIII. Tb.: 1958.

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irine meliqiSvili

galaktionis bgerwera

leqsis `qari hqris. . .~ bgerweriTi struqturisaTvis yovel enas didi bgerweriTi potenciali aqvs. bgerwe-

riTi kanonzomierebebi arsebiTad universaluria, oRond yoveli ena Taviseburad iyenebs am bgerweriT SesaZleblo-bebs. bgerwera enis is sferoa, sadac enis SemoqmedebiTi bu-neba arqauli ZaliT vlindeba. bgerweriT sityvebSi kavSiri aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris motivirebulia, _ bgeras mniSvneloba aqvs. Tu gavixsenebT kamaTs saxeldebis princi-pebis Sesaxeb antikur filosofiaSi _ φύσει da θεσει-s prin-cipebis dapirispirebas, leqsikis es sfero aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis bunebiTi kavSiris sferod unda miviCnioT. bgerweriTi mniSvnelobebi enis Sinagani kompetenciis sfe-roa: mocemul enaze metyvelma SesaZlebelia moisminos dia-leqturi bgerweriTi formebi, romlebic misTvis ucxoa (mag. qarTuli dialeqturi: WilaWula, WaWyaWuWyi, dgvaradgvuri, xlaCixluCi, boqboqi, SoqSoqi, zorzori, kewkewi, qevqevi, kvawkvawi da misT.), magram isini misTvis gasagebi gaxdes, radganac isini nacnobi da produqtiuli yalibebis safuZ-velzea warmoqmnili. amasTan, bgrweriTi modelebi iseTive produqtiulia, rogorc derivaciuli modelebi. maT safuZ-velze axal sityvaTa warmoebis mudmivi SesaZlebloba arse-bobs. v. xlebnikovi bgerweriT rigebs Sinagan derivacias uwodebda. sityvawarmoeba aq xorcieldeba ara morfolo-giuri, aramed bgerweriTi xerxebiT. es aris enis is sfero, sadac ena kvlav rCeba energeiad, cocxal Semoqmedebad (humboldti), sadac kavSiri Sinaarssa da bgeras Soris jer kidev cocxalia.

bgerweriT leqsikaSi grZnobadi aRqmebisa da emociuri movlenebis urTierTkavSiri Seesabameba neirofiziologiaSi `sinesTeziis~ saxeliT cnobil movlenas _ “misi kanonebis mixedviT bgeriTma dapirispirebebma SeiZleba asaxon mimar-Tebebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia musikalur, feriT, ynos-viT, SexebiT da a. S. aRqmebTan. ase magaliTad, maRali da da-bali tonis fonemaTa dapirispirebam (mag. i / u dapiris-pirebam i. m.) SeiZleba gamoiwvios asociacia: naTeli_bneli,

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wvetiani _ momrgvalebuli, wvrili _ sqeli, msubuqi _ mZime da a. S. (iakobsoni 1985: 87-91).

bgerweras ori ZiriTadi wyaro aqvs: a) xmabaZva da mas-Tan dakavSirebuli sinesTezia da b) kinemika.

xmabaZva bgeriT akustikas emyareba. mag. maRali da da-bali tonis bgerebis dapirispireba sxvadasxva saxis xmiano-bas, ganwyobilebas, sinaTlisa da feris efeqts gadmoscems. Sdr. wiwini da wuwuni, RiRini _ RuRuni, WikWiki _ WukWuki, WiWyini _ WuWyuni; cimcimi, ciali _ burusi, daburuli; mJReri bgerebi universalurad did da uxeS sagnebs da mov-lenebs gamoxataven, yru bgerebi ki _ pataras da daxvewils. qarTuli enis xSulTa sameulebrivi sitema aq samsafexuriani gradaciebis gamoxatvis SesaZleblobebs iZleva. Sdr:

ZiZgnis _ cicqnis _ wiwknis ZeZga _ cecqa _ wewka da mravali aseTi dubletebi. sisina da SiSina bgerebis dapirispirebac sididis

cvlis efeqts iZleva: Sdr. ZiZgnis _ jijgnis cunculi _ bajbaji napralovani bgera gagrZelebuli moqmedebis gadmoce-

mis SesaZleblobas iZleva, xSuli ki wyvetili da mraval-gzisis. Sdr. sisini _ kakuni;

Ria marcvlis reduplikacia gangrZobiT moqmedebas gadmoscems, daxurulisa _ mravalgzis wyvetil moqmedebas: sisini, zuzuni _ wikwiki, rakraki;

xmovnis gameoreba reduplikaciis dros erTgvrovan moqmedebaTa wyebas gviCvenebs, xmovnis cvla ki ariTmiul, araerTgvarovan moqmedebebs gamoxatavs:

Sdr. rakraki _ rakaruki tiktiki _ takatuki (qarTuli bgerweris Sesaxeb ix.

axvlediani 1949: 245; qobalava 1989; meliqiSvili 1999). kinemika bgeriT artikulacias emyareba. sametyvelo

moZraobebi garkveul mniSvnelobebs aZleven bgerebs. ase ma-galiTad, qarTuli skup-, iseve rogorc inglisuri skip bger-weriTad naxtoms gamoxatavs napralovani /s/ da xSuli /k/ bgerebis SeerTebis gziT: napralovani (myovari bgera) gamo-xatavs haerSi dayovnebas, xolo xSuli kvlav Zirs, miwasTan myisier Sexebas. sainteresoa, rom maRla frenis aRsaniSnavad bagismieri, e. i. yvelaze wina warmoebis fSvinvieri bgerebi gamoiyeneba: frena, farfati, friali; germ. fliegen, inglisu-

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ri fly; siRrmeSi yofnas ki ukanaenismieri fonemebi gamoxa-taven: Rrma, Rrmuli, xvreli da misT. Sdr. rus. глубина.

jer kidev platoni laparakobda bgeraTa mniSvnelo-bebis Sesaxeb. am TvalsazrisiT uaRresad sainteresoa misi dialogi `kratile~. is ambobda, rom r gamoxatavs moZraobas da imavdroulad simagres, udrekobas, xolo l gluvs, dam-yols. bgera i gamoxatavs yvelafers wvrils, rasac sxva sa-ganTa ganmsWvalva ZaluZs. `sunTqvieri~ bgerebi ph, ps, s, dz misi azriT gamoxataven `sicives~, `SiSxins~ `zanzars~; `enis SekumSva d-sTvis da miwola t-sTvis lagamiT Sekvrisa da dgomis gadmosacemad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT”, aTqmevinebs igi sokrates. bgera a gamoxatavs dids, uzarmazars, ē ki mara-diuls, radgan igi grZeli bgeraa. momrgvalebuls aRniSnavs o, amitom swored is aris gamoyenebuli aseT saganTa aRniSv-naSi (platoni 1968: 471-473).

bgeraTa mniSvnelobebis Sesaxeb saubroben v. humbold-ti, o. iesperseni, s. ulmani, r. iakobsoni. humboltis azriT, `sruliad naTelia, rom arsebobs kavSiri bgerasa da mis mniSvnelobas Soris, magram am kavSiris sakmao sisruliT aRwera iSviaTad xerxdeba, xSirad es mixvedrebis sferoa, umetesad ki Cven maTze warmodgena ara gvaqvs~ (humboldti 1984: 92).

bgeriTi mniSvnelobebis qvecnobieridan amozidva ki-dev ufro Znelia, vidre morfologiuri da sintaqsuri ka-nonzomierebebisa. enis SemoqmedebiTi mxare gacilebiT uf-ro misawvdomia bavSvebisa (bavSvuri leqsika xSirad bger-weriTia) da poetebisaTvis, romelTac maTi Zlieri enobrivi alRo SesaZleblobas aZlevs enis bgerweriTi potenciali gamomsaxvelobiT instrumentad aqcion. Cveni saukunis da-sawyisis simbolisturma mimdinareobam es sferos Semoqme-debiT principad aqcia.

galaktioni enis bgerweriT potencias sruliad cno-bierad ekideboda. es iyo xelovnebis instrumenti, romelsac is virtuozulad flobda. mis xelovnebaSi harmoniulad aris SeerTebuli, erTis mxriv, niWi, alRo, da meores mxriv, codna, cnobiereba, enis sruliad cnobieri da mizanmimar-Tuli floba da gamoyeneba. `maqvs mkerds midebuli qnari, rogorc minda~ _ poeturi xelovnebis flobis deklaraciaa. poetis dRiurebidan da Canawerebidan Cans, Tu rogor mu-Saobs sityvaze galaktioni, rogor dauRalavad varjiSobs, ayuradebs TiToeul bgeras, bgeraTa kombinaciebs, bgeraTa

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sxvadasxvagvari SeerTebis SesaZleblobebs. saleqso zomebi-sa da xerxebis nusxaSi, romelic 34 erTeuls Seicavs (ionuri dimetri, Tavisufali leqsi, Semoklebuli riTmebi... dasawyi-si riTmebi... riTma bolos winamdebare, mTliani riTmebi, Sinagani riTmebi. . . da sxv. javaxaZe, 1991, 411), mas calke pun-qtebad aqvs moyvanili bgerwera da palindromi. aqedan Cans, rom bgerwera da palindromi misTvis iseTive arsebiTi poeturi xerxebia, rogorc saleqso zomebi.

galaktions xelewifeboda bgeraTa idumali bunebis wvdoma. mis CanawerebSi aseT pasaJebs vxvdebiT: `sityvas aqvs Sinagani kanonebi, romlis saSualebiTac igi Zlevamosili xdeba. es kanonebi umravlesobisaTvis terra incognito-a. es is kanonebia, romlebic graalis STabeWdilebas aZlevs lafor-gis himns dedamiwis gardacvalebis gamo, romelic sabedis-wero idumalebad xdis edgar poes yorans, simwriT aqvi-Tinebs verlenis Wianurebs. es is kanonebia, romlebmac nisl-Si gaatares aleqsandr blokis `ucnobi qali~ (javaxaZe 1991: 343). sagulisxmoa, rom galaktioni SegrZnebebsa da STabeW-dilebebze ki ar saubrobs, aramed kanonebze. misTvis sruli-ad cnobieria, rom `rogorc minda~ _ anu Semoqmedis Tavi-sufleba _ emyareba kanonzomierebaTa wvdomasa da daufle-bas. sxvagan igi wers: `Tanamedrove mgosnebisaTvis sityvas, misi azris miuxedavad, aqvs sakuTari silamaze da fasi, ro-gorc Zvirfas qvebs, yelsaxvev margalitebs an beWdebs... vinc icis fasi, igi aRtacebulia mSvenieri sityvebiT. es aris sityvebi _ almsebi, iagundebi, lalebi. arian sityvebi, rom-lebic brwyinaven fosforiviT~.

galaktionma TiToeuli bgeris sazrisi icoda da amas poeturi xelovnebis safuZvlad miiCnevda: `delia. umTav-resi am sityvaSi aris l. am anbanis mniSvneloba cnobilia poeziaSi, gansakuTrebiT lirikulSi, unazesi emociebis ga-mosaxatavad: `Там где пели, свиристели, где качались тихо ели, прилетели, улетели стаи тонких снегирей~, an `saidumlo alebi zRvaTa idumalebis, sadac rom imaleba iagundi, lalebi~ (javaxaZe 1991: 341). sainteresoa Canaweri: `riTma `umal~ da `Cumad` ar aris riTma, doni da lasi erTmaneTs spoben~ (javaxaZe 1991: 409). mas SeumCneveli ar rCeba bgeris sinesTe-ziuri aRqmis SesaZleblobebi: `simbolistebs (magaliTad rembos) aqvT Taviseburi Teoria anbanebis feris Sesaxeb, an-bani l-s Sesaxeb. rembos aqvs TiToeuli anbanis Sesaxeb leqsi~. amrigad, galaktioni sruliad cnobierad iziarebda mis TanamedroveTa Teorias bgeriTi simbolizmis Sesaxeb,

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TviTon ikvlevda qarTuli enis SesaZleblobebs da Semoqme-debiTad iyenebda maT. mis CanawerebSi vxedavT bgerweriT paradigmebs:

tivi _ tivtivi _ tivtiveba livi _ livlivi _ livliveba cimi _ cimcimi _ cimcimeba kaSi _ kaSkaSi _ kaSkaSeba raxi _ raxraxi _ raxraxeba roxi _ roxroxi _ roxroxeba xari _ xarxari _ xarxareba fusi _ fusfusi _ fusfuseba Waxi _ WaxWaxi _ WaxWaxeba wami _ wamwami _ wamwameba sxivi _ sxivsxivi _ sxivsxiveba Suqi _ SuqSuqi _ SuqSuqeba Soqi _ SoqSoqi (xalxuria) loSi _ loSloSi (xalxuria) buqi _ buqbuqi _ buqbuqeba (javaxaZe 1991: 341). am rigis bgerweriT seriebs v. xlebnikovi Sinagan brune-

bas uwodebda (Jakobson 1962: 633). galaktionis CanawerebSi TanxmovanTSeerTebis matricasac vxedavT (javaxaZe 1991: 410).

sityvis idumal Sinagan arss igi amgvarad ganicdida: `sityva arc romansia, arc suita, arc opera, amaT hyavT Ta-vianTi kompozitorebi; sityva gamoZaxilia mxolod sxva didi musikis, romlis saxelic unda moinaxos!~ (javaxaZe 1991: 363). sainteresoa misi Canawerebis rveulebis saTaurebi: `enis saidumloeba~, `qarTuli enis privilegiebi~ (javaxaZe 1991: 118). qarTul enas marTlac didi bgerweriTi SesaZleb-lobebi aqvs, gansakuTrebiT konsonantizmis sferoSi. xSul-Ta sameulebrivi sistema, afrikatTa eqvswevra sistema mra-vali bgerweriTi efeqtis gadmocemis SesaZleblobas iZleva.

galaktionis yoveli poeturi Sedevri enis ormagi da-nawevrebis virtuozuli flobis Sedegia. sityvas ori mxare aqvs: aRsaniSni (mniSvneloba) da aRmniSvneli (bgeriTi struq-tura). magram, rogorc vnaxeT, TviT bgerebsac aqvT mniSvne-loba. galaktioni mniSvnelobaTa am ori wyebiT erTdrou-lad operirebs da gasaocar harmonias amyarebs maT Soris:

me mesmis musika, qarTuli musika, qarTuli musikis axali nakadi. . . ankara nakadi, CuxCuxa nakadi, qvebidan qvebze rom gadadis musika. . .

