Legal english ภาษาอังกฤษกฎหมาย

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¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…°ÆÀ¡“¬LEGAL ENGLISH

Sorawit LimparangsriJudge of Office of the President of the Supreme Court

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¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…°ÆÀ¡“¬ LEGAL ENGLISH

Sorawit Limparangsri

Judge of Office of the President of the Supreme Court

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ºŸâæ‘æ“°…“»“≈™—Èπµâπª√–®” ”π—°ª√–∏“π»“≈Æ’°“

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ISBN 978-616-7140-19-3

æ‘¡æå∑’Ë ∫√‘…—∑ ™«πæ‘¡æå 50 ®”°—¥513/124 ´Õ¬®√—≠ π‘∑«ß»å 37 («—¥‡æ≈ß«‘ªí π“) ∂ππ®√—≠ π‘∑«ß»å·¢«ß∫“ß¢ÿπ»√’ ‡¢µ∫“ß°Õ°πâÕ¬ °√ÿß‡∑æœ 10700‚∑√. 0-2412-9460 ‚∑√ “√ 0-2864-6997 ¡◊Õ∂◊Õ 08-9675-3922π“¬®‘‚√®πå »√ ß§√“¡ ºâŸæ‘¡æåºâŸ‚¶…≥“ æ.». 2554


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„πªí®®ÿ∫—π¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…π—∫‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ¿“…“∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥¿“…“Àπ÷Ëß„π‚≈° ·¡â·µà„π∫√‘∫∑∑“ß¥â“π°ÆÀ¡“¬ ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…∑’Ë ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°ÆÀ¡“¬°Á¡’∫∑∫“∑·≈–Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈µàÕ°“√æ—≤π“°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õßª√–‡∑»µà“ßÊ Õ¬à“ß¡“° ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡ªìπ¿“…“∑’Ë„™â„π‡Õ° “√ µ”√“µ≈Õ¥®π°ÆÀ¡“¬√–À«à“ßª√–‡∑»®”π«π¡“° §«“¡ ”§—≠¢Õß¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…¬—ß∑«’¡“°¬‘Ëß¢÷Èπµ“¡§«“¡·æ√àÀ≈“¬¢Õß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»∑’Ë∑”„Àâ§«“¡√Ÿâ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª¢Õß¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…·æ√à°√––®“¬‰ª∑—Ë«∑ÿ°¡ÿ¡‚≈°§«“¡√Ÿâ∑“ß¥â“π°ÆÀ¡“¬®”π«π¡“°∑’Ë‡º¬·æ√à ‰¡à«à“„π∑“ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»À√◊Õ„π√Ÿª¢ÕßÀπ—ß ◊Õ„™â¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…‡ªìπÀ≈—° ∑”„ÀâÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈·≈–∫∑∫“∑¢Õß¿“…“Õ—ß°°ƒ…µàÕ°“√æ—≤π“°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õßª√–‡∑»µà“ßÊ¡’‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπµ“¡‰ª¥â«¬

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TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Types of Laws 5

2. Procedural Law 20

3. Nature of Contract Law 52

4. World Wackiest Lawsuit 1 70

5. World Wackiest Lawsuit 2 74

6. Res ipsa loquitur 78

7. Criminal Law 93


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The wording of laws should meanthe same thing to all men.Chalres Louis de Montesquieu

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¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…°ÆÀ¡“¬ LEGAL ENGLISH 3

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4 ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…°ÆÀ¡“¬ LEGAL ENGLISH

µ—«Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë· ¥ß∂÷ß¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ß‡À≈à“π’È§◊Õ‡√“‡§¬‡√’¬π«à“ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡√“‡ªìπª√–‡∑»∑’Ë„™â√–∫∫ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬ (Civil Law)·≈–ª√–‡∑» ‡™àπ Õ—ß°ƒ…·≈– À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“‡ªìπª√–‡∑»∑’Ë„™â√–∫∫°ÆÀ¡“¬®“√’µª√–‡æ≥’ (Common law) °ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õßª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡√“‰¥â√—∫Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈®“°ª√–‡∑»¿“§æ◊Èπ¬ÿ‚√ª ‡™àπ ª√–‡∑»‡¬Õ√¡—πª√–‡∑» «‘ ‡´Õ√å·≈π¥å À√◊Õ·¡â·µàÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢Õß°“√æ—≤π“ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬®“°ª√–‡∑»≠’ËªÿÉπ §«“¡√Ÿâ‡À≈à“π’È∑”„Àâ‡√“√Ÿâ ÷°«à“°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õßª√–‡∑»„π√–∫∫°ÆÀ¡“¬Àπ÷Ëßπà“®–¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—∫°ÆÀ¡“¬„πÕ’°√–∫∫Àπ÷Ëß¡“° ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈π’ÈÕ“®®–‡ªìπ®√‘ß„πÕ¥’µ ·µàÀ“°‡√“¡Õß≈÷°≈ß‰ª„πæ—≤π“°“√∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬¬ÿ§ªí®®ÿ∫—π §«“¡·µ°µà“ßπ’È¡’¡“°‡©æ“–„π·ßà¢Õß·∫∫æ‘∏’∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬ ·µà·π«§«“¡§‘¥µà“ßÊ ∑’Ë·ΩßÕ¬Ÿà ‰¡à·µ°µà“ß°—π‡∑à“„¥

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Types of Laws

Substantive versus procedurallaw.1 It is important at theoutset to differentiate betweenthe substance of the law andthe process or procedures ofthe law. The former-that is,substantive law - is concernedwith the content, or substance,of the law. In criminal law,for example, the substantive

1 Excerpt from American Law and Legal Systems by James V. Calvi andSusan Coleman.

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°“√∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®»—æ∑å¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…°ÆÀ¡“¬‡À≈à“π’È‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß‰¡à¬“°‡¬Áππ—°À“°‡√“§àÕ¬Ê §‘¥ §àÕ¬Ê æ‘®“√≥“ §”·√°§”«à“çsubstantive lawé π—Èπ®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“‚§√ß √â“ß¢Õß§”§≈â“¬°—∫§”«à“çsubstanceé ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß “√–À√◊Õ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“¢Õß‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë°”≈—ß°≈à“«∂÷ß‡¡◊ËÕ‡ª≈’Ë¬π√Ÿª‡ªìπ§”«à“ çsubstantiveé ÷Ëß‡ªìπ§” Adjective ®÷ß

law will define what kind ofbehavior is considered to beantisocial and prescribe thekind of punishment that willbe imposed for engaging in it.The substantive law will clearlydefine the elements of thecrime ... and the range ofpunishment (five to ten yearsûimprisonment) that may behanded out upon conviction. ...

‡ªìπªØ‘ªí°…åµàÕ —ß§¡·≈–∫—≠≠—µ‘ª√–‡¿∑¢Õß‚∑…∑’Ë ®–≈ß ”À√—∫°“√°√–∑”°“√‡À≈à“π—Èπ °ÆÀ¡“¬ “√∫—≠≠—µ‘®–π‘¬“¡Õ¬à“ß™—¥·®âß‡°’Ë¬«°—∫Õß§åª√–°Õ∫¢Õß§«“¡º‘¥·≈–¢Õ∫‡¢µ¢Õß‚∑… (®”§ÿ°Àâ“ªï∂÷ß ‘∫ªï) ∑’Ë®–≈ß‡¡◊ËÕ¡’§”µ—¥ ‘π«à“¡’§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“

Legal VocabularySubstantive law °ÆÀ¡“¬ “√∫—≠≠—µ‘ Procedural law °ÆÀ¡“¬«‘∏’

∫—≠≠—µ‘Prescribe ∫—≠≠—µ‘ Punishment ‚∑…Element Õß§åª√–°Õ∫ Crime §«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“Imprisonment °“√®”§ÿ° Conviction µ—¥ ‘π«à“¡’

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À¡“¬∂÷ß§«“¡‡°’Ë¬«‡π◊ËÕßÀ√◊Õ§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫ ‘Ëß∑’Ë‡ªìπ “√–À√◊Õ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“¢Õß‡√◊ËÕß °“√°≈à“«∂÷ß çsubstantive lawé ®÷ßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß°ÆÀ¡“¬„¥Ê°Áµ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥À√◊Õ∫—≠≠—µ‘‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ “√–µà“ßÊ¢Õß ‘∑∏‘Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈ ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“·Ààß ‘∑∏‘«à“ºŸâ¡’ ‘∑∏‘®– “¡“√∂‡√’¬°√âÕß„ÀâÕ’°ΩÉ“¬Àπ÷Ëß°√–∑”°“√ ß¥‡«âπ°√–∑”°“√ À√◊Õ àß¡Õ∫∑√—æ¬å ‘πÕ¬à“ß„¥∫â“ß µ≈Õ¥®π«‘∏’°“√‰¥â¡“À√◊Õ‡ ’¬‰ª´÷Ëß ‘∑∏‘π—ÈπÊ

§”Õ’° à«πÀπ÷Ëß´÷ËßÕ¬ŸàÕ’°ø“°Àπ÷Ëß¢Õßª√–‡¿∑°ÆÀ¡“¬§◊Õ§”«à“çProcedural lawé À“° —ß‡°µ‚§√ß √â“ß¢Õß§”®–‡ÀÁπ«à“¡’≈—°…≥–§≈â“¬°—∫§”«à“ çProcedureé ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß°√–∫«π°“√À√◊Õ¢—ÈπµÕπ‡¡◊ËÕπ”¡“°≈à“«∂÷ß„π∞“π–∑’Ë‡ªìπª√–‡¿∑À√◊Õ≈—°…≥–¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬®÷ß∑”„Àâ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬‡ªìπ°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë°”Àπ¥°Æ‡°≥±å‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°√–∫«π°“√À√◊Õ¢—ÈπµÕπ‚¥¬‡©æ“–∑’Ë ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫¢—ÈπµÕπ°“√¥”‡π‘π§¥’„π»“≈´÷Ëß‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ ç°ÆÀ¡“¬«‘∏’ ∫—≠≠—µ‘é

°“√∑’Ë‡√“®–°≈à“«∂÷ß«à“°ÆÀ¡“¬∫—≠≠—µ‘À√◊Õ°”Àπ¥‡√◊ËÕß„¥‡√◊ËÕßÀπ÷Ëß‰«â«à“Õ¬à“ß‰√ §”∑’Ë‡√“Õ“®π”¡“„™â ‰¥â§◊Õ§”«à“ prescribeª√–‚¬§∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß§◊Õ à«π∑’Ë‡¢’¬π‰«â«à“ “... the substantive law

will ... prescribe the kind of punishment ....” ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬§«“¡«à“°ÆÀ¡“¬ “√∫—≠≠—µ‘®–°”Àπ¥‚∑… ”À√—∫°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬Àâ“¡‰«â ·µà¡’¢âÕπà“ —ß‡°µª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëß§◊Õ§”«à“ prescribe π’È¡—°®–‰¡à§àÕ¬¡’°“√π”‰ª„™â„π√Ÿª¢Õß§”π“¡ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡¡◊ËÕ‡ªìπ§”π“¡‡¢’¬π«à“çprescriptioné ´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë·µ°µà“ßÕÕ°‰ª§àÕπ¢â“ß¡“°‚¥¬§”«à“prescription ®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ëæ∫‡ÀÁπ∫àÕ¬‡ªìπ°“√®à“¬¬“¢Õß·æ∑¬å‡æ◊ËÕ√—°…“‚√§µà“ßÊ ‡™àπ „π§”«à“ prescription drug ®–À¡“¬∂÷ß¬“∑’Ë®–®”Àπà“¬„Àâµ“¡„∫ —Ëß¬“¢Õß·æ∑¬å À√◊ÕÀ“°‡ªìπ§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë„°≈â‡§’¬ß


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°—∫„π‡™‘ß°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“®¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√Àâ“¡°“√°√–∑”∫“ßª√–°“√À√◊Õ„π°ÆÀ¡“¬√–À«à“ßª√–‡∑»Õ“®®–À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√‰¥âÕ”π“®Õ∏‘ª‰µ¬‡Àπ◊Õ¥‘π·¥π∫“ß·Ààß‚¥¬°“√‡¢â“§√Õ∫§√Õß‡ªìπ‡«≈“¬“«π“πÕ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß·≈–ª√“»®“°°“√‚µâ·¬âß

°“√°≈à“«∂÷ß°“√∫—≠≠—µ‘°ÆÀ¡“¬„π√Ÿª¢Õß§”π“¡®÷ß¡—°®–„™â§”Õ◊Ëπ¡“°°«à“°“√·ª≈ß®“°§”«à“ prescribe ‡™àπ§”«à“ promulgation∑’Ë¡“®“°§”»—æ∑å∑’Ë‡ªìπ§”°‘√‘¬“«à“ promulgate ÷Ëß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“‡ªìπ°“√ª√–°“»Õ¬à“ß‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√·≈–∑”„Àâ ‘Ëß∑’Ëª√–°“»¡’º≈∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬‚¥¬Õ“®„™â„π¢Õ∫‡¢µ∑’Ë°«â“ß°«à“°“√ª√–°“»∫—≠≠—µ‘‡ªìπ°ÆÀ¡“¬ ·µàÕ“®„™â°—∫°“√ª√–°“»°Æ‡°≥±åÕ◊Ëπ∑’Ë¡’º≈∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬¥â«¬‡™àπ°—π ‡™àπ°“√ª√–°“»¢âÕ∫—ß§—∫¢Õß»“≈ À√◊Õ°“√ª√–°“»§” —Ëß∑“ßª°§√Õß¢ÕßÀπà«¬ß“πΩÉ“¬∫√‘À“√ §”Õ’°§”∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À¡“¬„°≈â‡§’¬ß°—π§◊Õ§”«à“ enact ÷Ëß‡ªìπ°“√ª√–°“»∑”„Àâ¡’º≈∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬„π≈—°…≥–∑’Ë§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—π ‚¥¬§”»—æ∑å„π√Ÿª¢Õß§”π“¡„™â§”«à“ enactment ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß°√–∫«π°“√ª√–°“»„™â°ÆÀ¡“¬

µ—«Õ¬à“ß°“√π”§”»—æ∑å§”«à“ promulgate ·≈– enact ‰ª„™â„π∑“ßªØ‘∫—µ‘‡™àπ

The Parliament has promulgated a new lawprescribing the kinds of business that foreignerscannot engage. [√—∞ ¿“‰¥âÕÕ°°ÆÀ¡“¬„À¡à∑’Ë∫—≠≠—µ‘‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ª√–‡¿∑¢Õß∏ÿ√°‘®∑’Ë™“«µà“ß™“µ‘‰¡à “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â]

The Central Intellectual Property and InternationalTrade Court enacts a new rule governing theadduction of electronic evidence in the court.


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[»“≈∑√—æ¬å ‘π∑“ßªí≠≠“·≈–°“√§â“√–À«à“ßª√–‡∑»°≈“ß‰¥âª√–°“»„™â¢âÕ∫—ß§—∫„À¡à∑’Ë°”Àπ¥‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√π” ◊∫æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“πÕ‘‡≈Á°∑√Õπ‘° å„π»“≈]

„πª√–‚¬§∑’Ë¬°¡“¢â“ßµâππÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°§”«à“ prescribe·≈â«¬—ß¡’§”»—æ∑å∑’Ëπà“ π„®Õ’°§”Àπ÷Ëß§◊Õ§”«à“ punishment ´÷Ëß„π∫√‘∫∑π’ÈÀ¡“¬∂÷ß‚∑…∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬°”Àπ¥À√◊Õ∫—≠≠—µ‘‰«â ”À√—∫°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“·µà≈–¢âÕÀ“À√◊Õ∞“π§«“¡º‘¥ ‚¥¬‡ªìπ§”»—æ∑å∑’Ë¡“®“°§”°‘√‘¬“«à“ punish ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß°“√≈ß‚∑… §”«à“ punish π’ÈÕ“®„™â‰¥â„π§«“¡À¡“¬·≈–¢Õ∫‡¢µ∑’Ë°«â“ß¡“°°«à“°“√≈ß‚∑…„π°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∑“ßÕ“≠“ ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ°“√≈ß‚∑… ”À√—∫°“√°√–∑”„¥Ê ∑’Ë‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’Ë ‰¡à∂Ÿ°µâÕß À√◊Õæ÷ß°√–∑” ”À√—∫§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å (adjective) ∑’Ë¡’∑’Ë¡“®“°§”«à“ punish π—Èπ¡’ Õß§” ÷Ëß·µà≈–§”®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬·≈–≈—°…≥–°“√„™â∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—πÕÕ°‰ª §”·√°§◊Õ§”«à“ punishableÀ¡“¬§«“¡«à“¡’≈—°…≥–∑’ËÕ“®µâÕß∑”„Àâ√—∫‚∑…‰¥â à«πÕ’°§”Àπ÷Ëß§◊Õ§”«à“punishing ´÷Ëßµ“¡√Ÿª»—æ∑å·≈â«¥Ÿ‡À¡◊Õπ‡ªìπ§”°‘√‘¬“≈—°…≥–Àπ÷Ëß ·µàÕ“®®–„™â„π≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å‰¥âÕ’°¥â«¬ ‚¥¬‡¡◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπ§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å·≈â«®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’Ë¡’≈—°…≥–√â“¬·√ß √ÿπ·√ßÀ√◊Õ∑”„ÀâÕàÕπ·Õ®π·∑∫®–‡°‘π°“√™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ‡¬’¬«¬“ ´÷ËßÀ“°‡√“π”§”»—æ∑åµà“ßÊ‡À≈à“π’È¡“„™â‡¢’¬π„π√Ÿªª√–‚¬§Õ“®‡¢’¬π‰¥â„π≈—°…≥–¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È

The punishment for robbery prescribed by theCriminal Code is imprisonment for 5 to 10 yearsor fine for 10,000 to 20,000 baht. [‚∑… ”À√—∫§«“¡º‘¥∞“π™‘ß∑√—æ¬å∑’Ë∫—≠≠—µ‘‰«â‚¥¬ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“


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§◊Õ®”§ÿ°µ—Èß·µà 5 ∂÷ß 10 ªïÀ√◊Õª√—∫µ—Èß·µà 10,000 ∂÷ß20,000 ∫“∑]

Harry is punished for breaking into Helenûs houselast month. [·Œ√’Ë∂Ÿ°≈ß‚∑…®“°°“√∫ÿ°‡¢â“‰ª„π∫â“π¢Õß‡Œ‡≈π‡¡◊ËÕ‡¥◊Õπ∑’Ë·≈â«]

Under the draft bill submitted to the Parliament,illegally acting as a nominee of a foreigner inprescribed business is punishable by imprisonmentand fine. [µ“¡√à“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë‡ πÕµàÕ√—∞ ¿“ °“√°√–∑”°“√‡ªìπµ—«·∑π¢Õß™“«µà“ß™“µ‘„π°“√∂◊Õ§√Õß∏ÿ√°‘®∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬°”Àπ¥‚¥¬¡‘™Õ∫¥â«¬°ÆÀ¡“¬‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥∑’ËÕ“®∂Ÿ°≈ß‚∑…®”§ÿ°·≈–ª√—∫]

The terrorists suffered a punishing defeat lastnight when the army attacked their training campin the jungle. [ºŸâ°àÕ°“√√â“¬µâÕßª√– ∫°—∫§«“¡æà“¬·æâÕ¬à“ß¬—∫‡¬‘π‡¡◊ËÕ§◊ππ’È‡¡◊ËÕ°Õß∑—æ‰¥â‚®¡µ’§à“¬Ωñ°∑’Ëµ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà„πªÉ“]

„πª√–‚¬§ ÿ¥∑â“¬¢Õß∫∑§«“¡ ÷Ëß‡¢’¬π«à“ “The substantive

law will clearly define the elements of the crime ... and the range of

punishment (five to ten years’ imprisonment) that may be handed

out upon conviction.” ¡’§”∑’Ëπà“ π„®§”·√°§◊Õ§”«à“ crime ´÷Ëß‡ªìπ§”∑’Ëæ∫‡ÀÁπ∫àÕ¬¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“ ·µàÀ“°‡√“µâÕß°“√„™â„π≈—°…≥–∑’Ë‡ªìπ¢âÕÀ“À√◊Õ∞“π§«“¡º‘¥·µà≈–¢âÕÀ“À√◊Õ


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·µà≈–∞“π§«“¡º‘¥‡√“¡—°®–„™â§”«à“ offense À√◊Õ offence (·≈â«·µà«à“®–‡¢’¬πµ“¡·∫∫Õ‡¡√‘°—πÀ√◊ÕÕ—ß°ƒ…) ´÷Ëß®–¢Õπ”¡“°≈à“«∂÷ß‚¥¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢÷Èπ„π‚Õ°“ µàÕ‰ª ·µà ”À√—∫§”«à“ crime π’È¡’§”∑’Ë„°≈â‡§’¬ß°—πÕ’°À≈“¬§” §”·√°§◊Õ§”«à“ criminal ÷ËßÀ“°„™â‡ªìπ§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å (adjective) ®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“¡’≈—°…≥–À√◊Õ‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“ ·µà§”Ê ‡¥’¬«°—ππ’ÈÕ“®®–„™â‡ªìπ§”π“¡ (noun) ‰¥âÕ’°¥â«¬ ·µà‡¡◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπ§”π“¡·≈â«®–∑”„Àâ§«“¡À¡“¬‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß‰ªÕ¬à“ß¡“°‚¥¬®–°≈“¬‡ªìπ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“§«“¡·µ°µà“ß„π°“√„™âß“π∑—Èß Õß≈—°…≥–Õ“®®–· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ„π√Ÿªª√–‚¬§‰¥â¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È

The act of negligently damaging property ofother persons is not a criminal offense. [°“√∑”„Àâ∑√—æ¬å ‘π¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ‡ ’¬À“¬‚¥¬ª√–¡“∑‰¡à‡ªìπ∞“π§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“]

A criminal has escaped from the custody of thepolice last night. [ºŸâ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥§πÀπ÷Ëß‰¥âÀ≈∫Àπ’®“°°“√§«∫§ÿ¡¢Õß‡®â“æπ—°ß“πµ”√«®‡¡◊ËÕ§◊ππ’È]

à«π ÿ¥∑â“¬¢Õßª√–‚¬§®–‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ Punishment À√◊Õ‚∑…∑’Ë®–≈ß·°àºŸâ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥ §”«à“ Punishment π’ÈÕ“®®–„™â„π§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß‚∑…∑“ßÕ“≠“¥—ß∑’Ë„™â„π√Ÿªª√–‚¬§π’È°Á‰¥â À√◊ÕÕ“®®–„™â„π§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß°“√≈ß‚∑…‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª°Á‰¥â §”¥—ß°≈à“«π’È¡“®“°§”°‘√‘¬“§”«à“ Punish ´÷Ëß·ª≈«à“ ç≈ß‚∑…é À“°‡√“π”§”∑—Èß Õß§”π’È¡“„™â„π√Ÿªª√–‚¬§Õ“®®–„™â‰¥â¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È


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The punishment that the defendant receives issuspension of the right to vote in a political electionfor the period of five years. [‚∑…∑’Ë®”‡≈¬‰¥â√—∫§◊Õ°“√√–ß—∫ ‘∑∏‘≈ß§–·ππ‡ ’¬ß„π°“√‡≈◊Õ°µ—Èß∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß‡ªìπ‡«≈“Àâ“ªï]

The defendant is punished for committing fraudin an election. [®”‡≈¬∂Ÿ°≈ß‚∑…®“°°“√‚°ß„π°“√‡≈◊Õ°µ—Èß]

§”Õ’°§”Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë¡’∑’Ë¡“®“°§”«à“ çPunishé §◊Õ§”«à“ Punishable´÷Ëß®–∑”„Àâ°≈“¬‡ªìπ§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å (adjective) ‚¥¬¡’§«“¡À¡“¬„π∑”πÕß∑’Ë«à“Õ“®∂Ÿ°≈ß‚∑…À√◊Õ¡’≈—°…≥–Õ—πÕ“®∂Ÿ°≈ß‚∑…‰¥â πÕ°®“°π—ÈπÕ“®®–„™â‰¥â„π§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë«à“°“√°√–∑”∫“ßÕ¬à“ß¡’‚∑… (µ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥)÷Ëß®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬„°≈â‡§’¬ß°—∫«≈’∑’Ë«à“ çcarry a punishment ofé

À√◊Õ çbe liable to be punished byé §”∑—Èß “¡·∫∫π’ÈÕ“®π”¡“„™â‰¥â„π≈—°…≥–¥—ßπ’È

Murder is punishable by death, life imprisonmentor imprisonment for fifteen to twenty years.[°“√¶à“ºŸâÕ◊ËπÕ“®∂Ÿ°≈ß‚∑…ª√–À“√™’«‘µ ®”§ÿ°µ≈Õ¥™’«‘µÀ√◊Õ®”§ÿ°µ—Èß·µà ‘∫Àâ“ªï∂÷ß¬’Ë ‘∫ªï]

Murder carries a punishment of death, lifeimprisonment or imprisonment for fifteen to twentyyears. [°“√¶à“ºŸâÕ◊ËπÕ“®∂Ÿ°≈ß‚∑…ª√–À“√™’«‘µ ®”§ÿ°µ≈Õ¥™’«‘µ À√◊Õ®”§ÿ°µ—Èß·µà ‘∫Àâ“ªï∂÷ß¬’Ë ‘∫ªï]


