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LEGIONELLA UPDATEQu bec 2012:
Learned, Done & to DoAlain Trahan,
P.Eng.20th of March
2014
http://cmpxshow.com/
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Cooling towers are the outsideheat sinks that exhaust the
heatcarried by the air conditioning
cooling water circuit used inbuildings HVAC systems.
www.h2obiotech.com
What is a cooling tower?
Pump
HVACAir
conditioning
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www.h2obiotech.com
What is a cooling tower?
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Step 1:
www.h2obiotech.com
How it works
Step 2:
Magic of evaporation
Liquid water + energy Water vapor (with less energy remaining in
the liquid)
Evaporative cooling
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www.h2obiotech.com
How it works (in a bio-clean world !)
Dry air
Humid air (evaporated water)+
Water loss (drift)
Dry air
Warm waterfrom AC
Cool waterto AC
DemisterWater distributor
Fill
Fan
Water make-up
Typically between85 and 95 F.
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www.h2obiotech.com
In the real dirty world
Dry air Dry air
WindBuilding fresh
air intake louvers
Building freshair intake louvers
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Simple definition:
An ubiquitous aquatic organism that causes Pontiac Feverand
Legionnaires disease (lung infection) if inhaled.
Thrives in temperatures between 77 and 122 F.
Travels from infected water source through aerosolized
waterdroplets.
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Legionella pneumophila
In the United States 10,000 to 20,000 people get infected by
legionella every year. Various studies have shown that some 40 to
60% of tested cooling towers contained Legionella. Legionnaires
disease mortality rate: 10 to 15% of those infected.
Cooling tower drift
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www.h2obiotech.com
Biofilms
Form on surfaces in aquatic systems. Often resistant to
biocides. Monitoring is difficult. Release organisms into bulk
fluid. Cost the US nation billions of dollars yearly in equipment
damage, product
contamination, energy losses and medical infections.
Bacteria
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www.h2obiotech.com
The old way
Make-up
Warm water
Cool waterBlow-down
CHEMICAL$$$(transport, storage, handling)
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Qu bec 2012: Source?
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www.h2obiotech.com
Qu bec 2012: 11 km
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www.h2obiotech.com
24% had Lp sp1!
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www.h2obiotech.com
Before: ASHRAE 62.1-2010
Specifies minimum distances between CTs vs Air Intakes &
Kitchen exhausts.
Not frequently applied especially by architect.
Mitigation : UVGI of fresh Air: always when high risk
occupants Project the CT plume higher Prevent food particles
from reaching the CT.
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www.h2obiotech.com
Before: Pesticide Regulatory System
Pesticides need to be approved by HC for eachuse with
application guidelines.
Sellers & applicators need certif ication.
Reality : Provincial application. No processes for CT biocides!
>75% non compliance in commercial blds for
concentration, contact time or hydraulics.
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www.h2obiotech.com
Before: Guidelines not Standards
ASHRAE 12-2000 AWT 2003 (2008) CTI WTB-148 (2008) CDC
Reality : Contradict each other. Incomplete. Control is left to
water treatment as a last s tep
in general. Voluntary: doesnt work.
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www.h2obiotech.com
Before: Guide for Hospitals in 2005
Very Generic
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www.h2obiotech.com
During
Hopes of official that situation would go awayby itself
High dose oxidizing biocide only. CDC protocol ASSumes surfaces
are clean &
circulation in whole system. Plan created during cr isis .
Localisation & owners unknow n. No early public
communication.
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www.h2obiotech.com
Lessons : Emergency planning
Have a plan of action: If this then that, etc. What, Where, How,
When, Who. Work upstream of Legionella. Do not ASSume or Hope-away.
Legislate.
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www.h2obiotech.com
Lessons : Immediate steps
Stop the fans! Ultra High Efficiency drift eliminators
Decontamination: Clean first to remove deposits. Circulate in
whole system. Fast acting biocide that keeps its effic iency
throughout the system. Know system volume. Analyze biocide
concentration
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www.h2obiotech.com
Lessons : Involve outside experts
Interview with an offic ial from the health agencyDSP followed
by one with the building codeagency, RBQ
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www.h2obiotech.com
Lessons : Involve outside experts
Interview with an offic ial the RBQ Building Code Agency
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www.h2obiotech.com
After: Qu bec Law 2013, phase I of III
The Excellent: Mandatory documentation of
actions & tests results. Schematics of system.
Mandatory maintenance plansigned by at least
oneprofessional.
40 inspectors actually going toeach site.
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www.h2obiotech.com
2013 Law: Form signed by Owner!
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www.h2obiotech.com
4 Dimensions of Risk Management
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www.h2obiotech.com
Interrelation of the 4 dimensions
Law Description WaterTreatment Hydraulic Solids Drift
402.1 Overwintering X X X X
402.2 Operational stops X X
402.3 Decontamination X X X X
402.4 Corrosion, Scale,Organics X X X
402.5 Schematics X X X
402.6 Water treatment quality X X X
402.7 Chemicals X
402.8 Mechanical Verification X X
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www.h2obiotech.com
Law 2013, Phase I : the Good
Any law is great.
Well made technical guide &training sessions
Inspectors systematicallyvalidate backflows & existenceof
signed documentation
Tickets with 7 days to comply. Inspectors take pictures.