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leqsi `qari hqris. . .~ uaResad sainteresoa bgeriTi sim-

bolikis TvalsazrisiT. (sainteresoa, rom galaktionisaTvis qaris motivi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria 1924 wels. am wels ekuTvnis ramdenime leqsi qaris ganwyobiT. mag., `mRvrie qari~, `qari mogonebaTa~, `qari amwevi fardis~). galaktionis leqsebs, rogorc wesi, aqvT bgeriTi dominanta, romelsac poeti Cveulebriv leqsis dasawyisSive iZleva. rogorc wesi, igi mocemulia an saTaurSi, an pirvelive strofSi. `qari hqris~ konsonanturi bgerweris TvalsazrisiT gawyobilia fSvinvierTa da ukana warmoebis Tanxmovnebis dominansze. ganvixiloT igi jer Tanxmovnuri, xolo Semdeg xmovnuri bgerweris TvalsazrisiT:

qari hqris, qari hqris, qari hqris, foTlebi

mihqrian qardaqar. . . Cvens Tvalwin qaris qrolis, Semodgomis foTlebis

haerSi trialisa da qariT gatacebis dinamiuri suraTia, fonemurad ki es periodi fSvinvier _ haernakadis yvelaze didi moculobis mqone _ bgeraTagan /q h f T s / Sedgeba: 16 Cqamieri Tanxmovnidan mxolod oria mJReri /b d/ da isinic TiTojer gvxvdeba, danarCeni 12 ki fSvinvieria:

q 7 h 3 s 2 f 1 T 1 fSvinvieri bgerebi TanxmovanTagan yvelaze didi haer-

nakadiT warmoiTqmian da amgvarad haeris moZraobis, qaris qrolis kinemikuri (artikulaciuri) gamoxatvis SesaZleb-loba maTSi mudmivad arsebobs. warmoiqmneba agreTve Sesa-bamisi akustikuri efeqtic. qarTuli enis standartuli six-Siruli mimarTebebi Cqamier fonemaTa klasSi mJRer, fSvin-vier da yelxSul fonemebs Soris aseTia (fogti 1961: 76-77):

mJRerebi 48.24% fSvinvierebi 33.79% yelxSulebi 17.97% galaktionis saanalizo leqsSi ki aseTi sixSiruli

mimarTebebi gvaqvs: fSvinvierebi 26 (napralovnebTan erTad 42) mJRerebi 20 (napralovani mJReri ar gvxvdeba) yelxSuli 6

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klebadi sixSiris mixedviT qarTuli Cqamierebi ase lagdeba standartulad (fogti, 1961, gv. 76):

1. s 10.34 2. d 9.20 3. T 5.68 4. b 5.66 5. g 4.10 6. x 3.16 7. c 2.75 8. S 2.60 9. q 1.93 10. k 1.89 11. y 1.71 12. t 1.44 13. w 1.44 14. R 1.37 15. z 1.21 16. Z 1.20 17. f 1.00 18. p 0.82 19. C 0.79 20. j 0.67 21. W 0.34 22. h 0.33 23. J 0.07

leqsSi `qari hqris...~ gvxvdeba Semdegi Cqamierebi aseTi klebadi sixSiriT:

1. s 28 2. q 16 3. d 10 4. h 7 5. x 7 6. T 6 7. g 6 8. b 3 9. y 3 10. k 2 11. f 2 12. S 2 13. c 2 14. k 1 15. p 1

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am sixSiruli rigebis Sedarebisas Cans fSvinvieri fo-nemebis gamoyenebis intensivoba standartul sixSireebTan mimarTebiT: /q/ me-2 adgilzea gadanacvlebuli me-9-dan, /h/ meoTxeze ocdameoredan, /f/ meaTeze meCvidmetedan.

meore Tanxmovnuri dominanta aris ukana warmoebis TanxmovanTa upiratesi gamoyeneba wina warmoebis Tanxmov-nebTan mimarTebiT. xSulTa klasSi standartuli mimarTeba qarTulSi aseTia:

dentaluri xSulebi . . . . . 36.15 velaruli xSulebi . . . . . . 17.54 labialuri xSulebi . . . . . 16.57 saanalizo leqsSi aseTi mimarTebebia: velarebi . . . . . 23 dentalebi . . . 16 labialebi . . . . 6 rogorc vxedavT, velarebis gamoyenebis intensivoba

dentalebisaze maRalia, dentalebi ki enebSi universalurad yvelaze intensiurad gamoyenebuli xSulebia.

ukana warmoebis TanxmovanTa gamoyenebis intensivoba kargad Cans meore striqonidanac:

xeTa rigs, xeTa jars rkalad xris, sada xar, sada xar,

sada xar? am striqonSi ukana warmoebisaa: /x, g, k/. maTi saerTo

sixSirea 8; bagismierebi saerTod ar Canan, dentalebis /d, T/ sixSire ki aris 5.

ukana warmoebis TanxmovanTa dominansi exmianeba da gadmogvcems leqsis sakvanZo sazriss _ melanqoliur ganw-yobas. bgeraTa ukana warmoeba da Sesabamisad dabali tona-loba zogadad bgerweriTad dabal, sevdian, mZime gamwyobas Seesabameba.

galaktionis bgerweraSi gamoiyeneba rogorc fonemu-ri, ise diferencialur niSanTa bgerwera: am leqsSi gansa-kuTrebiT intsiurad aris gamoyenebuli /q/ fonema _ ro-melic fSvinvierobisa da ukana warmoebis kombinacias war-moadgens _ xolo mTliani bgerweriTi efeqti emyareba fSvi-nvierobisa da ukana warmoebis intensifikacias. Tu dife-renvialur niSanTa r. iakobsoniseul sqemas aviRebT, suraTi kidev ufro erTgvarovani gaxdeba: mis TeoriaSi kompaqtu-robis (ukana warmoebis) niSani velarul /q g k x/-sTan ukana-nunismier /j/ da postvelarul /y h/ fonemebsac aerTianebs.

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sainteresoa /r/ fonemis intensiuri gamoyenebac am leqsSi: pirvel striqonSi igi Svidjer aris gamoyenebuli, maSin rodesac sxva sonorebi /m n l/ mxolod TiTojer Cans. am bgeras platoni Zlieri moZraobis gamomxatvelad miiC-nevda (platoni, kratile 1968: 472). leqsSi `qari hqris...~ so-norebi Semdegi sixSiriT aris gamoyenebuli:

r 34 l 6 n 4 m 4 Tumca /r/ fonema universalurad yvelaze maRali six-

SiriT xasiaTdeba sonorebs Soris (ix. mag. qarTulSi stan-dartuli ganawileba: /r/ _ 10.02%. /m/ _ 9.9%, /l/ _ 6.98%, /n/ _ 6.73%), misi sixSire xuT-eqvsjer ar aRemateba sxva so-norebis sixSires gansxvavebiT am leqsis teqstisagan.

Zalze sainteresoa meore striqonis bgerweriTi stru-qtura kidev ori TvalsazrisiT. pirveli: _ x_r_s am stri-qonis pirvel or periodSi or-or sityvazea ganfenili:

xeTa rigs, xeTa jars _ xolo mesame periodSi erT sityvadaa Serwymuli: rkalad xris... da meore: _ rkalad moxra bgerweriTadacaa gadmoce-

muli: rkalad xris _ rk da xr erTmaneTTan sarkisebur mi-marTebaSi arian diferencialur niSanTa doneze: nunismieri-ukanaenismieri <> ukanaenismieri-nunismieri; kompleqsebis sarkiseburi asaxviT bgerweriTad CaRunuli rkalis saxe aris miRweuli. bgerweriTi adeqvatobisa da moqnilobis TvalsazrisiT, albaT am leqss Znelad Tu moepoveba sadme badali da, Tu moepoveba, albaT isev galaktionis poeziaSi.

aranakleb STambeWdavia am teqstis xmovnuri Sinagani logika. qarTuli teqstis standartuli xmovniTi statis-tikuri struqtura aseTia (fogti 1961: 76):

a 39.11% i 24.13 e 20.10% o 10.21% u 6.45% teqstis xmovnuri statistikuri struqtura imdenad

Zlieri maxasiaTebelia, rom mcire sigrZis teqstebSic ki igi Cveulebriv daculia. galaktionis ramdenime leqsi Seviswav-le am TvalsazrisiT da aRmoCnda, rom, rogorc wesi, saSua-lo sigrZis leqsi standatrul statistikur struqturas

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inarCunebs (ase magaliTad, leqsSi `zeviT aswieT mze, zeviT~ xmovanTa sixSireebi ase nawildeba: a _ 74, i _ 68, e _ 59, o _ 34, u _ 20), magram strofebi sxvaoben xmovanTa dominansis TvalsazrisiT. `qari hqris...~ miuxedavad mcire moculobisa, aseve inarCunebs standartul struqturas _ gansxvavebas qmnis mxolod /o/ da /e/ fonemebis adgilebis Senacvleba da erTi saintereso Tavisebureba: /u/-s ar arseboba teqstSi: a _ 33, i _ 25, o _ 17, e _ 15.

pirveli periodis xmovnuri struqtura aseTia: aii aii aii oei iia aaa eai eaa aai aaa aaa aaa a _ 21, i _ 11, e _ 3, o _ 1; Tumca am strofSi ZiriTadi ierarqia SenarCunebulia,

balansi aSkarad darRveulia. strofis dominantur xmovnad a gvevlineba, romlis sixSire yvela danarCeni xmovnis six-Sireebis jams aRemateba, xolo Tu meore xmovansac gaviTva-liswinebT, gvaqvs dominanta a_i, romelic Riaobis Tval-sazrisiT maqsimalurad kontrastuli xmovnebisagan Sedgeba.

meore periodis xmovnuri struqtura aseTia: ooi ooo ooo eoe eao eao eie aea aea oeo oei oea o _ 15, e _ 11, a _ 7, i _ 3; am strofis aSkara xmovnuri dominantaa o. meore xmov-

nis gaTvaliswinebiT viRebT o_e rigs, romelic xmovanTa samkuTxedis Sua rigs Seesabameba.

mesame orstriqoniani periodis xmovnuri struqtura aseTia:

oia iia iei aii aii aii i _11, a _ 5, e _ 1, o _ 1; mesame piriodisaTvis aSkara dominanturi xmovania i,

xolo orxmovniani dominantaa i_a, anu kvlav maqsimalurad kontrastuli xmovnebi, oRond Sebrunebuli rigiT. amrigad, gvaqvs xmovnuri dominansis aseTi sistema:

1. a /a_i/ 2. o /o_e/ 3. i /i_a/

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Riaobis TvalsazrisiT qarTuli enis xmovnebi samkuT-xeds qmnian, sadac /a/ yvelaze Ria xmovania, /o/ da /e/ saSua-lo Riaobisaa, xolo /i/ da /u/ maqsimalurad daxuruli xmovnebia:

i u e o

a pirveli periodis dominanturi xmovani maqsimalurad

Riaa, meore periodis dominanturi xmovani saSualo Riao-bisaa, xolo mesame periodis dominanturi xmovani maqsima-lurad daxurulia. vlindeba aSkara moZraoba gaxsnidan da-xurulobisaken. orwevra dominansis TvalsazrisiT pirveli da mesame urTierTSebrunebulia: a _ i <> i _ a, mimarTeba ki maT Soris vertikaluria. igrZnoba maqsimalurad kontras-tuli xmovnebis urTierTmimarTebis dramatizmi. meore strofi ki Sualeduria yvela TvalsazrisiT, mimarTeba o_e-s Soris horizontaluria, isini erTgvarovania Riaobis TvalsazrisiT. saocaria, magram faqtia, rom xmovanTa mimar-Tebebis TvalsazrisiT jvars viRebT. Tumca galaktionis bgerweraSi bevri ram cnobier Semoqmedebad unda miviCnioT, aq, vfiqrob, movlenaTa Sinaganma logikam warmoSva aseTi forma.

SevecadoT miRebuli struqturebis interpretacias: pirveli periodi. a, rogorc yvelaze farTo, Ria xmo-

vani, aris gaocebis, gaxsnilobis, SekiTxvis gamomxatveli. es aris gaxsniloba axlisaTvis, kiTxvis dasma da mzaoba, gaxsni-loba axali, moulodneli pasuxis misaRebad. strofSi: sada xar, sada xar, sada xar? harmoniaa sityvier da bgeriT mniSv-nelobebs Soris.

meore periodi. o _ Sua rigis bagismieri, momrgvale-buli xmovani garemocvis, garsis warmoqmnis, SemosazRvris gamomxatvelia. Cvens teqstSi gvaqvs Ziebis, pasuxis miRebis, mocvis survili da mcdeloba (rogor... rogor... rogor...), romelic marcxiT mTavrdeba: ver gpoveb verasdros, verasd-ros... uaryofis elementi e xmovans Semoaqvs _ Sua rigis viwro xmovans, romelic piris Rrus faqtobriv Suaze yofs da jvris formas warmoqmnis.

mesame periodis dominanturi xmovani i yvelaze maRali, viwro da daxuruli xmovania, maqsimalurad kontrastuli a-s mimarT. es aris siviwrovis, simaRlis, izolaciis, indivi-

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dualizaciis gamomxatveli xmovani (platoni: i aris yvela-feri wvrili, rasac sxva saganTa ganmsWvalva ZaluZs. pla-toni, 472}: Sori ca nislian fiqrebs scris. . .

amgvarad, xmovanTa bgerweriTi logika aseTia: Zieba, _ pasuxis miRebis mcdeloba _ kvlavac simartiveSi, izola-ciaSi darCena, magram mainc simaRlesTan ZafiviT wvril, faqiz kavSirSi.

savaraudoa, rom galaktion tabiZe icnobda bgeriTi simbolizmis andrei beliseul gaazrebasac, romelic mis glosaloliaSi aris warmodgenili (beli 1917: 66). TviT andrei belis ideebi didad aris dakavSirebuli rudolf Staineris bgeraTa bunebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebasTan, romelic man recitaciul da evriTmiul xelovnebebTan dakavSirebiT ganaviTara. gamoricxuli araa, rom galaktion tabiZe am moZRvrebasac icnobda. mis arqivSi daculia r. Staineris “xelovnebaTa safuZvlebis” xuTi gverdis miseuli Targmani (javaxaZe 1996: 513). m. kirxner-bokholti CvenTvis saintere-so xmovanTa semantikas ase gansazRvravs:

A _ gamoxatavs adamianis Rrma gaocebas axali STabeW-dilebebis mimarT da imavdroulad mzadyofnas miiRos es siaxle;

O _ garesamyaros mocvas siyvaruliT; I _ adamians avlens rogorc pirovnebas, individualo-

bas (kirhner-bokholti,1962). leqsSi `qari hqris...~ xmovanTa gamoyeneba saocrad See-

sabameba xmovanTa zemoT warmodgenil interpretacias. vfiq-robT, xmovanTa bunebis es saocari gamoyeneba, Sepirobebu-lia rogorc poetis intuiciiT, ise xmovanTa xasiaTis Rrma cnobieri wvdomiTac.

dabolos, vfiqrob, rom am poetur qmnilebaSi Cans saxarebiseuli aluziac, romelic bgerweriT logikasTan Sinagan kavSirSia. ioanes saxarebis mesame TavSi, nikodemosis Ramiseul saubarSi macxovarTan, nikodemosi kiTxvebs svams xelaxali Sobis, e. i. iniciaciis, xeldasxmis Sesaxeb; erT-erTi pasuxi, romelsac igi iRebs, berZnul originalSi ase JRers:

to pneua �ïovpou qelei pnei

romelic SesaZlebelia qarTulad iTargnos orgvarad: `suli, sadac nebavs, qris~, an `qari, sadac nebavs, qris~, radganac berZnuli pneuma aRniSnavs rogorc qars, ise

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suls. laTinurSic qrolasa da suls erTidaigive polisemiuri sityva gamoxatavs:

spiritus ubi vult spirat `qari/suli, sadac nebavs, qris~. saxarebis Zvel qarTul TargmanebSi Targmanis es orive

SesaZlebloba aris realizebuli. giorgi mTawmindliseul redaqciaSi vkiTxulobT:

in. 3.8 suls vidreca unebn, qrin, da ÃmaÁ misi gesmis, aramed ara ici, vinaÁ movals da vidre vals. esreT ars yoveli Sobili sulisgan.

xanmet teqstebSi es adgili daculi ar aris, magram adiSis oTxTavi, romlis teqstic uZveles Targmans unda asaxavdes, gviCvenebs alternatiul Targmans: qari... qris: ra-meTu qari, sadaca unebs, qris, da ÃmaÁ misi gesmis, xolo ara uwyi, vinaÁ movaln, anu vidre valn. egreca yoveli Sobili sulisagan.