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A defendant who commits murder is liable tobe punished by death, life imprisonment orimprisonment for fifteen to twenty years. [®”‡≈¬∑’Ë¶à“ºŸâÕ◊ËπÕ“®¡’§«“¡√—∫º‘¥ (∑“ßÕ“≠“) ∑’Ë®–∂Ÿ°≈ß‚∑…ª√–À“√™’«‘µ ®”§ÿ°µ≈Õ¥™’«‘µ À√◊Õ®”§ÿ°µ—Èß·µà ‘∫Àâ“ªï∂÷ß¬’Ë ‘∫ªï]

®“°√Ÿªª√–‚¬§∑—Èß “¡·∫∫®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“¡’§«“¡§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—π§àÕπ¢â“ß¡“°·≈–‰¥â„®§«“¡∑’Ë‰¡à·µ°µà“ß°—π ‡æ’¬ß·µàÕ“®®–¡’√Ÿªª√–‚¬§À√◊Õ≈—°…≥–°“√‡¢’¬π∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—π∫â“ß À“°∑à“π —ß‡°µ„π√Ÿªª√–‚¬§·∫∫∑’Ë “¡®–µà“ß®“° Õß·∫∫·√°µ√ß∑’Ëª√–∏“π¢Õßª√–‚¬§∑’Ë “¡®–‡ªìπµ—«∫ÿ§§≈ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡√“‰¡à “¡“√∂π”§”«à“ çmurderé ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß°“√¶à“¡“‡ªìπª√–∏“π„π√Ÿªª√–‚¬§∑’Ë “¡‰¥â‡æ√“–‚¥¬µ—«¢Õß°“√¶à“‰¡à “¡“√∂‡°‘¥¡’§«“¡√—∫º‘¥‰¡à«à“∑“ß„¥Ê ‰¥â ºŸâ∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥§«“¡√—∫º‘¥‰¥â®÷ßµâÕß‡ªìπµ—«∫ÿ§§≈ à«π„π√Ÿªª√–‚¬§ Õß·∫∫·√°‡√“„™â„π≈—°…≥–¢Õß°“√∫àß∫Õ°«à“°“√¶à“ºŸâÕ◊Ëππ’È¡’‚∑…∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬°”Àπ¥‰«â‡∑à“„¥∫â“ß ¢âÕ —ß‡°µª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëß„π∑’Ëπ’È§◊Õ§”«à“‚∑…ª√–À“√™’«‘µ´÷Ëß„™â§”«à“death ∑—Èßπ’È‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫§”·ª≈∑’Ë¡—°®–æ∫‡ÀÁπ„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬·µà„πµà“ßª√–‡∑»§”»—æ∑å‡©æ“–∑’ËÀ¡“¬∂÷ß°“√≈ß‚∑…ª√–À“√™’«‘µ∑’Ëæ∫‡ÀÁπ‰¥â¡“°°«à“§◊Õ§”«à“ çCapital punishmenté ‚¥¬§”«à“capital ‡Õß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬‰¥â¡“°¡“¬ ÷Ëß‡°‘π°«à“®–π”¡“°≈à“«∂÷ß„π∑’Ëπ’È ·µà°“√π”§”«à“ capital ¡“„™â§Ÿà°—∫§”«à“ punishment ®–∑”„Àâ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬„π∑”πÕß∑’Ë«à“‡ªìπ‚∑…∑’Ë¡’√–¥—∫§«“¡√â“¬·√ßÕ¬à“ß∑’Ë ÿ¥(extremely serious) ÷Ëß‚∑…∑’Ë°√–∫«π°“√¬ÿµ‘∏√√¡∑“ßÕ“≠“®–


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“¡“√∂≈ß‰¥âÕ¬à“ß√â“¬·√ß∑’Ë ÿ¥§◊Õ‚∑…ª√–À“√™’«‘µπ—Ëπ‡Õß πÕ°®“°π—Èπ§”«à“‚∑…ª√–À“√™’«‘µÕ“®®–„™â§”«à“ çdeath penaltyé Õ’°°Á‰¥â

§”µàÕ¡“∑’Ëπà“ π„®„πª√–‚¬§¢â“ßµâπ§◊Õ§”«à“ Imprisonment∑’ËÀ¡“¬∂÷ß‚∑…®”§ÿ° §”¥—ß°≈à“«π’È¡“®“°§”°‘√‘¬“§”«à“ Imprison ´÷Ëß∂◊Õ‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ§”∑’Ë∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®À√◊Õ·¡â·µà‡¥“§«“¡À¡“¬‰¥â‰¡à¬“°‡¬Áππ—°À“°‡√“ —ß‡°µ§”«à“ prison ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß§ÿ°À√◊Õ‡√◊Õπ®”∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π§”Ê π’È‡¡◊ËÕ‡√“π”§”«à“ çImé ´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬‡¥’¬«°—∫§”«à“ çIné ∑’Ë·ª≈«à“ç„πé ¡“‡µ‘¡‰«âÀπâ“§”«à“ Prison ¥—ß°≈à“«®÷ß∑”„Àâ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬„π∑”πÕß∑’Ë‡√“π”„§√§π„¥§πÀπ÷Ëß‡¢â“‰ª‰«â„π§ÿ°À√◊Õ‡√◊Õπ®” ®÷ß∑”„Àâ§”«à“ Imprison ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“®”§ÿ° §”∑—Èß Õß§”π’ÈÕ“®π”¡“„™â„π√Ÿªª√–‚¬§¥—ßπ’È

Somchai is imprisoned for committing a murder.[ ¡™“¬∂Ÿ°®”§ÿ°‡π◊ËÕß®“°‰¥â¶à“ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ]

Somchai is punished by imprisonment for commit-ting a murder. [ ¡™“¬∂Ÿ°≈ß‚∑…¥â«¬°“√®”§ÿ°‡π◊ËÕß®“°‰¥â¶à“ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ]

§”µàÕ‰ª∑’Ë®–¢Õπ”¡“°≈à“«∂÷ß„π∑’Ëπ’È§◊Õ§”«à“ Conviction ´÷Ëß®–‡ªìπÕ’°§”Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ëæ∫‡ÀÁπ‰¥â§àÕπ¢â“ß∫àÕ¬„π∫∑§«“¡À√◊ÕÀπ—ß ◊Õ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“ §«“¡À¡“¬‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª¢Õß§”Ê π’È §◊Õº≈ ÿ¥∑â“¬„π°“√¥”‡π‘π§¥’Õ“≠“∑’Ë®”‡≈¬∂Ÿ°µ—¥ ‘π«à“¡’§«“¡º‘¥µ“¡∑’Ë‚®∑°åøÑÕß‰¡à«à“°“√∑’Ë®”‡≈¬∂Ÿ°µ—¥ ‘π«à“¡’§«“¡º‘¥π—Èπ®–‡°‘¥®“°°“√∑’Ë‚®∑°åπ”æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π¡“π” ◊∫µàÕ»“≈®π∑”„Àâª√“»®“°§«“¡ ß —¬µ“¡ ¡§«√«à“®”‡≈¬‡ªìπºŸâ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥µ“¡∑’Ë‚®∑°åøÑÕß À√◊ÕÕ“®®–


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‡°‘¥®“°°“√∑’Ë®”‡≈¬‡Õß„Àâ°“√√—∫ “√¿“æ·≈â«»“≈µ—¥ ‘π«à“®”‡≈¬¡’§«“¡º‘¥‚¥¬Õ“»—¬·µà‡æ’¬ß§”√—∫ “√¿“æπ—ÈπÀ√◊ÕÕ“®®–¡’°“√π” ◊∫æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“πª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬°Á‰¥â ¢Õ‡æ’¬ß«à“‡¡◊ËÕ°“√¥”‡π‘π§¥’Õ“≠“¬ÿµ‘·≈â«ª√“°Ø«à“®”‡≈¬„π§¥’π—Èπ∂Ÿ°µ—¥ ‘π«à“¡’§«“¡º‘¥°ÁÕ“®„™â§”«à“Conviction ‰¥â µ—«Õ¬à“ß¢Õß°“√π”¥—ß°≈à“«π’È‰ª„™â‡™àπ

Daeng appealed against his conviction on thecharge of murder, but the Court of Appealaffirmed the conviction. [·¥ß¬◊ËπÕÿ∑∏√≥åµàÕ°√≥’∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µ—¥ ‘π«à“¡’§«“¡º‘¥∞“π¶à“ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ ·µà»“≈Õÿ∑∏√≥åæ‘æ“°…“¬◊πµ“¡§”æ‘æ“°…“»“≈≈à“ß∑’Ëµ—¥ ‘π«à“·¥ß¡’§«“¡º‘¥]

§”«à“ conviction ¢â“ßµâππ’È¡“®“°§”°‘√‘¬“§”«à“ Convict´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√µ—¥ ‘πÀ√◊Õæ‘æ“°…“„π§¥’Õ“≠“«à“®”‡≈¬¡’§«“¡º‘¥¢âÕ —ß‡°µ∑’Ë ”§—≠ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëß‡°’Ë¬«°—∫§”«à“ convict π’È§◊Õ«à“§”‡¥’¬«°—ππ’È¬—ßÕ“®„™â„π∞“π–∑’Ë‡ªìπ§”π“¡‰¥âÕ’°¥â«¬ ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ„™â„π∞“π–‡ªìπ§”π“¡·≈â«®–∑”„Àâ§«“¡À¡“¬‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ªæÕ ¡§«√ ®“°‡¥‘¡∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À¡“¬‰ª„π∑”πÕß‡°’Ë¬«°—∫§”µ—¥ ‘πÀ√◊Õæ‘æ“°…“«à“®”‡≈¬¡’§«“¡º‘¥®–°≈“¬‡ªìπ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ßµ—«∫ÿ§§≈´÷Ëß¬àÕ¡‰¥â·°à®”‡≈¬∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µ—¥ ‘πÀ√◊Õæ‘æ“°…“«à“¡’§«“¡º‘¥ À√◊Õ∫“ß§√—ÈßÕ“®®–„™â„π§«“¡À¡“¬‡¥’¬«°—∫§”«à“π—°‚∑…∑’Ë∂Ÿ°®”§ÿ°Õ¬Ÿà¥â«¬¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫∫√‘∫∑∑’Ëπ”§”Ê π’È ‰ª„™â µ—«Õ¬à“ß°“√π”§”«à“ convict ∑—Èß Õß§«“¡À¡“¬‰ª„™â¡’¥—ßπ’È

Surachai was convicted of libel. [ ÿ√™—¬∂Ÿ°µ—¥ ‘π«à“¡’§«“¡º‘¥∞“πÀ¡‘Ëπª√–¡“∑]


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The Criminal Court convicted Sanya of contemptof the court. [»“≈Õ“≠“æ‘æ“°…“«à“ —≠≠“¡’§«“¡º‘¥∞“π≈–‡¡‘¥Õ”π“®»“≈]

A convict escaped from the prison when theprison guard fell asleep. [π—°‚∑…§πÀπ÷ËßÀ≈∫Àπ’ÕÕ°®“°‡√◊Õπ®”‡¡◊ËÕºŸâ§ÿ¡À≈—∫]

At the first moment when the jury found Johnguilty as charged and he officially became a convict,he was so embarrassed that he wanted to commitsuicide. [≥ ¢≥–·√°∑’Ë≈Ÿ°¢ÿπµ—¥ ‘π«à“®ÕÀåπ¡’§«“¡º‘¥µ“¡∑’Ë∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“·≈–∑”„Àâ‡¢“°≈“¬‡ªìπºŸâ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µ—¥ ‘π«à“∑”º‘¥Õ¬à“ß‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√ ®ÕÀåπ√Ÿâ ÷°Õ—∫Õ“¬¡“°®π°√–∑—ËßµâÕß°“√∑’Ë®–¶à“µ—«µ“¬]

§”«à“ convict „π§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë·ª≈«à“‡ªìππ—°‚∑…π—Èπ ∫“ß§√—ÈßÕ“®‡√’¬° —ÈπÊ «à“ Con ÷Ëß®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬‡¥’¬«°—π«à“‡ªìπºŸâµâÕß‚∑…∑’Ë∂Ÿ°®”§ÿ°„π‡√◊Õπ®” πÕ°®“°π—ÈπÕ“®„™â§”Õ◊Ëπ·∑π‰¥â‡™àπ§”«à“ InmateÀ√◊Õ§”«à“ Prisoner ”À√—∫„π§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë·ª≈«à“ºŸâ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µ—¥ ‘π«à“¡’§«“¡º‘¥π—Èπ§”Õ◊Ëπ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À¡“¬§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—π ·µà‰¡à∂÷ß°—∫‡À¡◊Õπ°—π‡ ’¬∑’‡¥’¬«‡™àπ§”«à“ Offender ·≈–§”«à“ Wrongdoer ´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∑’ËÀ¡“¬∂÷ßºŸâ∑’Ë°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—π ·µà§”«à“ Wrongdoer ®–‡ªìπ§”∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À¡“¬°«â“ß∑’Ë ÿ¥‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õ“®π”‰ª„™â„π∫√‘∫∑Õ◊ËπÊ‰¥â¡“° ‰¡à®”°—¥·µà‡©æ“–°√≥’∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“‡∑à“π—Èπ‚¥¬Õ“®π”‰ª„™â°—∫°√≥’‡™àπ∑’ËµâÕß°“√À¡“¬∂÷ßºŸâ∑’Ë°√–∑”≈–‡¡‘¥∑”„Àâ


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ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ‡ ’¬À“¬∑“ß·æàß‰¥âÕ’°¥â«¬ à«π§”«à“ Offender π—Èπ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ªÕ“®À¡“¬∂÷ßºŸâ∑’Ë°√–∑”°“√„¥Ê ∑’Ë‡ªìπ°“√≈–‡¡‘¥À√◊ÕΩÉ“ΩóπµàÕ°ÆÀ¡“¬À√◊Õ»’≈∏√√¡Õ—π¥’ ·µàÀ“°π”¡“„™â„π∫√‘∫∑∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“®–∑”„Àâ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬·§∫‡¢â“¡“«à“À¡“¬∂÷ßµ—«ºŸâ∑’Ë°√–∑”º‘¥°ÆÀ¡“¬·µà‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫§”«à“ convict ·≈â« §”«à“ offender ®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë°«â“ß°«à“‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õ“®π”‰ª„™â ‰¥â∑—Èß„π°√≥’∑’ËºŸâ∑’Ë°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥°ÆÀ¡“¬π—Èπ∂Ÿ°»“≈µ—¥ ‘π«à“¡’§«“¡º‘¥·≈â«À√◊Õ‰¡à°Á‰¥â „π¢≥–∑’Ë‡¡◊ËÕ‡√“„™â§”«à“ convict ¡—°®–¡ÿàß‰ª„π§«“¡À¡“¬∑”πÕß∑’Ë«à“µ—«∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥°ÆÀ¡“¬π—Èπ∂Ÿ°»“≈µ—¥ ‘πÀ√◊Õæ‘æ“°…“·≈â««à“¡’§«“¡º‘¥®√‘ß §”µà“ßÊ ¢â“ßµâππ’ÈÀ“°π”¡“„™â„πª√–‚¬§Õ“®„™â ‰¥â¥—ßµ—«Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È

Regardless of the seriousness of his offense ofwhich he was convicted, an inmate is entitledto medical treatment when he becomes ill.[‰¡à«à“¢âÕÀ“∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µ—¥ ‘π«à“¡’§«“¡º‘¥π—Èπ®–√â“¬·√ß‡æ’¬ß„¥π—°‚∑…¬—ß§ß¡’ ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë®–‰¥â√—∫°“√√—°…“æ¬“∫“≈‡¡◊ËÕπ—°‚∑…π—ÈπªÉ«¬]

Prisoners in a remote prison held a demonstrationafter a prisoner had been physically abused byprison guards. [π—°‚∑…®”π«π¡“°„π‡√◊Õπ®”·ÀàßÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ëµ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà„π∑’ËÀà“ß‰°≈‰¥â°àÕ°“√ª√–∑â«ß¿“¬À≈—ß®“°∑’Ëπ—°‚∑…§πÀπ÷Ëß∂Ÿ°∑”√â“¬√à“ß°“¬‚¥¬ºŸâ§ÿ¡„π‡√◊Õπ®”π—Èπ]

The wrongdoer in this case who negligently drovethe car into the gift shop agreed to compensate


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for all damages that the owner of the shopincurred. [ºŸâ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥„π§¥’π’È ÷Ëß‰¥â¢—∫√∂‚¥¬ª√–¡“∑‡¢â“‰ª„π√â“π¢“¬¢Õß¢«—≠‰¥âµ°≈ß∑’Ë®–™¥„™â§à“‡ ’¬À“¬∑—ÈßÀ¡¥∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ°—∫‡®â“¢Õß√â“π¥—ß°≈à“«]

An offender who committed a premeditatedmurder may face death penalty if he is foundguilty. [ºŸâ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥´÷Ëß‰¥â∑”°“√¶à“ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ‚¥¬‰µ√àµ√Õß‰«â°àÕπÕ“®µâÕß√—∫‚∑…ª√–À“√™’«‘µÀ“°∂Ÿ°µ—¥ ‘π«à“¡’§«“¡º‘¥]


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Stare decisis is usually the wise policy, because inmost matters it is more important that the applicablerule of law be settled than it be settled right ... The

Court bows to the lessons of experience and the forceof better reasoning, recognizing that the process oftrial and error, so fruitful in the physical science,

is appropriate also in the judicial function.

Judge Brandeis

À≈—°§”æ‘æ“°…“∫√√∑—¥∞“πµ“¡ª°µ‘∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìππ‚¬∫“¬Õ—π™“≠©≈“¥‡æ√“–«à“„π‡√◊ËÕß à«π„À≠à °“√∑’ËÀ≈—°°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë„™â∫—ß§—∫¡’¢âÕ¬ÿµ‘∑’Ë·πàπÕπ¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠‡Àπ◊Õ°«à“°“√∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬¥—ß°≈à“«¡’¢âÕ¬ÿµ‘

∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µâÕß ... »“≈µâÕß¬Õ¡√—∫µàÕ∫∑‡√’¬π·Ààßª√– ∫°“√≥å ·≈–æ≈—ß·Ààß‡Àµÿº≈∑’Ë¥’°«à“ µ√–Àπ—°«à“°√–∫«π°“√¢Õß°“√∑¥≈Õß

·≈–¢âÕº‘¥æ≈“¥∑’Ë‡ªìπª√–‚¬™πåÕ¬à“ß¬‘Ëß„π«‘™“øî ‘° å‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’Ë‡À¡“– ¡‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—π„π°“√∑”Àπâ“∑’Ëµÿ≈“°“√

ºŸâæ‘æ“°…“·∫√π‰¥ å


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Procedural law

Procedural law governs theprocess of the law. ...[We] areas much concerned about howthe law is applied as aboutthe substance of the law itself.... Consequently, we guaranteeeveryone, especially those chargedwith criminal offenses, due

process of law. We make thisguarantee because our systemof constitutional governmentis based upon the idea thatthere are limits to governmentalpower and that even those inauthority must adhere to therule of law. We wish to preventgovernment from acting towardus in an arbitrary fashion, andso we believe that even aperson charged with the mostheinous crime is entitled to çhavehis or her day in courté gove-rned by a set of preordainedrules of fairness. Thus, we guar-antee the accused the right toremain silent before his or

°ÆÀ¡“¬«‘∏’ ∫—≠≠—µ‘„™â∫—ß§—∫µàÕ°√–∫«π°“√∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬ ‡√“„Àâ§«“¡Àà«ß°—ß«≈°—∫«‘∏’°“√∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬∂Ÿ°π”‰ª„™â∫—ß§—∫¡“°æÕÊ °—∫ “√–¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬π—Èπ‡Õß ¥â«¬‡Àµÿπ’È‡√“®÷ß„Àâ°“√√—∫ª√–°—π°—∫∑ÿ°Ê §π‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“ß¬‘Ëß∫√√¥“ºŸâ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µ—Èß¢âÕÀ“«à“°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“„Àâ‰¥â√—∫°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘Õ¬à“ß‡ªìπ∏√√¡µ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬ ‡√“„Àâ°“√√—∫ª√–°—ππ’È‡æ√“–«à“√–∫∫√—∞¿“¬„µâ√—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠¢Õß‡√“«“ßÕ¬Ÿà∫πæ◊Èπ∞“π¢Õß§«“¡§‘¥∑’Ë«à“Õ”π“®·Ààß√—∞¡’¢’¥®”°—¥·≈–·¡â°√–∑—ËßºŸâ∑√ßÕ”π“®∑—ÈßÀ≈“¬∑—Èßª«ß¬—ßµâÕß¬÷¥∂◊Õµ“¡À≈—°π‘µ‘√—∞ ‡√“ª√“∂π“∑’Ë®–ªÑÕß°—π¡‘„Àâ√—∞°√–∑”°“√„¥ÊµàÕ‡√“„π≈—°…≥–µ“¡Õ”‡¿Õ„®·≈–¥—ßπ—Èπ ‡√“®÷ß‡™◊ËÕ«à“·¡â°√–∑—Ëß∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µ—Èß¢âÕÀ“«à“°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“∑’Ë√â“¬·√ß∑’Ë ÿ¥¬—ß§ß¡’ ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë®– ç¡’«—π¢Õßµπ‡Õß„π»“≈é ´÷Ëß®–Õ¬Ÿà¿“¬„µâ∫—ß§—∫¢Õß°Æ‡°≥±å·Ààß§«“¡¬ÿµ‘∏√√¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥‰«â≈à«ßÀπâ“ ¥—ßπ—Èπ ‡√“®÷ß„Àâ°“√√—∫ª√–°—πµàÕºŸâ∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“„Àâ¡’ ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë®–‰¡à„Àâ°“√µàÕÀπâ“ºŸâ∑’Ë‡ªìπºŸâ°≈à“«À“∫ÿ§§≈


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‡À≈à“π’È ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë®–‰¥â√—∫°“√æ‘®“√≥“‚¥¬§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ ·≈– ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë®–ª√÷°…“∑π“¬§«“¡ ·¡â¿“¬À≈—ß°“√µ—¥ ‘π«à“¡’§«“¡º‘¥√—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠¬—ßª°ªÑÕß∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë∂Ÿ°ª√–≥“¡®“°°“√∂Ÿ°≈ß‚∑…Õ—π‚À¥√â“¬·≈–º‘¥∏√√¡¥“

her accusers, the right to a trialby jury, and the right to coun-sel. Even after a conviction,the Consti-tution protects thecondemned person from crueland unusual punishment.

§”»—æ∑å∑’Ëπà“ π„®∑’Ë®–¢Õπ”¡“°≈à“«∂÷ß‡ªìπ§”·√°„π∫∑§«“¡¢â“ßµâππ’È§◊Õ§”«à“ Charge „π∑’Ëπ’È‡ªìπ§”°‘√‘¬“∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿªª√–‚¬§Õ¬à“ß¬àÕ´÷Ëß¡“®“°ª√–‚¬§‡µÁ¡«à“ çthose who are charged with criminaloffensesé ‚¥¬¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“ çµ—Èß¢âÕ°≈à“«À“é2 «à“¡’°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“¢÷Èπ ·µàπÕ°®“°π’È§”Ê ‡¥’¬«°—ππ’È¬—ßÕ“®„™â‡ªìπ§”π“¡‰¥â

2 To accuse. Black Law Dictionary (6th Ed.).

Legal Vocabulary

Charge µ—Èß¢âÕÀ“ Preordained ∑’Ë°”Àπ¥‰«â·≈â«Offense ¢âÕÀ“ Accused ºŸâ∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“Due process °“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘Õ¬à“ß‡ªìπ Right to remain ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë®–‰¡à„Àâ°“√of law ∏√√¡µ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬ silent

Government √—∞ À√◊Õ√—∞∫“≈ Trial °“√æ‘®“√≥“§¥’Adhere ¬÷¥∂◊Õ Jury §≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπRule of law À≈—°π‘µ‘√—∞ Right to counsel ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë®–ª√÷°…“

(∑π“¬§«“¡)Arbitrary µ“¡Õ”‡¿Õ„® Cruel and unusual °“√≈ß‚∑…∑’Ë‚À¥√â“¬

punishment ·≈–º‘¥∏√√¡¥“Heinous √â“¬·√ß


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3 The specific crime that the defendant is accused of committing. BlackLaw Dictionary (6th Ed.).