Indicators & Lp analysis with
action levels
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www.h2obiotech.com
Law 2013, phase I: the Good
Level Result(logs/L) Action
Normal < 4
Intervene 4 - 6 Identify causes. Validate efficiency of
newmeasures.
Sanitary Risk > 6 Apply Decontamination. Identify root
causes & correct maintenance plan.Validate efficiency of new
measures.
Test for Legionella pneumophila.
Legionella pneumophila Test concentration & Action
Levels
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www.h2obiotech.com
2013 Phase I: Lessons
Plans : copy-paste Schematics have or are:
Not up-to-date No flow speed or materials of
construction
No zones of stand-by operation Inspectors have no powers.
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www.h2obiotech.com
After: Coroner s report, 2013-09
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www.h2obiotech.com
After: Public Health Report
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www.h2obiotech.com
After: Worker s Health & Safety
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www.h2obiotech.com
Graduated Risk Management
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www.h2obiotech.com
After: Sampling Guide
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www.h2obiotech.com
After: Very Good CT Guide
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www.h2obiotech.com
After: Excellent Full Day Training
Michelle Merchat, Climespace
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www.h2obiotech.com
Law 2014, phase II : the Excellent
Specific cleaning stepindependant from
decontamination Stop the fans if log 6 or more Identification of
sampling
points
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www.h2obiotech.com
Law 2014, phase II : the Good
Mandatory testing forLegionella p. every 30 days at
most.
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www.h2obiotech.com
Interrelation of the 4 dimensions
Law Description WaterTreatment Hydraulic Solids Drift
402.7a Sampling Points X
402.8 Chemicals X
402.9 Mechanical Verification X X
406 Log book X X X
407+408 Sampling procedures X X
417 4-6 logs Action Plan X X X X
418 Interfering flora X x
419 >6 logs, Action Plan X X X X
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www.h2obiotech.com
Interrelation of the 4 dimensions
Law Description WaterTreatment Hydraulic Solids Drift
402.1 Overwintering X X X X
402.2 Operational stops X X
402.3 Decontamination X X X X
402.4+402.9 Preventive Cleaning X X X X
402.5 Corrosion, Scale,Organics X X X
402.6 Schematics X X X
402.7 Water treatment quality X X X
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www.h2obiotech.com
Beyond: What we do
Guidelines, Standards & Regulationsare a minimumASHRAE 188
methodology
Zero risk does not exist.Risk = Probability x
ConsequencesMultiple barriers: if one fails weavoid an
outbreakNon-oxydising biocide measurementOn-site one hour
Legionellameasurement
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www.h2obiotech.com
Risk Assessment: beyond 62.1
Risk = concentration x duration. Occupants: long exposition.
High riks by Common Sense :
Close to ground, next to parking, bldentrance. Next to roof
terrasse, balconies. Adjacent to open windows.
Mitigation: UHE eliminator, lower C,continuous or low tox or
permanent biocide.Ex: Cu/Ag ionisation
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www.h2obiotech.com
Beyond: Flow Speed
Higher flow speed = less biofilm5+ fps up to 10 fps especially
forhorizontal lines.
No dead legs: mitigation approach
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www.h2obiotech.com
Beyond: Deposits & Corrosion
Variable speed motors to avoid: Total evaporation deposits Stray
current corrosion.
Mechanical action to remove deposits. Zinc coatings are subject
to white
rust corrosion.
Copper to steel surface ratio. Is it clean?
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www.h2obiotech.com
Back-Flow Preventer
Biocide means kill the biological Some are banned from
hospitals
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www.h2obiotech.com
Water Meter & Level Control
Towers purge water but take no make-up? ?
No moving parts Water meter. Convert from continuous water MU
to
ON-OFF.
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www.h2obiotech.com
Green & Bio Chemicals
Feels good to use these, doesn t it? Banning zinc? used in baby
cream with
20%+ ZnO. No area in Canada has too much Zinc.
Zinc is essential to life. No Zn inthe environment means no Zn
in ourfood.
Life-cycle approach rather than Bio
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www.h2obiotech.com
Local Control: Very bad
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www.h2obiotech.com
Local Control: Average
Most common currentlyT compensated conductivity by dualcarbon
probesFlow switch, Pre-bleed, Bleed block,Water meter input,
permanent program .
Toroidal Conductivity :
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www.h2obiotech.com
Probe Toroidal Conductivity :
deposits & chem.
Valve Ball valve, not solenoid
: plugging .Meter
No moving parts & lowflow range.
Level
Chem inventory, water MUcontrol.
Wireless Meter, valve, level, etc.
pH+ORP Oxydizing biocides dosing.
Record Conductivity, T,
Meter, etc.
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www.h2obiotech.com
Local Control: Best
Internet accessible PLC.
Continuous inhibitor measurement
Change S depending on operating mode Increase cooling capacity
without
changing the system.
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www.h2obiotech.com
Beyond: Internal Tank
Last in, last out: hydraulic factorcloser to 1PE instead of
steelEasy to accessBottom does not favor accumulationAffects
biocide selection & risk
strategy
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www.h2obiotech.com
District Cooling
No, ZERO Legionella riskNo island effect, less smogEnergy &
GHG savings
No potable or net water use
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Thank you
Alain Trahan, [email protected]
(514) 943-9044Prepared
[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]
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Copper - Silver Ionization
Input : 110-240VAC 50/60HzOutput to electrodes: 0 to 42V