vfiqrobT, rom galaktionis leqsSi gvaqvs aluzia saxa-rebis teqstTan (ioane 3.8). galaktionis leqsi exmaureba teqsts, romelic gvaqvs berZnulSi, laTinurSi, adiSis oTx-Tavis teqstSi. Cvens winaSe dgeba kiTxva: saxarebis romel teqstebs da ra enebze icnobda galaktioni? ra ganaTleba aqvs mas am mimarTulebiT miRebuli quTaisis sasuliero seminariaSi? an ras kiTxulobda is SemdgomSi? misi Semoqme-debis kulturuli foni xom yovelTvis gaocebas iwvevs Tavi-si siRrmiTa da simdidriT!

saxarebis am monakveTis gaazreba sulis Ziebis motivs uSualod esadageba: nikodemosis aRiarebaze _ moZRvaro, Sen RvTisagan xar mosuli, radgan aravis ZaluZs aseTi saswaulebis qmna, Tu RmerTi ar aris masTan, _ ieso pasuxad ambobs: vinc xelaxlad ar iSveba, ver ixilavs RvTis sasu-fevels, e. i. RvTaebrivis gageba mxolod sulierad Sobils ZaluZs. nikodemosis gaocebaze _ rogor SeiZleba xelaxali Soba, ieso upasuxebs: xorcisgan naSobi xorcia da sulisgan naSobi sulia, nu gagikvirdeba, rom giTxari: xelaxla unda iSva da amas mosdevs CvenTvis mniSvnelovani pasaJi: qari qris, sadac surs da misi xma gesmis, magram ar ici, saidan modis da sad midis, asea yoveli Sobili sulisgan. _ wilnayaroba, erT-bunebovneba auciliebelia SemecnebisaTvis, raimes wvdomisaTvis.

vfiqrobT, rom `qari hqris...~ galaktionis mistikuri mimarTulebis qmnilebebs unda mivakuTvnoT: sulis Zieba _ misi miRwevis mouxelTebloba _ da kvlav martooba, mi-tovebuloba, izolacia, _ Tumca rCeba ZafiviT wvrili (ca... scris), bundovani (nislian fiqrebs) kavSiri, Sexebis xsovna,

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romelic Rrma melanqolias iwvevs. rogorc zemoT Seveca-deT gveCvenebina, bgerweriTad melanqoliur tonalobas qmnis ukana warmoebis /q g k x y r/ bgeraTa siWarbe da SesaZlebelia, fSvinvierTa nacrisferi feriTi tonalobac. marTlac gaocebas iwvevs teqstis sazrisisa da bgeriTi realizaciis urTierTSesabamisoba. aq sulis Zieba, sulTan Sexeba da kvlav martod darCena saxeebiTac aris gadmoce-muli da bgeriTadac.

sulier ZalasTan mimarTebiT `sada xar?~ galaktionis sxva leqsSic ismis: `o, sad xar, sada, uCveulo raime Zalo, / sicarielis Savi nisli rom gamacalo?~ galaktioni eZebs RvTaebrivTan kavSirs, romelic mas egzistencialur kiTx-vebze pasuxs miagebda, simartoves daaZlevinebda, magram misi Zieba kvlav simartoviT mTavrdeba.

leqsi `qari hqris...~, iseve rogorc galaktionis sxva Sedevrebic, gviCvenebs, rom galaktioni flobda `harmonia-Ta algebras~, mas xelewifeboda sazrisisa da bgeris organu-li Serwyma. poeturi intuicia da poeturi xelovnebis inst-rumentisa da masalis cnobieri floba mis poeziaSi mTlia-nobad aris Serwymuli. galaktions gaazrebuli hqonda poe-turi xelovnebis maTematikuri simwyobre, SemoqmedebiT kanonzomierebebTan Tanxmoba. sainteresoa am TvalsazrisiT misi gamoxmaureba puSkinTan. puSkini: `zeSTagoneba Tanabrad saWiroa rogorc poeziaSi, ise geometriaSi~; galaktioni: `magram is midis damSvidebuli, rogorc poeti da geometri~; `rom ufleba gaqvT ar gairiyoT, rogorc poeti da geo-metri~ /es iyo Zveli, nacnobi azri/. zeSTagoneba ekuTvnis rogorc poets, ise geometrs, da orives kanonzomierebaTa wvdoma aZlevs sayrdensa da simSvides.

damowmebani:

axvlediani 1949: axvlediani g. bgeraTmonacvleobis zogierTi

sakiTxi qarTulSi. zogadi fonetikis safuZvlebi. Tb.: 1949.

beli 1917: Белый А. Глоссалолия. Поема о звуке. Берлин: 1917. voronini 1982: Воронин В.С. Основы фоносемантики. Ленинград: 1982. iakobsoni 1983: Якобсон Р. В поисках сущности языка. Семантика.

Москва: 1983. iakobsoni 1985: Якобсон Р. Звук и значение. Избранные работы. Москва:

1985. iakobsoni 1987: Якобсон Р. Из мелких вещей Велимира Хлебникова. Работы

по поэтике. Москва: 1987.

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kirxner-bokholti 1962: Kirchner-Bockholt M. Grundelemente der Heileurythmie. Dornach: 1962.

meliqiSvili 1976: meliqiSvili i. markirebis mimarTeba fonologiaSi. Tb.: 1976.

meliqiSvili 1999: meliqiSvili i. bgerweriTi leqsikisaTvis qarTulSi. enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi. 3. Tb.: 1999.

platoni 1968: Платон. Кратил. Сочинения. т. I, Москва: 1968. fogti 1961: fogti h. qarTuli enis fonematuri struqtura. Tb.:

1961. qobalava 1980: qobalava i. zogierTi tipis xmabaZviTi sityvebis

warmoebisaTvis qarTulSi. Tanamedrove zogadi enaTmec-nierebis sakiTxebi. V, Tb.: 1980.

javaxaZe 1991: javaxaZe v. ucnobi. Tb.: 1991. javaxaZe 1996: javaxaZe v. ucnobi. apologia galaktion tabiZisa.

axali, Sevsebuli gamocema. Tb.: 1996. humbolti 1984: В. фон Гумбольдт. О различном строении человеческих

языков и его влиянии на духовное развитие человечества. Избранные работы по языкознанию. Москва: 1984.

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naira bepievi

osuri xmiT natirlebis leqswyoba

xmiT natirlebi im universalurad saerTo tipologi-ur jgufs ganekuTvneba, romelic sxvadasxva xalxis folk-lorul Tu individualur memkvidreobas aerTianebs. gar-dacvlilis datireba dakrZalvis ritualTan erTad srul-deba da, marTalia, moTqma-datirebas garegnuli gamoxatu-leba sxvadasxva aqvs, magram Sinagani safuZveli da mniSvne-loba yvelgan erTi da igivea: didi tkivilisa da wuxilis, dardisa da sevdis amoTqma, riTic motirali, mozare, upir-velesad micvalebuls miagebs pativs, mis damsaxurebebs, mis Rirsebebs ganadidebs. SeiZleba aq yovelTvis poeziis srul-yofil nimuSebTan arca gvaqvs saqme, magram glovis melo-diurobiT aRbeWdili orbwkaredebic ki udides emociur zegavlenas axdenen msmenelze.

istoriuli Znelbedobis gzaze os xalxs mravali samgloviaro Janris simRera Seuqmnia. xmiT natirlebi osur folklorSi, iseve rogorc sxva xalxebis zepirsityvier memkvidreobaSi, gamorCeulia Tavisi tragizmiTa da gamomsaxvelobiT.

osuri xmiT natirlebi xSirad uriTmoa, Tumca ritmika zogjer daculia. xmiT datireba yvelas poeturad ar SeeZ-lo, amitom datireba poeturic aris da prozaulic, magram prozaulsac gancdaTa is simZafre da garkveuli melodiu-roba axasiaTebda, rac samgloviaro Janris TxzulebebisaT-vis iyo damaxasiaTebeli (fraza-kliSeebi: wuxilis Sorisde-bulebis, tragikuli Sinaarsis frazebis ganmeoreba da a. S.).

prozauli uZvelesi datirebis nimuSebi jer kidev nar-Tul TqmulebebSi gvxvdeba. arqaul xmiT natirlad SeiZleba CaiTvalos narTi sirdonis mier (xamicis mier daxocili da mduRareSi Cayrili) vaJebis datireba. aq arc strofikaa daculi, arc ritmi da riTma. arqauli datireba klasikuri moTqmis mxolod elementebs moicavs. fandirze motirali mama ase mimarTavs Svilebs:

«Мё лёппутё, мёнён уын мё бон хёрнёг кёнын нё бауыдзён, фёлё мын уё иу хуынди Къонагё. Къонагё, марды фёлдисинагёй къонайыл цы бавёрой, уымёй ды рухсы бад!»

Ме ’ннё лёппу – Уёрагё , марды фёлдисинагёй уёрагыл цы ’рывёрой, уымёй ды рухсы бад!»

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«Ме ’ртыккаг лёппу – Фуага, марды фёлдисинагёй фу цёуыл бакёнай, уымёй ды рухсы бад!»

`Cemo vaJebo ....konaga, micvalebulis sulis mosaxsene-beli sakurTxidan rac konaze (keriaze) Semodon, imiT Sen iyav, Svilo, naTelSi!~

`Cemo SuaTana, varaga, micvalebulis sakurTxi tabli-dan rac muxlze daidon, imiTi Sen iyavi naTelSi, Svilo!~

`Cemo nabolara biWo, fuaga, micvalebulis sakurTxi-dan rasac suli Seuberon, imiTi Sen iyavi naTelSi, Svilo!~

rogorc vxedavT, aq wyobili strofika ara gvaqvs. mag-ram samgloviaro leqswyobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli elemen-tebi (striqonis TavSi mimarTva _ Cemo vaJebo (Мё лёппутё)! xolo TiToeulis datireba, striqonis dasasruls, saiqios mimavalTa dalocviT mTavrdeba: naTelSi iyav! (ДЫ РУХСЫ БАД!) (xalxuri zepirsityviereba 2005: 242).

arqauli datirebis es nimuSi imiTic gamoirCeva, rom mas aqvs micvalebulis, saiqioSi mimavalis, dalocvis Tavi-seburi saxe: vin riTi SeiZleba naTelSi moxvdes.

aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom fandiri, romelsac am dati-rebis dros aJRerebs sirdoni, swored Tavisi ufrosi vaJis mklavis Zvlebisagan gaakeTa, danarCeni biWebis gulis Zafe-biT ki fandirs Tormeti simi gauba.

fandirs imTaviTve mwuxare xmebi daebeda. ormoSi Caya-ra Svilebis Zvlebi sirdonma, Semdeg mivida narTebTan nixas-Si da uTxra maT: visac simware da ubedureba ar unaxavs, mousminos am fandirs. aha, es fandiri, miiReT Cemgan, mxo-lod damrTeT neba TqvenTan cxovrebisa.

narTebma upasuxes, raki aseTi ganZi gaimete CvenTvis, icxovre CvenTan, ZmasaviT migiRebT, yvelas kari Riaa SenT-vis, dReis Semdeg Sengan dafaruli araferi gveqneba.

am Tqmulebis erT-erT variantSi vkiTxulobT: `nixasSi misulma sirdonma ise aakvnesa fandiri, rom irgvliv yvela da yvelaferi smenad gadaiqca; cisferi ca gamuqda da crem-lebi Camoscvivda. SeaCeres nadiroba mxecebma da daRonebiT miwamde Caqindres Tavebi. aTasobiT frinveli mofrinda sirdonTan da mwuxare xmebi SeuerTes sirdonis xmas. nixasSi msxdomT ki mwuxarebisagan Tavebi Cahkides da cremli Rvarebad waskdaT~ (Сказание о Нартах 1981: 218).

ase gaaerTiana sirdonis, erTi adamianis mwuxarebam-datirebam sulieri da usulo (casac cremlebi waskda _ aq ara marto adamiani, ara marto suldgmuli, aramed mTliani

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bunebis mgrZnobelobaa gamJRavnebuli da xazgasmulia, rom “ars ena ram saidumlo, uasakoT da usulT Sorisac”.

aq metad sainteresoa erTi detali: datireba uZRvis win. sirdonis Semdeg qmedebas: mwuxare xmebiT aRvsili fan-diri sirdonma nixasSi msxdomT gadasca rogorc msxverpli, gamosasyidi danaSaulisa, romelic mas rodisme Caudenia narTTa winaSe: narTebi mas ase pasuxoben: `Cven SeiZleba ga-davSendeT, magram es fandiri darCeba samudamod. is yvelas uambobs Cvens Sesaxeb da vinc masze daukravs, is gagvixsenebs da samudamod Cveniani gaxdeba~ (Сказание о Нартах 1981: 218).

aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom aseTi Tormetsimiani fandiri (дуадёсстёнон фёндыр) mxolod kacebs SeeZloT dakvra. qalebs misi xelSi aReba ekrZalebodaT (Калоев 1973: 33).

aseTi datireba nimuSia uZvelesi, arqauli datirebisa, romelsac arc strofika aqvs, arc riTma da oden melodiu-roba, godebis JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mimarTva gamo-arCevs mas. aqve miniSnebulia motiralisa da gundis (moza-reTa) erTianoba.

saerTod, kavkasiis bevr xalxSi Svilis, qmris datireba sircxvili iyo, `xevsureTsa da TuSeTSi mcirewlovan Svils deda ar tiris, sircxvilia. aseve sircxvilia qmris datire-bac~ (xmiT natirlebi 2002: 11). es datireba am mxrivac sainte-resoa, rom mcirewlovan Svilebs mama dastiris.

Svilis datirebis erT-erTi uZvelesi poeturi versia kompozitor boris galaevs notebTan erTad gamouqveynebia. arc aq aris gamokveTili strofuli aRnagobis leqsi, ramde-nadac TiTqmis yvela striqons Tavisi gansxvavebuli marc-valTa raodenoba aqvs:

`Додойёг фёуа мё сёр, мё хъёбул! Афтё иунёгёй мё цёмён ныууагътёй! Ды ацёудзынё фёндагыл, сталытыл сёмбёлдзынё мё иу сын радзур

дё мады фхёрд! Уым дыл сымбёлдзысты дидинджытимё мё иу хиуаттыл дёхи ма

атигъ кён! Дёдёдёй, туг ныууара дё мадыл, кёд цы дзуры уый дёр нал ёмбары! Ныр ма куыд он, мё иунёг, уёзгуытыл мё ниугёйё куыд ныууагътай? Хурмё ниугёйё куы баззадтён, о, мё иунёг, мё зыбыты иунаг.

(Осетинские народные песни. 1964.. 190).

(vai Cems ubedur Tavs, Cemo Svilo, ratom damtove ase martodmarto?