4 The final address by judge to jury before verdict. Black Law Dictionary(6th Ed.).

Õ’°¥â«¬ ´÷Ëß‡¡◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπ§”π“¡®–À¡“¬∂÷ß¢âÕÀ“À√◊Õ∞“π§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“«à“¡’°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥¢÷Èπ3 °“√π”∑—Èß Õß§«“¡À¡“¬¡“„™âÕ“®∑”‰¥â¥—ßπ’È

Danny is charged with committing perjury. [·¥ππ’Ë∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“«à“°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∞“π‡∫‘°§«“¡‡∑Á®]

The charge that Danny is accused of committingis perjury. [¢âÕÀ“∑’Ë·¥ππ’Ë∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“«à“°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥§◊Õ¢âÕÀ“‡∫‘°§«“¡‡∑Á®]

πÕ°®“°π—Èπ §”«à“ charge π’È¬—ßÕ“®À¡“¬∂÷ß§” —ËßÀ√◊Õ§”·π–π”∑’ËºŸâæ‘æ“°…“‰¥â„Àâ·°à§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ‡¡◊ËÕ°“√ ◊∫æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π„π§¥’‡ √Á® ‘Èπ·≈–§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ®–‰ªæ‘®“√≥“µ—¥ ‘π4 ÷Ëß§”·π–π”∑’Ë®–„Àâπ’ÈÕ“®®–‡ªìπ°“√ √ÿª “√– ”§—≠¢Õß§¥’·≈–¢âÕ°ÆÀ¡“¬À√◊ÕÀ≈—°‡°≥±åµà“ßÊ ∑’Ë§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ®–µâÕß„™âª√–°Õ∫°“√æ‘®“√≥“µ—¥ ‘π™’È¢“¥

The charges that the judge gave to the jury priorto their deliberation comprise the criteria underwhich the defendant can be judged committingperjury. [§”·π–π”∑’ËºŸâæ‘æ“°…“‰¥â„Àâ·°à§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ°àÕπ∑’Ë®–µ—¥ ‘π™’È¢“¥§¥’ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬À≈—°‡°≥±åµà“ßÊ ∑’Ë®”‡≈¬Õ“®®–∂Ÿ°µ—¥ ‘π«à“°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∞“π‡∫‘°§«“¡‡∑Á®]


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§”»—æ∑å§”µàÕ¡“∑’Ëπà“ π„®§◊Õ§”«à“ Offense ≈—°…≥–°“√ –°¥·∫∫π’È®–‡ªìπ«‘∏’°“√‡¢’¬π¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…·∫∫Õ‡¡√‘°—π ·µàÀ“°‡¢’¬π·∫∫¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…∑’Ë„™â„π À√“™Õ“≥“®—°√®–‡¢’¬π«à“ Offence §«“¡À¡“¬∑—Ë«‰ª¢Õß§”¥—ß°≈à“«π’È®–À¡“¬∂÷ß¢âÕÀ“À√◊Õ∞“π§«“¡º‘¥∑“ßÕ“≠“∑’ËºŸâ∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“«à“°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥5

Danny committed the offense of perjury. [·¥ππ’Ë‰¥â°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∞“π‡∫‘°§«“¡‡∑Á®]

§”µàÕ‰ª∂◊Õ‡ªìπ§”∑’Ëæ∫‡ÀÁπ‰¥â∫àÕ¬§√—Èß·≈–¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠„π°“√∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®∫∑§«“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õßµà“ßª√–‡∑»§àÕπ¢â“ß¡“°§◊Õ§”«à“Due process of law ´÷Ëß®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√µ’§«“¡·≈–°“√∫—ß§—∫„™â°ÆÀ¡“¬„π≈—°…≥–∑’Ë‰¥â„Àâ§«“¡§ÿâ¡§√Õß„π‡™‘ß°√–∫«π°“√∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬·°à∫ÿ§§≈ºŸâ‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß∑ÿ°ΩÉ“¬·≈–∑”„Àâ∫ÿ§§≈·µà≈–§π‰¥â√—∫°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘Õ¬à“ß‡ªìπ∏√√¡µ“¡∑’Ë·µà≈–§π¡’ ‘∑∏‘®–‰¥â√—∫µ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬ ‚¥¬§«“¡‡ªìπ∏√√¡„π∑’Ëπ’È¬—ß¡‘‰¥â‡ªìπ°“√°≈à“«∂÷ß çº≈é ¢Õß§¥’À√◊Õ‡√◊ËÕß·µà≈–‡√◊ËÕß À“°·µà¡ÿàß‡πâπ„π·ßà°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µàÕ∫ÿ§§≈µà“ßÊ ∑’Ë‡¢â“¡“‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß„π§¥’‡ªìπ ”§—≠6 ‡™àπ À“°‡ªìπ®”‡≈¬„π§¥’Õ“≠“ ®”‡≈¬π—Èπ§«√®–‰¥â√—∫‚Õ°“ „π°“√ª√÷°…“∑π“¬§«“¡ ¡’ ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë®–‰¡à„Àâ°“√ª√—°ª√”µπ‡Õß ‡ªìπµâππÕ°®“°π—Èπ¬—ßÕ“®„™â ‰¥â·¡â·µà„π§¥’·æàß∑’Ë§Ÿà§«“¡§«√®–‰¥â√—∫°“√

5 A breach of the criminal laws. Black Law Dictionary (6th Ed.).6 Such an exercise of the powers of the government as the settled

maxims of law permit and sanction, and under such safeguardsfor the protection of individual rights as those maxims prescribe forthe class of cases to which the one in question belongs. Black LawDictionary (6th Ed.).


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∫Õ°°≈à“«„Àâ∑√“∫∂÷ß°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“∑’Ë®–∑”¢÷Èπ ÷ËßÕ“®®–¡’º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ°“√¥”‡π‘π§¥’¢Õßµπ °“√‰¥â√—∫‚Õ°“ „π°“√µàÕ Ÿâ·≈–π”‡ πÕæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π„π§¥’ à«π‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥â√—∫‚Õ°“ „π°“√µàÕ Ÿâ§¥’·≈â« §Ÿà§«“¡π—Èπ®–„™â‚Õ°“ ¢ÕßµπÀ√◊Õ‰¡àπ—Èπ‡ªìπÕ’°ª√–‡¥ÁπÀπ÷Ëß °“√π”§”¥—ß°≈à“«π’È‰ª„™âÕ“®· ¥ß‰¥â®“°µ—«Õ¬à“ß¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È

The right to be heard is one of the fundamentalelements of the principle of due process of law.[ ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë®–µàÕ Ÿâ§¥’‡ªìπÀπ÷Ëß„π∫√√¥“Õß§åª√–°Õ∫æ◊Èπ∞“π¢ÕßÀ≈—°°“√‡√◊ËÕß ç°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“Õ—π‡ªìπ∏√√¡µ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬é]

It is against the principle of due process of law ifthe defendant is forced to incriminate himself.[°√≥’‡ªìπ°“√¢—¥µàÕÀ≈—°°“√‡√◊ËÕß ç°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“Õ—π‡ªìπ∏√√¡µ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬é À“°®”‡≈¬∂Ÿ°∫—ß§—∫„ÀâµâÕß„Àâ°“√ª√—°ª√”µπ‡Õß]

§”«à“ Government ‡ªìπÕ’°§”Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ëπà“ π„®·≈–¡’∑’Ë „™â∑’ËÀ≈“°À≈“¬ À“°‡√“æŸ¥∂÷ß çGovernmenté ‚¥¬∑—Ë«Ê ‰ªµ“¡§«“¡‡¢â“„®∑’Ë‡√“¡—°æ∫‡ÀÁπ„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ‡√“¡—°®–À¡“¬∂÷ß√—∞∫“≈∑’Ë¡’π“¬°√—∞¡πµ√’‡ªìπÀ—«Àπâ“·≈–¡’§≥–√—∞¡πµ√’∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’Ëµ—¥ ‘π„®„π‡™‘ßπ‚¬∫“¬¥â“πµà“ßÊ ≈—°…≥–°“√„™âß“π·∫∫π’È®–∑”„Àâ§”«à“çGovernmenté À¡“¬∂÷ß çΩÉ“¬∫√‘À“√À√◊Õ√—∞∫“≈é ¢Õßª√–‡∑»∑’Ë¡’°“√·∫àß·¬°Õ”π“®Õ∏‘ª‰µ¬ÕÕ°‡ªìπ 3 ΩÉ“¬§◊ÕΩÉ“¬π‘µ‘∫—≠≠—µ‘ΩÉ“¬∫√‘À“√·≈–ΩÉ“¬µÿ≈“°“√ °“√„™âÕ”π“®¢Õß Government „π


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§«“¡À¡“¬π’È®÷ß‡ªìπ°“√„™âÕ”π“®∫√‘À“√À√◊Õ∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ Executivepower ‡∑à“π—Èπ

„πÕ’°§«“¡À¡“¬Àπ÷Ëß§”«à“ Government π’ÈÕ“®®–∂Ÿ°„™â„π§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë°«â“ß¢«“ß°«à“π—Èπ‰¥âÕ’° ‚¥¬„π§«“¡À¡“¬≈—°…≥–∑’Ë Õßπ’È®–À¡“¬∂÷ß√—∞∑’Ë¡’Õß§åª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬Õ”π“®Õ∏‘ª‰µ¬∑—Èß “¡¥â“π‰¡à®”°—¥‡©æ“–·µà√—∞∫“≈À√◊ÕΩÉ“¬∫√‘À“√‡À¡◊Õπ¥—ß‡™àπ„π°√≥’¢Õß§«“¡À¡“¬ª√–°“√·√°‡∑à“π—Èπ ‚¥¬ Government „π∑’Ëπ’È®–‡ª√’¬∫‡ ¡◊Õπ‡ªìπµ—«·∑π∑’Ë· ¥ßÕÕ°∂÷ß‡®µ®”πß¢Õß√—∞„π¥â“πµà“ßÊ ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ°“√ÕÕ°°ÆÀ¡“¬ °“√∫√‘À“√ª√–‡∑» À√◊Õ°“√∫—ß§—∫„™âµ’§«“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬ ´÷ËßÕß§å°√Õ¬à“ß‡™àπ√—∞ ¿“ §≥–√—∞¡πµ√’ À√◊Õµÿ≈“°“√‡ªìπºŸâ∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë„™âÕ”π“®Õ∏‘ª‰µ¬· ¥ßÕÕ°∂÷ß‡®µ®”πß¢Õß√—∞„π√Ÿª·∫∫·≈–‚¥¬Õ“»—¬‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ°≈‰°∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π¢Õ∫Õ”π“®¢Õßµπ §”«à“ çGovernmenté π’È¬—ßÕ“®√«¡∂÷ßÀπà«¬ß“π∑’Ë„™âÕ”π“®„π°“√ª°§√Õß„π√–¥—∫µà“ßÊ µ—Èß·µà√–¥—∫ Àæ—π∏√—∞ (Federal) √–¥—∫¡≈√—∞ (State) À√◊Õ«à“„π√–¥—∫∑âÕß∂‘Ëπµà“ßÊ

À“°‡√“°≈à“«∂÷ß„π≈—°…≥–¢Õß§”°‘√‘¬“∑’Ë· ¥ß∂÷ß°“√ª°§√Õß‚¥¬‡©æ“–„πÀπà«¬ß“πÀ√◊ÕÕß§å°√¢Õß√—∞∫“ß§√—Èß‡√“®÷ß„™â§”«à“çGoverné ÷Ëß¡’∑’Ë¡“∑’Ë§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—∫§”«à“ çGovernmenté ·µà§”«à“çGoverné π’È Õ“®®–„™â„π≈—°…≥–∑’Ë ‘Ëß„¥ ‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈À√◊Õ¡’Õ”π“®§«∫§ÿ¡‡Àπ◊ÕÕ’° ‘ËßÀπ÷ËßÀ√◊Õ‡Àπ◊Õ°“√°√–∑”Õ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß¥â«¬ ‡™àπ°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë„™â∫—ß§—∫À√◊Õ§«∫§ÿ¡‡Àπ◊Õ°“√°√–∑”∫“ß≈—°…≥– µ—«Õ¬à“ß¢Õß°“√„™â§”‡À≈à“π’È‡™àπ

The government may not intrude into the realmof privacy of an individual unless the laws


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specifically provide for such intrusion. (√—∞‰¡àÕ“®≈à«ß≈È”‡¢â“‰ª„πÕ“≥“∫√‘‡«≥§«“¡‡ªìπ à«πµ—«¢Õßªí®‡®°™πÀ“°°ÆÀ¡“¬‰¡à ‰¥â„ÀâÕ”π“®·°à°“√≈à«ß≈È”¥—ß°≈à“«‰«â‚¥¬‡©æ“–)

The new government has been set up after theLabour Party wins the election and its leaderbecomes the prime minister. (√—∞∫“≈„À¡à ‰¥â∂Ÿ°®—¥µ—Èß¢÷Èπ¿“¬À≈—ßæ√√§·√ßß“π™π–°“√‡≈◊Õ°µ—Èß·≈–ºŸâπ”¢Õßæ√√§‰¥â°≈“¬‡ªìππ“¬°√—∞¡πµ√’)

The laws on foreign business govern the typesof business in which foreigners can engagein Thailand. (°ÆÀ¡“¬«à“¥â«¬∏ÿ√°‘®§πµà“ß¥â“«®–§«∫§ÿ¡∏ÿ√°‘®∑’Ë™“«µà“ß™“µ‘®– “¡“√∂¥”‡π‘π°“√‰¥â„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬)

µ—«Õ¬à“ß∑—Èß “¡¢â“ßµâππ’È®–· ¥ß«‘∏’°“√π”§”«à“ çgovernmenté·≈– §”«à“ çgoverné „π·µà≈–§«“¡À¡“¬‰ª„™â √â“ß‡ªìπ√Ÿªª√–‚¬§„À¡à‚¥¬µ—«Õ¬à“ß·√°®–‡ªìπ°“√„™â„π§«“¡À¡“¬Õ¬à“ß°«â“ß∑’ËÀ¡“¬∂÷ßÕß§å√«¡¢ÕßÕ”π“®Õ∏‘ª‰µ¬¿“¬„π√—∞ µ—«Õ¬à“ß∑’Ë Õß®–‡ªìπ°“√„™â„π§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß°“√∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë‡ªìπΩÉ“¬∫√‘À“√„π√—∞ à«πµ—«Õ¬à“ß∑’Ë “¡‡ªìπ§”°‘√‘¬“∑’Ë„™â„π≈—°…≥–§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë ‘Ëß„¥ ‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß¡’Õ”π“®§«∫§ÿ¡À√◊ÕÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈‡Àπ◊ÕÕ’° ‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß

®“°§”°‘√‘¬“¥—ß°≈à“«π’È∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥§”Õ’°§”Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ëπ”§”«à“ çgoverné‰ª„™â §◊Õ§”∑’Ë· ¥ß∂÷ßµ”·ÀπàßºŸâ∫√‘À“√„πÀπà«¬ß“π¢Õß√—∞∫“ß·Ààß´÷Ëß


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‡√“„™â‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ çGovernoré µ”·Àπàß∑’Ë „™â§”π’È·≈–æ∫‡ÀÁπ∫àÕ¬§◊Õµ”·ÀπàßºŸâ«à“√“™°“√®—ßÀ«—¥ πÕ°®“°π—Èπ µ”·Àπàß‡™àπºŸâ«à“°“√∏π“§“√·Ààßª√–‡∑»‰∑¬°Á„™â§”«à“ governor ‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—π À“°‡ªìπ„πµà“ßª√–‡∑» µ”·Àπàß‡™àπºŸâ«à“°“√√—∞°Á„™â§”«à“ governor ·µà∫“ß§√—Èß„π‡Õ° “√∫“ß©∫—∫Õ“®®–¡’§”‡√’¬°ºŸâ«à“°“√√—∞∑’Ë·µ°µà“ßÕÕ°‰ª ‚¥¬Õ“®‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ çGubernatoré ´÷ËßÕ“®®–‰¡à„™à§”∑’Ë·æ√àÀ≈“¬‡À¡◊Õπ§”«à“çGovernoré ·µà®–æ∫‡ÀÁπ‰¥â‡ªìπ√–¬–„π ◊ËÕ ‘Ëßæ‘¡æå¢Õßµà“ßª√–‡∑»§”¥—ß°≈à“«¡“®“°∑’Ë¡“¢Õß§”«à“ çGovernmenté „π¿“…“≈“µ‘π∑’Ë„™â§”«à“ çGubernaculumé ´÷Ëß‡ªìπ§”∑’Ë· ¥ß‚¥¬ ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫√—∞À√◊Õª√–‡∑»°—∫‡√◊Õ ‚¥¬ Gubernator ‡ªìπ‡ ¡◊Õπ°—ªµ—πºŸâ§«∫§ÿ¡∑‘»∑“ß‡√◊Õ ‡¡◊ËÕπ”§”¥—ß°≈à“«¡“„™â°—∫√—∞À√◊Õª√–‡∑»®÷ß∑”„Àâ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬„π∑”πÕß∑’Ë«à“‡ªìπºŸâ§«∫§ÿ¡∑‘»∑“ß¢Õß√—∞À√◊Õª√–‡∑»„Àâ‡¥‘π‰ª„π∑“ß„¥∑“ßÀπ÷Ëß À“°‡√“°≈—∫‰ª¬âÕπ¥Ÿª√–‚¬§„π∫∑§«“¡∑’Ë‰¥âπ”¡“‡ªìπµ—«Õ¬à“ß®–„™â§”«à“ çGovernmenté „π√Ÿªª√–‚¬§¥—ßπ’È

çWe make this guarantee because our system ofconstitutional government is based upon the ideathat there are limits to governmental power andthat even those in authority must adhere to the ruleof law.é

√Ÿªª√–‚¬§π’È‡ªìπ°“√„™â§”«à“ çGovernmenté „π§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß√—∞À√◊ÕÕß§å√«¡¢ÕßÕ”π“®Õ∏‘ª‰µ¬∑ÿ°ΩÉ“¬ ‡æ√“– ¿“æ§«“¡‡ªìπ√—∞∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà¿“¬„µâ√—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠π’È¬àÕ¡À¡“¬∂÷ßÕ”π“®Õ∏‘ª‰µ¬∑ÿ°ΩÉ“¬ ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπÕ”π“®π‘µ‘∫—≠≠—µ‘ Õ”π“®∫√‘À“√ À√◊ÕÕ”π“®µÿ≈“°“√


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„πª√–‚¬§¢â“ßµâπ¡’Õ’°§”Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß°—∫§”«à“ çGovernmenté‰¥â·°à§”«à“ çGovernmentalé ´÷Ëß‡ªìπ§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å (adjective)∑’Ë „™â¢¬“¬§«“¡‡æ◊ËÕ ◊ËÕ§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫√—∞À√◊Õ√—∞∫“≈ §”«à“Governmental power „πª√–‚¬§®÷ß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ßÕ”π“®¢Õß√—∞∑—Èßª«ß‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπÕ”π“®ΩÉ“¬„¥ §”«à“ çGovernmentalé π’ÈÕ“®®–π”‰ª„™âª√–°Õ∫°—∫§”Õ◊Ëπ‰¥âÕ’°¡“° ‡™àπ

Governmental agency À¡“¬∂÷ßÕß§å°√À√◊ÕÀπà«¬ß“π¢Õß√—∞

Governmental body À¡“¬∂÷ßÕß§å°√À√◊ÕÀπà«¬ß“π¢Õß√—∞‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫§”«à“ governmental agency

Governmental agent À¡“¬∂÷ß∫ÿ§≈“°√À√◊Õ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë„πÀπà«¬ß“π¢Õß√—∞∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë„Àâ∫√‘°“√À√◊Õ¥”‡π‘π°“√µà“ßÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ¿“√°‘®¢Õß√—∞À√◊ÕÀπà«¬ß“π¢Õß√—∞π—Èπ∫√√≈ÿµ“¡«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§å

Governmental act À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë‡ªìπ°“√„™âÕ”π“®¢Õß√—∞ ´÷ËßÕ“®√«¡∂÷ß°“√„™âÕ”π“®Õ∏‘ª‰µ¬¥â“πµà“ßÊ ¥â«¬ ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ°“√ÕÕ°°ÆÀ¡“¬ °“√∫√‘À“√ª√–‡∑» À√◊Õ°“√„™âÕ”π“®µÿ≈“°“√

Governmental activity À¡“¬∂÷ß°‘®°√√¡¢Õß√—∞À√◊ÕÀπà«¬ß“π¢Õß√—∞∑’Ë‡ªìπ°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√µ“¡¿“√–Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õßµπ„π°“√„Àâ∫√‘°“√·°à “∏“√≥™πÀ√◊Õ°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√„Àâ‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬

Governmental building/facility À¡“¬∂÷ßÕ“§“√À√◊Õ∑’Ë∑”°“√¢ÕßÀπà«¬ß“π¢Õß√—∞À√◊ÕÕ“§“√À√◊ÕÀπà«¬ß“π


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∑’Ë√—∞®—¥µ—Èß¢÷Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∫√‘°“√ª√–™“™π¥â“πµà“ßÊ Õ—π‡ªìπª√–‚¬™πå “∏“√≥–À√◊Õ‡æ◊ËÕ¥”‡π‘π°“√„Àâ‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡¿“√°‘®∑’Ë®”‡ªìπ¢Õß√—∞ ‡™àπ Õ“§“√¢Õß°√–∑√«ß∑∫«ß°√¡µà“ßÊÕ“§“√∑’Ë∑”°“√¢Õß»“≈‡ÕßÀ“°‡√“„™â§”«à“ governmental„π§«“¡À¡“¬Õ¬à“ß°«â“ß°ÁÕ“®®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ governmentalfacility ª√–‡¿∑Àπ÷Ëß À√◊Õ·¡â·µà‡√◊Õπ®” ”À√—∫„™â¢—ßπ—°‚∑…∑’Ë·¡âª√–™“™π∑—Ë«‰ª®–‰¡à‰¥â‡¢â“‰ª‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕßÀ√◊Õ„™â∫√‘°“√ ·µà®–„™â‡©æ“–°—∫∫ÿ§§≈∫“ßª√–‡¿∑‡∑à“π—Èπ°Á∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπgovernmental facility ¥â«¬ª√–‡¿∑Àπ÷Ëß‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡ªìπ ∂“π∑’Ë∑’Ë„™â‡æ◊ËÕ¥”‡π‘π°“√µ“¡¿“√°‘®¢Õß√—∞„π°“√§ÿâ¡§√Õß·≈–√—°…“§«“¡ ß∫‡√’¬∫√âÕ¬¿“¬„π√—∞

„π à«π¢Õß§”«à“ çGoverné ÷Ëß‡ªìπ§”°‘√‘¬“π—Èπ¬—ß¡’∑’Ë„™â„π≈—°…≥–µà“ßÊ ∑’Ëπà“ π„®Õ’° ‡™àπ À“°π”‰ª„™â„π√Ÿª¢Õß§”«à“ çGoverningbodyé ®–À¡“¬∂÷ßÕß§å°√À√◊Õ§≥–∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë¡’Õ”π“® Ÿß ÿ¥„πÀπà«¬ß“π„¥Àπà«¬ß“πÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë®–∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë‡ªìπºŸâµ—¥ ‘π„®‡™‘ßπ‚¬∫“¬À√◊Õ°”Àπ¥°‘®°√√¡À√◊Õ°“√°√–∑”µà“ßÊ ¢ÕßÀπà«¬ß“ππ—Èπ ‡™àπ À“°‡√“®–°≈à“«∂÷ß§≥–°√√¡°“√µÿ≈“°“√ (°.µ.) „π∞“π–∑’Ë‡ªìπÕß§å°√∑’Ë¡’Õ”π“® Ÿß ÿ¥„πÕß§å°√»“≈¬ÿµ‘∏√√¡„π‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√∫√‘À“√ß“π∫ÿ§§≈¢Õß¢â“√“™°“√µÿ≈“°“√»“≈¬ÿµ‘∏√√¡ ‡√“Õ“®®–°≈à“«∂÷ß„π√Ÿªª√–‚¬§∑’Ë«à“çThe Judicial Commission is the governing body in termsof the personnel matters for judicial officers of the Courtof Justice.é

πÕ°®“°π—Èπ À“°π”§”«à“ çGoverné π’È‰ª„™â„π°“√√à“ß —≠≠“µà“ßÊ Õ“®®–æ∫‡ÀÁπ‰¥â∫àÕ¬§√—Èß„π à«π∑’Ë°≈à“«∂÷ß¢âÕ —≠≠“∑’Ë§Ÿà —≠≠“


