Notice:Information;knowledgeofcertainfactsorofaparticularstateofaffairs.Theformalreceiptof papersthatprovidespecificinformation.Therearevarioustypesofnotice,eachofwhichhasdifferentresults.Ingeneral,noticedealswith informationthatapartyknowsorshouldhaveknown.Inthiscontextnoticeisanessentialelement ofdueprocess.NoticecanalsorefertocommonlyknownfactsthatacourtorAdministrative Agencymaytakeintoevidence.Actualnoticeisinformationgiventothepartydirectly.Thetwokindsofactualnoticeareexpress noticeandimpliednotice.Anindividualisdeemedtohavebeengivenexpressnoticewhenheorsheactuallyhearsitorreadsit.Impliednoticeisdeducedorinferredfromthecircumstancesratherthanfromdirectorexplicitwords.Courtswilltreatsuchinformationasthoughactualnoticehadbeengiven.Constructivenoticeisinformationthatacourtdeemsthatanindividualshouldhaveknown.Accordingto rule of law that appliesinsuchcases,thecourtwillpresumethatapersonknowstheinformationbecauseshecouldhavebeeninformedifproperdiligencehadbeenexercised.Constructivenoticecanbebasedonalegalrelationshipaswell.Forexample,inthelawgoverningpartnerships,eachpartnerisdeemedtohaveknowledgeofallthepartnershipbusiness.Ifonepartnerengagesindishonesttransactions,theotherpartnersarepresumedtoknow,regardlessofwhethertheyhadactualknowledgeofthetransaction.Thetermlegalnoticeissometimesusedinterchangeablywithconstructivenotice.Incertaincasesinvolvingthepurchaseofrealproperty,anindividualischargedwithinquirynotice.Whenanindividualwishestopurchaseland,heordinarilyhasthedutyundertherecordingactstocheckthetitletothepropertytodeterminethatthelandisnotsubjecttoanyencumbrances,whichareclaims,liens,mortgages,leases,easementsorrightofways,orunpaidtaxesthathavebeenlodgedagainsttherealproperty.Insomesituations,however,theindividualmustmakeareasonableinvestigationoutsideoftherecords,suchasincasesinvolvingrecordedbutdefectivedocuments.Thistypeofnoticeisknownasinquirynotice.SomestateshavenoticerecordingstatutesthatgoverntheRecording of Land Titles.Whereasinquirynoticedealswithlookingcloselyatdocumentsthathavebeenrecorded,noticerecordingstatutesstatethatanunrecordedconveyanceofpropertyisinvalidagainstthetitleboughtbyasubsequentbonafidepurchaserforvalueandwithoutnotice.ThismeansthatifJohnpurchasesapieceoflandonacontractfordeedfromTomanddoesnotrecordthecontractfordeed,andifTomresellsthelandtoJill,whohasnonoticeofthepriorsale,thenJillasabonafidepurchaserwillprevail,andJohn'sconveyancewillbeinvalid.Theconceptofnoticeiscriticaltotheintegrityoflegalproceedings.Dueprocessrequiresthatlegalactioncannotbetakenagainstanyoneunlesstherequirementsofnoticeandanopportunitytobeheardareobserved.Legalproceedingsareinitiatedbyprovidingnoticetotheindividualaffected.Ifanindividualisaccusedofacrime,hehasarighttobenotifiedofthecharges.Inaddition,formalpapersmustbepreparedtogivetheaccusednoticeofthecharges.Anindividualwhoisbeingsuedinacivilactionmustbeprovidedwithnoticeofthenatureofthesuit.Statestatutesprescribethemethodofprovidingthistypeofnotice.Courtsareusuallystrictinrequiringcompliancewiththeselaws,andordinarilyaplaintiffmustputthisinformationintoacomplaintthatmustbeserveduponthedefendantinsomelegallyadequatemanner.Theplaintiffmaypersonallyservethecomplainttothedefendant.Whenthatisnotpractical,thepapersmaybeservedthroughthemail.Insomecasesacourtmayallow,orrequire,servicebypostingorattachingthepaperstothedefendant'slastknownaddressortoapublicplacewherethedefendantislikelytoseethem.Typically,however,noticeisgivenbypublicationofthepapersinalocalnewspaper.Whenthedefendantisnotpersonallyserved,orisformallyservedinanotherstate,themethodofserviceiscalledsubstitutedservice.Noticeisalsocriticalwhensuingastateorlocalgovernment.Manystatesandmunicipalitieshavenoticeofclaimprovisionsintheirstatutesandordinancesthatstatethat,beforealawsuitisstarted,anoticeofclaimmustbefiledwithinareasonabletime,usuallythreetosixmonthsaftertheinjuryoccurs.Thenoticemustcontainthedateofinjury,howitoccurred,andotherfactsthatestablishthattheprospectiveplaintiffhasaviableCause of Actionagainstthegovernment.Failuretofileanoticeofclaimwithintheprescribedtimeperiodpreventsaplaintifffromfilingalawsuitunlessexceptionstothisrequirementareprovidedbystatuteorordinance.Noticeisalsoanimportantrequirementinendinglegalrelationships.Forexample,anoticetoquitisawrittennotificationgiveneitherbythetenanttothelandlord,orviceversa,indicatingthateitherthetenantintendstosurrenderpossessionofthepremisesonacertaindayorthatthelandlordintendstoregainpossessionofthepremisesonacertainday.Manykindsofcontractsrequirethatsimilarnoticebegiventoeitherreneworendthecontractualrelationship.Noticemayalsorefertocommonlyknownfactsthatacourtoradministrativeagencymaytakeintoevidenceduringatrialorhearing.Judicial Noticeisadoctrineofevidencethatallowsacourttorecognizeandaccepttheexistenceofacommonlyknownfactwithouttheneedtoestablishitsexistencebytheadmissionofevidence.Courtstakejudicialnoticeofhistoricalevents,federal,state,andinternationallaws,businesscustoms,andotherfactsthatarenotsubjecttoreasonabledispute.Administrativeproceedingsusethetermofficialnoticetodescribeadoctrinesimilartojudicialnotice.Apresidingadministrativeofficerrecognizesasevidence,withoutproof,certainkindsoffactsthatarenotsubjecttoreasonabledispute.Administrativeagencies,unlikecourts,haveanexplicitlegislativefunctionaswellasanadjudicativefunction:theymakerules.Inrulemaking,agencieshavewiderdiscretionintakingofficialnoticeoflawandpolicy,labeledlegislativefacts.