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Sen waxval da gzaze Sexvdebi varskvlavebs, mouyevi maT dedaSenis simwareze.

iq Segxvdebian yvavilebiT da Senianebs ar gaunapirde. adadai, sisxlma iwvimos dedaSenis Tavze, ras laparakobs

TviTonac rom aRar esmis! exla rogorRa vicocxlo, Cemo erTaderTo, mwuxarebisagan muxlebze dacemuli rom damtove? mzeze daxrukuli davrCi, Cemo erTaderTo, Cemo

dediserTav!).

rogorc aRvniSneT, am leqss riTma ara aqvs da arc mar-cvalTa Tanabari raodenobaa daculi striqonebSi. mxolod pirveli da meore striqonia aTmarcvliani. danarCeni stri-qonebi sxvadasxva metrul sazomzea agebuli (24-22-20-18-19). sakmaod melodiuri JReradobis es leqsi, rogorc aRvniS-neT, notebTan erTad gamouqveynebia b. galaevs.

am moTqmis arqaulobis damadasturebelia is garemoe-bac, rom deda ar yveba Svilis Sesaxeb arafers (rogorc es Cveulebrivia aseTi saxis datirebebSi). aq arc Svilis garegnobaa Seqebuli, arc misi Tvisebebzea gamaxvilebuli yuradReba. es moTqma sainteresoa im TvalsazrisiTac, rom aq deda Tavis Tavs tiris da miaCnia, rom is, vinc wavida, ufro bednieria, ufro karg samyaroSi midis, vidre aq damr-Cenia. Cans, suleTze warmodgenebi warmarTobisdroindelia, qristianobis gavleniT masSi ukanasknelis damaxasiaTebeli motivebi SeiWra. varskvlavebiT mofenilia iqauroba, iq yva-vilebiT egebebian. leqsSi mxolod warmarTobis panTeonis binadarnia naxsenebi, motirali deda mxolod kosmiuri sam-yaros sxeulebs miiCnevs mniSvnelovan atributad samyarosi, sadac adamiani arsebobs (saaqaoSic da saiqioSic). TviTon mzesTan darCa, romelic mwuxarebiT wvavs mas, xolo misi Svili ki varskvlavebTan wavida, romlebic gaigivebulia misianebTan.

imier samyaro angelozTa samyarodaa miCneuli sxva moTqmaSic:

„mkvdarTa qveyana angelozebis qveyanaa, iq gasaTxovari ar Txovdeba, ucolo cols ar irTavs, patara ar izrdeba...~

(Зарджытё, таурёгътё... 1977. 14).

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gvxvdeba pirukuc, roca wamsvlelT afrTxileben, iq wasvla araa saxarbielo da urCeven, ar wavides.

godebis Janri melodiurobiT, eqspresiulobiTa da Ta-visi specifikuri gamomsaxvelobiT gamoirCeva. am Janris nimuSebisaTvis Tema erTi da igivea _ gardacvlilis dati-reba, ganwyobilebac yovelTvis tragizmiTaa savse. aq Ziri-Tadi poeturi xelovnebaa, romelic motirals, mozares zog-jer sruliad moulodnelad (misTvisac da sxvaTaTvisac) aRmoaCndeba. bevrjer gvsmenia azrebiT gajerebuli, Sinaar-siT datvirTuli, magram arapoeturi, aramelodiuri da pi-riqiT, SeiZleba Zalian martivad, zogjer sityvaTa harmo-niuli gameorebiT, melodiurobiT miRweuli efeqti moti-ralisa. SesaZlebelia es arc iyos poezia, iyos proza, magram ritmuli proza. lirikulad gadmocemuli proza. „ritmi saleqso struqturis yvelaze ZiriTadi da arsebiTi ele-mentia. ritmi Tanazomieri bgeriTi erTeulebis kanonzomie-ri ganmeorebaa“ (Ирон Ёгъдёуттё 2003: 17).

xmiT natirlebSi zogjer identuri da omonimuri riT-mebia gamoyenebuli. zogan konsonansuri (xmovniT gansxvave-buli) riTmac gvxvdeba. yvelaze xSiria jvaredini (a b a b) riTma. gvxvdeba mosazRvrec(a a b b). ar gvaqvs TavriTma. gvxvdeba mxolod garegani da iSviaTad SinaganiriTma.

daboloebis mixedviT gvxvdeba Ria (xmovniT daboloe-buli), daxuruli (TanxmovniT daboloebuli) da Sereuli.

zogierT natiralSi leqsis evfoniis, bgeraTa harmo-niis xarjze miiRweva keTilxmovaneba.

arqauli, uZvelesi xmiT natirlebi ZiriTadad hetero-silaburia (araTanabarmarcvliani). Semdeg safexurze Cndeba izosilaburi (Tanabarmarcvliani) sazomiT Sedgenili natirlebi.

heterosilaburis nimuSi osur folklorSi mravlad gvxvdeba:

`Уё. мё цёугё мёсыг. Уё. мё хъуытазхъёлёс чызджытё. Уё, мё мырмыраг дзых чындзытё, - Уё, мё мырмыраг дзых чындзытё, - Быдыры фёндыртёй цёгъдинёг. Хохы уадындзёй уасинаг~.

( Зарджытё, таурёгътё... 1977.15).

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`oi, Cemo mosiarule cixe-simagrev, oi, Cemo wkrialaxmiano gogonebo, oi, Cemo xmazariano rZlebo, barSi fandurze dasakravi, mTaSi salamurze asakvnesi~ (misi ambebi n. b.).

am moTqmaSi, ZiriTadad, sityvaTa (mimarTva _

чызджытё, gogoebo, qalebo), SorisdebulTa (Уё _ voi) ganmeorebaa. oTxive striqonSi kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelis moxmoba (.мё) msazRvrelad aZlierebs eqspansias. mTliani striqonis ganmeoreba (Уё, мё мырмыраг дзых чындзытё, _ oi, Cemo xmazariano rZlebo), sagangebod dasmuli logikuri maxvilia natiralisa.

aq ZiriTadi strofuli aRnagoba aseTia: pirveli striqoni 4+2 - ia , danarCeni xuTi ki 6+3.

heterosilaburi, magram metaforuli striqonebi ki-dev ufro STambeWdavs xdis motiralis naTqvams:

`Уёларвёй ме стъалыйы хай ёрхаудта, Зёххыл мё кёрдёджы хал бахус и. Нё куырыхон лёгтё, нё тёрхоны лёгтё, фёзынут: Абон мё цёугё хох, мё лёугё мёсыг кеуы ныккалди~.

(Зарджытё, таурёгътё... 1977.14) (cas moswyda Cemi bedis varskvlavi, miwaze Cemi wili balaxi gadaxma. Cveno sanaqebo kacebo, Cveno brZeno kacebo,

gamoCndiT _ dRes Cemi mosiarule mTa, Cemi cixe-simagre

daingra).

qarTuli leqswyobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris kenttaepianoba (ak. xinTibiZe). osurSi aseTi ram gvxvdeba da arc Tu iSviaTad. samstriqoniani (tercinuli) strofebi zogjer aRreulia oTxstriqonedTan (robai) da xuTstriqo-nedTanac (iambiko).

«Уё, мачи мыл фёхудёд, мачи, мё хъуртё, Мёнё мё хёдзар куы фехёлд, Мёнё мыл кёуыны бон куы ныккодта!»

osuri folklori icnobs xmiT natirlebs, sadac sa-

gangebo ritualia warmodgenili. erT-erTi aseTi rituali cxenSewirvaa. cxeni osis sayvareli cxovelia da kargi vaJ-

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kacis aucilebeli atributicaa. amas mowmobs am lirio-epi-kuri nawarmoebis sityvebi:

`kargi kaci iyo da mokvda, kargi cxeni unda SevwiroT~.

kargi vaJkacisaTvis cxens sagangebod arCevdnen.

„Terq-Turqis remaSic, marjvnivac eZebdnen, marcxnivac Cxrekdnen, mis sakadriss versad miagnes”.

sakadrisi mxolod `caSi, yviTeli kldis Ziras~, vasTi-

rjis remaSi aRmoaCines. am leqsSi miTosuri samyaro warmo-gvidgeba, vasTirjis remaSi SerCeuli cxeni zeciur mWedels, qurdalagons mihgvares. igi `foladis nalebs gamouwrTobs, foladis nalebs daaWedebs. Semdeg ki warmarTobisdroin-deli panTeonis binadarni erTvebian: “mzis vaJi unagirs gaCuqebs, mTvarisa aRvir-mosarTavs~. leqsSi qristianobis-droindeli elementebicaa SeWrili. saiqioSi moxvedrili gmiri xedavs, rom yvelas imis mixedviT ezRveba, rogorc icxovra saaqaoSi:

`eg sicocxleSi Tavis lukmas uyofda sxvebsac... axla aq imkis iq daTesil sikeTes igi~.

an: „am kacs amqveynad aravinac ar hyvarebia... da saiqios wesiT igi ase isjeba~.

leqsSi xazgasmulia, rom TviT iq misvlisasac iqac

sikeTe unda daTesos, rom samoTxeSi moxvdes:

mogegebeba bavSvTa jgufi, zogi qamarSi qudgaCrili, sxva, xelSi qamriT, zogs fexT ecmeva albaT ukuRma. zogi mamikos dagiZaxebs, zogi _ dedikos... uTxari, me arc mama var da arc dedaTqveni, magram Sen mainc miefere — zogierTs qudi Seuswore,

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zogs fexsacmeli, zogsac qamari Semoartyi welze lamazad. gagiWirdeba samoTxeSi Sesvla Zalian, magram im bavSvTa xaTriT mainc kars gagiReben~. `Рауайдзысты дём сывёллёттё, Кёмён йё худ – йё роны, Кёмён йё рон - йё къухы, Кёмён йё дзёбыр – фёдкойы, Чи дё йё фыд хондзён, Чи дё йё мад хондзён, Зёгъ син-иу: «Ёз уё фыд дёр нё дён, Уё мад дёр нё дён!» Кёмён йё худ йё сарыл акё, Кёмён йё дзёбыр йё къахыл акё, Кёмён йё рон йё астёуыл абётт, Дзёнётмё дё нё уадздзысты, Фёлё ды сываллатты хатырёй Дзёнёты бацёудзынё~.

(osuri zepirsityviereba 2005. 178).

rogorc Cans, es kacobriobis ganviTarebis is safexu-ria, roca adamianebi mogzaurobdnen suleTis saufloSi da ecnobodnen iqaur wesebs, anu im saidumloebas, rasac iqauri wesebi erqva. icnobdnen da sxvaTac arigebdnen. yvelafer amas ki mosdevs dalocva:

„RmerTma gamyofos naTelSi da rac pativi gca xalxma, isic alali iyos. cxenic SenTvis Semogviwiravs da rogorc is Cven aq gvemsaxura, Senc gemsaxuros, naTelSi iyav” (osuri zepirsityviereba 2005: 52).

es epikuri leqsi versifikaciulad metad sainteresoa.

riTma leqss saerTod ara aqvs (iSviaTad Sereuli saxis riTma gvxvdeba: фёлгёсгё – хъахъхъёнгё; скёндзён – ратдзён...), hetero-silaburia striqonTa Sedgenilobis mxrivac, xuTmarcvlia-nidan dawyebuli ToTxmetmarcvlianamde TiTqmis yvela sa-zomia gamoyenebuli, magram keTilxmovaneba da melodiuroba miiRweva bgeraTa harmoniulobiT, ritmiTa da Sinagani eqsp-resiulobiT, rac am datirebas axlavs.

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osuri xmiT natirali teqstebi Tematuradac da versi-fikaciuladac sxvadasxva saxisaa (sxvadasxvaa saleqso zoma, ritmi da sxv.), magram maT aerTianebT erTi _ isini ucbad, umokles droSi, tragizmis uSualo simZimisa da mZafri ganc-debis fonze iqmneba. amitomac mas gansakuTrebuli poeturi eqspresiuloba axlavs da umZimesi adamianuri emociebiT gadmoicema.

osur xalxur poeziaSi xmiT natirlebis mravali nimu-Sia SemorCenili, romlebic TiToeuli adamianis pirovnul gancdasac gadmogvcems da sxvaTa mozaredac warmogviCens motirals, rac mis naTqvams zogadkacobriul Rirebulebas aniWebs.

unda aRiniSnos, rom TiToeul xmiT natirals Tavisi specifikuri saleqso zoma da sakuTari melodia aqvs. isini mxolod Janrobrivad erTiandebian.

osuri xmiT natirlebi adreul saukuneebSia Seqmnili. masSi arqaulobis mravali niSan-Tvisebaa SemorCenili. pro-zauli datirebis nimuSebi am arqaulobis ucilobel kvals atareben. aq arc strofuli Sedgenilobaa da arc riTma.

strofuli Sedgenilobis mxriv xmiT natirlebi osurSi nairgvaria: orpwkaredidan dawyebuli xuT-eqvs da zogjer rva-aTstriqoniani natirlebic gvxvdeba. zogierT natiral-Si oc-ocdaaTmarcvliani saleqso sazomicaa gamoyenebuli.

damowmebani:

Зарджытё... 1977: Зарджытё, таурёгътё, ёмбисёндтё. Цхинвал: 1977. Ёгъдёуттё 2003: Ёгъдёуттё Ирон. Дзёуджыхъёу. 2003. Калоев 1973: Калоев Б. Материальная культура и прикладное искусство

осетин. Москва: 1973. kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili v. xalxuri poezia. Tb.: 1961. Миллер 1992: Миллер В. Осетинские Этюди. Владикавказ: 1992. Нарты... 1989: Нарты кадджытё. Орджоникидзе: 1989. Нарты... 2005: Нарты кадджытё. Дзёуджыхъёу: 2005. Осетинские... 1964: Осетинские народные песни. Москва: 1964. osuri zepirsityviereba 2005: osuri zepirsityviereba. Tb: 2005. Сказание... 1981: Сказание о Нартах. Цхинвал: 1981. Царциаты... 2007: Царциаты таурёгътё. Дзёуджыхъёу: 2007. xinTibiZe 2003: xinTibiZe a. qarTuli leqsi. Tb.: 2003. xmiT natirlebi 2002: xmiT natirlebi. Tb.. 2002.