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µ°≈ß°—π‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë®–„™â∫—ß§—∫°—∫ —≠≠“∑’Ë∑”¢÷Èππ—Èπ ´÷Ëß®–‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ¢âÕ —≠≠“‡√◊ËÕß çGoverning lawé ¢âÕ —≠≠“¥—ß°≈à“«®–„™â„π°√≥’∑’Ë¡’ªí≠À“¢âÕæ‘æ“∑√–À«à“ß§Ÿà —≠≠“‡°’Ë¬«°—∫¢âÕ —≠≠“∑’Ë∑”¢÷ÈπÀ√◊Õ°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√µà“ßÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡¢âÕµ°≈ß´÷ËßÕ“®®–‰¡à‰¥â¡’¢âÕ —≠≠“∑’Ë°”Àπ¥‰«âÕ¬à“ß™—¥‡®π®÷ß®”‡ªìπ®–µâÕßÕ“»—¬∫∑∫—≠≠—µ‘°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß·∑π«à“‰¥â°”Àπ¥ ‘∑∏‘Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß§Ÿà —≠≠“„π‡√◊ËÕß¥—ß°≈à“««à“Õ¬à“ß‰√ ¢âÕµ°≈ß„π‡√◊ËÕß¥—ß°≈à“«π’ÈÕ“®®–‰¡à‰¥âæ∫‡ÀÁπ„π —≠≠“∑’Ë∑”¢÷Èπ√–À«à“ß§Ÿà —≠≠“∑’ËÕ“»—¬À√◊Õª√–°Õ∫∏ÿ√°‘®Õ¬Ÿà„πª√–‡∑»‡¥’¬«°—π ·µà¡—°®–æ∫‡ÀÁπ„π —≠≠“∑’Ë∑”¢÷Èπ√–À«à“ß§Ÿà —≠≠“∑’Ë¡’¿Ÿ¡‘≈”‡π“À√◊Õ ∂“πª√–°Õ∫∏ÿ√°‘®Õ¬Ÿà„πª√–‡∑»µà“ßÊ °—π ‡æ√“–„π°√≥’¥—ß°≈à“«®–¡’°ÆÀ¡“¬¢ÕßÀ≈“¬ª√–‡∑»∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫∏ÿ√°√√¡∑’Ë∑”¢÷Èπ ‡™àπ°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õßª√–‡∑»¢Õß§Ÿà —≠≠“·µà≈–ΩÉ“¬ °ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õßª√–‡∑»∑’Ë¡’°“√¥”‡π‘π°‘®°√√¡µ“¡ —≠≠“´÷ËßÕ“®®–‡ªìπª√–‡∑»∑’Ë “¡∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß®“°ª√–‡∑»¢Õß§Ÿà —≠≠“·µà≈–ΩÉ“¬°Á‰¥â „π°√≥’¥—ß°≈à“«À“°§Ÿà —≠≠“‰¡à‰¥âµ°≈ß‰«â¬àÕ¡‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡À≈—°«à“¥â«¬°“√¢—¥°—π·Ààß°ÆÀ¡“¬ À√◊ÕConflict of Laws Rules ÷ËßÕ“®®–∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥§«“¡‰¡à·πàπÕπ«à“®–‡ªìπ°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õßª√–‡∑»„¥ §Ÿà —≠≠“®÷ß¡—°®–µ°≈ß°”Àπ¥‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡™—¥‡®π«à“°√≥’∑’Ë¡’ªí≠À“„Àâ„™â°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õßª√–‡∑»„¥∫—ß§—∫°—∫ —≠≠“‚¥¬Õ“®‡¢’¬π„π√Ÿªª√–‚¬§«à“ çThis Contract shall be governedby the laws of Thailand.é ´÷Ëß®–‡ªìπ°“√µ°≈ß«à“„Àâ„™â°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õßª√–‡∑»‰∑¬∫—ß§—∫°—∫ —≠≠“∑’Ë∑”¢÷Èπ

„π∫“ß§√—ÈßÕ“®„™â«≈’Õ◊ËπÕ’° ‡™àπ „™â«à“‡ªìπ çApplicable lawé´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—π«à“À¡“¬∂÷ß°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë„™â∫—ß§—∫ ‚¥¬√Ÿªª√–‚¬§∑’ËÕ“®π”‰ª„™âÕ“®‡¢’¬π·∫∫‰¡à ≈—∫ —∫ âÕπ„π∑”πÕß«à“


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çThe applicable law of this Contract shall be the laws ofThailand.é πÕ°®“°π—Èπ „π°“√‡¢’¬π∫“ß≈—°…≥–Õ“®®–„™â§”Õ◊Ëπ·µà„Àâ§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—π ‡™àπ çThis Contract shall be construedin accordance with the laws of Thailand.é ´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬„π∑”πÕß∑’Ë«à“ —≠≠“©∫—∫∑’Ë∑”¢÷Èππ’È„Àâµ’§«“¡µ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õßª√–‡∑»‰∑¬Õ—π®–¡’º≈„ÀâµâÕßπ”°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õßª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡“„™â°—∫°“√æ‘®“√≥“ ‘∑∏‘Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß§Ÿà —≠≠“∑’Ë∑”¢÷Èπ‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—π

„πª√–‚¬§∑’Ë«à“ çWe make this guarantee because oursystem of constitutional government is based upon the ideathat there are limits to governmental power and that eventhose in authority must adhere to the rule of law.é¡’§”»—æ∑å∑’Ëπà“ π„®§”µàÕ‰ª§◊Õ§”«à“ çadhereé „π§«“¡À¡“¬∑—Ë«‰ª§”«à“ çadhereé À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√∑’Ë¢Õß ‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß¬÷¥µ‘¥Õ¬à“ß·πàπÀπ“°—∫¢ÕßÕ’° ‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß ·µàÀ“°π”¡“„™â„π§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°ÆÀ¡“¬ §”«à“çadhereé ®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√µâÕßªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡ ‘Ëß∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬ √–‡∫’¬∫À√◊Õ°Æ‡°≥±å∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß‰¥â°”Àπ¥‰«â‡ªìπ¡“µ√∞“π „πª√–‚¬§¥—ß°≈à“«¢â“ßµâπ®÷ß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√∑’Ë√—∞À√◊ÕºŸâ∑’Ë„™âÕ”π“®¢Õß√—∞®–µâÕß¬÷¥∂◊ÕÀ√◊ÕªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡À≈—°π‘µ‘√—∞ °“√¡’Õ”π“®¢Õß√—∞µ“¡√—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠‰¡à„™àÕ”π“®∑’Ë ‰¡à¡’¢Õ∫‡¢µÕ—π®”°—¥ À“°‡√“π”§”«à“ çadhereé π’È ‰ª„™â„π√Ÿªª√–‚¬§Õ◊ËπÕ“®„™â‰¥â¥—ßπ’È

Politicians who want to run in the next electionmust adhere to the regulations prescribed by theelection commission, or they will risk beingdisqualified. (π—°°“√‡¡◊Õß∑’ËµâÕß°“√®–≈ß ¡—§√√—∫‡≈◊Õ°


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µ—Èß„π°“√‡≈◊Õ°µ—Èß§√—ÈßµàÕ‰ª®–µâÕßªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡√–‡∫’¬∫∑’ËÕÕ°‚¥¬§≥–°√√¡°“√°“√‡≈◊Õ°µ—Èß À√◊Õ¡‘©–π—Èπ®–µâÕß‡ ’Ë¬ßµàÕ°“√∂Ÿ°µ—¥ ‘∑∏‘)

Toy manufacturers who do not adhere to thesafety standard lose a lot of money, becausetheir toys have been returned from many retailersaround the world. (ºŸâº≈‘µ¢Õß‡≈àπ∑’Ë ‰¡àªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡¡“µ√∞“π§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‡ß‘π®”π«π¡“°‡æ√“–«à“¢Õß‡≈àπ¢ÕßºŸâº≈‘µ‡À≈à“π’È∂Ÿ° àß§◊π®“°∫√√¥“ºŸâ§â“ª≈’°∑—Ë«‚≈°)

πÕ°®“°°“√„™â„π§«“¡À¡“¬¢â“ßµâπ·≈â« §”«à“ çadhereé π’È¬—ßÕ“®∂Ÿ°„™â„π§«“¡À¡“¬∑”πÕß∑’Ë«à“‡ªìπ°“√ π—∫ πÿπÀ√◊Õ¡’§«“¡§‘¥§«“¡‡™◊ËÕÕ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß‰¥âÕ’°¥â«¬ ‡™àπ °“√∑’Ë‡√“µâÕß°“√®–∫Õ°«à“‡√“¡’§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ«à“ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¢Õß‡√“§«√®–µâÕß¡’√—∞∫“≈∑’Ë¡“®“°√–∫Õ∫ª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬„Àâ‡√Á«∑’Ë ÿ¥‡∑à“∑’Ë®–∑”‰¥â ‡√“Õ“®‡¢’¬π‰¥â«à“çWe adhere to the view that this country should have ademocratic government as soon as possible.é À√◊ÕÀ“°‡√“µâÕß°“√∫Õ°«à“‡√“¡’§«“¡§‘¥∑’Ë«à“ªí≠À“‚≈°√âÕπ‡ªìπªí≠À“√à«¡°—π¢Õß∑ÿ°ª√–‡∑»∑—Ë«‚≈°∑’Ë®–µâÕß√à«¡°—π·°â‰¢ªí≠À“ ‡√“Õ“®‡¢’¬π„π∑”πÕß∑’Ë«à“ çWe adhere to the opinion that the global warming is amutual problem of all countries that should cooperate to solvethis problem.é

§”π“¡¢Õß§”«à“ çadhereé §◊Õ§”«à“ çadhesioné ´÷Ëß¡’∑’Ë„™â‰¥âÕ’°À≈“¬°√≥’ ∫“ß°√≥’Õ“®®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß®“°√“°»—æ∑å


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‡¥‘¡§”«à“ çadhereé æÕ ¡§«√ ·≈–¡’∑’Ë„™â∑—Èß„π à«π¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬

¿“¬„π‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ —≠≠“·≈–°ÆÀ¡“¬√–À«à“ßª√–‡∑»

„π à«π¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬√–À«à“ßª√–‡∑»π—ÈπÀ¡“¬∂÷ß°“√‡¢â“‡ªìπ

¿“§’¢ÕßÕπÿ —≠≠“©∫—∫„¥©∫—∫Àπ÷Ëß ·µà§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë¡’°“√„Àâ‰«â¡’§«“¡

·µ°µà“ß°—π „π Black Law Dictionary (6th Edition) „Àâ§«“¡À¡“¬

∑’Ë·¬°§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—∫°“√‡¢â“‡ªìπ¿“§’¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√ Accession À“°

‡ªìπ°√≥’¢Õß adhesion Õ“®‡ªìπ°“√‡¢â“ºŸ°æ—π‡©æ“–∫“ß à«π¢Õß

Õπÿ —≠≠“∑’Ëª√–‡∑»∑’Ë‡¢â“ºŸ°æ—π‰¥â· ¥ß‡®µπ“®–„Àâ¡’º≈ºŸ°æ—π‰«â‡ªìπ

°“√‡©æ“– ·µàÀ“°‡ªìπ°√≥’¢Õß çaccessioné ®–‡ªìπ°“√‡¢â“‡ªìπ¿“§’∑’Ë

®–∑”„Àâ¡’º≈ºŸ°æ—πµàÕÕπÿ —≠≠“∑—Èß©∫—∫ „π¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π ∫“ß§√—Èß°Á¡’°“√

„™â∑—Èß§”«à“ çaccessioné °—∫ §”«à“ çadhesioné „π§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß

°“√‡¢â“‡ªìπ¿“§’Õπÿ —≠≠“∑’Ë‰¡à·µ°µà“ß°—π·≈–„™â·∑π°—π¥â«¬ ·µà‰¡à«à“®–

‡ªìπ°“√‡¢â“‡ªìπ¿“§’Õπÿ —≠≠“¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√ çadhesioné À√◊Õ çaccessioné

®–µâÕß‡ªìπ°“√‡¢â“‡ªìπ¿“§’¿“¬À≈—ß®“°∑’ËÕπÿ —≠≠“π—Èπ¡’º≈∫—ß§—∫„™â®“°

°“√∑’Ë¡’ª√–‡∑»µà“ßÊ ‡¢â“‡ªìπ¿“§’§√∫µ“¡®”π«π∑’ËÕπÿ —≠≠“°”Àπ¥‰«â

·≈â« ·µà∫“ß°√≥’Õπÿ —≠≠“Õ“®‡ªî¥‚Õ°“ „Àâª√–‡∑»µà“ßÊ ‡¢â“‡ªìπ

¿“§’¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√ çaccessioné °àÕπ∑’ËÕπÿ —≠≠“¡’º≈„™â∫—ß§—∫‰¥â¥â«¬7

”À√—∫°ÆÀ¡“¬¿“¬„π‚¥¬‡©æ“–„π°ÆÀ¡“¬≈—°…≥– —≠≠“π—Èπ

§”«à“ çadhesioné ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß —≠≠“ª√–‡¿∑Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ

çadhesion contracté —≠≠“ª√–‡¿∑π’È®–‰¥â·°à —≠≠“∑’Ë¡’°“√∑”‡ªìπ

·∫∫øÕ√å¡¡“µ√∞“π∑’ËºŸâª√–°Õ∫∏ÿ√°‘®µà“ßÊ ∑”„Àâ≈Ÿ°§â“‡æ◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπ

‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ„π°“√°”Àπ¥ ‘∑∏‘Àπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß§Ÿà —≠≠“·µà≈–ΩÉ“¬„π —≠≠“∑’Ë®–

7 http://untreaty.un.org/English/TreatyHandbook/glossary.htm.


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∑”¢÷Èπ ‚¥¬µ“¡ª°µ‘¢Õß°“√∑” —≠≠“ª√–‡¿∑π’È §Ÿà —≠≠“ΩÉ“¬Àπ÷Ëß´÷Ëß¡—°®–‰¥â·°àΩÉ“¬ºŸâª√–°Õ∫∏ÿ√°‘®®–¡’Õ”π“®µàÕ√Õß‡Àπ◊Õ°«à“Õ’°ΩÉ“¬Àπ÷Ëß¡“° ≈Ÿ°§â“´÷Ëß¡—°®–‡ªìπºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§∑—Ë«‰ª®–‰¡à¡’§«“¡√ŸâÀ√◊Õ·¡â·µà‚Õ°“ ∑’Ë®–µàÕ√Õß‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢¢Õß —≠≠“°—∫ΩÉ“¬ºŸâª√–°Õ∫∏ÿ√°‘® ‘Ëß‡¥’¬«∑’Ë≈Ÿ°§â“‡À≈à“π’È “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â§◊Õ°“√‡≈◊Õ°«à“®–∑” —≠≠“À√◊Õ‰¡à‡∑à“π—Èπ À“°‡≈◊Õ°∑’Ë®–‡¢â“∑” —≠≠“°Á®–µâÕß„™â‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢¢Õß —≠≠“µ“¡∑’ËºŸâª√–°Õ∫∏ÿ√°‘®°”Àπ¥‰«â‡∑à“π—Èπ (Take it or leave it) „πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“À“°øíß‰¥â§«“¡«à“ —≠≠“©∫—∫Àπ÷Ëß¡’≈—°…≥–∑’Ë‡ªìπ adhesion contract ·≈â«»“≈Õ“®®–‰¡à∫—ß§—∫„Àâµ“¡‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢¢Õß —≠≠“©∫—∫π—Èπ°Á‰¥â „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡√“®–‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ≈—°…≥–¢Õß¢âÕ —≠≠“∑’Ë‰¡à‡ªìπ∏√√¡ (unfair contractterms) µ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—µ‘«à“¥â«¬¢âÕ —≠≠“∑’Ë‰¡à‡ªìπ∏√√¡ æ.». 2542

§” à«πµàÕ‰ª∑’Ë®–¢Õπ”¡“°≈à“«∂÷ß„π∑’Ëπ’È§◊Õ§”«à“ çRule of lawéÀ√◊ÕÀ≈—°π‘µ‘∏√√¡ ´÷Ëß§«“¡À¡“¬‚¥¬ √ÿªÀ¡“¬∂÷ßÀ≈—°°“√∑’Ë∂◊Õ«à“°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√µà“ßÊ ®–µâÕß‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡À≈—°°“√∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬«“ß‰«â‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“ß¬‘Ëß°“√„™âÕ”π“®¢Õß√—∞∑’ËÀ“°®–°√–∑”°“√„¥∑’Ë°√–∑∫°√–‡∑◊ÕπµàÕ ‘∑∏‘‡ √’¿“æ¢Õßª√–™“™π √—∞®–µâÕß¥”‡π‘π°“√·≈–ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡À≈—°°“√·≈–Õ¬Ÿà„π¢Õ∫‡¢µ∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬«“ß‰«â À≈—°°“√¥—ß°≈à“«π’È∫“ß§√—Èß‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπÀ≈—° çthe supremacy of lawé À√◊ÕÀ≈—°§«“¡‡ªìπ Ÿß ÿ¥¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬ À≈—°°“√¥—ß°≈à“«π’È«“ßÕ¬Ÿà∫πæ◊Èπ∞“π¢Õß§«“¡§‘¥∑’ËµâÕß°“√ª°ªÑÕßª√–™“™π„Àâæâπ®“°°“√„™âÕ”π“®µ“¡Õ”‡¿Õ„®¢Õß√—∞·≈–‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë√—∞À“°ª√“»®“°À≈—°°“√À√◊Õ·π«∑“ß∑’Ë°”Àπ¥‰«âÕ¬à“ß™—¥‡®π«à“√—∞À√◊Õ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë√—∞®– “¡“√∂°√–∑”°“√À√◊Õ„™âÕ”π“®‰¥â¡“°πâÕ¬‡æ’¬ß„¥·≈–µâÕß„™âÕ”π“®π—Èπ„π ∂“π°“√≥åÕ¬à“ß‰√∫â“ß ¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷ßµâÕß¡’°“√°”Àπ¥À≈—°°“√À√◊Õ·π«∑“ß°“√„™âÕ”π“®„Àâ™—¥‡®π„π


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°ÆÀ¡“¬·≈–„Àâ√—∞À√◊Õ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë√—∞ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥‰«â„π°ÆÀ¡“¬π—Èπ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“ß¬‘Ëß„πª√–‡∑»∑’Ë¡’°“√ª°§√Õß„π√–∫Õ∫ª√–™“∏‘ª‰µ¬°“√ÕÕ°°ÆÀ¡“¬®–µâÕß‰¥â√—∫§«“¡‡ÀÁπ™Õ∫®“°ΩÉ“¬π‘µ‘∫—≠≠—µ‘∑’Ë‡ªìπµ—«·∑π¢Õßª√–™“™π ∑”„Àâª√–™“™π‰¥â¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√°”Àπ¥¢Õ∫‡¢µ·≈–‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢°“√„™âÕ”π“®√—∞¥â«¬ à«πÀπ÷Ëß

ª√–‚¬§ à«πµàÕ‰ª§◊Õª√–‚¬§∑’Ë«à“ çWe wish to preventgovernment from acting toward us in an arbitrary fashion,and so we believe that even a person charged with the mostheinous crime is entitled to çhave his or her day in courtégoverned by a set of preordained rules of fairness.é §”«à“çarbitraryé „π∑’Ëπ’È¡’§«“¡À¡“¬„π∑”πÕß°“√∑”µ“¡Õ”‡¿Õ„® ÷Ëß‰¥â°≈à“«∂÷ß‰«â·≈â««à“‡ªìπ°“√°√–∑”∑’ËÀ≈—°π‘µ‘√—∞¡ÿàß®–ªÑÕß°—π¡‘„Àâ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®÷ß‰¥â°”Àπ¥„Àâ°“√°√–∑”¢Õß√—∞µâÕß‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë∫—≠≠—µ‘‰«âÀ“°‡ªìπ§”°√‘¬“«‘‡»…≥å (adverb) ®–„™â§”«à“ çarbitrarilyé µ—«Õ¬à“ß°“√„™â§”∑—Èß Õß‡™àπ

Police cannot arbitrarily arrest a person withoutan arrest warrant except for hot pursuit. (µ”√«®‰¡à “¡“√∂®—∫∫ÿ§§≈„¥∫ÿ§§≈Àπ÷Ëß‚¥¬ª√“»®“°À¡“¬®—∫‡«âπ·µà„π°√≥’°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥´÷ËßÀπâ“)

An exercise of authority without any considerationto the proper procedure or without any predeter-mined plan is just another kind of an arbitraryexercise of power. (°“√„™âÕ”π“®‚¥¬ª√“»®“°°“√§”π÷ß∂÷ß°√–∫«π°“√∑’Ë‡À¡“– ¡À√◊Õª√“»®“°°“√«“ß·ºπ


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≈à«ßÀπâ“‡ªìπ‡æ’¬ß≈—°…≥–Àπ÷Ëß¢Õß°“√„™âÕ”π“®µ“¡Õ”‡¿Õ„®)

§”«à“ çheinousé À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë¡’§«“¡√â“¬·√ßÀ√◊Õ¡’§«“¡™—Ë«√â“¬Õ¬à“ß¡“° à«π„π¢âÕ§«“¡∑’Ëµ“¡¡“∑’Ë«à“ çhave his orher day in courté π—Èπ‡ªìπ«≈’∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À¡“¬‡©æ“–«à“‡ªìπ ‘∑∏‘¢Õß§π‡√“∑’Ë®–‰¥â· ¥ß¢âÕÕâ“ßÀ√◊Õ¢âÕµàÕ Ÿâ¢Õßµπ„π»“≈°àÕπ∑’Ë»“≈À√◊Õ§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ®–‰¥â«‘π‘®©—¬°“√°√–∑”¢Õß‡√“ à«π‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥âπ”‡ πÕ¢âÕÕâ“ßÀ√◊Õ¢âÕµàÕ Ÿâ¢Õß‡√“·≈â«»“≈À√◊Õ§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ®–µ—¥ ‘π„π≈—°…≥–‡™àπ‰√¬àÕ¡‡ªìπ ‘∑∏‘·≈–Õ”π“®¢Õß»“≈À√◊Õ§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ‚¥¬‡©æ“– «≈’∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À¡“¬„°≈â‡§’¬ß°—π§◊Õ«≈’∑’Ë«à“ çhave an opportunity to be heardé§◊Õ°“√‰¥â√—∫‚Õ°“ ∑’Ë®–„Àâ»“≈À√◊Õ§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ‰¥â√—∫øíß¢âÕÕâ“ßÀ√◊Õ¢âÕµàÕ Ÿâ¢Õßµπ°àÕπ°“√æ‘®“√≥“æ‘æ“°…“

§”µàÕ¡“§◊Õ§”«à“ çpreordainedé À“°‡√“æ‘®“√≥“®“° à«πª√–°Õ∫¢Õß§” ®–‡ÀÁπ«à“ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ 2 à«π à«π·√°§◊Õ§”«à“çordainé à«π∑’Ë Õß§◊Õ§”«à“ çpreé ‡ªìπ prefix ∑’Ëπ”¡“‡µ‘¡‰«â¢â“ßÀπâ“ §”«à“ ordain À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√ —Ëß°“√„Àâ¥”‡π‘π°“√À√◊Õ„Àâ‡ªìπ‰ª„π≈—°…≥–„¥≈—°…≥–Àπ÷Ëß ‡¡◊ËÕπ”§”«à“ pre ¡“‡µ‘¡‰«â¢â“ßÀπâ“·≈–‡µ‘¡ -ed ‰ª®–∑”„Àâ°≈“¬‡ªìπ§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å (adjective) ·≈–∑”„Àâ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬„π∑”πÕß∑’Ë¡’°“√ —Ëß°“√À√◊Õ°”Àπ¥‰«â≈à«ßÀπâ“·≈â««à“ ‘Ëß„¥ ‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß§«√®–µâÕß‡°‘¥¢÷ÈπÀ√◊ÕµâÕß‡°‘¥º≈„π≈—°…≥–„¥≈—°…≥–Àπ÷Ëß ≈—°…≥–¢Õß°“√°”Àπ¥‰«â≈à«ßÀπâ“π’È∫“ß§√—ÈßÕ“®®–¥Ÿ‡À¡◊Õπ‡ªìπ‚™§™–µ“ À√◊Õ™–µ“°√√¡∑’Ë®–µâÕß‡°‘¥‡Àµÿ°“√≥åÕ—π„¥Àπ÷Ëß¢÷Èπ ·µà„π à«π¢Õßª√–‚¬§„π∑’Ëπ’È®–À¡“¬∂÷ß°Æ‡°≥±åÀ√◊ÕÀ≈—°‡°≥±å„π°“√


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¥”‡π‘π°“√∑’Ë ‰¥â°”Àπ¥À√◊Õ«“ß‰«â≈à«ßÀπâ“·≈â««à“À“°‡°‘¥ªí≠À“À√◊Õ¡’§¥’¢÷Èπ¡“®–µâÕß¥”‡π‘π°√–∫«π°“√Õ¬à“ß‰√∫â“ß ‰¡à„™à‡ªìπ°√≥’∑’Ë‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥ªí≠À¢÷Èπ¡“·≈â«ºŸâ¡’Õ”π“®∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕßπ÷°Õ¬“°®–∑”Õ¬à“ß‰√À√◊Õ∑”„π≈—°…≥–„¥°Á∑”‰ªµ“¡„®µπ‡Õß®π¡’≈—°…≥–Õ”‡¿Õ„®À√◊Õ arbitrarily∑’Ë‰¥â°≈à“«∂÷ß·≈â« µ—«Õ¬à“ß¢Õß°“√π”§”‡À≈à“π’È¡“„™â‡™àπ

The prime minister ordained the complete overhaulof social security system due to the increasedlongevity of retirees. (π“¬°√—∞¡πµ√’ —Ëß°“√„Àâ√◊ÈÕ√–∫∫ª√–°—π —ß§¡∑—Èß√–∫∫‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√∑’ËºŸâ‡°…’¬≥Õ“¬ÿ¡’™’«‘µ¬◊π¬“«¡“°¢÷Èπ)

The man is preordained to become a successfulbusinessperson, because he can turn everythinginto profit. (ºŸâ™“¬§ππ—Èπ‡À¡◊Õπ¡’‚™§™–µ“°”Àπ¥„Àâ‡ªìππ—°∏ÿ√°‘®∑’Ëª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®‡æ√“–«à“‡¢“ “¡“√∂‡ª≈’Ë¬π∑ÿ° ‘Ëß∑ÿ°Õ¬à“ß„Àâ°≈“¬‡ªìπ°”‰√‰¥â)

We cannot change the project, because it is carriedout according to a preordained policy of thegovernment. (‡√“‰¡à “¡“√∂‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß‚§√ß°“√π’È ‰¥â‡æ√“–«à“‚§√ß°“√π’È¥”‡π‘π°“√µ“¡π‚¬∫“¬∑’Ë√—∞∫“≈‰¥â«“ß‰«â≈à«ßÀπâ“·≈â«)

ª√–‚¬§µàÕ¡“¡’«à“ çThus, we guarantee the accusedthe right to remain silent before his or her accusers, the rightto a trial by jury, and the right to counsel.é §”·√°„π


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„πª√–‡∑»Õ◊Ëπ‡™àπª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“Õ“®®–¡’·π«∑“ß°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√·≈–°“√‡√’¬°™◊ËÕ ∂“π–¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈„π·µà≈–¢—ÈπµÕπ∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß®“°¢Õßª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡√“ ∑”„Àâ‡¡◊ËÕ°≈à“«∂÷ß§”Ê ‡¥’¬«°—πÕ“®®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—π¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫«à“‡√“µâÕß°“√æŸ¥∂÷ß§«“¡À¡“¬„π√–∫∫¢Õßª√–‡∑»„¥ ‚¥¬„π√–∫∫¢Õßª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ °“√¥”‡π‘π§¥’Õ“≠“Õ“®∑”‰¥â 2 ™àÕß∑“ß ™àÕß∑“ß·√°‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ çprosecution byindictmenté ™àÕß∑“ß∑’Ë Õß‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ çprosecution by informationé„π‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπÕ“®°≈à“«‰¥â«à“°“√·∫àß·¬°«à“°√–∫«π°“√∑’Ë®–µâÕß∑”


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«‘∏’°“√ çProsecution by indictmenté ®–∑”°“√‰µà «π‚¥¬§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“ Grand jury ‡√“∑√“∫¥’°—πÕ¬Ÿà·≈â««à“ JuryÀ¡“¬∂÷ß§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ ·µà‡Àµÿ∑’Ë‡√’¬°§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ™ÿ¥∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë ‰µà «π¡Ÿ≈øÑÕßπ’È«à“‡ªìπ Grand jury ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ™ÿ¥π’È®–¡’®”π«π¡“°°«à“§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπµ“¡ª°µ‘ „π°“√¥”‡π‘π°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“§¥’Õ“≠“µ“¡ ç¢âÕ°”Àπ¥«‘∏’æ‘®“√≥“§¥’Õ“≠“·Ààß Àæ—π∏√—∞ (FederalRule of Criminal Procedure)é ´÷Ëß„™â°—∫°“√¥”‡π‘π§¥’Õ“≠“„π§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õß√—∞∫“≈°≈“ßÀ√◊Õ√—∞∫“≈ Àæ—π∏√—∞∫—≠≠—µ‘®–°”Àπ¥„Àâ§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπµ“¡ª°µ‘¡’®”π«π 12 §π ·µà∂â“À“°‡ªìπ Grandjury ®”π«π≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ®–‡æ‘Ë¡‡ªìπ 16 - 23 §π §≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ Grand jury®–‰µà «πæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π¢Õßæπ—°ß“πÕ—¬°“√«à“§¥’¡’¡Ÿ≈‡æ’¬ßæÕÀ√◊Õ‰¡à°“√æ‘®“√≥“¢Õß§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ∑’Ë‡ªìπ Grand jury π’È®–·µ°µà“ß®“°°“√æ‘®“√≥“§¥’Õ“≠“∑—Ë«‰ª∑’Ë‡ªî¥‡º¬„Àâ “∏“√≥–™π‡¢â“™¡‰¥â ·µà°“√


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æ‘®“√≥“¢Õß Grand jury π’È®–‰¡à‡ªî¥‡º¬ ºŸâ∑’Ë®–‡¢â“√à«¡√—∫øíß‰¥â®–µâÕß‡ªìπ∫ÿ§§≈µ“¡∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬°”Àπ¥‡∑à“π—Èπ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°„π™—Èππ’È¬—ß‰¡à∂◊Õ«à“µ—«ºŸâ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°‰µà «ππ—Èπ∂Ÿ°¥”‡π‘π§¥’Õ“≠“Õ¬à“ß‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√·≈â«®π°«à“§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ®–‰µà «π·≈â««à“§¥’¡’¡Ÿ≈

à«π«‘∏’°“√ çProsecution by informationé §◊Õ°“√·®âß¢âÕ°≈à“«À“„ÀâºŸâµâÕßÀ“∑√“∫‚¥¬‰¡àµâÕß¡’°“√‰µà «π¡Ÿ≈øÑÕß µ“¡ª°µ‘°“√·®âß¢âÕ°≈à“«À“π’È®–∑”‡ªìπ≈“¬≈—°…≥åÕ—°…√‚¥¬‡®â“Àπâ“∑’ËºŸâ¡’Õ”π“®‚¥¬¡’«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§å‡æ◊ËÕ∑’Ë®–∑”„ÀâºŸâµâÕßÀ“‡¢â“„®‰¥â«à“µπ°”≈—ß∂Ÿ°¥”‡π‘π§¥’Õ“≠“„π¢âÕÀ“Õ–‰√·≈–‡Àµÿ¥—ß°≈à“«‡°‘¥®“°°“√°√–∑”À√◊Õ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å„¥∑—Èßπ’È‡æ◊ËÕ∑’Ë®–∑”„ÀâºŸâµâÕßÀ“π—Èπ “¡“√∂‡µ√’¬¡°“√µàÕ Ÿâ§¥’‰¥âÕ¬à“ß‡µÁ¡∑’Ë

§”«à“ çInformationé µ“¡ª°µ‘®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈µà“ßÊ ·µà„π∑’Ëπ’È‡¡◊ËÕπ”¡“„™âª√–°Õ∫„π∞“π–∑’Ë‡ªìπ¢—ÈπµÕπ°“√¥”‡π‘π§¥’Õ“≠“ à«πÀπ÷Ëß®÷ß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“∑’Ë°”≈—ß¥”‡π‘πÕ¬Ÿàπ—Èπ‡Õß«à“‡ªìπ°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“¢âÕÀ“„¥·≈–‡°’Ë¬«°—∫¢âÕß°—∫°“√°√–∑”À√◊Õ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å„¥ ÷Ëß‡√“Õ“®¡Õß‰¥â«à“¢—ÈπµÕππ’È‡ªìπ°“√„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ (information) ∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß·°àºŸâµâÕßÀ“π—Èπ‡Õß

„π°√≥’¢Õßª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ °“√®–¥”‡π‘π°“√„π™àÕß∑“ß„¥π—Èπ‰¡à‰¥â¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫µ—«ºŸâøÑÕß§¥’‡ªìπ ”§—≠ ·µà®–¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫ª√–‡¿∑·≈–§«“¡√â“¬·√ß¢Õß¢âÕÀ“∑’Ë®”‡≈¬∂Ÿ°À“«à“°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥ µ“¡ª°µ‘§¥’Õ“≠“„π¢âÕÀ“∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ çFelonyé ÷Ëßµ“¡ª°µ‘®–¡’Õ—µ√“‚∑…®”§ÿ°µ—Èß·µàÀπ÷Ëßªï¢÷Èπ‰ªÀ√◊Õª√–À“√™’«‘µ®–µâÕß∑”°“√‰µà «π¡Ÿ≈øÑÕß¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√ çProsecution by indictmenté à«π§¥’§«“¡º‘¥‡≈Á°πâÕ¬∑’Ë¡’Õ—µ√“‚∑…µË”°«à“π—Èπ “¡“√∂¥”‡π‘π§¥’Õ“≠“‰¥â¥â«¬°“√·®âß¢âÕ°≈à“«À“µ“¡«‘∏’°“√ çProsecution by informationé ·µàÕ¬à“ß‰√°Áµ“¡°√≥’Õ“®


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®–¡’¢âÕ¬°‡«âπ‰¥â«à“„π°√≥’∑’Ë‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“∑’Ë‚∑…®”§ÿ°µ—Èß·µàÀπ÷Ëßªï¢÷Èπ‰ª ®”‡≈¬Õ“®®– ≈– ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë®–„Àâ¡’°“√‰µà «π¡Ÿ≈øÑÕß‚¥¬§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ°Á‰¥â ·µà°“√ ≈– ‘∑∏‘¥—ß°≈à“«®–µâÕß‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢ 2 ª√–°“√ §◊Õ

(1) ‡ªìπ°“√· ¥ß‡®µπ“ ≈– ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬‡ªî¥‡º¬µàÕ»“≈ (in opencourt) ·≈–

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≈”¥—∫µàÕ‰ª®–¢Õπ”∑à“π°≈—∫‰ª¬—ßª√–‚¬§∑’Ë‡√“°≈à“«∂÷ß§â“ß‰«â´÷Ëß¡’§”∑’Ëπà“ π„®§”µàÕ‰ª §◊Õ à«π∑’Ë«à“ çRight to remain silenté÷Ëß∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë ”§—≠µ“¡√—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠©∫—∫·°â‰¢‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡§√—Èß∑’ËÀâ“

À√◊Õ∑’Ë√Ÿâ®—°°—π∑—Ë«‰ª„ππ“¡¢Õß The Fifth Amendment √“°∞“π∑’Ë¡“¢Õß ‘∑∏‘¥—ß°≈à“«¡“®“°·π«§‘¥∑’Ë«à“°“√∑’Ë√—∞®–π”µ—«ª√–™“™π§π„¥§πÀπ÷Ëß‰ª≈ß‚∑…´÷Ëß®–°√–∑”„Àâª√–™“™π§ππ—ÈπµâÕß‡ ◊ËÕ¡‡ ’¬ ‘∑∏‘‡ √’¿“æ∑’Ë ”§—≠À≈“¬ª√–°“√ √—∞®–µâÕß¡’Àπâ“∑’Ë ‰ª· «ßÀ“æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π¡“æ‘ Ÿ®πå§«“¡º‘¥¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ‡Õß √—∞®–‰ª· «ßÀ“æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π®“°µ—«∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë√—∞ª√– ß§å®–π”‰ª≈ß‚∑…‰¡à‰¥âÀ“°∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ‰¡à¬‘π¬Õ¡¥â«¬ ‘∑∏‘¥—ß°≈à“«®÷ßÕ“®‡√’¬°‰¥âÕ’°Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß«à“‡ªìπ ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë®–‰¡à∂Ÿ°∫—ß§—∫„ÀâµâÕß„Àâ°“√ª√—°ª√”µπ‡Õß (Being compelled to bea witness against himself)

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(2) ∑—»π–§µ‘‡°’Ë¬«°—∫‡™◊ÈÕ™“µ‘ À√◊Õ Racial attitude ‡π◊ËÕß®“°ª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“‡ªìπª√–‡∑»∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬∑“ß‡™◊ÈÕ™“µ‘§àÕπ¢â“ß¡“° ·≈–ª√–‡¥Áπ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫‡™◊ÈÕ™“µ‘π’È


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(3) ∑—»π–§µ‘µàÕ‚∑…ª√–À“√™’«‘µ À√◊Õ Death penaltyattitude ÷Ëß®–¡’º≈„π§¥’∑’Ë§«“¡º‘¥∑’ËµâÕßæ‘®“√≥“π—Èπ¡’‚∑…ª√–À“√™’«‘µÕ¬Ÿà¥â«¬ ∑—Èßπ’È‡æ√“–«à“„πª√–‡∑» À√—∞-Õ‡¡√‘°“ §π∫“ß°≈ÿà¡¡’§«“¡§‘¥ (‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫∑’Ëª√“°Ø„πª√–‡∑»Õ◊ËπÕ’°À≈“¬ª√–‡∑») «à“‚∑…ª√–À“√™’«‘µ‡ªìπ‚∑…∑’Ë√ÿπ·√ßº‘¥À≈—° ‘∑∏‘¡πÿ…¬™π·≈–Õ“®®–¢—¥À≈—°°“√∑“ß»“ π“∑’Ë°“√æ√“°™’«‘µ§π§«√®–µâÕß‡ªìπÕ”π“®¢Õßæ√–ºŸâ‡ªìπ‡®â“‡∑à“π—Èπ ¡πÿ…¬åªÿ∂ÿ™π‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª‰¡à§«√¡’Õ”π“®‰ªæ√“°™’«‘µ¢Õß‡æ◊ËÕπ¡πÿ…¬å¥â«¬°—π‡Õß

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„π°√–∫«π°“√§—¥‡≈◊Õ°π’È §Ÿà§«“¡¡’ ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë®–§—¥§â“πºŸâ∑’Ë®–∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ‰¥âÀ“°ª√“°Ø«à“¡’‡Àµÿ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ‰¡à‡À¡“– ¡∑’Ë®–∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ„π§¥’ °“√§—¥§â“π‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’‡Àµÿ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ∫ÿ§§≈‰¡à‡À¡“– ¡∑’Ë®–‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ„π‡√◊ËÕßπ—Èπ‡√“‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ Challenge forcause ‚¥¬§”«à“ Challenge À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√§—¥§â“πÀ√◊Õ°“√‚µâ·¬âß à«π§”«à“ Cause „π∑’Ëπ’ÈÀ¡“¬∂÷ß “‡Àµÿ¢Õß°“√§—¥§â“ππ—Èπ °“√®–§—¥§â“π„π°√≥’π’È®÷ß‰¡à„™à‡√◊ËÕß¢Õß§«“¡Õ”‡¿Õ„®¢Õß§Ÿà§«“¡ °“√§—¥§â“π‚¥¬¡’ “‡Àµÿπ’È ‰¡à‰¥â¡’°“√°”Àπ¥«à“®–§—¥§â“π‰¥â°’Ë§√—Èß §Ÿà§«“¡ “¡“√∂§—¥§â“π


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‰¥âµ√“∫‡∑à“∑’Ë∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë∂Ÿ°‡√’¬°µ—«¡“¬—ßª√“°Ø«à“¡’§«“¡‰¡à‡À¡“– ¡∑’Ë®–∑”Àπâ“∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà

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„π°“√§—¥‡≈◊Õ°µ—«≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ ”À√—∫°“√æ‘®“√≥“¢Õß»“≈ Àæ—π∏√—∞(Federal courts) ®–„Àâ§Ÿà§«“¡ΩÉ“¬‚®∑°å·≈–ΩÉ“¬®”‡≈¬º≈—¥°—π§—¥§â“π∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë∂Ÿ°‡√’¬°µ—«¡“∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ‡ªìπ√Õ∫Ê ¿“¬À≈—ß®“°∑’Ë¡’°“√§—¥§â“π·∫∫∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“ Challenge for cause ®π‡À≈◊Õ∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë∂Ÿ°‡√’¬°µ—«¡“®”π«π 64 §π °“√§—¥§â“π®–·∫àß‡ªìπ 8 √Õ∫ „π·µà≈–√Õ∫§Ÿà§«“¡·µà≈–ΩÉ“¬®–¡’ ‘∑∏‘§—¥§â“π‰¥â 3 §π ∑”„Àâ‡¡◊ËÕºà“πæâπ·µà≈–√Õ∫‰ª®–¡’ºŸâ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µ—¥ÕÕ°‰ª√Õ∫≈– 6 §π ‡¡◊ËÕ§√∫·ª¥√Õ∫®–¡’ºŸâ∂Ÿ°µ—¥µ—«‰ª√«¡ 48 §π ºŸâ∑’Ë‡À≈◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà 16 §π®–∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ„π§¥’π—Èπ‚¥¬ºŸâ∑’Ë¡’À¡“¬‡≈¢„π≈”¥—∫∑’Ë 12 §π·√°®–‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°¢ÿπµ—«®√‘ß à«π∑’Ë


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‡À≈◊ÕÕ’° 4 §π®–∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ ”√ÕßÀ√◊Õ∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“ Alternatejurors

„π°“√æ‘®“√≥“§¥’ ‡¡◊ËÕ§Ÿà§«“¡π”æ¬“π‡¢â“ ◊∫®πÀ¡¥ ‘Èπ·≈â«·≈–·µà≈–ΩÉ“¬‰¥â·∂≈ß°“√≥åªî¥§¥’¢ÕßΩÉ“¬µπ·≈â« §≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥®–‰ª√«¡Õ¬Ÿà„πÀâÕßÊ Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë®—¥‰«â‡ªìπæ‘‡»… ”À√—∫„Àâ§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπª√÷°…“·≈–«‘π‘®©—¬§¥’ „π√–À«à“ß∑’Ë§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπÕÕ°‰ª®“°ÀâÕßæ‘®“√≥“§¥’·≈–ª√÷°…“À“√◊Õ°—πÕ¬Ÿàπ—Èπ¡’ ”π«π∑’Ë«à“ çThe jury is out.é ”π«π¥—ß°≈à“«¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“º≈°“√æ‘®“√≥“¢Õß‡√◊ËÕß„¥‡√◊ËÕßÀπ÷Ëß¬—ß‰¡àÕÕ°¡“·≈–ºŸâ∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß¬—ß§ß√Õ§Õ¬º≈°“√æ‘®“√≥“Õ¬Ÿà‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫∑’Ë§Ÿà§«“¡µâÕß√Õ§Õ¬º≈°“√«‘π‘®©—¬¢Õß§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ¿“¬À≈—ß®“° ◊∫æ¬“π‡ √Á® ‘Èπ „π°√–∫«π°“√æ‘®“√≥“ ‡¡◊ËÕ≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ “¡“√∂µ°≈ß‡°’Ë¬«°—∫º≈°“√æ‘®“√≥“‰¥â·≈â« ≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ∑—Èß§≥–®–°≈—∫‡¢â“‰ª„πÀâÕßæ‘®“√≥“§¥’‡æ◊ËÕ√“¬ß“πº≈„Àâ»“≈∑√“∫ °“√∑’Ë‡√“∫Õ°«à“ The jury is out. ®÷ß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬‰ª„π∑”πÕß∑’Ë«à“§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ¬—ß§ßÕÕ°‰ª®“°ÀâÕßæ‘®“√≥“‡æ◊ËÕ°“√ª√÷°…“À“√◊Õ·≈–¬—ß‰¡à°≈—∫‡¢â“‰ª„πÀâÕßæ‘®“√≥“‡æ◊ËÕ·®âßº≈°“√«‘π‘®©—¬

·¡â ”π«π¥—ß°≈à“«®–‡√‘Ë¡¡“®“°°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“¢Õß»“≈ ·µà “¡“√∂π”‰ª„™â„π ∂“π°“√≥åÕ◊ËπÊ ‰¥â À“°‡√“µâÕß°“√®– ◊ËÕ„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“°“√æ‘®“√≥“‡√◊ËÕß„¥‡√◊ËÕßÀπ÷Ëß¬—ß‰¡à‡ √Á® ‘Èπ·≈–‡√“¬—ß√Õº≈°“√æ‘®“√≥“„π‡√◊ËÕßπ—ÈπÕ¬Ÿà ¥—ß‡™àπ„πª√–‚¬§µ—«Õ¬à“ß¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È

The Election Commission has heard all evidenceand arguments that the political parties underinvestigation have submitted. We cannot be certainwhat will be the outcome. The jury is still out.(§≥–°√√¡°“√°“√‡≈◊Õ°µ—Èß‰¥â√—∫øíßæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π·≈–


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¢âÕµàÕ Ÿâ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥∑’Ëæ√√§°“√‡¡◊Õß∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà¿“¬„µâ°“√ Õ∫ «π‰¥âπ”‡ πÕ ‡√“‰¡à “¡“√∂·πà„®‰¥â«à“º≈®–‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß‰√ §≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ¬—ß§ß‰¡à°≈—∫‡¢â“¡“„πÀâÕßæ‘®“√≥“)

We forgot to do out homework. We donût knowwhat kind of punishment the teacher will imposeupon us. She has taken our notebook to her room.So, the jury is out. What we can do right nowis just waiting for her to come back and tellus her decision. (‡√“≈◊¡∑”°“√∫â“π ‡√“‰¡à√Ÿâ«à“§ÿ≥§√Ÿ®–∑”‚∑…‡√“Õ¬à“ß‰√ ‡∏Õ‡Õ“ ¡ÿ¥®¥¢Õß‡√“‰ª∑’ËÀâÕß¢Õß‡∏Õ¥—ßπ—Èπ §≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ¬—ß§ß‰¡à°≈—∫‡¢â“¡“„πÀâÕßæ‘®“√≥“ ‘Ëß∑’Ë‡√“∑”‰¥âµÕππ’È§◊Õ°“√√Õ„Àâ‡∏Õ°≈—∫¡“·≈–∫Õ°º≈°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®¢Õß‡∏Õ„Àâ‡√“√Ÿâ)

§”∂—¥¡“®“°§”«à“ çJuryé ∑’Ëπà“ π„®§◊Õ§”«à“ çThe rightto counselé ‡ªìπ ‘∑∏‘ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë√—∫√Õß‚¥¬√—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠¢Õßª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“©∫—∫·°â‰¢‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡§√—Èß∑’Ë 6 (The Sixth Amendment)∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„Àâ®”‡≈¬µâÕß‰¥â√—∫§«“¡™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ®“°∑π“¬§«“¡„π°“√„Àâ§”·π–π”·≈–µàÕ Ÿâ§¥’¢Õßµπ À“°®”‡≈¬‰¡à¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë®–®—¥À“∑π“¬§«“¡‰¥â¥â«¬µ—«‡Õß √—∞¬àÕ¡®–µâÕß¡’Àπâ“∑’Ë®—¥À“∑π“¬§«“¡„Àâ·°à®”‡≈¬‡À≈à“π—Èπ ‡æ◊ËÕ®–∑”„Àâ°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“∑’Ë®–¥”‡π‘πµàÕ‰ª‡ªìπ°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“Õ—π™Õ∫∏√√¡

§”«à“ çCounselé π’È “¡“√∂„™â‡ªìπ‰¥â∑—Èß§”π“¡·≈–§”°‘√‘¬“À“°‡√“„™â‡ªìπ§”π“¡ Õ“®À¡“¬∂÷ß (1) °“√°√–∑”∑’Ë‡ªìπ°“√·≈°‡ª≈’Ë¬π§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπÀ√◊Õª√÷°…“À“√◊Õ°—π °“√„™â„π§«“¡À¡“¬π’È®–¡’§«“¡


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„°≈â‡§’¬ß°—∫§”«à“ çconsultationé (2) §«“¡‡ÀÁπÀ√◊Õ§”·π–π”∑’Ë„Àâ´÷Ëß®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬§≈â“¬°—∫§”«à“ çadviceé À√◊Õ (3) ∑π“¬§«“¡À√◊Õ∑’Ëª√÷°…“°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë„Àâ§”·π–π”∑“ß¥â“π°ÆÀ¡“¬·°àºŸâ∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫§¥’§«“¡‰¡à«à“„π¥â“π„¥¥â“πÀπ÷Ëß À“°„™â„π∞“π–∑’Ë‡ªìπ§”°‘√‘¬“ §”Ê π’È®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“„Àâ§”·π–π”À√◊Õ§”ª√÷°…“ ‡√“Õ“®π”§”Ê π’È¡“„™â„π√Ÿªª√–‚¬§‰¥â¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È

The counsel has given us a lot of arguments that wecan submit to the courts. (∑π“¬§«“¡‰¥â„Àâ§”·π–π”·°à‡√“À≈“¬ª√–°“√‡°’Ë¬«°—∫¢âÕµàÕ Ÿâ∑’Ë‡√“ “¡“√∂‡ πÕµàÕ»“≈‰¥â)

My uncle has counseled against the use of our oldcar in traveling to the West coast this summer.(≈ÿß¢Õß‡√“„Àâ§”·π–π”‰¡à„Àâ‡√“„™â√∂§—π‡°à“„π°“√∑àÕß‡∑’Ë¬«‰ªΩíòßµ–«—πµ°„πƒ¥Ÿ√âÕππ’È)

§” ÿ¥∑â“¬„π∫∑π’È§◊Õ«≈’∑’Ë«à“ çcruel and unusual punishmenté‡ªìπ à«πÀπ÷Ëß¢Õß√—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠¢Õßª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“©∫—∫·°â ‰¢‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡§√—Èß∑’Ë 8 (The Eighth Amendment) ∑’ËÀâ“¡°“√≈ß‚∑…„¥Ê∑’Ë¡’≈—°…≥–∑“√ÿ≥‚À¥√â“¬·≈–º‘¥ª°µ‘∏√√¡¥“ ∑—Èßπ’È‡æ◊ËÕª°ªÑÕß»—°¥‘Ï»√’·Ààß§«“¡‡ªìπ¡πÿ…¬å∑’Ë·¡â√—∞®–¡’Õ”π“®≈ß‚∑…‰¥âÀ“°∑”º‘¥°ÆÀ¡“¬·µà≈—°…≥–¢Õß°“√≈ß‚∑…®–µâÕß‰¡à∑“√ÿ≥‚À¥√â“¬‡°‘π‰ª ‡™àπ °“√µ√÷ß‰¡â°“ß‡¢π À√◊Õ·¡â·µà°“√°”Àπ¥‚∑…ª√–À“√™’«‘µ‰«â„π°ÆÀ¡“¬„Àâ‡ªìπ‚∑…∑’Ë∫—ß§—∫ ”À√—∫§«“¡º‘¥ª√–‡¿∑„¥ª√–‡¿∑Àπ÷Ëß‚¥¬‡©æ“–‚¥¬‰¡à„Àâ»“≈‰¥â¡’‚Õ°“ æ‘®“√≥“§«“¡‡À¡“– ¡·≈–æƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß®”‡≈¬‡ªìπ√“¬°√≥’‰ª


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Nature of Contract Law

Nature of Contract Law

The law of contracts is concerned

primarily with the enforcement

of promissory obligations.