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sofio mujiri

enis fonetikuri, akustikuri da vizualuri ganzomilebani „konkretul poeziaSi“

me-20 saukunis 60-iani wlebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel

gardatexisa da eqsperimentis literaturul klimatSi Camo-yalibda Tanamedrove avangardistuli lirikis mimarTuleba _ konkretuli poezia, romelic iyenebs enis fonetikur, vizualur da akustikur elementebs rogorc literaturul saSualebas. konkretuli poeziis ZiriTadi postulatebis SemuSavebasa da Camoyalibebaze udidesi zegavlena moaxdina me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi Seqmnilma mimdinareobebma xelov-nebasa da literaturaSi: futurizmma, dadaizmma, hermetul-ma poeziam da „konkretulma xelovnebam“. konkretuli poe-ziis Teoriulad da ideologiurad dasabuTebuli formebi eyrdnobian futuristi da dadaisti poetebisa da mxatv-rebis: J. arpis (`Wolkenpumpe”), t. caras (`Gedichtcollage~) k. Svi-tersis („Ursonate~), g. apolineris, s. malarmes, gansakuTrebiT ki f. t. marinetis tradiciebs, romlebic moiTxovdnen sity-vas, bgerasa da azrs Soris mimarTebis gamoxatvas, azris ekonomiur, reziumirebul gadmocemas, xelovnebis dargTa sinTezs, sintaqsuri da punqtuaciuri normebis ugulvebel-yofas da a.S. 40-50 wlebSi p. Seferis konkretuli musikisa da abstraqcionistebis: v. kandinskis, k. maleviCis da p. mond-rianis ferweris reducireba umartives elementebze, geo-metriul formebze da „ZiriTad ferebze“, maqs bils saSua-lebas aZlevs pirvelad gamoiyenos cneba „konkretuli“ xe-lovnebis am mimdinareobasTan kavSirSi∗. mogvianebiT cnebas “konkretuli” musikis sferoSi amkvidrebs pier Seferi∗∗

∗ 1944w. bazelis xelovnebis galereaSi maqs bili konkretuli xelov-nebis ganviTarebas pozitiurad afasebs da mas programul xasiaTs aniWebs: `konkretuli ferweris safuZvlebSi~ ignorirebulia lirizmi, simbolizmi, dramatizmi; momavali suraTis koncepti cnobierebaSi unda iyos formirebuli; suraTi `TavisTavad~ unda arsebobdes, misi konstruqcia da elementebi martivi da vizualurad kontrolirebadi unda iyos. ∗∗ 1948w. safrangeTis radiomauwyeblobasTan arsebul studiaSi p. Seferi dasabams aZlevs konkretuli musikis ganviTarebas. p. Seferi magnitafonze bgerebis an sxvadasxva saxis xmauris Caweris Sedegad qmnis musikalur kompoziciebs. aseTi xerxiT musikis Seqmnis nimuSia

137

xolo literaturul wreSi _ oigen gomringeri∗. 1960-1970-ian wlebSi konkretuli poeziisadmi interesi mkveTrad izr-deba. misi popularoba zenits aRwevs, gamocemuli manifes-tebis, deklaraciebis, anTologiebis didi raodenoba mis internacionalur mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs. konkretuli poeziis wamyvani ideologebis publikaciebSi asaxulia konk-retuli literaturis programuli orientacia∗∗. konkretu-li poeziis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi (h. haisenbiuteli, e. iandli da sxv). literaturuli premiebiT jildovdebian. konkretuli poezia gadaiqca literaturaSi internaciona-luri masStabiT Catarebul eqsperimentad, romelic enisad-mi gansakuTrebul midgomas gulisxmobs. ena aRar emsaxureba movlenis, azris, ganwyobis da a. S. gadmocemas, aramed Tavad xdeba konkretuli poeziis mizani da obieqti. enisa da sxva araenobriv niSanTa (singrafemebi, geometriuli figurebi da sxv.) sistemebi, enis materialuri Tvisebebi, gamoyenebulia leqsis axali, eqsperimentuli formebis SeqmnisaTvis. leqs-Si gamoyenebulia mxolod patara an didi asoebi (minuskule-bi da maiuskulebi), darRveulia sintaqsuri struqturebi, ugulvebelyofilia punqtuaciis niSnebi da makavSirebeli sityvebi, sizuste da racionalizmi asemantikuri TamaSis zRvars aRwevs. enis konteqstidan amoRebuli asoebi, sity-vebi, sasveni niSnebi upirispirdeba mkiTxvels rogorc Ta-visTavadi, konkretuli teqsti. leqsis `Ria~, polivalentu-ri xasiaTi teqstis adresats, misi kulturisa da codnis Se-sabamisad, leqsis gagrZelebisa da sxvadasxvagvari inter-pretaciis saSualebas aZlevs. adresati xdeba enaze Catare-buli eqsperimentisa da leqsis avtoris Tanamonawilei.

`rkinigzis etiudi~. 1948 w. p. Seferma kasetaze Cawera lokomotivis xmauri, Semdeg amoWra am xmauris fragmenti, es elementi gaimeora sxva tonalobaSi, Semdeg isev pirvel fragments miubrunda bgeraTmonac-vleobis Sesaqmnelad. danawevrebuli elementebis axleburma SekavSire-bam mogvca konkretuli musikis pirveli nimuSi. ∗ 1953w. gazeT `spiralis~ pirvel nomerSi o. gomringeri pirvelad uwo-debs poeziis am mimarTulebas „konkretuls“. manamde am cnebas xelov-nebis Teoretikosi o. falStriomic iyenebda. konkretuli poeziis sinonimebad iyeneben agreTve cnebebs: vizualuri, fonetikuri, abst-raqtuli, materialuri, eqsperimentuli, obieqturi poezia. ∗∗ h. haisenbiutelis „Textbuch“ („wigni-teqsti“), o. gomringeris „33 Konst-ellationen“ („33 konstelacia“), f. axlaitneris „schwer schwarz“ („mZime Sa-vi“), e. iandlis „Lange Gedichte“ („grZeli leqsebi“), g. riumis „Wiener Gruppe“ („venis jgufi“) da sxv.

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konkretul poeziaSi gamoiyofa sami ZiriTadi mimarTu-leba: vizualuri, fonetikuri da akustikuri leqsebi. maT Soris gvxvdeba e.w. monoliTuri teqstebi. iseve rogorc enaSi, konkretul poeziaSic gacxadebulia enis orive hipos-tasi _ zepiri da weriTi metyveleba.

vizualuri poezia

konkretuli poeziis Teoretikosis, oigen gomringeris

azriT,∗ sityvebi unda gamoviyenoT rogorc teqstis sazri-sis vizualuri da fonetikuri gamoxatvis elementebi. leqsis grafikuli wyobiT, tipografiuli da simetriuli aranJirebiT SesaZlebelia misi sazrisis xazgasma an ironizeba. poeturi SemoqmedebisaTvis mniSvnelovania verbalur da araverbalur elementTa axleburi ganlageba sibrtyeze, rasac o. gomringeri `konstelacias~ uwodebs (astrol.). konstelacia moicavs sityvebis an singrafemebis erT jgufs, romelic `Tanavarskvlaveds~ qmnis. konstela-ciaSi erTmaneTis gverdiT ganlagebuli ori an meti sityva gamoxatavs azrisa da enobrivi masalis urTierTmimarTebas. konstelacia aris erTgvari `mowesrigebuli saTamaSo sivr-ce~, sadac nebadarTulia variaciebi. es sivrce enis calkeul elementebs yofs da kidec akavSirebs erTmaneTTan makavSi-rebeli sityvebis gamoyenebis gareSe. o. gomringeri ase xsnis konstelaciis daniSnulebas: `Tanamedrove enebi formaluri gamartivebis gzas daadgnen. Cndeba reducirebuli, lakoni-uri formebi. winadadebis Sinaarsi xSirad erTi cnebiT SeiZ-leba gamovxatoT, grZeli teqsti ki _ asoTa dajgufebiT. ikveTeba tendencia erTma an ramdenime sayovelTaod xma-rebulma internacionalurma enam Secvalos sxva enebi. dad-ga xana enaTa socializaciisa~ <R. Döhl: Konkrete Literatur, 101,1029: http://www.stuttgarterschule.de/konkret1.htm> o. gomringeri h. arpis kvaldakval Tvlis, rom konstelacia erTgvari “enob-rivi demonstraciaa”, romelic konfrontaciaSia i. v. goe-Tes simbolizmTan. o. gomringeris leqsebi upirispirdeba tradiciuli leqsis riTmul-formalur erTianobas, subieq-turi grZnobebis gamoxatvis esTetikas, rac kargad Cans i. v.

∗ konkretuli poeziis Teoriis CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSes o. falStriomma (`konkretuli poeziis manifesti~, 1953), o. gomringerma (`leqsidan konstelaciamde~, 1955), h. kamposma da d. pigna-tarim (`konkretuli poeziis pilot-gegma~, 1958).

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goeTes, o. gomringerisa da g. riumis leqsebis Sedarebisas, romlebic eZRvneba siCumisa da saidumlos Temas:

Chr. Morgenstern “Fisches Nachtgesang“ - ∪ ∪ - - - ∪ ∪ ∪ ∪ - - - ∪ ∪ ∪ ∪ - - - ∪ ∪ ∪ ∪ - - - ∪ ∪ ∪ ∪ - - - ∪ ∪

-

J. W. von Goethe Über allen Gipfeln

Ist Ruh

in allen Wipfeln

Spürest du

Kaum einen Hauch;

Die Vögelein schweigen im Walde.

Warte nur, balde

Ruhest du auch.

E. Gomringer

I G. Rühm II

schweigen schweigen schweigen schweigen schweigen schweigen schweigen schweigen schweigen schweigen schweigen schweigen schweigen schweigen

das schwarze eheimnis ist hier hier ist das schwarze geheimnis

1 schweigen 1 2 sch wiegen 2 3 schw eigen 3 4 sch wiegen 4 5 schweigen 5 6 sch wiegen 6 7 sch eigen 7 8 sch wiegen 8 9 schweigen 9

o. gomringeris leqsebi usaTauroa, maTi presupozicia

saTauris nacvlad figurebSi cxaddeba, romlebic sityvebi-sagan Sedgebian. pirvel leqsSi „schweigen“ (`siCume~) _ sityva `siCume~ 14-jeraa gameorebuli, magram verbalurad gamoxa-tul siCumeze metadaa TvalSisacemi teqstis centrSi dato-vebuli carieli adgili anu „lufti“, romelic emsaxureba teqstis sazrisis an misi detalis xazgasmas. o. gomringeris azriT, „lufti“ ufro mets mogviTxrobs siCumis Sesaxeb, vidre mis garSemo myofi sityvebi. „luftis“ funqciaa mkiTx-velis provocireba, raTa man sakuTari codnisa da gamoc-dilebis gamoyenebiT Tavad gaigos, ganmartos an Seavsos teqsti. mag. mkiTxvelma SesaZloa leqsi ase gaigos: poetis

140

sityvebi unda ibadebodnen siCumeSi siCumis dasarRvevado. o. gomringeri Tvlis, rom teqsti SeiZleba erTi sityvisaga-nac Sedgebodes. mTavaria igi Cveni drois sulier-vitaluri situaciis romelime mniSvnelovan elements gamoxatavdes. aseTi sityvis gamiznuli gamravlebiT ufro meti efeqtis, sizustisa da refleqsiis miRweva SeiZleba, vidre sityvis, grZnobis an movlenis aRweriT. o. gomringeris meore leqsi „das schwarze geheimnis“ („Savi saidumlo“) igive principiTaa agebuli. aqac teqstis agebis sintagmatikuri principi Canac-vlebulia paradigmatikuliT da sivrciTi struqturiT. poe-ziis es nimuSebi opoziciaSia tradiciuli werisa da kiTxvis CvevebTan. isini gawyobili arian mxolod minuskulebiT. av-tori manipulirebs enis niSanTa sistemiT, iyenebs mas „Tama-SisaTvis“, leqsis areferentuli formis SeqmnisaTvis, rom-lis maxasiaTeblebia: sizuste, racionalizmi, lakoniuroba. orive leqsis oTxkuTxa arqiteqtonika sakuTari Sinaarsis planTan amyarebs komunikacias, leqsTa bmulobas maTive ar-qiteqtonikuli Sre uzrunvelyofs.

siCumis Temas eZRvneba g. riumis da q. morgenSternis vizualuri leqsebic. maTi interpretacia da lingvisturi analizi mocemulia prof. v. furcelaZis naSromSi, romelic aq vizualuri poeziis literaturuli xerxebis ukeT gacno-bis mizniT Semoklebuli saxiT mogvyavs: g. riumis leqsi `siCume~ Sedgeba ori grafemuli blokisagan, romelTaganac pirveli nawilobrivaa Sevsebuli. meore bloki mTliania da masSi sawyisi grafemebis gamoklebis Sedegad iqmneba ori axali grafomorfema, romelTac aqvT damoukidebeli mniSv-neloba (wiegen- 1. rweva. 2. awonva; eigen-sakuTari). pirveli blokis grafemebi: Sch trigrafi da Schw tetragrafi SeiZ-leba gavigoT rogorc gaCumebisaken mowodeba. teqsti war-moadgens dumilis gamoxatvis cdas, asoebis grafoesTetiku-ri kombinaciis meSveobiT. zmnebis: `schweigen (siCume), wiegen~ (rweva, awonva) ganusazRvreli forma mianiSnebs ganusazRv-reli droiT dumilze (v. furcelaZe, 185-186).

q. morgenSternis leqss `Fisches Nachtgesang“ („Tevzis Ramis sizmari“) Tevzis forma aqvs. igi Sesrulebulia tire-ebiTa da naxevarrkalebiT. naxevarrkalebi Tevzis qercls miagavs. leqsSi ar aris arc erTi enobrivi niSani, magram es ar niSnavs, rom igi arafris mTqmelia. figura sityvebs ar Seicavs, radgan Tevzia da piri wyliTa aqvs savse, xolo niS-nebi: tireebi da naxevarrkalebi leqsis metrikis romeliRa-

141

ca sazoms miagavs (v. furcelaZe, 127). Cveni azriT, am leqsSi, iseve rogorc g. riumisa da e. iandlis leqsebSi: „Sonett“ ironizebulia leqsis tradiciuli kompoziciis forma:

erste strophe erste zeile erste strophe zweite zeile erste strophe dritte zeile erste strophe vierte zeile zweite strophe erste zeile zweite strophe zweite zeile zweite strophe dritte zeile zweite strophe vierte zeile dritte strophe erste zeile dritte strophe zweite zeile dritte strophe dritte zeile vierte strophe erste zeile vierte strophe zweite zeile vierte strophe dritte zeile

das a das e das i das o das u das u das a das e das i das o das u das a das e das i das o das a das e das i das o das u das a das e das i das o das u das u das a das e das i das o das u das a das e das i das o das a das e das i das o das u das o das u das a das e das i das i das o das u das a das e das e das i das o das u das a das o das u das a das e das i das i das o das u das a das e das e das i das o das u das a

orive leqsSi gakritikebulia Janris normatiuli kon-

venciebis simkacre. teqnikur xanaSi “enasTan konfliqti” gamoxatulia ara

mxolod leqsis tradiciuli formis uaryofiT, aramed paradoqsuli surviliT, leqsSi yvelanairi metafora da tropi absurdamde iyos dayvanili. R. Döll „Apfel“ .

grafikuli poeziis am nimuSs wlebis manZilze aRiqvamen

rogorc Wian vaSls, magram Tu gavixsenebT germanul gamoTqmas: `da ist der Wurm drin~ (aq mTlad ase ar unda iyos

142

saqme, aq ZaRlis Tavia damarxuli), maSin grafikaSi Cadebul negatiur konotacias amovikiTxavT: vaSlTan, WiasTan Tu gvelTan kontaqts, rogorc wesi, Sedegad ubedureba moaqvs, mag: Semecnebis xe-vaSlis xe, samoTxedan gamoZeveba, troas omi, da a.S. ise, rom Wiani vaSlis grafika „Riaa“ nebismieri interpretaciisaTvis. SesaZloa, igi mesame msoflio omis SiSsac ki gamoxatavdes.

akustikuri leqsi

akustikuri leqsis preistoria umTavresad ukavSirde-

ba dadaizmisa da futurizmis warmomadgenelTa saxelebs, romlebic, rogorc amas r. hausmani aRniSnavs, azris mqone sityvebze metad bgerebs aniWeben upiratesobas rogorc Cans, es imiT aixsneba, rom audio-vizualuri leqsebis aRq-misas akustikuri aspeqti semantikurs win uswrebs. italiuri futurizmis mamamTavris, f. t. marinetis azriT, sityva un-da daiRvaros mJRer akordebad, daiSalos xmaurad an gardaiqmnas emociisa da azris abstraqtul gamoxatulebad <R. Döhl: Konkrete Literatur, 60-67, http://www.stuttgarterschule.de/ konkret1. htm>. akustikuri literaturis damfuZnebeli r. bliumneri aRniSnavs: “mxatvari Tavisi surviliT azavebs ferebs maTi mniSvnelobisagan damoukideblad, kompozitori tonebs riTmulad usadagebs erTmaneTs. mec mxatvruli kanonebis Tanaxmad vajgufeb Tanxmovnebsa da xmovnebs”. <R. Döhl: Konkrete Literatur, 83, http://www.stuttgarterschule.de/konkret1.htm>. zemoTqmulis realizaciis SesaniSnavi nimuSia e. iandlis leqsi „schtzngrmm“, romelic mxolod grafemebisagan (minus-kulebisagan) Sedgeba:

143

schtzngrmm schtzngrmm schtzngrmm

t-t-t-t t-t-t-t

grrrmmmmm t-t-t-t

s---------c------h tzngrmm tzngrmm tzngrmm

grrrmmmmm schtzn schtzn t-t-t-t t-t-t-t

schtzngrmm schtzngrmm

tsssssssssssssss grrt

grrrrrt grrrrrrrrrt

scht scht

t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t scht

tzngrmm tzngrmm

t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t-t scht scht scht scht scht

grrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr

t-tt

oras asoze meti leqsis 32 bwkarzea gadanawilebuli, rac, erTi SexedviT, srul uazrobad mogeCvenebaT. Tumca savarau-doa, rom aq xelovanis raRac sxva preten-ziasTan Tu axirebasTan gvaqvs saqme, radga-nac asoebisagan Semdgar teqsts leqsi hqvia, xolo avtori e. iandlia _ sakmaod warmatebuli rep-operis Semqmneli, fran-guli simbolizmisa da germanuli dadaiz-mis mimdevari, romelsac miaCnia, rom enas azrobriv mniSvnelobebTan erTad mJReri masalac unda mivakuTvnoT. enis calkeul bgerebs ki mniSvnelobac gaaCniaT da esTe-tikuri Rirebulebac. e. iandlis azriT, msmenelze gansakuTrebul zegavlenas ax-dens mosmenili leqsi. amitom leqsi „schtzn-grmm“, gasaJRerebladaa Seqmnili da fir-fitis saxiTacaa gamoSvebuli. Tu mocemu-li teqstis pirvel or bwkars movismenT, amovicnobT sruliad gasageb, magram arc Tu ise sasiamovno sityvas: `Schützengraben~ (`sangari~). e. iandlma am sityvas yvela xmo-vani amoacala da mxolod TanxmovanTa Con-Cxi dautova. ratom moiqca ase? SesaZloa xmovanTa danakargebi sangarSi adamianTa danakargebze mianiSnebs, xolo yoveldRiu-ri germanuli metyvelebisaTvis damaxasia-Tebeli xmovanTa reducireba _ gaumarTav metyvelebaze, romelsac aseTive gaumar-Tav adgilas _ sangarSi vismenT. leqsis meore naxevarSi erTmaneTs misdeven adgil-Secvlili, gagrZelebuli, reducirebuli, xSul-mskdomi, napralovani, SiSina Tanxmo-vnebi, romelTa gaJRerebisas Tvalwin kar-gad mofiqrebuli drama warmogvidgeba: sityva Schützengraben-idan gamocrili xmau-ri gviyveba artileriis detonatorebisa da yumbarebis SiSinze. TanxmovanTa gameo-rebebi da gagrZelebebi eqos warmoqmnian da es rogorc Cans avtoris Canafiqrs emTxveva. aseTi xmauri tyviisjariskacebiT

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moTamaSe bavSvebisaganac gvsmenia, romelTac is mamakacuri Tavgadasavali moswonT, romelsac omi hqvia. leqsis mesame bwkaris gaoTxmagebuli `t~ Tanxmovani gvatyobinebs, rom sangarSi ukve aRarc mSobliuri varskvlavebi anaTeben da aRarc mamakacebis uxeSi xumroba ismis. leqsis bolos kidev erTxel gvesmis gabmuli srolis xma: t-t-t-t... romlis bo-lo akordi JRers rogorc germanuli sityva „tot“ (sikv-dili). sangris logika da finalic xom sikvdilia. am mJReri leqsis momxibvleloba mdgomareobs sityva Schützengraben-is semantikisa da enis materialuri masalis _ gaJRerebuli Tanxmovnebis mravalmniSvnelobaSi.

ruh und ruh und ruh und ruh und ruh und ruh und ruh und ruh und ruh und ruh und ruh

f. axlaitneri grafikul-akustikur leqsSi „ruh“ („simSvi-de“) xazs usvams kontrasts erTi mxriv, vizualur da akustikur efeqtebs Soris, meore mxriv ki vertikalur da horizontalur grafosvetebs Soris, romlebic mousvenrobasa da simSvides gamoxataven.

fonetikuri leqsebi

ernst iandlis leqsebs umetesad ironiul-mxiaruli da dialoguri xasiaTi aqvT. e. iandli saTqmels semantikuri, fonologiuri, vizualuri da akustikuri elementebiT gamo-xatavs, romlebic mkiTxvels poeturi konstruqciebis Semo-qmedebiT interpretacias sTavazoben. e. iandli oigen gom-ringeriviT ar ikargeba konstelaciis TanavarskvlavedSi, aramed zrdis sakuTari iumoris grZnobis amouwurav poten-cials da warmatebasac aRwevs. misi realobasTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli leqsebi miniSnebaTa farTo speqtrs moica-ven. leqsis saTauri „lichtung“ niSnavs mindors tyeSi, magram

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moiTxovs misi orive mniSvnelobis dekodirebas. Tu vinmes germanulad molaparake Cinelis mibaZva surs, is martiv xerxs iyenebs: yvelgan sadac bgera `r~ unda warmoiTqvas, is `l~-s warmoTqvams. am xerxs iyenebs avtoric, magram misi xum-roba TanxmovanTa meqanikuri gadanacvlebiT ar mTavrdeba. sityvis ormagi gageba TiTqosda gvTavazobs banalur Si-naars: „rogori Secdomaa Tu zogs hgonia, rom marjvenisa da marcxenis areva SeuZlebeliao“. magram msmeneli unda Cafiq-rdes am saxaliso leqsis axsnaze. misi interpretacia sxva-dasxvagvarad SeiZleba, mag. 1) leqsi 1966w. daibeWda, rode-sac memarjvene da memarcxene partiebi erTmaneTs dauaxlov-dnen da politikuri speqtris orive mxareze SesaZlebeli iyo poziciebis dakargva. memarjveneebma da memarcxeneebma politikuri mimarTulebebi Secvales. 2) yoveli eqstremizmi savalaloa Tavisi SedegebiT, miuxedavad imisa, es eqstremis-tebi memarjveneebis ideologias iziareben Tu memarcxenee-bis. 3) Tu leqss im periodis germaniis aqtualuri movlene-bis fonze wavikiTxavT, maSin gagvaxsendeba Sabloni `hitle-ris Svilebis~ Sesaxeb, romelsac `wiTeli armiis fraqciis~ wevrebi danarCen germanelebs uwodebdnen, danarCeni germa-nelebi ki maT moixseniebdnen ase. leqsi SeiZleba asec gavi-goT: bevr adamians, romelTa ricxvs Tavad e. iandlic mie-kuTvneba, uWirs marjvena da marcxena mimarTulebebis gar-Ceva, ramac manqanis marTvis an ucxo qalaqSi gzis gakvlevis dros SeiZleba savalalo Sedegamdec migviyvanos. rogorc vxedavT, teqsti „Riaa“ nebismieri interpretaciisaTvis, ro-melsac e. iandli msmenels sTavazobs. rac Seexeba saTaurs: Tu tyeSi mindorze varT („lichtung“), iqidan gza da mimarTu-leba („richtung“) kargad Cans. mTavari isaa, romeli mimarTuleba?!

E. Jandl. Bibliothek

die vielen buchstaben die nicht aus ihren wörtern können

lichtung manche

meinen lechts und

rinks kann man

nicht velwechsern werch ein

illtum!

Tu am sityvis sawyis asos „l“-s SevcvliT „r“ bgeriT, maSin sityvis mniSvneloba: „mindori tyeSi“ Seicvleba „mimarTule-bad“. saTauri ironizebulia ara mxolod bgeraTa distinqturobis lingvistikuri postulatis gamo. „l“ da „r“ TanxmovanTa Senacvleba marjvniv da marcxniv, maleve amoikiTxeba, magram TanxmovanTa Senacv-leba cvlis sityvaTa azrs da saTauri

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die vielen Wörter die nicht aus ihren sätzen können die vielen Sätze die nicht aus ihren texten können die vielen texte die nicht aus ihren büchern können die vielen bücher mit dem vielen Staub darauf die gute putzfrau mit dem staubwedel

e. iandlis monoliTuri teqsti martiv marTkuTxa

CarCoSia ganfenili da grafemuli inventaris erTgvarovne-biT xasiaTdeba. teqstis dasawisSi moTavsebuli saTauri orazrovani presignalia, radgan igi mianiSnebs biblioTe-kaSi Caketil enaze. leqsis Tormetive bwkari tyveobaSi yofnas uCivis. asoebi sityvebis tyveobaSi arian, sityvebi _ winadadebebis, winadadebebi _ teqstebis, teqstebi _ wig-nebis, wignebi ki _ biblioTekis. biblioTeka aRqmulia ro-gorc cixe, mis tyveobaSi myofTaTvis. mkiTxvels SeuZlia 8 bwkaris Semdeg leqsi Tavad gaagrZelos igive logikiT, rac aseTi `Ria~ teqstebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, mag: `wignebi, romlebic biblioTekis tyveobaSi arian, biblioTekebi, rom-lebic Senobebis tyveobaSi arian, Senobebi, romlebic Tavs ver aRweven qalaqebs da a.S. am Temis gagrZeleba kosmolo-giur modelamdea SesaZlebeli. Tu pirveli 8 bwkaris sazRv-rebSi e. iandli migvaniSnebs tyveobis gansakuTrebul simZi-meze sulieri samyaros warmomadgenlebisaTvis, mag. poetebi-saTvis, me-8 bwkaris Semdeg imave mgloviare _ komikuri toniT gvesaubreba damlagebeli qalis Sesaxeb, romelic mtvris sawmendiT xelSi dadis da asufTavebs msubuqi da mudmivi mtvriT dafarul wignebs. mkiTxvelSi es qali une-burad iwvevs sikvdilis qalRmerTis asociacias, romelic CiraRdniT xelSi akldamas mtvrisagan anTavisuflebs, mag-ram ver da ar arRvevs sapyrobilis da masSi Caketili wigne-bis, teqstebis, winadadebebis, sityvebis, asoebis saflavise-bur simyudroves. es qali mxolod garedan alamazebs, mtvers

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wmends gapartaxebul biblioTeka-sapyrobiles, radgan mas arc aravin ekiTxeba da arc brals sdebs imaSi, Tu ra xdeba am Senobis kedlis miRma. albaT yvela CvenTagans hqonia usia-movno SegrZneba biblioTekaSi wignebis ukidegano rigebis danaxvisas, magram mxolod xelis gaweva kmara am „sapyrobi-lis“ erTi tomis gadmosaRebad, gadasaSlelad da gasacocx-leblad. e. iandli sruliad gansxvavebuli perspeqtiviT xe-davs biblioTekas da masSi „Caketili enis“ masalas. teqstebi, winadadebebi, sityvebi, asoebi misTvis Tavdapirvel niSanTa grovaa da ara struqturirebuli mniSvnelobaTa sistema. aq semiotikaa nacvlad semantikisa. e. iandlisaTvis biblioTeka sapyrobilea, romelSic Caketilia yvela is alternatiuli SesaZlebloba, romelic enaSi Zevs. e. iandls surs ena daix-snas im erTaderTi alternativis diqtaturidan, romelsac enis sistema gvaxvevs Tavs da romelsac upirispirdeba konkretuli poezia. 1976w. gamoqveynebul wignSi: `lamazi xelovneba werisa~ iandli erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs gra-matikebisa da leqsikonebis saxeebs: normatiuls da deskrif-ciuls da mouwodebs `proeqciuli~ gramatikisa da leqsi-konis Seqmnisaken, romlebSic Zevs yvelaferi is, rac enaSi jer ar aris da rasac jer ara varT miCveuli poeziaSi. mzad unda viyoT enis es SesaZlebloba gamoviyenoT sxvagvarad da ara ise, rogorc amas akeTebs normatiuli, dakanonebuli sistema. sistema, romelic ar uSvebs enobriv erTeulTa cvlilebas, maTi realizaciis sxva variants, gansxvavebul azrs, mkvdaria biblioTekaSi Caketili enis maragiviT, rom-lis akldamasac wmenden sisufTavis fanatizmiT Sepyrobili damlagebeli qalebi. Tu paralels gavavlebT „futuristu-li literaturis teqnikuri manifestis dasawyisSi moyvanil f. t. marinetis sityvebTan, analogiur azrs amovikiTxavT: „homerosisagan memkvidreobiT miRebuli beberi sintaqsi uZluri da carielia. msurs gavanTavisuflo sityvebi laTi-nuri winadadebis wyobis sapyrobiledan. <de campo Augusto: pilotplan für konkrete Poesie, 55, http://www.stuttgarter-schule.de/pilotplan. html> konkretuli poeziis ideologi rainhard donaldi ki wers: `Cven gavacocxleT saukuneebis manZilze gamofituli alfaviti, CavbereT sxeulSi 19 axali aso: CasunTqva, amo-sunTqva, CurCuli, oxvra, xvela, cemineba, stvena, kocna...~ <R. Döhl: Konkrete Literatur, 82, http://www.stuttgarterschule.de/konkret1. htm> xelovnebis romelime dargis Sefaseba rom SeiZlebodes internacionaluri masStabiT gamoqveynebuli manifestebis,

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deklaraciebis, anTologiebis (S. bani, m. e. zolti) da mu-zeumebSi gamofenebis (amsterdamSi, ciurixSi, zaarbriukenSi da a.S.) raodenobiT, konkretuli poezia yvela molodins gadaaWarbebda. k. denkeris azriT, konkretuli poezia warmoadgens ferweris, literaturisa da musikis, figuruli da semantikuri elementebis simbiozs erT intermedialur sivrceSi <http://aeiou.iicm. tugraz.at/aeiou.encyclop.k/k630700.htm>

ferwerisa da poeziis Serwymis SesaniSnavi magaliTia g. apolineris `kaligrami~, leqsi, romlis grafikuli wyoba furcelze ukavSirdeba teqstis siuJets. dRes, digitaluri

mediebis xanaSi, konkre-tul poeziaSi dominirebs sityvis mniSvnelobasTan, sivrciT ganzomilebasTan, vizualur da akustikur elementebTan TamaSi. eman-sipirebuli xelovnebis da-rgebi erTmaneTs uaxlov-debian da erwymian. mecnie-rul-teqnikuri progresis ganviTarebis paralelurad iqmneba1. axali esTetikuri formebi, r. dioli amtkicebs, rom: `momwifda

mxatvruli emociis korespondenciisa da gaerTianebis idea~ <R. Döhl: Konkrete Literatur, 74, http://www.stuttgarterschule.de/konkret1. htm> h. haisenbiuteli ki dRevandeli konkretuli poeziis ganviTarebis tendenciaze miuTiTebs, romelic ori aspeq-tiT xasiaTdeba: reduqciiT da medialuri sazRvrebis darRveviT. ukanasknel wlebSi ufro metad daimkvidra Tavi konkretulma musikam, romlis impulsebi p. Seferis da k. Svitersis akustikur nawarmoebebSia reprezentirebuli. Tanamedrove eleqtronul-musikaluri poeziis SesaniSnavi magaliTia fransua diufrenis Semoqmedeba. <Archiv Sohm: Konkrete Poesie http://www.staatsgalerie.de/archive/sohm_poesie.php> asaxelebs konkretuli poezia iyo da aris internaciona-luri moZraoba, centrebiT: braziliaSi (a. de kampo, h. de kampo, d. pignatari da sxv.), kanadaSi (b. nikoli, b. biseti), amerikaSi (e. uiliamsi, r. laqsi), safrangeTSi (h. Sopeni, p. garnie, b haidziki), italiaSi (u. karega), inglisSi (b. kobingi, d. s. hudardi) da raRa Tqma unda avstriasa da germaniaSi

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(h.gipmaieri, e. iandli, g. riumi, f. moni, m. benze, h. haisen-biuteli, r. dioli).