Contractual liability may be

based on consent given in the

form of an express promise or

one implied in fact from the

acts of the parties. Furthermore,

in some circumstances a court

will impose liability on a person

for restitution in order to avoid

unjust enrichment despite lack

of consent by that person.

∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬ —≠≠“

°ÆÀ¡“¬«à“¥â«¬ —≠≠“‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß„π

‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ°—∫°“√∫—ß§—∫µ“¡Àπ’È∑’Ë‡°‘¥

®“°§” —≠≠“∑’Ë„Àâ ‰«â §«“¡√—∫º‘¥

∑“ß —≠≠“Õ“®®–«“ßÕ¬Ÿà∫πæ◊Èπ∞“π

¢Õß§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡∑’Ë„Àâ ‰«â„π√Ÿª¢Õß

§” —≠≠“‚¥¬™—¥·®âßÀ√◊Õ‚¥¬ª√‘¬“¬

®“°¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ß∑’Ë‡ªìπ°“√°√–∑”¢Õß

§Ÿà —≠≠“ ¬‘Ëß°«à“π—Èπ „π∫“ß°√≥’

»“≈Õ“®®–°”Àπ¥§«“¡√—∫º‘¥„Àâ

·°à∫ÿ§§≈Àπ÷Ëß ”À√—∫°“√‡¬’¬«¬“

‡æ◊ËÕÀ≈’°‡≈’Ë¬ß°“√‰¥â≈“¿¡‘§«√‰¥â·¡â

«à“∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ®–‰¡à‰¥â„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡

°Áµ“¡

Legal Vocabulary

promissory ¡’≈—°…≥–¢Õß liability §«“¡√—∫º‘¥

§” —≠≠“

obligation Àπ’È consent §«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡

contractual Õ—π‡°‘¥®“° —≠≠“ unjust enrichment ≈“¿¡‘§«√‰¥â


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„π à«ππ’È®–‡ªìπ°“√°≈à“«∂÷ß∫∑§«“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ëπà“ π„®Õ’° à«πÀπ÷Ëß§◊Õ°ÆÀ¡“¬«à“¥â«¬ —≠≠“ „πªí®®ÿ∫—π∫∑∫“∑¢Õß —≠≠“∑’Ë∑”¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…¡’®”π«π·≈–§«“¡ ”§—≠‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπµ“¡ª√‘¡“≥°“√∑”∏ÿ√°‘®√–À«à“ßª√–‡∑» ‚¥¬ —≠≠“∏ÿ√°‘®√–À«à“ßª√–‡∑»∑’Ë∑”¢÷Èπ®”π«π¡“°®πÕ“®®–°≈à“«‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ à«π„À≠à¢Õß®”π«π —≠≠“ª√–‡¿∑π’È∑—ÈßÀ¡¥®–∑”¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡ªìπ¿“…“ “°≈„π°“√∑” —≠≠“∏ÿ√°‘®√–À«à“ßª√–‡∑» ∑—°…–„π°“√¬°√à“ß —≠≠“‡ªìπ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…°Á°≈“¬‡ªìπ∑—Èß»“ µ√å·≈–»‘≈ªá∑’Ë “¡“√∂°≈à“«∂÷ß·≈–Õ∏‘∫“¬‰¥â‡ªìπ«‘™“Àπ÷Ëß„πµ—«¢Õß‡π◊ÈÕÀ“ à«ππ’È‡Õß ÷Ëß§ß®–‰¡àÕ“®π”¡“°≈à“«„π∑’Ëπ’È ‰¥â «—µ∂ÿª√– ß§å¢Õß à«ππ’È®÷ß‡ªìπ§«“¡æ¬“¬“¡∑’Ë®–π”»—æ∑å·≈–∂âÕ¬§”¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°ÆÀ¡“¬«à“¥â«¬ —≠≠“∫“ß à«π¡“°≈à“«∂÷ß‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∞“π¢Õß°“√∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®Àπ—ß ◊ÕÀ√◊Õµ”√—∫µ”√“¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ… µ≈Õ¥®π°“√∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®¢âÕ§«“¡„π —≠≠“∑’Ë¬°√à“ß¢÷Èπ¥â«¬Õ’° à«πÀπ÷Ëß

§”·√°∑’Ë¢Õ¬°¡“°≈à“«∂÷ß„π∑’Ëπ’È§◊Õ§”«à“ Promissory °“√®–∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®§”Ê π’È§«√®–‡√‘Ë¡®“°§”∑’Ë‡ªìπ∑’Ë¡“¢Õß»—æ∑å‡ ’¬°àÕπ§”¥—ß°≈à“«§◊Õ§”«à“ Promise ´÷ËßÕ“®‡ªìπ‰¥â∑—Èß§”π“¡·≈–§”°‘√‘¬“ À“°‡√“„™â‡ªìπ§”°‘√‘¬“ §”«à“ Promise π’È®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“ ç„Àâ —≠≠“À√◊Õ„Àâ§”¡—Ëπ —≠≠“é «à“®–∑” ‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß ‘Ëß„¥À√◊Õ®–ß¥‡«âπ‰¡à°√–∑”°“√Õ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß ·µà§”«à“„Àâ —≠≠“À√◊Õ„Àâ§”¡—Ëπ —≠≠“„π∑’Ëπ’È¡‘‰¥âÀ¡“¬§«“¡‰ª∂÷ß¢π“¥∑’Ë«à“ ‘Ëß∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ Promise π’È®–∂◊Õ‡ªìπ ç —≠≠“é∑’Ë¡’º≈ºŸ°æ—π·≈–∫—ß§—∫‰¥âµ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬„π∑ÿ°°√≥’ °“√®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ —≠≠“¡’§«“¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈–∫—ß§—∫‰¥âÀ√◊Õ‰¡àπ—Èπ®–µâÕßæ‘®“√≥“‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢À√◊Õ≈—°…≥–ª√–°“√Õ◊Ëπª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ ·µà„π‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ∂◊Õ‰¥â«à“ºŸâ∑’Ë Promise‰¥â· ¥ß‡®µπ“«à“®–∑”°“√À√◊Õ∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥º≈Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß¢÷ÈπµàÕÕ’°∫ÿ§§≈Àπ÷Ëß


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§”«à“ Promise π’ÈÀ“°„™â‡ªìπ§”π“¡®–À¡“¬∂÷ß§” —≠≠“∑’Ë ‰¥â„Àâ ‰«âµàÕ°—ππ—Ëπ‡Õß À“°‡√“≈Õßπ”§”«à“ Promise π’È‰ª„™â„π√Ÿªª√–‚¬§Õ“®„™â‰¥â¥—ßª√–‚¬§µàÕ‰ªπ’È

Our parents promise that they will take us tothe beach this summer. (æàÕ·¡à¢Õß‡√“„Àâ —≠≠“«à“®–æ“‡√“‰ª™“¬À“¥„πÀπâ“√âÕππ’È)

The borrower promises to repay the loan withinthe period of 5 years from the drawdown date.(ºŸâ°Ÿâ —≠≠“®–™”√–‡ß‘π°Ÿâ§◊π¿“¬„π√–¬–‡«≈“Àâ“ªïπ—∫·µà«—π∑’Ë‡∫‘°∂Õπ‡ß‘π°Ÿâ ‰ª)

Our party must fulfill the promise given duringthe election campaign if we want to preservethe trust of the public. (æ√√§¢Õß‡√“®–µâÕßªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡§” —≠≠“∑’Ë„Àâ‰«â√–À«à“ß°“√√≥√ß§åÀ“‡ ’¬ß‡≈◊Õ°µ—Èß À“°‡√“µâÕß°“√∑’Ë®–√—°…“§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ¡—Ëπ¢Õß “∏“√≥–™π)

®“°∑’Ë¡“¥—ß°≈à“«π’È ‡¡◊ËÕ°≈“¬‡ªìπ§”«à“ Promissory ®÷ß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë«à“ ç¡’≈—°…≥–¢Õß§” —≠≠“é À√◊Õ¡’∑’Ë¡“®“°§” —≠≠“∑’Ë ‰¥â„Àâ‰«â·°à°—ππ—Ëπ‡Õß ¥—ß‡™àπ„πª√–‚¬§∑’Ë ‰¥â¬°‰«â¢â“ßµâπ‡¡◊ËÕπ”§”«à“Promissory ‰ª„™â°—∫§”«à“ Obligation ®÷ß∑”„Àâ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬„π∑”πÕß∑’Ë«à“‡ªìπÀπ’È∑’Ë‡°‘¥®“°§” —≠≠“´÷Ëß∂◊Õ‡ªìπ∫àÕ‡°‘¥·ÀàßÀπ’Èª√–‡¿∑Àπ÷Ëß„π∫√√¥“∫àÕ‡°‘¥·ÀàßÀπ’ÈÀ≈“¬ª√–‡¿∑ ·µà§”∑’Ë„™â§Ÿà°—∫§”«à“ Promissoryπ’È∫àÕ¬Ê ®–æ∫‡ÀÁπ„π§”«à“ çPromissory noteé À√◊Õµ—Î« —≠≠“„™â‡ß‘π÷Ëß¡—°®–‡√’¬°°—π¬àÕ«à“ çP/Né ‡¡◊ËÕ‡√“‡¢â“„®§«“¡À¡“¬·≈–∑’Ë¡“¢Õß


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§”«à“ Promissory ·≈â«°Á®–‡¢â“„®‰¥â‰¡à¬“°«à“∑”‰¡ Promissory note®÷ß‰¥â°≈“¬‡ªìπµ—Î« —≠≠“„™â‡ß‘π ‚¥¬Õ“®°≈à“«‰¥â«à“ Note „π∑’Ëπ’ÈÀ¡“¬∂÷ß‡Õ° “√™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë∑”Õ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª¢Õßµ—Î« ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“¢Õßµ—Î«¥—ß°≈à“«∫√√®ÿ§” —≠≠“ (Promise) ¢ÕßºŸâÕÕ°µ—Î«∑’Ë®–™”√–‡ß‘π®”π«πÀπ÷Ëß‡¡◊ËÕ§√∫√–¬–‡«≈“µ“¡µ—Î«π—Èπ

§”µàÕ‰ª∑’Ë ‰¥â°≈à“«∂÷ß‰«â∫â“ß·≈â«§◊Õ§”«à“ Obligation ÷Ëß‡√“Õ“®„Àâ§«“¡À¡“¬ —ÈπÊ ‰¥â«à“À¡“¬∂÷ßÀπ’È∑’Ë∫ÿ§§≈§πÀπ÷Ëß¡’Àπâ“∑’ËµâÕß°√–∑”°“√ ß¥‡«âπ°√–∑”°“√À√◊Õ àß¡Õ∫∑√—æ¬å ‘πÕ¬à“ßÀπ÷ËßÕ¬à“ß„¥„Àâ·°à∫ÿ§§≈Õ’°§πÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë¡’ ∂“π–‡ªìπ‡®â“Àπ’Èµ“¡∑’Ëµπ¡’Àπ’ÈºŸ°æ—π‰«âπ—Ëπ‡Õß§”«à“ Obligation π’È¡’§”°‘√‘¬“∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À¡“¬§≈â“¬Ê °—π§◊Õ§”«à“Obligate ´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë∑”„Àâ¡’º≈ºŸ°æ—π∫ÿ§§≈§πÀπ÷Ëß„Àâ‡°‘¥Àπâ“∑’Ë∑’Ë®–µâÕßªØ‘∫—µ‘À√◊Õ∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥º≈Õ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß¢÷Èπ·≈–Õ’°§”Àπ÷Ëß§◊Õ§”«à“ Oblige ´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√∑”„ÀâºŸ°¡—¥‚¥¬º≈¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬À√◊Õ°“√°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥Àπâ“∑’Ë·°à∫ÿ§§≈„¥∫ÿ§§≈Àπ÷Ëß

§”«à“ çObligationé π—Èπ‡√“‰¥â„Àâ§«“¡À¡“¬‰«â«à“‡ªìπÀπ’È∑’Ë∫ÿ§§≈Àπ÷Ëß¡’µàÕÕ’°∫ÿ§§≈Àπ÷Ëß ·µàÀπ’È¥—ß°≈à“«π’È “¡“√∂·∫àßª√–‡¿∑¬àÕ¬Ê‰¥âÕ’°À≈“¬·∫∫‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫∑’Ë‡√“æ∫„π°ÆÀ¡“¬‰∑¬ ª√–‡¿∑¢ÕßÀπ’Èª√–‡¿∑·√°∑’Ë®–¢Õ°≈à“«∂÷ß„π∑’Ëπ’È§◊Õ§”«à“ çPrincipal obligationéÀ√◊ÕÀπ’Èª√–∏“π °—∫§”«à“ çAccessory obligationé À√◊ÕÀπ’ÈÕÿª°√≥å§”·√°§◊Õ§”«à“ çPrincipal obligationé π—ÈπÀ¡“¬∂÷ßÀπ’È∑’Ë‡ªìπ«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§åÀ≈—°À√◊Õ«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§åÕ—π ”§—≠„π°“√∑’Ë§Ÿà —≠≠“‡¢â“∑” —≠≠“µàÕ°—πÀ√◊Õ°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥Àπ’È√–À«à“ß°—π ‡™àπ „π°“√‡¢â“∑” —≠≠“´◊ÈÕ¢“¬«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§å ”§—≠¢ÕßºŸâ ◊ÈÕ„π°“√∑” —≠≠“ ◊ÈÕ¢“¬§◊ÕµâÕß°“√‰¥â√—∫‚Õπ°√√¡ ‘∑∏‘Ï„πµ—«∑√—æ¬å∑’Ë´◊ÈÕ¢“¬ à«π∑“ßΩíòßºŸâ¢“¬¡’«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§åÀ≈—°


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§◊Õ°“√‰¥â√—∫‡ß‘π§à“µÕ∫·∑π®“°ºŸâ´◊ÈÕ‡æ◊ËÕµÕ∫·∑π°“√∑’ËºŸâ¢“¬‰¥â‚Õπ°√√¡ ‘∑∏‘Ï „π∑√—æ¬å∑’Ë´◊ÈÕ¢“¬„Àâ ‰ª „π°√≥’¥—ß°≈à“«π’È Àπ’È°“√‚Õπ°√√¡ ‘∑∏‘Ï„πµ—«∑√—æ¬å∑’Ë ◊ÈÕ¢“¬·≈–Àπ’È°“√™”√–√“§“∂◊Õ‡ªìπÀπ’Èª√–∏“πÀ√◊Õ Principal obligation ∑’Ë‡ªìπ«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§åÀ≈—°¢Õß°“√‡¢â“∑” —≠≠“´◊ÈÕ¢“¬√–À«à“ßºŸâ´◊ÈÕ·≈–ºŸâ¢“¬

πÕ°®“°Àπ’Èª√–∏“π∑’Ë‡ªìπ«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§åÀ≈—°¢Õß —≠≠“·≈â«ºŸâ´◊ÈÕ·≈–ºŸâ¢“¬¬—ß¡’Àπ’ÈÀ√◊ÕÀπâ“∑’Ëª√–°“√Õ◊ËπÕ’°´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡ºŸ°æ—πÕ¬Ÿà°—∫Àπ’Èª√–∏“π·≈–‡ªìπÕß§åª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë∑”„Àâ°“√™”√–Àπ’Èª√–∏“π∫√√≈ÿº≈ ¡¥—ß§«“¡µâÕß°“√¢Õß§Ÿà —≠≠“ ‡™àπ Àπâ“∑’Ë¢ÕßºŸâ¢“¬∑’Ë®–µâÕß¥Ÿ·≈√—°…“∑√—æ¬å∑’Ë ◊ÈÕ¢“¬„ÀâÕ¬Ÿà„π ¿“æ¥’‡æ◊ËÕ√Õ°“√ àß¡Õ∫„Àâ·°àºŸâ ◊ÈÕ À√◊ÕÀπâ“∑’Ë¢ÕßºŸâ¢“¬∑’Ë®–µâÕß™”√–§à“ª√—∫°√≥’∑’Ë àß¡Õ∫∑√—æ¬å∑’Ë´◊ÈÕ¢“¬≈à“™â“°«à“∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π —≠≠“Àπ’È ‡™àπ §à“ª√—∫π’È·¡â®–¡’°“√°”Àπ¥‰«â„π —≠≠“ ·µà‰¡à ‰¥â‡ªìπ§«“¡ª√– ß§åÀ≈—°¢ÕßºŸâ ◊ÈÕ∑’ËµâÕß°“√®–‰¥â§à“ª√—∫®“°°“√∑” —≠≠“ ‚¥¬®√‘ßÊ ·≈â«µâÕß°“√®–‰¥âµ—«∑√—æ¬å∑’Ëµ°≈ß ◊ÈÕ¢“¬°—π¡“°°«à“Àπ’È ‡À≈à“π’È‡√“‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ Accessory obligation À√◊ÕÀπ’ÈÕÿª°√≥å

§”¥—ß°≈à“«π’ÈÀ“°‡√“π”¡“„™â„π√Ÿªª√–‚¬§Õ“®®–„™â ‰¥â¥—ß„πª√–‚¬§µàÕ‰ªπ’È

In a loan agreement, the principal obligation ofthe borrower is to repay the loan to the lender.(„π —≠≠“°Ÿâ¬◊¡‡ß‘π Àπ’Èª√–∏“π¢ÕßºŸâ°Ÿâ§◊Õ°“√™”√–§◊π‡ß‘π°Ÿâ„Àâ·°àºŸâ„Àâ°Ÿâ)

Other obligations of the borrower such as the dutyto send the lender a copy of the borrowerûsannual financial statement are considered to be the


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accessory obligations. (Àπ’Èª√–°“√Õ◊Ëπ¢ÕßºŸâ°Ÿâ‡™àπÀπâ“∑’Ë∑’ËµâÕß àßß∫°“√‡ß‘πª√–®”ªï„Àâ·°àºŸâ„Àâ°Ÿâ∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπÀπ’ÈÕÿª°√≥å)

§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß Principal obligation ·≈– Accessoryobligation „π≈—°…≥–¥—ß°≈à“«π’È·¡â®–æ∫‡ÀÁπ„π°ÆÀ¡“¬‰∑¬¥â«¬ ·µà¡—°®–‡ªìπ à«π∑’Ë‡√“‰¡à‰¥â¡ÕßÕ¬à“ß·∫àß‡ªìπª√–‡¿∑¢ÕßÀπ’ÈÀ√◊Õ≈”¥—∫§«“¡ ”§—≠¢ÕßÀπ’È∑’Ë™—¥‡®π ‡¡◊ËÕ‡√“æŸ¥∂÷ßÀπ’Èª√–∏“π·≈–Àπ’ÈÕÿª°√≥å„π°ÆÀ¡“¬‰∑¬ ‡√“¡—°®–µâÕß°“√ ◊ËÕ∂÷ßÀπ’ÈÕ’°ª√–‡¿∑Àπ÷Ëß §«“¡À¡“¬Õ’°·∫∫¢Õß§”∑—Èß Õß §◊Õ°√≥’∑’Ë‡√“µâÕß°“√æŸ¥∂÷ßÀπ’Èª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë‡ªìπÀπ’ÈÀ≈—°·≈–¡’Àπ’ÈÕ’°ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë‡ªìπª√–°—π„Àâ·°àÀπ’ÈÀ≈—°¥—ß°≈à“«π—ÈπÕ’°™—ÈπÀπ÷Ëß ‚¥¬≈Ÿ°Àπ’È∑’ËµâÕß√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫„π°“√™”√–Àπ’Èµ“¡ª°µ‘§◊Õ ≈Ÿ°Àπ’È„π¡Ÿ≈Àπ’ÈÀ≈—°π—Èπ ·µàÀ“°≈Ÿ°Àπ’È „π¡Ÿ≈Àπ’ÈÀ≈—°π—Èπ‰¡à™”√–Àπ’È≈Ÿ°Àπ’Èµ“¡¡Ÿ≈Àπ’È≈”¥—∫√Õßπ—Èπ°Á®–¡’Àπâ“∑’ËµâÕß™”√–Àπ’È·∑π „π°√≥’π’È¡Ÿ≈Àπ’ÈÀ≈—°π—Èπ‡√“°ÁÕ“®‡√’¬°‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ Principal obligation À√◊ÕÀπ’Èª√–∏“π à«π¡Ÿ≈Àπ’È√Õßπ—Èπ‡√“°ÁÕ“®‡√’¬°‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ Accessoryobligation À√◊ÕÀπ’ÈÕÿª°√≥å ¡Ÿ≈Àπ’È∑’Ë‡ªìπÀπ’Èª√–∏“π·≈–Àπ’ÈÕÿª°√≥å„π§«“¡À¡“¬π’È∑’Ë‡√“æ∫‡ÀÁπ∫àÕ¬§◊ÕÀπ’ÈÀ≈—°„π —≠≠“°Ÿâ¬◊¡°—∫Àπ’Èµ“¡¡Ÿ≈Àπ’È§È”ª√–°—π ®”πÕßÀ√◊Õ®”π”∑’Ë‡ªìπÀπ’ÈÕÿª°√≥å‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπª√–°—π°“√™”√–Àπ’È¡Ÿ≈Àπ’ÈÀ≈—°π—Èπ

„π§«“¡À¡“¬¢ÕßÀπ’Èª√–∏“π·≈–Àπ’ÈÕÿª°√≥å¢â“ßµâππ’È¬—ß¡’§”»—æ∑å∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À¡“¬„°≈â‡§’¬ß°—πÕ’° Õß§”∑’Ë‡ªìπ°“√·∫àßª√–‡¿∑¢ÕßÀπ’ÈÕ’°·∫∫Àπ÷Ëß§◊Õ§”«à“ Primary obligation À√◊ÕÀπ’È™—Èπµâπ °—∫Secondary obligation À√◊ÕÀπ’È≈”¥—∫√Õß „π°ÆÀ¡“¬‰∑¬‡«≈“∑’Ë‡√“æŸ¥∂÷ßÀπ’È™—Èπµâπ°—∫Àπ’È≈”¥—∫√Õß‡√“¡—°®–À¡“¬∂÷ßª√–‡¿∑¢ÕßÀπ’È∑’Ë


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§≈â“¬°—∫°√≥’¢Õß —≠≠“°Ÿâ¬◊¡°—∫ —≠≠“§È”ª√–°—π∑’Ë°≈à“«∂÷ß‰ª·≈â« ´÷Ëß„π§”¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…‡Õß∫“ß§√—Èß°ÁÕ“®„™â·∑π°—π‰¥â√–À«à“ß§”«à“ Primaryobligation °—∫§”«à“ Principal obligation ·≈–√–À«à“ß§”«à“Accessory obligation °—∫§”«à“ Secondary obligation ∑”„Àâ„π°√≥’π’È§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß°“√·∫àßª√–‡¿∑Àπ’È„π·∫∫π’È¡’§«“¡À¡“¬‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫°√≥’°“√·∫àß‡ªìπÀπ’Èª√–∏“π·≈–Àπ’ÈÕÿª°√≥å

Õ¬à“ß‰√°Áµ“¡ „π§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß§”„π¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…¬—ß¡’·ßà¡ÿ¡¡Õß∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß‰ª®“°§«“¡À¡“¬„π¿“…“‰∑¬Õ¬Ÿà∫â“ß ‚¥¬§«“¡À¡“¬„π¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…¢Õß§”«à“ Secondary obligation ¬—ß√«¡‰ª∂÷ßÀπ’È∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°¡Ÿ≈Àπ’ÈÀ√◊Õ —≠≠“©∫—∫‡¥’¬«°—π·µà‡ªìπÀπ’È à«π∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ‰¡à “¡“√∂ªØ‘∫—µ‘°“√™”√–Àπ’È à«π∑’Ë‡ªìπÀπ’È™—Èπµâπ‰¥â „π°√≥’π’È®–¢Õ¬°µ—«Õ¬à“ß¢Õß —≠≠“´◊ÈÕ¢“¬‡™àπ‡¥‘¡‡æ◊ËÕ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë ‰¥â°≈à“«∂÷ß‰ª·≈â«‡¡◊ËÕæŸ¥∂÷ß§”«à“ Principal obligation ·≈–Accessory obligation „π —≠≠“´◊ÈÕ¢“¬‡√“æŸ¥∂÷ß‰ª·≈â««à“Àπ’È¢ÕßºŸâ¢“¬∑’Ë‡ªìπ«—µ∂ÿª√– ß§åÀ≈—°§◊ÕÀπ’È„π°“√‚Õπ°√√¡ ‘∑∏‘Ï∑√—æ¬å∑’Ë ◊ÈÕ¢“¬„Àâ·°àºŸâ ◊ÈÕ Àπ’È à«π¥—ß°≈à“«π’È∂◊Õ‡ªìπ Primary obligation À√◊ÕÀπ’È™—Èπµâπ¥â«¬‡™àπ°—π ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡ªìπÀπ’Èª√–‡¿∑∑’Ë≈Ÿ°Àπ’ÈµâÕß∑”°“√™”√–Àπ’È‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß·√°µ“¡ —≠≠“ ·µàÀ“°ºŸâ¢“¬∑’Ë‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°Àπ’È„π°“√‚Õπ°√√¡ ‘∑∏‘Ï∑√—æ¬å ‘π‰¥â‚Õπ°√√¡ ‘∑∏‘Ï·≈– àß¡Õ∫∑√—æ¬å∑’Ë´◊ÈÕ¢“¬„Àâ·°à∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ‰ª·≈â« ∑”„ÀâºŸâ¢“¬‰¡à “¡“√∂‚Õπ°√√¡ ‘∑∏‘Ï„π∑√—æ¬å∑’Ë´◊ÈÕ¢“¬„Àâ·°àºŸâ´◊ÈÕ„π°√≥’π’È ‰¥â °“√®–∫—ß§—∫™”√–Àπ’ÈÕ—π‡ªìπÀπ’ÈÀ≈—°µ“¡ —≠≠“°Á‰¡à “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â‚¥¬ ¿“æ‡æ√“–‰¡à¡’µ—«∑√—æ¬å ‘π∑’Ë´◊ÈÕ¢“¬Õ¬Ÿà°—∫ºŸâ¢“¬·≈â« Àπ’È∑’ËºŸâ¢“¬Õ“®∂Ÿ°∫—ß§—∫„Àâ™”√–‰¥â„π°√≥’¥—ß°≈à“«π’È§◊ÕÀπ’È∑’Ë®–µâÕß™”√–§à“‡ ’¬À“¬„Àâ·°àºŸâ´◊ÈÕ‡æ◊ËÕ™¥‡™¬§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬®“°°“√∑’Ë ‰¡à ‰¥â√—∫¡Õ∫