90-iani wlebidan konkre-tuli poeziisa da fer-weris unikaluri koleq-cia Seagroves h. zomma da h. finlim, romelic h. zomis arqivSi inaxeba. bolo aTwleulebis man-Zilze koleqciis gamo-fenam evropaSi namdvili furori moaxdina. naxa-ti: „Tanamedrove xelov-neba“ (1972), gemis ialqan-ze konkretuli xelovne-bis emblemiT, mianiSnebs

h. finlis ocnebaze: suraTisa da sityvis xelovnebis iseT sinTezze, romelsac msoflios daainteresebs da muzeumSi dafuZnebis nacvlad msoflios Semoivlis.

damowmebani:

Korte 1989: Korte H. Geschichte der deutschen Lyrik seit 1945. J. B. Metzlerische

Verlagsbuchhandlung. Stuttgart: 1989. Knörrich 1992: Lexikon lyrischer Formen. Alfred Knöner Verlag Stuttgart: 1992. Jandl 1997: Jandl E. Laut und Lurse. Verstreute Gedichte 2. Luchterhand.

München: 1997. Somringer 1983: Somringer E. Konkrete Poesoe. Anthologie. Philipp Reclam Jun.

Stuttgart: 1983. furcelaZe 1998: furcelaZe v. teqsti rogorc enobrivi

moRvaweobis werilobiTi gacxadeba. nawili meore, `samSoblo~. Tb.: 1998.

eleqtronuli wyaroebi:

1. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/konkrete_Poesie 1. Döhl, Reinhard: Konkrete Literatur http://www.stuttgarter-

schule.de/konkret1.htm 2. Campo, Augusto: pilotplan für konkrete Poesie 3. http://www.stuttgarter-schule.de/pilotplan.htm 4. Heißenbüttel, Helmut: Konkrete Poesie 5. http://www.stuttgarter-schule.de/hbuettel_konkret1.htm 6. http://aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at/aeiou.encyclop.k/k630700.htm

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7. Archiv Sohm: Konkrete Poesie http://www.staatsgalerie.de/archive/sohm_poesie.php

8. Heißenbüttel, Helmut: über konkrete Poesie 9. http://www.stuttgarter-schule.de/hbuettel_lonkret 2.html 10. Heißenbüttel, Helmut: Text oder Gedicht? Theoretische und praktische

Betrachtungen 11. <http://www.stuttgarter-schule.de/hbuettel_experiment.htm>

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venera kavTiaSvili

germanuli knitelversi da hegzametri

germanuli strofuli (Nichtstrophische _ myari saleqso formebisa da Tavisufali leqsis sazomis gansazRvrisaTvis gamoyenebuli termini) sazomebidan, rogorebicaa: madriga-li, Tavisufali leqsi, araregulirebuli da a. S., yurad-Rebas gavamaxvilebT knitelverssa da germanul hegzametr-ze, ramdenadac migvaCnia, rom maT Taviseburebebze CvenSi TiTqmis araferia naTqvami. knitelversi germanelebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT sayvareli, metad gavrcelebuli `xalxuri~ formaa. igi aris mosazRvreriTmiani, oTxmaxviliani, Tavisu-fali ritmiTa da erTi an ormarcvliani kadenciis matare-beli. myari maxvilis dros marcvalTa raodenoba 6-dan 16-mde meryeobs, Cveulebriv ki (rogorc wesi), _ Svidsa da 10 marcvals Soris. amdenad, knitelverss azrisa da Sinaarsis Sesatyvisad SeuZlia ritmis Tavisufali mdinareba. Tavad am saleqso formis saxelwodebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi: `Knittel~ Zvelad mxolod riTmis aRmniSvneli sityva unda yofiliyo. mogvianebiT `Knüttel~-Tan (kombali, xelketi) JReradobiT msgavsebis gamo damcinavi, ironiuli, mqirdavi mniSvnelobac SeiZina. mas `holpriger Vers~-adac ganmartaven, rac araTanabar, uswormasworo, oRro-CoRrosac niSnavs. amitom iyo, rom XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi xe-lovnebaTmcodneebma qedmaRlurad dauwyes cqera, uwesrigo leqsi uwodes da daviwyebisaTvis gaswires, vidre vilandma, goeTem da Silerma mTeli Tavisi brwyinvalebiT xelaxla ar aaRorZines igi. grimis leqsikonis mixedviT, es sityva (Knittelvers) gamoiyeneboda leoninuri∗ hegzametrisaTvis, mog-vianebiT, XVII saukuneSi, ki _ aleqsandriuli da SidariTmia-ni leqsebis misamarTiTac, romelic kargaxans SemorCa. leq-sis es forma miiCneva Zveli germanuli riTmiani leqsis memkvidred. Tavisi srulyofisa da popularobis mwvervals igi XV-XVI saukuneebSi aRwevs. am dros igi ukve yovelgvar JanrSi gamoiyeneboda. gansakuTrebul Zalas ki maisterzin-ger hans rozenplutisa da hans saqsis `SvankebSi~ (saxumaro leqsebi, anekdotebis msgavsi, eqspromtad dawerili, rogo-ricaa, vTqvaT, CvenSi kafiebi), `Spruxebsa~ (didaqtikuri Se-

∗ leonini _ SidariTmiani hegzametri.

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gonebebiT damTavrebuli Tqmebi) da Fastnachtspiel-ebSi (sayve-liero warmodgenebi, romlebSic moqmed pirTa raodenoba metismetad SezRudulia. umetesad ori personaJia gamoyva-nili da eyrdnoba dialogur formas). knitelversi gamoye-nebuli aqvs andria grifiussac komedia `peter skuncSi~. er-Ti magaliTi hans saqsis leqsidan `Wittenbergische Nachtigal~ (`vi-tenbergeli bulbuli~), romelic miZRvnilia martin luTerisadmi:

Wácht áuf! Es náhet gen den Tág, 8 Ích hö ́re síngen in dem Hág 8 Eín wónnigliche Náchtigál 8 Ihr Stiímm durchklínget Bérg und Tál 8 Die Nácht néigt sich gen Óccidént; 8 Der Tág géht aúf dem Oriént. 8

rogorc zogadad maisterzingerTa simRerebs, saqsis

leqsebsac aqvs marcvalTa myari raodenoba. kerZod 8 erT-marcvliani (vaJuri) da 9 ormarcvliani (qaluri) riTmian ka-denciebSi, magram, ramdenadac marcvalTa mkacri raodenoba ritmul Tavisuflebas Znelad Tu dauSvebs, rogorc Cans, poetebi leqsis weris dros ufro alternirebul (bgeraTa kanonzomier monacvleobas sityvaSi), vidre aqcentirebad saleqso principebs misdevdnen da mxolod imaze amaxvilebd-nen yuradRebas, rom riTmian daboloebaSi marcvlTa rao-denoba sityvis da winadadebis maxvilebTan SeeTanxmebinaT. ueWvelia, rom goeTem saqsis leqsebi mxolod bolodroin-deli variantebis mixedviT axsna, romlebic marcvalTa rao-denobiT SezRuduli ar iyo da Tavisi bunebrivi ritmis Ta-visuflad gaSla SeeZlo. goeTe orive saxis knitelverss iye-nebs: rogorc mkacrad gansazRvruli marcvlebis, ise maT SeuzRudav odenobas.

Wer réitet so spát durch Nácht und Wínd 9 Es íst der Váter mit séinem Kínd 9 Er hát den Knáben wòhl in dem Árm 9 Er fässt ihn sícher, er hält in wárm. 9

(`tyis mefe~) ...Da stéhe ich nun, ích ármer Tór! 9 Únd bín so klúg als wie zuvór; 8 Heíße Magíster, héiße Doktor gár, 10

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Únd ziéhe schon an die zéhen Jáhr 9 Heráuf, heráb und quér und krúmm 8 Méine Schǘler an die Náse herúm. 10

(`fausti~)

aseve marcvalTa raodenoba SeuzRudvelia hainesTanac:

Ich háb ein néues Schíff bestíegen, 9 Mit néuen Genóssen: es wógen und wiégen 12 Die frémden Flúten mich hín und hér 9 Wie férn die Héimat! mein Hérz wie Schwér! 9

an kidev: Mein Líebchen íst so schón und míld, 8 Noch schwébt mír vor íhr sǘßes Bíld; 8 Die Veílchenáugen, die Rósenwä́ngen, 10 Die glǘhen und blǘhen, jahráus, jahréin 10 Das ích von sólchem Líeb konnt wéichen 9 War der dǘmmste von méinen dúmmen Stréichen. 11

rac Seexeba hegzametrs, nacvlad daqtilSi umaxvilo

marcvlebis spondeebiT Secvlisa, germanulSi gamoiyeneba troqe. ukve me-14 saukunidan germanul TargmanebSi gamoCnda laTinuri leoninebi. antikur periodSi Camoyalibebuli, xSirad tonurobisken gadaxrili magaliTebi ki ukve Tavs iCens germaniaSi me-16 saukunidan gesnerTan (1555), fiSart-Tan (1575) da klaiusTan (1578), magram hegzametris xana ger-manul poeziaSi me-18 s.-is Sua xanebidan iwyeba. germanuli enis bunebisaTvis misaRebi hegzametri, daqtiliTa da tro-qeebiT, mocemuli aqvs gotSeds 1730 wels gamocemul Sroma-Si `Kritische Dichtkunst~ (kritikuli poeturi xelovneba). miuxe-davad amisa, TvalsaCino praqtikuli Sedegebi amas ar mohyo-lia da es forma mxolod 1740-iani wlebidan ucbad gavrcel-da. kerZod, pirvelad klopStokma moargo germanul tradi-ciebs hegzametri da sistemad Camoayaliba Tavisi `mesiadis~ pirvel sam simReraSi. mas male gamouCnda mimdevrebi goeTesa da sxvaTa saxiT. upirveles yovlisa, bosis saxiT, romelmac homerosis Txzuleba Targmna. is, rom TiTqos klopStoki mesiadaSi uSualod antikur poezias ubrundeba (rogorc es dRemde cxaddeba), germanuli poetikis Tanamed-rove aRiarebuli specialisti fric Slave saeWvod miiCnevs da fiqrobs, rom marTalia, klopStoki cdilobda, antikuri

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leqsisaTvis miebaZa, magram bosis gavleniT, sul ufro Rrmad SeigrZno germanuli enis Taviseburebebi (rogorc ze-moT aRvniSne, bosma Targmna homerosis `iliada~ da iq gamoi-yena swored spondes nacvlad troqe) (Slave 1971). aseve dae-marTaT goeTesa da Silers, romlebic iTvaliswinebdnen ra germanuli enis Taviseburebebs da SesaZleblobebs, Tavidan-ve hegzametris ucvlelad gadmoRebis winaaRmdegi iyvnen (germanulSi hegzametrma cvlileba im saxiT ganicada, rom misi uZvelesi oTxperiodiani taqti (2:1:1) Seicvala sam pe-riodad (1:1:1), romelSic pirveli marcvali, saWiroebis Sem-TxvevaSi, maxviliani iqneba). es gabatonebuli sammarcvliani taqtebi (daqtilebi) irTavs ormarcvlian spondeebs, romlis zustma gadmoRebam didi siZneleebisa da zogierT gaugebro-bamdec ki miiyvana germanuli leqsi. germanulSi hegzametri sayrdenad iRebs Semdeg ritmul formas: x x(x) x x(x) x x(x) x x(x) x x(x) x x:

│ ∪ ∪ │ ∪ ∪ │ ∪ ∪ │ ∪ ∪ │ ∪ ∪ │ ∪ `Pfín gsten, das líeb li che Fést, war ge kóm men, es grün ten und blüh ten die Berge und Täler~.

(goeTe: `rainike mela~).

leqsi cezurebiT unda dayofiliyo periodebad, rac nairgvar SesaZleblobas iZleoda. didi da mcire cezurebis ganlageba naTlad Cans Semdegi cxrilidan: mTavari cezura aRiniSneba (H), mcire cezura ki (N).

1 2 3 4 5 6

_ (v) _ v v

_ (v) _ v v ↑ ↑ H1 2

_ (v) _ v v ↑ ↑ H1 2

_ (v) _ v v ↑ ↑ 3 4

_ v v ↑ N3

_ vÐ

antikur hegzametrSi mxolod H1, 2, 3, 4, agreTve me-4 marcvalTan SeiZleboda yofiliyo mTavari cezura. amas mohyveba gverdiTi (mcire) cezura, romelTagan yvelaze

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cnobilia H1 an 2-Tan erTad, N3-Tan (mexuTe terfis win). mas erqva `Tmesis∗ bucolica~ (`mwyemsuri CarTva~).

marTalia, antikuri magaliTis mixedviT anawilebs igi maxvilTa raodenobas gare taqtis (anakruzis) gareSe da uriTmo ormarcvliani kadenciiT, magram Tavs icavs pirveli xuTi taqtis ormarcvlianad SegrZnebisagan. gauTavaliswi-nebeli cezura da anJambemanisaken swrafva, ritmuli cvale-badoba da moqniloba germanul farTomasStabian epikur poeziaSi hegzametrs moxerxebuls xdis (`rainike meladan~ zemoxsenebul magaliTSi anJambemanTan gvaqvs saqme.

`... blühten (yvaodnen) die Berge und Täler~ (mTebi da velebi~).

cezura, umetes SemTxvevaSi, mesame taqtze modis, an mcire gverdiTi cezurebi axdenen hegzametris taepis rit-mul dayofas, magram mainc ukugdebulia cezuris dasma pirdapir meoTxe maxvilis win. igi SenarCunebulia penta-metrSi, romelic or, TiTqmis tol, nawilad hyofs taeps. rogorc cnobilia, pentametrSi mesame terfi yovelTvis erTmarcvliania, ise, rom cezura zustad meoTxe maxvilis win modis, romelic taeps wina cezuruli da ukana cezuruli nawilad hyofs. wesis mixedviT, mxolod pirvel or taqtSia dasaSvebi, rom sammarcvliani daqtili ormarcvliani spon-deTi Seicvalos, maSin, rodesac meore nawilSi sammarcvlia-ni (daqtiluri) taqti gamoiyeneba. hegzametris sapirispi-rod, pentametrSi yovelTvis erTmarcvliani kadencia gvaqvs, e. i. mxolod maxviliani marcvali.

Hab ich den Markt und die Straßen doch nie so einsam gesehen! 6-17

Ist doch die Stadt wie gekehrt! │ wie ausgestorben! Nicht fünfzig 15 DéucÐht mīr, bléībẽn zúrük vōn alleÐn únserřn Bĕwohnĕrn

6 Wás diĕ Neugier nich tūt! Sò reÐnnt und läuft nun eīn jèder, 14

∗ Tmesis _ sityvis gayofa da SuaSi sxva, arasrulmniSvnelovani sityvis CarTva. ufro xSirad gvxvdeba Zvel qarTul enaSi, mag.: `... da viTarca mcired da-re-scxra (varsqeni) guliswyromisagan...~ (`SuSanikis wameba~). da-re-scxra _ rodesac dacxra, dawynarda.