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∑√—æ¬å ‘π∑’Ë ‰¥âµ°≈ß ◊ÈÕ‰«â Àπ’È∑’ËµâÕß™”√–§à“‡ ’¬À“¬„π∑’Ëπ’È‡√“∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπSecondary obligation À√◊ÕÀπ’È≈”¥—∫√Õß ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡ªìπÀπ’È∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ¿“¬À≈—ß®“°∑’ËÀπ’È≈”¥—∫·√°‰¡à “¡“√∂ªØ‘∫—µ‘‰¥â·≈â«

Contractual, Contract and Agreement

§”µàÕ¡“∑’Ë®–¢Õπ”¡“°≈à“«∂÷ß„π√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥µàÕ‰ª§◊Õ§”«à“çContractualé §”π’È ‚¥¬§«“¡À¡“¬·≈–∑’Ë¡“®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®§«“¡À¡“¬‰¥â‰¡à¬“° ‡æ√“–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥‡®π®“°Õß§åª√–°Õ∫¢Õß§”·≈â««à“¡’∑’Ë¡“®“°§”«à“ çContracté À√◊Õ —≠≠“∑’Ë‡ªìπ∑’Ë¡“À√◊Õ∫àÕ‡°‘¥¢Õßπ‘µ‘ —¡æ—π∏åª√–‡¿∑Àπ÷Ëß §”«à“ Contract π’È¡’Õ’°§”Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À¡“¬§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—π¡“°§◊Õ§”«à“ Agreement „π∫√‘∫∑ à«π„À≠à‡√“®–æ∫«à“ §”∑—Èß Õß§” “¡“√∂„™â·∑π°—π‰¥â ∑”„Àâ„π∫“ß§√—Èß‡√“‡√’¬°π‘µ‘ —¡æ—π∏å∑’Ë∑”¢÷Èπ«à“ Contract ∫â“ß ‡√’¬°«à“ Agreement ∫â“ß À“°¡Õß§«“¡À¡“¬‚¥¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥®–æ∫«à“§”∑—Èß Õß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—π‡≈Á°πâÕ¬8

§«“¡À¡“¬‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª¢Õß§”«à“ Agreement À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√· ¥ß‡®µπ“¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈µ—Èß·µà ÕßΩÉ“¬¢÷Èπ‰ª∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µâÕßµ√ß°—π ´÷Ëßµ“¡ª°µ‘‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥‡Àµÿ°“√≥å¥—ß°≈à“«¢÷Èπ¬àÕ¡°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥π‘µ‘ —¡æ—π∏å¢÷Èπ√–À«à“ß8 Black Law Dictionary (Abridged Sixth Edition), p.44.

çAlthough often used as synonymous with çcontracté, agreementis a broader term; e.g. an agreement might lack an essential elementof a contract. The bargain of the parties in fact as found in their languageor by implication from other circumstances including course of dealingor usage of trade or course of performance. U.C.C. § 1-201(C); UniformConsumer Credit Code, § 1.301(3).é


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∫ÿ§§≈·µà≈–ΩÉ“¬∑’Ë‡ªìπºŸâ· ¥ß‡®µπ“∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µâÕßµ√ß°—ππ—ÈπÕ¬à“ß∑’Ë‡√“√Ÿâ°—πÕ¬ŸàπÕ°®“°π’È§”«à“ Agreement Õ“®®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬„π≈—°…≥–∑’Ë‡ªìπ°“√· ¥ß§«“¡‡ÀÁπ¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈µ—Èß·µà ÕßΩÉ“¬¢÷Èπ‰ª∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπæâÕßµâÕß°—π„π‡√◊ËÕß„¥‡√◊ËÕßÀπ÷Ëß°Á‰¥â‚¥¬°“√‡ÀÁπ¥â«¬¥—ß°≈à“«Õ“®®–‰¡à ‰¥â‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫°“√°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥π‘µ‘ —¡æ—π∏å„¥Ê °Á‰¥â

À“°‡√“¡Õß§”∑—Èß Õß‡À¡◊Õπ‡ªìπªí≠À“„π‡™‘ß§≥‘µ»“ µ√å‡√“Õ“®®–∫Õ°‰¥â«à“§”«à“ Agreement ‡ªìπ§”∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À¡“¬°«â“ß°«à“·≈–§”«à“ Contract ‡ªìπ‡ ¡◊Õπ‡´µ¬àÕ¬∑’Ë‡ªìπ ¡“™‘°Õ¬Ÿà„π°√Õ∫ç‡´µé ¢Õß§”«à“ Agreement ‡æ√“– ‘Ëß∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ Contract ∑ÿ°°√≥’®–µâÕß‡°‘¥®“°°“√· ¥ß‡®µπ“∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µâÕßµ√ß°—π´÷Ëß‡ªìπ§«“¡À¡“¬Àπ÷Ëß¢Õß§”«à“ Agreement ·µà„π¢≥–∑’Ë ‘Ëß∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π¢Õ∫‡¢µ§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß§”«à“ Agreement ∫“ß≈—°…≥–‰¡à‰¥â°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥‡ªìππ‘µ‘ —¡æ—π∏å∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ çContracté °Á‰¥â

·µà§«“¡·µ°µà“ß∑’Ë·¡â®–‰¡à¡“°π—°√–À«à“ß§”«à“ Agreement°—∫§”«à“ Contract „π‡™‘ß¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë ‰¥â°≈à“«∂÷ß¢â“ßµâππ—Èπ®–Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë∫“ß§√—Èß°“√µ°≈ß√–À«à“ß§Ÿà°√≥’Õ“®®–¢“¥Õß§åª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë ”§—≠∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‡√’¬°‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ Contract ‡æ’¬ß·µà„π¿“…“‰∑¬‡√“‰¡à ‰¥â¡’§”∑’Ë „™â·¬°µà“ßÀ“°√–À«à“ß°√≥’∑—Èß Õß∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—ππ’È ‚¥¬‡√“®–‡√’¬°π‘µ‘ —¡æ—π∏å„π≈—°…≥–∑—Èß Õßπ’È«à“‡ªìπ ç —≠≠“é ·πàπÕπ«à“°√≥’∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß§”«à“ Agreement ·µàÕ“®®–‰¡à∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ Contractπ’È¬àÕ¡µâÕß∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ çπ‘µ‘°√√¡é ª√–‡¿∑Àπ÷Ëß ·µà§”«à“ çπ‘µ‘°√√¡éµ“¡§«“¡À¡“¬„π°ÆÀ¡“¬‰∑¬À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√„¥Ê ∑’Ë∑”≈ß‚¥¬™Õ∫¥â«¬°ÆÀ¡“¬·≈–¥â«¬„® ¡—§√ ¡ÿàß‚¥¬µ√ßµàÕ°“√ºŸ°π‘µ‘ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß∫ÿ§§≈ ®÷ßÕ“®®–‡ªìπ‰¥â∑—Èßπ‘µ‘°√√¡ΩÉ“¬‡¥’¬«À√◊Õπ‘µ‘°√√¡ ÕßΩÉ“¬°Á‰¥â


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·µà„π¢≥–∑’Ë ‘Ëß∑’Ë‡√“°”≈—ßæŸ¥∂÷ß„π§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß§”«à“ Agreement„π∑’Ëπ’ÈµâÕß‡ªìπ°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë‡ªìππ‘µ‘°√√¡ ÕßΩÉ“¬‡∑à“π—Èπ ·≈–°“√· ¥ß‡®µπ“∑’Ë®–°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥ —≠≠“µ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬‰∑¬π—ÈπÕ“®®–‡ªìπ°“√· ¥ß‡®µπ“≈—°…≥–„¥°Á‰¥â∑’Ë‡ªìπ°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°∑’Ë∑”„Àâ∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ‡¢â“„®‡®µπ“¢ÕßºŸâ∑’Ë· ¥ß‡®µπ“π—Èπ ‰¡à«à“®–¥â«¬§”æŸ¥ ≈“¬≈—°…≥åÕ—°…√À√◊Õ°“√°√–∑”´÷Ëß‡À≈à“π’È§ß‡ªìπ§«“¡√Ÿâæ◊Èπ∞“π∑’Ë∑√“∫°—π¥’Õ¬Ÿà·≈â«

µ—«Õ¬à“ß¢Õß°√≥’∑’Ë∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ Agreement ª√–‡¿∑Àπ÷Ëß·µàÕ“®®–‰¡à∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ Contract ‰¥â·°à°√≥’∑’Ëπ‘µ‘ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß∫ÿ§§≈µ—Èß·µà ÕßΩÉ“¬∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°“√· ¥ß‡®µπ“ª√–‡¿∑∑’Ë‡°‘¥®“°¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ß∑’Ë· ¥ßÕÕ°9

(1) ‚¥¬∂âÕ¬§” (Their language) À√◊Õ(2) ‚¥¬ª√‘¬“¬®“°æƒµ‘°“√≥å·«¥≈âÕ¡ (By implication

from other circumstances) ‡™àπ(a) ·π«∑“ß°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘ (Course of Performance)10

¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß ´÷Ëß§Ÿà —≠≠“ΩÉ“¬Àπ÷Ëß‰¥â¡’°“√°√–∑”Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷ËßÕ¬à“ß„¥´È”¡“ ´÷ËßÕ’°ΩÉ“¬Àπ÷Ëß°Á√Ÿâ∂÷ß°“√°√–∑”π—Èπ·≈–¡’‚Õ°“ ∑’Ë®–ªØ‘‡ ∏°“√°√–∑”π—Èπ‰¥â·µà°≈—∫‰¡à‰¥âªØ‘‡ ∏·≈–¬Õ¡√—∫‡Õ“º≈¢Õß°“√°√–∑”π—Èπ°Á®–¡’º≈°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥ —≠≠“ (Agreement) ‰¥â

(b) ·π«∑“ß°“√„π°“√µ‘¥µàÕ√–À«à“ß°—π (Course of

Dealing)11 „π°“√∑”∏ÿ√°√√¡§√—Èß°àÕπÊ ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ

9 U.C.C. § 1-201(b)(3).10 U.C.C. § 1-303(a).11 U.C.C. § 1-303(b).


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‡¢â“„®‰¥â«à“À“°§Ÿà —≠≠“·µà≈–ΩÉ“¬¡’°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°

Õ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß°Á®–∂◊Õ«à“°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥‡ªìπ —≠≠“ ·¡â

«à“§Ÿà —≠≠“∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß®–‰¡à‰¥â¡’‡«≈“ ”À√—∫°“√ªØ‘‡ ∏

‡À¡◊Õπ¥—ß°√≥’·√°°Áµ“¡

(c) ·π«∑“ßµ“¡ª°µ‘ª√–‡æ≥’∑“ß°“√§â“ (Usage of

Trade)12 „π°“√ª√–°Õ∫∏ÿ√°‘®°“√§â“À√◊ÕÕÿµ “À-

°√√¡Õ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß∑’ËªØ‘∫—µ‘ ◊∫‡π◊ËÕß°—π¡“®π‡ªìπ

∑’Ë‡¢â“„®°—π‰¥â«à“À“°¡’°“√°√–∑”Õ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß¢÷Èπ

®–°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥‡ªìπ —≠≠“∑’Ë¡’º≈ºŸ°æ—π°—π‰¥â

°“√°√–∑”∑’ËÕ“®®–∂◊Õ«à“‡¢â“≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ ç·π«∑“ß°“√„π°“√

µ‘¥µàÕ√–À«à“ß°—π (Course of Dealing)é ‡™àπ „π°“√µ‘¥µàÕ´◊ÈÕ¢“¬

√–À«à“ß∫√‘…—∑ ‡Õ °—∫∫√‘…—∑ ∫’ ‡¡◊ËÕ∫√‘…—∑ ‡Õ ¢Õ„∫‡ πÕ√“§“ ‘π§â“

®“°∫√‘…—∑ ∫’Ê °Á¥”‡π‘π°“√∑”„∫‡ πÕ√“§“ àß„Àâ∫√‘…—∑ ‡Õ ‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥â√—∫„∫

‡ πÕ√“§“°Á àß‡Õ° “√·®âß®”π«π ‘π§â“·≈– ∂“π∑’Ë ”À√—∫°“√®—¥ àß

‘π§â“‰ª„Àâ ∫√‘…—∑ ∫’ °Á®–¥”‡π‘π°“√®—¥ àß ‘π§â“µ“¡®”π«π∑’Ë√–∫ÿ‰ª

¬—ß ∂“π∑’Ë∑’Ë∫√‘…—∑ ‡Õ °”Àπ¥∑—π∑’ ‚¥¬∫√‘…—∑∑—Èß Õß‰¥âµ‘¥µàÕ°“√§â“

„π≈—°…≥–π’È¡“‚¥¬µ≈Õ¥ æƒµ‘°“√≥å„π°√≥’π’È®÷ßÕ“®∂◊Õ‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ

Agreement ≈—°…≥–Àπ÷Ëß∑’ËÕ“® —ππ‘…∞“π‡®µπ“¢Õß§Ÿà —≠≠“‰¥â®“°

·π«∑“ß„π°“√µ‘¥µàÕ√–À«à“ß°—π∑’Ëºà“πÊ ¡“

12U.C.C. § 1-303(c).


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À“°‡√“π”§”∑—Èß Õßπ’È‰ª„™â Õ“®®–„™â‰¥â¥—ßµ—«Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È Company A and Company B have entered into

a contract for the sale of the headquarter buildingof Company B for the price of 200 million baht.(∫√‘…—∑ ‡Õ ·≈–∫√‘…—∑ ∫’ ‰¥â∑” —≠≠“¢“¬Õ“§“√ ”π—°ß“π„À≠à¢Õß∫√‘…—∑ ∫’ „π√“§“ Õß√âÕ¬≈â“π∫“∑)

The fact that Company B delivered the goodsaccording to the amount, and to the place, specifiedby Company A can be considered as a saleagreement between Company A and CompanyB. (¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ß∑’Ë«à“∫√‘…—∑ ∫’ àß ‘π§â“µ“¡®”π«π·≈–‰ª¬—ß ∂“π∑’Ë∑’Ë∫√‘…—∑ ‡Õ √–∫ÿÕ“®∂◊Õ‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ —≠≠“ ◊ÈÕ¢“¬√–À«à“ß∫√‘…—∑ ‡Õ ·≈–∫√‘…—∑ ∫’ ·≈â«)

Directors of Company A and Company B havefinally signed the joint venture agreement thatboth companies have negotiated for such a longtime. („π∑’Ë ÿ¥ °√√¡°“√¢Õß∫√‘…—∑ ‡Õ ·≈–∫√‘…—∑ ∫’ ‰¥â≈ßπ“¡„π —≠≠“√à«¡∑ÿπ∑’Ë∫√‘…—∑∑—Èß Õß‰¥â‡®√®“°—π¡“‡ªìπ‡«≈“π“π)

µÕππ’È®–¢Õ°≈—∫‰ª°≈à“«∂÷ß§”«à“ Contractual ´÷Ëß‡ªìπ∑’Ë¡“∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‡√“æŸ¥∂÷ß§«“¡·µ°µà“ß√–À«à“ß§”«à“ Contract °—∫§”«à“Agreement Õ’° —°‡≈Á°πâÕ¬

§”«à“ Contractual ‡ªìπ§” Adjective ∑’ËÀ¡“¬∂÷ß§«“¡ºŸ°æ—πÀ√◊ÕÀπ’È∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“° —≠≠“ ‚¥¬‡¡◊ËÕ‡ªìπ§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑åπ’È‡√“ “¡“√∂„™â¢¬“¬


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‰¥â∑—Èß°√≥’∑’ËÀπ’Èπ—Èπ®–‡°‘¥®“° ‘Ëß∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“ çContracté À√◊Õ çAgreementé

‰¥â‚¥¬‰¡à‰¥â¡’°“√·¬°§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—πÕ’° ·≈–À“°µâÕß°“√∑”‡ªìπ§”

Adverb °Á‡æ’¬ß‡ª≈’Ë¬π‡ªìπ çContractuallyé ‡∑à“π—Èπ °“√„™â‡ªìπ§”

Adjective ·≈– Adverb Õ“®π”‰ª„™â‰¥â¥—ßµ—«Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È

Company A has a contractual obligation to pay

the price of the goods after it has taken delivery

of the goods. (∫√‘…—∑ ‡Õ ¡’Àπ’ÈÕ—π‡°‘¥®“° —≠≠“∑’Ë®–µâÕß

™”√–√“§“ ‘π§â“ ¿“¬À≈—ß®“°∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫¡Õ∫ ‘π§â“‰ª·≈â«)

Company A is contractually bound to pay the

price of the goods after it has taken delivery of

the goods. (∫√‘…—∑ ‡Õ ºŸ°æ—π∑’Ë®–µâÕß™”√–√“§“ ‘π§â“

¿“¬À≈—ß®“°∑’Ë ‰¥â√—∫¡Õ∫ ‘π§â“‰ª·≈â«)

”À√—∫ ‘Ëß∑’Ë‡ªìπ —≠≠“À√◊Õ Contract „π∑’Ëπ’Èπ—Èπ¡’À≈“¬≈—°…≥–

À≈“¬ª√–‡¿∑´÷Ëß§ß‰¡àÕ“®π”¡“°≈à“«∂÷ß‰«â ‰¥â„π§√“«‡¥’¬«‰¥â∑—ÈßÀ¡¥

´÷Ëß§ßµâÕßÕ“»—¬°“√°≈à“«∂÷ß‚¥¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥‡¡◊ËÕ‰ªæ∫°—∫§”‡À≈à“π—Èπ„π∑’ËÕ◊Ëπ

‚¥¬‡©æ“– ”À√—∫„π∑’Ëπ’È®–¢Õ°≈à“«∂÷ßª√–‡¿∑À√◊Õ≈—°…≥–Àπ÷Ëß¢Õß

Contract §◊Õ∑’Ë·∫àß‡ªìπ Principal Contract °—∫ Accessory Contract

Principal Contract π—ÈπÀ¡“¬∂÷ß —≠≠“ª√–∏“π à«π

Accessory Contract π—ÈπÀ¡“¬∂÷ß —≠≠“Õÿª°√≥å §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß

—≠≠“∑—Èß Õßª√–‡¿∑π—Èπ§ß‡ªìπ∑’Ë‡¢â“„®‰¥â ‰¡à¬“°‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫‡§’¬ß°—∫

°ÆÀ¡“¬‰∑¬ ‚¥¬§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏åÀ≈—°√–À«à“ß —≠≠“∑—Èß Õßª√–‡¿∑„π

à«π∑’Ë‡ªìπ∑’Ë¡“®“°¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…π—Èπ®–À¡“¬∂÷ß°√≥’∑’Ë —≠≠“©∫—∫Àπ÷Ëß´÷Ëß


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‰¥â·°à —≠≠“Õÿª°√≥å (Accessory contract) ‰¥â∑”¢÷ÈπÀ√◊Õ„Àâ‰«â‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπª√–°—π°“√™”√–Àπ’È„Àâ·°à‡®â“Àπ’Èµ“¡ —≠≠“ª√–∏“π (Principalcontract) µ—«Õ¬à“ß¢Õß —≠≠“∑’Ë∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ Accessory contract °ÁÀ“‰¥â‰¡à¬“° ‡™àπ ®”πÕß (Mortgage) ®”π” (Pledge) §È”ª√–°—π(Guaranty) ‡ªìπµâπ µ—«Õ¬à“ß°“√π”§”∑’Ë‡ªìπª√–‡¿∑¢Õß —≠≠“π’È‰ª„™â‡™àπ

The loan agreement is considered to be a principalcontract because the obligations of the borrowerare secured by the mortgage. ( —≠≠“°Ÿâ∂◊Õ‡ªìπ —≠≠“ª√–∏“π‡æ√“–Àπ’È¢ÕßºŸâ°Ÿâª√–°—π‰«â¥â«¬°“√®”πÕß)

The contract of guaranty is terminated because it isan accessory contract that has to be terminated whenthe obligations under the principal contract havebeen fulfilled. ( —≠≠“§È”ª√–°—π ‘Èπ ÿ¥≈ß‡æ√“–«à“‡ªìπ —≠≠“Õÿª°√≥å∑’Ë®–µâÕß ‘Èπ ÿ¥≈ß‡¡◊ËÕÀπ’È¿“¬„µâ —≠≠“ª√–∏“π‰¥â√—∫°“√™”√–‡ √Á® ‘Èπ·≈â«)

Liability

§”µàÕ¡“∑’Ë®–¢Õπ”¡“°≈à“«∂÷ß„π∑’Ëπ’È§◊Õ§”«à“ Liability ‡ªìπ§”∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À¡“¬§àÕπ¢â“ß°«â“ß´÷ËßÕ“®„Àâ§«“¡À¡“¬‚¥¬√«¡‰¥â«à“À¡“¬∂÷ß§«“¡√—∫º‘¥µà“ßÊ ´÷Ëß®–√«¡∂÷ßÀπ’È §«“¡ºŸ°æ—π ·≈–§«“¡√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫∑—Èßª«ß∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ·≈â«À√◊Õ∑’ËÕ“®‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πÕπ“§µ ‰¡à«à“§«“¡√—∫º‘¥π—Èπ®–‡°‘¥®“° —≠≠“ ≈–‡¡‘¥ ≈“¿¡‘§«√‰¥âÀ√◊Õ®—¥°“√ß“ππÕ° —Ëß ·≈–‰¡à«à“§«“¡√—∫º‘¥π—Èπ®–‡ªìπ°“√™”√–‡ß‘π °“√°√–∑”°“√Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷ËßÕ¬à“ß„¥


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À√◊Õ°“√ àß¡Õ∫∑√—æ¬å ‘π ª√–‡¿∑¢Õß§«“¡√—∫º‘¥°Á¡’À≈“¬ª√–‡¿∑Õ’°‡™àπ°—π ‡™àπ Strict liability (§«“¡√—∫º‘¥‚¥¬‡§√àß§√—¥), Productliability (§«“¡√—∫º‘¥Õ—π‡°‘¥®“°º≈‘µ¿—≥±å), Vicarious liability(§«“¡√—∫º‘¥®“°°“√°√–∑”¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ) ‡ªìπµâπ °“√π”‰ª„™â°Á¡’¡“°¡“¬¥—ß‡™àπµ—«Õ¬à“ß¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È

The manufacturer of a product incurs a liabilitywhen the product that he puts on the marketcauses harms and injury to the buyer or anybystander. (ºŸâº≈‘µ ‘π§â“‡°‘¥§«“¡√—∫º‘¥¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ ‘π§â“∑’Ëµππ”‡¢â“ Ÿàµ≈“¥∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥Õ—πµ√“¬·≈–°“√∫“¥‡®Á∫µàÕºŸâ´◊ÈÕÀ√◊ÕºŸâ∑’Ëºà“π‰ª¡“)

The borrower of a car has a liability to pay fordamages to the lender when she fails to return thecar within the specified period and the car wasdestroyed by the storm. (ºŸâ¬◊¡√∂¡’§«“¡√—∫º‘¥∑’Ë®–µâÕß™¥„™â§à“‡ ’¬À“¬„Àâ·°àºŸâ„Àâ¬◊¡‡¡◊ËÕ‡∏Õ‰¡à àß¡Õ∫√∂§◊π¿“¬„π√–¬–‡«≈“∑’Ë°”Àπ¥·≈–√∂∂Ÿ°∑”≈“¬‚¥¬≈¡æ“¬ÿ)

Consent

§”«à“ Consent „π∑’Ëπ’ÈÀ¡“¬∂÷ß§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡À√◊Õ§«“¡µ°≈ß„π°“√°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å∑“ß¥â“π°ÆÀ¡“¬√–À«à“ßºŸâ∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕßÕ—π®–‡ªìπ à«π∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥§«“¡√—∫º‘¥À√◊ÕÀπ’Èµ“¡¡“®“°§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡À√◊Õ§«“¡µ°≈ßπ—Èπ ‚¥¬§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡À√◊Õ§«“¡µ°≈ß∑’Ë®–°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥º≈∑“ß