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Um den traurigen Zug der armen Vertriebnen zu sehen... 15 (goeTe: `herman da doroTea~)

kidev erTi nawyveti budenzigis mier Targmnili

`vefxistyaosnidan~:

Róstewan wár in Arábien │König,│ von Gott wohlbegnádet, Fréigebig, démütig, húld voll, hérrvieler, tapferer Männen Cnädig, gérecht, sieghaft und Scharfsinnig weise Selber ein unvergleiclicher Kríeger, │gewandt auch im Reden.

sainteresoa, rom budenzigi pirvel-or taeps Targmnis

16-marcvliani sazomiT, rac, erTi mxriv emTxveva rusTave-lis 16-marcvlian sazoms, magram, amave dros, vinaidan orive taepSi gvaqvs TiTo grZeli bgera _ Arabien, herrvieler da es `ie~ erT bgerad ki warmoiTqmis, magram misi warmoTqmis grZlio-ba TiTqmis ori bgeris grZliobas _ `ii~-s uaxlovdeba, amde-nad, SeiZleba me-17 marcvlis (an xmovnis) warmoTqmis perio-dad iqnas aRqmuli. Tumca, wesiT, dadgenilia, rom germanul enaSi (sxvaganac) aseTi SemTxvevebis dros `ie~ erT marcvlad iTvleba da ara orad. igive iTqmis difTongebze (vTqvaT, ei, rac warmoiTqmis, rogorc `ai~) swored enis es Tavisebure-bebi qmnis garkveul siZneleebs (rasakvirvelia, sxva Tavise-burebebTan erTad).

amgvarad, budenzigis TargmanSi viRebT aseT sqemas: | ∪ ∪ | ∪∪ | ∪ | ∪ ∪ | ros te van var in a ra bi(e)n ko nig fon goT ∪ ∪ | ∪ vol be gna det

es `e~ dayruebulia, TiTqmis ar warmo- iTqmis, amitom aq daqtili, faqtiurad, qoreTi icvleba.

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mTavari cezura modis König-is Semdeg, anu me-10 da me-11 marcvlebs Soris, mcire cezura ki König-is win, anu me-8-sa da me-9 marcvlebs Soris.

rac Seexeba mesame taeps, aq sul qoreuli terfebi gvaqvs da 12 marcvali, Sesabamisad, _ eqvsi terfi.

| ∪ | ∪ | ∪ | ∪ | ∪ | ∪ Cnä dig, gé recht, sieg haft und Scharf sin nig wei se

Tu daqtiluri hegzametriT budenzigi, erTgvarad, da-

bali Sairis asociacias qmnis, am SemTxvevaSi qoreuli ter-febis mijriT warmodgeniT ritms aCqarebs da maRali Sairis asociaciur SegrZnebas iwvevs.

damowmebani:

Tregeri 1986: Träger C. Wörterbuch der Literaturwissenschaft. VEB Bibliographisches Institut Leipzig, 1986.

duduCava 1986: duduCava m. (redaqtori). literaturis Teoriis safuZvlebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 1986.

Slave 1972: Schlawe F. Neudeutsche Metrik. J. B. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Stuttgart: 1972.

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nino popiaSvili

TemirbolaT mamsurovis leqsTwyoba

pirveli osi poetis, TemirbolaT mamsurovis poezia Rrmadaa poetis pirovnul bedTan da osi xalxis istorias-Tan gadajaWvuli. TemirbolaT mamsurovma mahmadiani osebis bedi gaiziara da motyuebiT TurqeTSi aRmoCnda. swored es Tema, samSoblodan gadaxvewa, samSoblos monatreba da pi-rovnuli tkivilia TemirbolaT mamsurovis poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli.

TemirbolaT mamsurovi dabadebula 1842 wels (akad. n. jusoiTis mosazrebiT). bundovanebiT mocul mis biografia-Si mxolod erTi ram aris cxadi: 1865 wels dedis Zaldata-nebiT (romelic ruseTis armiis generlis _ musa kunduxovis da iyo) TemirbolaT mamsurovi sxva osebTan erTad gada-saxlda TurqeTSi da im osebis bedi gaiziara, romlebic motyuebulni aRmoCndnen da samudamod darCnen ucxo miwis binadrebad. TemirbolaT mamsurovi TurqeTSi gadasaxleis dros 22 wlis Wabuki iyo, niWieri axalgazrdis Semoqmede-biTi cxovreba mTlianad gadaejaWva samSoblodan Sors yof-nis dards. mas colic ki ar mouyvania, poets ucxoeTSi fes-vis gadgma verc ki warmoedgina.

mamsurovis poezia esaa gadasaxlebaSi myofi adamianis mudmivi dardi. monatreba da sevda, rasac Semoqmedi mSob-liuri qveynis monatrebiT ganicdis.

biografiuli aq saocrad erwymis erovnul tkivils. motyuebis, ucxo miwaze miusafrobis mtkivneuli SegrZnebe-bi TemirbolaT mamsurovis leqsebis mTavari motivebia.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, poetis biografia dRemde ar aris cnobili. marTalia, 1926 wels b. alborovma gamosca mi-si biografia, magram iq poetis cxovrebis mxolod zogierTi faqtia aRniSnuli. akad. n. jusoiTi aRniSnavs:

“cota mogvianebiT TemirbolaTis Sesaxeb xSirad werdnen Cveni kritikosebi, magram b. alborTis mier moZie-bul cnobebs didi veraferi miumates verc faqtobrivad, verc istoriul-literaturuli da esTetikuri analizis TvalsazrisiT” (jusoiTi 1980: 19).

poetis biografias avseben misi leqsebi. leqsi `ori me-gobari~ gadasaxlebis rTul da mZime gzaze mogviTxrobs:

159

`gadavsebuli daiZra gemi, dasadgomic ki ar iyo arsad, zogi uwyalod gasrises fexiT, zogi cvioda wyalSi anazdad Svils ver agnebda sabralo deda, zRvis wyals erToda cremli Rvarebad, zogi, garTxmuli im codvil gembans, Tavis natanj suls RmerTs abarebda~.

(mamsurovi 2007: 59)

leqsi `ori megobari~ sakmaod vrclad da detalurad agviwers TurqeTSi mimavali osebis beds. mtanjveli gzis bo-lo kidev ufro tragikuli aRmoCnda. poeti, romelic am am-bis TviTmxilveli da am tragediis gamziarebelia, ase gad-mogvcems TurqeTSi Casvlis detalebs:

`erT dResac napirs miadga gemi, viRacam yvela navSi Cayara, mere ki cxel-cxel qviSaze gvemiT, dagvyares ase, RvTis anabara. ................................................................. SimSils siSiSvlec emateboda, vin iwuxebda Tavs Cveni rCeniT. vin gvaRirsebda purs gaWirvebulT, balaxi iyo saWmeli Cveni~.

(mamsurovi 2007: 61) gausaZlisi yofa, autaneli pirobebi bevrma ver gadai-

tana da aseulobiT cxedari TurqeTSi CasvlisTanave ucxo miwaSi dafles. am jojoxeTuri saSinelebiT gulSeZruli poeti wers:

`verc ena ityvis, verc vervin dawers, ra tanjvaSi da cecxlSi Cagvyares da mivebareT aseulobiT SiSvel-titveli qviSis samares~.

(mamsurovi 2007: 61)

cnobilia, rom biografiuli motivebi nawarmoebs uf-ro uSualosa da gulwrfels xdis. biografiul CanarTebs xSirad vxvdebiT sxvadasxva avtoris TxzulebeSi. swored asea TemirbolaT mamsurovis SemoqmedebaSic. biografiuli

160

motivebiT datvirTuli leqsebi sando da mdidari wyaroa poetis piradi biografiisaTvis da gansakuTrebuli gulwr-felobiTa da uSualobiT gamoirCeva.

dRemde SemorCenilia TemirbolaT mamsurovis sul 11 leqsi. poeturi versifikaciis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa leqsi `fiqrebi~, romelic 11 strofisagan Sedgeba. leqsis yovel strofs erTvis refreni: `hoi, Cemo samSoblo, hoi, Cemo mTebo, Tqven gareSe, miTxariT, rogor viarsebo?~ rogorc refrenidanac Cans, samSoblodan daSorebis Tema poetisaTvis mTavar tkivilad aris qceuli.

`uZiloba wuxel Rame mZime sabnad mefara, alioni ise dadga, ruli ar momekara. oi, Cemo samSoblo, oi, Cemo mTebo, Tqven gareSe, miTxariT, rogor viarsebo?~

(mamsurovi 2007: 51)

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es aris erTi adamianis avtobiog-rafia poetur ferebSi gadmocemuli, aq asaxulia tragedia im adamianebisa, romlebsac muhajirebi erqvaT, da romlebic motyuebiT waiyvanes samSoblodan. samwuxarod, dRemde zustad ar aris cnobili, ramdeni osi iyo im gadaxvewilTa Soris.

axalgazrda oficers, TemirbolaT mamsurovs, romel-sac maRalCinosani mfarvelic hyavda, gadasaxlebis organi-zatori, musa kuduxovi ruseTis armiis generali iyo, SeeZlo samxedro kariera gaekeTebina TurqeTis armiaSi, magram TemirbolaTma uari Tqva ucxo miwaze samxedro samsaxurze. poetis mTavar sazrunavad, maTavar fiqrad samSoblo darCa. leqsSi `fiqrebi~ swored amas gveubneba:

`Cemo tkbilo samSoblo, Cemo tkbilo mxareo, sunTqvac ar msurs uSenod, guls farad efareo oi, Cemo samSoblo, oi, Cemo mTebo, Tqven gareSe, miTxariT, rogor viarsebo?~

(mamsurovi 2007: 53)

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TemirbolaT mamsurovis leqsebi mxatvruli Tvalsaz-risiTac sakmaod srulyofilia. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cve-namde poetis mxolod 11-ma leqsma moaRwia, leqsebi daxve-wili poeturi formebiTaa dawerili, JReradoba, riTma da ritmika SinaarsTan erTad saintereso mTlianobas qmnis.

unda aRiniSnos, rom TemirbolaT mamsurovis poezia Tavisi leqswyobiT Zalze axloa xalxur poeziasTan. albaT mamsurovis leqsebis xalxur saleqso formebTan siaxlove bunebrivicaa, radgan rogorc cnobilia, TemirbolaT mamsu-rovi pirveli osi poetia da misi poeziis mTavari wyaroc swored osi xalxis Rrma da mdidari Semoqmedeba iqneboda. mwerali da mTargmneli meri cxovrebovi aRniSnavs:

`saukunenaxevris winaT sadRac ucxo miwaze moxvedri-li osi Wabukis gulidan amoxeTqilma sevdiTa da natvriT savse am simRerebma mxolod avtoris sikvdilis Semdeg ipo-ves TavianTi samkvidro da osuri literaturis obol marga-litebad gabrwyindnen.

manamdeo? _ ikiTxavs mkiTxveli. manamde ki osi xalxi mdidari da sibrZniT savse xalxuri

SemoqmedebiT _ TqmulebebiT, sagmiro simRerebiT, legen-debiT, zRaprebiT, andazebiT, maxvilgamonaTqvamebiT icx-robda sulier moTxovnilebebs~ (mamsurovi 2007: 7).

Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom klasikuri leqsTwyo-bisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli riTma da ritmika TemirbolaT mamsurovis poeziaSi sagrZnoblad maRal donezea.

TemirbolaTis leqsebSi riTma ZiriTadad jvaredinia, gvxvdeba mosazRvrec, TiTqmis yvela leqsSi gamoyenebulia Svidmarcvlovani sazomi. osuri xalxuri poeziis umravle-soba swored Svidmarcvlovani sazomiT aris Seqmnili. zepirsityvierebasTan siaxlovem TemirbolaT mamsurovis leqsebi kidev ufro uSualo da melodiuri gaxada.

simRerad aris qceuli TemirbolaT mamsurovis leqsis `fiqrebi~ refreni da TiTqmis yvela osma icis zepirad. swo-red xalxur sazomTan amgvari siaxlovis gamo TemirbolaT mamsurovis leqsi `fiqrebi~ xalxurad miuCnevia vsevlod milers da daubeWdavs `osur etiudebSi~ osur enaze rusuli bwkareduli TargmaniT (mileri 1992: 104-107). saidanac ger-manulad uTargmnia a. laists da ramdenime strofi gamouq-veynebia gazeT `kaukaziSe postSi~ 1906 wels. akad. l. bregaZe amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs:

`amrigad, artur laists osuri profesiuli litera-turis safuZveldamdebis leqsi uTargmnia germanulad da

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ara xalxuri poeziis nimuSi, rogorc TviTon fiqrobda v. milerze dayrdnobiT~ (mamsurovi 2007: 47).

TemirbolaT mamsurovis leqsebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, pir-velwyaroa poetis biografiisa, im gzis siZnelisa, romelic man ganvlo. yoveli pwkari misi leqsebisa im sevdiTaa nasazr-doebi, romelic sakuTar, pirad ubedurebas da sazogadoeb-rivs sawuxarTan aris naziarebi. am sevdam warmoSva wuTi-soflis iseTi msoflgancda, romelsac qarTul mwerlobaSi `soflis samduravi~ ewodeba.

damowmebani: mamsurovi 1959: Мамсурты Т. Ирон зарджытё. Цхинвал: 1959. mamsurovi 2007: mamsurovi T. osuri simRerebi. Tb.: 2007. mileri 1992: Миллер В. Осетинские Этюди. Владикавказ: 1992. osuri... 2005: osuri zepirsityviereba. Tb.: 2005 jusoiTi 1980: Джусойты H. История осетинской литературы. Tb.: 1980.

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s a r C e v i   I

winaTqmis magier.............................................................................. akaki xinTibiZe ana kalandaZis ukanaskneli wigni.............................................. manana kakabaZe ana kalandaZe.................................................................................... Tamar barbaqaZe

bibliis anarekli anas poeziaSi....................................... Suqia afridoniZe

ana kalandaZis poeturi samyaro..................................... marika jiqia

`swored saTaurs Seaqvs leqsSi sinaTle~... ................ manana gelaSvili

emociuri mexsierebis roli ana kalandaZis poeziaSi...................................................................................

Tamar paiWaZe nacionaluri problematikis interpretacia ana kalandaZis poeziaSi......................................................

qeTevan enuqiZe ana kalandaZis metrikis zogierTi sakiTxi.................

beriZe Tea ana kalandaZis `fSauri ciklis~ poetika......................

giorgi lobJaniZe foruy faroxzadis poeturi reformebi sparsuli leqsis Tvisebrivi ganaxlebisaTvis..............................

II apolon silagaZe

qarTuli leqsis kvalifikaciis sakiTxi..................... Tamar lomiZe

analitikuri terminologia i. tinianovis `saleqso enis problemaSi~...................................................................

levan bregaZe rostom erisTavis ori galeqsili epistole..............

3 4

8

22

31

39

50

58

69

79

83

90

101

107

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irine meliqiSvili galaktionis bgerwera.........................................................

naira bepievi osuri xmiT natirlebis leqswyoba.................................

sofio mujiri enis fonetikuri, akustikuri da vizualuri ganzomilebani „konkretul poeziaSi“ .........................

venera kavTiaSvili germanuli knitelversi da hegzametri........................

nino popiaSvili TemirbolaT mamsurovis leqswyoba...............................

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