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°ÆÀ¡“¬¥—ß°≈à“«®–µâÕß‡ªìπ°“√· ¥ß‡®µπ“‚¥¬ ¡—§√„®¢ÕßºŸâ∑’Ë· ¥ß

‡®µπ“„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡À√◊Õ§«“¡µ°≈ß¥â«¬

πÕ°®“°°“√π”§”«à“ Consent ‰ª„™â„π à«π∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫π‘µ‘°√√¡

—≠≠“·≈â« §”«à“ Consent π’È¬—ßÕ“®π”‰ª„™â„π°ÆÀ¡“¬≈—°…≥–Õ◊Ëπ‰¥â

Õ’°¥â«¬ ‡™àπ Õ“®π”‰ª„™â„π à«π∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°ÆÀ¡“¬≈—°…≥–≈–‡¡‘¥

(Tort) ÷Ëß§ß‡§¬‰¥â¬‘π§”°≈à“«∑’Ë«à“ ç§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡‰¡à‡ªìπ≈–‡¡‘¥é

∑’Ë‡√“¡—°„™â°≈à“«∂÷ß°√≥’∑’Ë∫ÿ§§≈§πÀπ÷Ëß¬‘π¬Õ¡„ÀâÕ’°§πÀπ÷Ëß∑” ‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß

‘Ëß„¥∑’ËÕ“®®–∑”„ÀâºŸâ∑’Ë„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡‰¥â√—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑’Ëµ“¡ª°µ‘®–

∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ°“√°√–∑”≈–‡¡‘¥ ·µà‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥â∑”‚¥¬Õ“»—¬§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡·≈â«∑”„Àâ

°“√°√–∑”Õ¬à“ß‡¥’¬«°—π‰¡à‡ªìπ°“√°√–∑”≈–‡¡‘¥∑’Ë®–µâÕß√—∫º‘¥ §«“¡

¬‘π¬Õ¡„π°ÆÀ¡“¬≈—°…≥–≈–‡¡‘¥¥—ß°≈à“«π’È°Á„™â»—æ∑å§”«à“ Consent

‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—π πÕ°®“°π—Èπ §”«à“ Consent ¬—ß„™â„π°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“„π

§«“¡º‘¥∫“ß¢âÕÀ“∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡ ‡™àπ §«“¡º‘¥∞“π¢à¡¢◊π

°√–∑”™”‡√“ (Rape) ∑’ËÀ“°ºŸâ‡ ’¬À“¬∑’Ë¡’Õ“¬ÿ‡°‘π°«à“‡°≥±å∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬

°”Àπ¥‰¥â„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡°Á®–∑”„Àâ°“√°√–∑”¢ÕßºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬

‰¡à‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥∞“π¢à¡¢◊π

Age of consent „π à«π∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫Õ“¬ÿ¢ÕßºŸâ∑’Ë„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡

÷Ëß°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“®®–°”Àπ¥‰«â¥â«¬«à“°“√„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ°√–∑”

°“√∫“ßÕ¬à“ß ºŸâ„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡®–µâÕß¡’Õ“¬ÿµ—Èß·µà‡∑à“„¥®÷ß®–∑”„Àâ

°“√„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡π—Èπ¡’º≈µ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬ ∑—Èß°“√„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡„π

°√≥’∑’Ë®–∑”„Àâ‰¡à‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥∞“π¢à¡¢◊π·≈–§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡„π°“√ ¡√

∑’Ë®–∑”„Àâ‰¡àµâÕß¢Õ§«“¡‡ÀÁπ™Õ∫¢Õß∫‘¥“¡“√¥“À√◊ÕºŸâ·∑π‚¥¬™Õ∫∏√√¡

°àÕπ


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Age of majority ‡ªìπÕ’°§”Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë§«“¡À¡“¬·≈–≈—°…≥–°“√„™â§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—∫§”«à“ Age of consent ‡æ’¬ß·µà§”«à“ Age ofmajority π’È®–æ∫‡ÀÁπ∫àÕ¬‡¡◊ËÕµâÕß°“√°≈à“«∂÷ßÕ“¬ÿ∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“∫ÿ§§≈æâπ®“°¿“«–ºŸâ‡¬“«å·≈–∫√√≈ÿπ‘µ‘¿“«–∑’Ë®–∑”„Àâ “¡“√∂‡¢â“∑”π‘µ‘°√√¡‚¥¬‰¡àµâÕß‰¥â√—∫§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡¢ÕßºŸâ·∑π‚¥¬™Õ∫∏√√¡ §”«à“ Majority „π∑’Ëπ’È ‰¡à‰¥âÀ¡“¬∂÷ß‡ ’¬ß¢â“ß¡“°‡À¡◊Õπ∑’Ë‡√“Õ“®æ∫‡ÀÁπ‡¡◊ËÕµâÕß°“√°≈à“«∂÷ßÕß§åª√–™ÿ¡·≈–°“√≈ß§–·ππ‡ ’¬ß À“°·µàÀ¡“¬∂÷ßÕ“¬ÿ∑’Ë∫√√≈ÿπ‘µ‘¿“«–∑’Ë∑”„Àâ°≈“¬‡ªìπºŸâ„À≠àµ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬ à«π§”«à“ºŸâ‡¬“«å‡√“®÷ß„™â§”«à“ Minor ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ‡ªìπ§”µ√ß¢â“¡°—∫§”«à“ Majority

∑—Èß§”«à“ Age of consent ·≈–§”«à“ Age of majority∫“ß§√—Èß°Á‡√’¬°√«¡°—π«à“ Legal age ‡æ◊ËÕµâÕß°“√„ÀâÀ¡“¬∂÷ßÕ“¬ÿµ“¡∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬°”Àπ¥‰«â ”À√—∫°√≥’µà“ßÊ

Informed consent §”«à“ Consent À√◊Õ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡π’È¡’À≈“¬≈—°…≥–À√◊ÕÀ≈“¬ª√–‡¿∑ ≈—°…≥–À√◊Õª√–‡¿∑Àπ÷Ëß§◊Õ∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“Informed consent ÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“¡’º≈µ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬®–µâÕß‡ªìπ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ¿“¬À≈—ß®“°∑’ËºŸâ∑’Ë„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡π—Èπ‰¥â√—∫∑√“∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈À√◊Õ¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ßµà“ßÊ ∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß§√∫∂â«π°àÕπ‡æ◊ËÕ„ÀâºŸâπ—Èπ “¡“√∂„™â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈À√◊Õ¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ß‡À≈à“π—Èπª√–°Õ∫‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∞“π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡ ‡™àπ °“√„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡„Àâ·æ∑¬åºà“µ—¥À√◊Õ∑”°“√√—°…“¥â«¬«‘∏’„¥«‘∏’Àπ÷Ëß∑’ËÕ“®‡ªìπÕ—πµ√“¬ °“√∑’Ë§π‰¢â„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ Informed consent ‰¥âπ—Èπ ·æ∑¬åºŸâ∑”°“√√—°…“®–µâÕß‡ªî¥‡º¬„Àâ∑√“∫∂÷ßº≈¢â“ß‡§’¬ß∑’ËÕ“®®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°“√√—°…“ ‚Õ°“ ∑’Ë°“√√—°…“®–ª√– ∫º≈ ”‡√Á®·≈–‚Õ°“ ∑’ËºŸâªÉ«¬Õ“®®–‰¥â√—∫Õ—πµ√“¬®“°°“√√—°…“ µ≈Õ¥®π∑“ß‡≈◊Õ°Õ◊ËπÀ√◊Õ«‘∏’°“√√—°…“Õ◊Ëπ


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∑’ËÕ“®¡’‡æ◊ËÕ„ÀâºŸâªÉ«¬ “¡“√∂‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫‰¥â ‡ªìπµâπExpress consent ‡ªìπ°“√„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡Õ’°ª√–‡¿∑Àπ÷Ëß

∑’ËºŸâ„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡‰¥â· ¥ß‡®µπ“„Àâ∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ‰¥â‡ÀÁπ·≈–√—∫√Ÿâ∂÷ß§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡Õ¬à“ß™—¥·®âß °√≥’∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ Express consent π’È®–µâÕß‡ªìπ°“√· ¥ß‡®µπ“∑’Ë∫ÿ§§≈ “¡“√∂‡¢â“„®‡®µπ“¢ÕßºŸâ„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡‰¥â‚¥¬ª√“»®“°§«“¡‡§≈◊Õ∫§≈ÿ¡·≈–‰¡àµâÕßÕ“»—¬°“√µ’§«“¡„¥Ê Õ’°

Implied consent ‡ªìπ°“√„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡∑’ËºŸâ „Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡Õ“®®–‰¡à ‰¥â°≈à“«‡ªìπ∂âÕ¬§”∑’Ë‡¢â“„®‰¥âÕ¬à“ß™—¥‡®π«à“µπ‡Õß°”≈—ß„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡Õ¬Ÿà ·µàµâÕß çµ’§«“¡é ‡Õ“®“°æƒµ‘°√√¡ °“√°√–∑” —≠≈—°…≥åÀ√◊Õ¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ßÕ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ëª√“°Ø®÷ß®– “¡“√∂∑√“∫‰¥â«à“‰¥â¡’°“√„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡·≈â« æƒµ‘°√√¡∑’ËÕ“®∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ Implied consent π’È√«¡∂÷ß°“√‡ß’¬∫À√◊Õ‰¡à°√–∑”°“√Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷ËßÕ¬à“ß„¥∑’Ëµ“¡ª°µ‘À“°ºŸâπ—Èπ‰¡à„Àâ§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡°Á§«√∑’Ë®–· ¥ßÕ“°“√§—¥§â“πÀ√◊Õ°“√‰¡à‡ÀÁπ¥â«¬ÕÕ°¡“„Àâ‡ÀÁπ

Unjust enrichment

À“°·ª≈‚¥¬‡∑’¬∫‡§’¬ß°—∫À≈—°°ÆÀ¡“¬‰∑¬ §”∑’Ë„°≈â‡§’¬ß∑’Ë ÿ¥§◊Õ§”«à“ ç≈“¿¡‘§«√‰¥âé ‡π◊ËÕß®“°°√≥’∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ Unjustenrichment ‡ªìπ°√≥’∑’Ë∫ÿ§§≈„¥∫ÿ§§≈Àπ÷Ëß‰¥â√—∫ª√–‚¬™πåÕ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß‚¥¬∑’Ë∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπª√“»®“°§«“¡™Õ∫∏√√¡ (Unjust) ∑’Ë®–Õâ“ßÕ‘ß‰¥âµ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬ ·≈–°“√‰¥â√—∫ª√–‚¬™πåπ—Èπ∑”„Àâ∫ÿ§§≈Õ’°§πÀπ÷ËßµâÕß‡ ’¬ª√–‚¬™πå∑’Ëæ÷ß¡’æ÷ß‰¥âÕ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß¥â«¬ °“√∑’Ë„Àâ∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë ‰¥â√—∫ª√–‚¬™πå “¡“√∂‡°Á∫º≈ª√–‚¬™πåπ—Èπ‰«â ‰¥â¬àÕ¡®–∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥§«“¡‰¡à‡ªìπ∏√√¡ ∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ®÷ß§«√µâÕß™¥„™â„ÀâºŸâ∑’Ë Ÿ≠‡ ’¬º≈ª√–‚¬™πå‰ª¥â«¬


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µÕππ’È¢Õπ”‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë ‰¡àÀπ—° ¡Õß·≈–‰¡àµâÕß„™â§«“¡§‘¥∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®°—π¡“°¡“¬¡“‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß§ÿ¬°—π ·∑π°“√π”∫∑§«“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë‡§¬π”¡“°≈à“«‰«â„πµÕπ∑’Ëºà“πÊ ¡“ ·µà°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π„π∑’Ëπ’È§ß®–‰¡à„™à°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·∫∫∂“«√ §ß®– ≈—∫°—∫‡π◊ÈÕÀ“·π«∑’Ë‡√“‡§¬π”¡“æŸ¥§ÿ¬°—π‡À¡◊Õπ∑’Ëºà“π¡“ ‡æ√“–À“°‡√“®–§ÿ¬°—π∂÷ß§”»—æ∑å°ÆÀ¡“¬ÕÕ°®–À≈’°‡≈’Ë¬ß‰¡à§àÕ¬æâπ∑’Ë®–µâÕßπ”∫∑§«“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë„™â§”»—æ∑å∑’Ëπà“√Ÿâ‡À≈à“π—Èπ¡“‡ªìπ ◊ËÕ„π°“√∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„® °“√∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®ª√–°Õ∫°—∫∫∑§«“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬·∫∫∑’Ë‡√“„™â¡“‚¥¬µ≈Õ¥®–™à«¬∑”„Àâ∑ÿ°∑à“π‡ÀÁπ¿“æ¢Õß‡π◊ÈÕÀ“‡Õ° “√∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…·∫∫∑’Ë®–‰ªæ∫‡®Õ®√‘ßÊ

World wackiest lawsuits13 1

13 Richard Bauman and C.A. Boyer, Legal Lunacies (Accord PublishingLtd., 2006).

A male customer in tight-fitting, see-through bikinipants, says underwear caused a sexual harassmentsuit - not against him but against the grocery storewhere he was shopping. Several employees of the storefiled the suit. They complained to the manager about theman, they said, but the manager refused to remove himfrom the store. The employee claimed emotional distressover the incident and that the store fostered anatmosphere of discrimination and sexual harassment.


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À“°µâÕß°“√π” ‘Ëß∑’Ë‰¥â‡√’¬π√Ÿâ ‰ª„™â§âπ§«â“À“§«“¡√Ÿâ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡ πÕ°®“°π—Èπ°“√∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®§”»—æ∑å„π∫√‘∫∑¢Õß‡π◊ÈÕÀ“∑’Ë∂Ÿ°π”‰ª„™âπà“®–™à«¬„Àâ‡√“®¥®”·≈–‡¢â“„®§«“¡À¡“¬·≈–«‘∏’°“√„™âß“π‰¥â¥’°«à“°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ§”»—æ∑å‡ªìπ§”‚¥¥Ê

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‡æ√“–©–π—Èπ∑à“π„¥∑’ËÕà“π¡“∂÷ßµ√ßπ’È ·µà¢â“¡ à«π∑’Ë‡ªìπ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…¡“ À√◊ÕÕà“π·∫∫ºà“πÊ ≈ÕßÀ¬ÿ¥·≈â«°≈—∫‰ªÕà“π À√◊Õ ç∑¥≈ÕßéÕà“π¥Ÿ ‘§√—∫ ‰¡à¡’„§√√ŸâÀ√Õ°«à“∑à“πÕà“π‡ªìπ¬—ß‰ß∫â“ß ¡’·µàµ—«∑à“π∑’Ë√ŸâÕ¬Ÿà§π‡¥’¬« §ß®–‰¡à„™à‡√◊ËÕß‡ ’¬À“¬Õ–‰√ „™â‡«≈“‡æ‘Ë¡Õ’°π‘¥ ·µàπà“®–§ÿâ¡π–§√—∫

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„π§”·π–π”∑—Ë«‰ª∑’Ë 19 (General Recommendation No. 19)¢ÕßÕπÿ —≠≠“«à“¥â«¬°“√¢®—¥°“√‡≈◊Õ°ªØ‘∫—µ‘µàÕ µ√’„π∑ÿ°√Ÿª·∫∫(Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimin-ation against Women - CEDAW) ‰¥â„Àâ§”π‘¬“¡¢Õß§”«à“°“√§ÿ°§“¡∑“ß‡æ» (Sexual harassment) ‰«â„Àâ√«¡∂÷ßæƒµ‘°√√¡„¥Ê∑’Ë¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬„π∑“ß‡æ»∑’ËºŸâ∂Ÿ°ªØ‘∫—µ‘µàÕ‰¡à‰¥âµâÕß°“√ ‡™àπ °“√∂Ÿ°‡π◊ÈÕµâÕßµ—« °“√°≈à“«∂âÕ¬§”≈“¡°Õπ“®“√ °“√· ¥ß¿“æ≈“¡° ‡ªìπµâπ


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‡√◊ËÕßπ’È‡ªìπ§¥’∑’ËÕÕ°®–·ª≈°Õ’°‡√◊ËÕßÀπ÷Ëß ·µà°Á„Àâ¢âÕ§‘¥‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë‡√“Õ“®®–æ∫‡ÀÁπ„π™’«‘µª√–®”«—π‰¥â‚¥¬∑’Ë∫“ß§√—Èß‡√“Õ“®®–‰¡à ‰¥â„Àâ§«“¡ π„®¡“°π—° §«“¡‰¡à„ à„®π’ÈÕ“®®–°≈—∫¡“ √â“ß§«“¡‡¥◊Õ¥√âÕπ„Àâ·°à‡√“„π¿“¬À≈—ß‚¥¬∑’Ë‡√“‡ÕßÕ“®®–‰¡à‰¥â§“¥§‘¥¡“°àÕπ°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë®–π”¡“°≈à“«∂÷ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È‡ªìπ°ÆÀ¡“¬ª√–°—π¿—¬∑’ËºŸâ‡Õ“ª√–°—π¿—¬Õ“®®–µâÕß¡“π÷°‡ ’¬¥“¬„π¿“¬À≈—ß‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥ªí≠À“¢÷Èπ¡“·≈â« ·µà°àÕπ∑’Ë‡√“®–‰ª°≈à“«∂÷ß√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢Õß∂âÕ¬§”µà“ßÊ µÕππ’È‡√“≈Õß¡“¥Ÿ§«“¡À¡“¬‚¥¬√«¡¢Õß¢âÕ§«“¡∑—ÈßÀ¡¥°àÕπ

World wackiest lawsuits14 2

14 Richard Bauman and C.A. Boyer, Legal Lunacies (Accord PublishingLtd., 2006).

çItûs ludicrous, they want to place pregnant womenon a 30-mile leash,é claimed a woman in a lawsuitagainst her health insurance company. It has a rulethat women eight months pregnant have to stay within30 miles of their doctorûs office. She gave birth whileon vacation, about 70 miles from home. Though sheused the insurance companyûs hospital, the companyrefused to pay her hospital bills because she hadnûtstayed home.


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ç¡—π‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕßπà“µ≈°¡“° ‡¢“µâÕß°“√≈à“¡ºŸâÀ≠‘ß∑’Ëµ—Èß∑âÕß‰«â°—∫‡™◊Õ°∑’Ë¡’§«“¡¬“« 30 ‰¡≈åé ÿ¿“æ µ√’√“¬Àπ÷ËßÕâ“ß„π§¥’∑’ËøÑÕß∫√‘…—∑ª√–°—π¿—¬ ÿ¢¿“æ¢Õß‡∏Õ ∫√‘…—∑ª√–°—π¿—¬«“ß°Æ‡°≥±å‰«â«à“ºŸâÀ≠‘ß∑’Ëµ—Èß∑âÕßµ—Èß·µà·ª¥‡¥◊Õπ¢÷Èπ‰ª®–µâÕßÕ¬Ÿà¿“¬„π√—»¡’ 30 ‰¡≈å®“°∑’Ë∑”°“√¢Õß·æ∑¬å¢Õß‡∏Õ ÿ¿“æ µ√’√“¬π’È§≈Õ¥∫ÿµ√„π¢≥–∑’Ë‡∏ÕÕ¬Ÿà√–À«à“ß°“√‰ªæ—°ºàÕπ ÷Ëß¡’√–¬–∑“ßª√–¡“≥ 70 ‰¡≈å®“°∫â“π¢Õß‡∏Õ ·¡â«à“‡∏Õ‰¥â„™â‚√ßæ¬“∫“≈¢Õß∫√‘…—∑ª√–°—π¿—¬ ∫√‘…—∑°≈—∫ªØ‘‡ ∏∑’Ë®–®à“¬§à“√—°…“æ¬“∫“≈‡æ’¬ß‡æ√“–«à“‡∏Õ‰¡à‰¥âÕ¬Ÿà∑’Ë∫â“π¢Õßµ—«‡Õß

∫√‘…—∑ª√–°—π¿—¬·µà≈–√“¬Õ“®®–«“ß¢âÕ°”Àπ¥·≈–‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢‰«âÀ≈“¬ª√–°“√ À≈“¬¢âÕÕ“®®–°≈“¬‡ªìπ¢âÕ®”°—¥§«“¡√—∫º‘¥¢Õß∫√‘…—∑ª√–°—π¿—¬‡À≈à“π’È‡¡◊ËÕ∂÷ß‡«≈“∑’ËµâÕß¡’°“√™¥„™â§à“ ‘π‰À¡∑¥·∑π ºŸâ‡Õ“ª√–°—π¿—¬∑’Ë√Õ∫§Õ∫®÷ß§«√µâÕß»÷°…“√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥‡À≈à“π’È„Àâ∂àÕß·∑â¡‘©–π—ÈπÕ“®®–‡ ’¬ª√–‚¬™πå‡À¡◊Õπ ÿ¿“æ µ√’√“¬π’È∑’Ë ‰¡à√Ÿâ«à“∫√‘…—∑ª√–°—π¿—¬°”Àπ¥„ÀâµâÕßÕ¬Ÿà¿“¬„π√—»¡’ 30 ‰¡≈å®“°∫â“π¢Õßµ—«‡Õß‡¡◊ËÕµ—Èß∑âÕßµ—Èß·µà 8 ‡¥◊Õπ¢÷Èπ‰ª ‡Àµÿº≈Õ“®®–‡æ√“–‡°√ßÕ—πµ√“¬∑’ËÕ“®®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°“√§≈Õ¥°àÕπ°”Àπ¥ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°„π™à«ß‡«≈“¥—ß°≈à“«¡’§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß Ÿß∑’Ë®–§≈Õ¥∫ÿµ√‡¡◊ËÕ„¥°Á‰¥â À“°¢≥–∑’Ë®–§≈Õ¥∫ÿµ√Õ¬Ÿà„π∑âÕß∑’Ë∑’Ë ‰¡à¡’ ∂“πæ¬“∫“≈∑’Ë¡’§«“¡æ√âÕ¡Õ¬ŸàÕ“®®–∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥Õ—πµ√“¬‰¥â ‚¥¬‡©æ“–∫“ß√“¬∑’Ë∫ÿµ√„π§√√¿å¡’ ¿“«–∑’Ë‰¡àª°µ‘ °“√Õ¬ŸàÀà“ß®“°·æ∑¬å∑’Ë¥Ÿ·≈§√√¿å®÷ß¬‘Ëß∑”„Àâ¡’§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß¡“°¢÷Èπ‡π◊ËÕß®“°·æ∑¬å§πÕ◊Ëπ


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Õ“®®–‰¡à∑√“∫ ¿“«–º‘¥ª°µ‘¥—ß°≈à“«¡“°àÕπ ®÷ß‰¡à‰¥â§”π÷ß∂÷ß ¿“«–π—Èπ„π¢≥–∑”§≈Õ¥

„π§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°¢Õß ÿ¿“æ µ√’√“¬π’È√Ÿâ ÷°«à“¢âÕ°”Àπ¥¢Õß∫√‘…—∑ª√–°—π¿—¬‡ªìπ‡À¡◊Õπ°“√≈à“¡µπ‡Õß‰«â ‰¡à„Àâ‡¥‘π∑“ßÀà“ßÕÕ°‰ª®“°∫â“π∑’Ë∂Ÿ°≈à“¡‰«â §”«à“ çClaimé „π∑’Ëπ’È „™â„π§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß°“√‡ªìπ°“√ ç°≈à“«Õâ“ßé ¢Õß ÿ¿“æ µ√’∑’Ë‡ªìπ‚®∑°åøÑÕß∫√‘…—∑ª√–°—π¿—¬√“¬π’È∑’Ë¬°¢÷Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ‡Àµÿº≈ π—∫ πÿπ§”øÑÕß¢Õßµπ À√◊ÕÕ“®‡√’¬°‰¥â«à“‡ªìπçstate or assert to be trueé ·µà„πÕ’°§«“¡À¡“¬Àπ÷Ëß∑’ËÕ“®®–æ∫∫àÕ¬‰¡à·æâ§«“¡À¡“¬¢â“ßµâπ„π‡Õ° “√∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬§◊Õ„π§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë‡ªìπ°“√ ç‡√’¬°√âÕßé „Àâ‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡ ‘∑∏‘¢ÕßµπÀ√◊Õ°“√„™â ‘∑∏‘‡√’¬°√âÕßµ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬ À√◊ÕÕ“®‡√’¬°‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ çassert or demand as oneûs righté„π§«“¡À¡“¬À≈—ßπ’ÈÀ“°‡√“µâÕß°“√°≈à“«∂÷ß∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë‡ªìπºŸâ¬° ‘∑∏‘‡√’¬°√âÕß¢÷Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ¢Õ„Àâ∫—ß§—∫°“√µ“¡«à“‡ªìπ çClaimanté °Á‰¥â°“√„™â„π§«“¡À¡“¬∑—Èß ÕßÕ“®®–· ¥ß‰¥â¥—ß„πª√–‚¬§µàÕ‰ªπ’È

Somsak claimed that his car was hit by Somsriûscar. ( ¡»—°¥‘ÏÕâ“ß«à“√∂¢Õßµπ∂Ÿ°™π‚¥¬√∂¢Õß ¡»√’)

Somsak claimed for damages that he incurredin having his car fixed. ( ¡»—°¥‘Ï‡√’¬°√âÕß§à“‡ ’¬À“¬ ”À√—∫°“√∑’ËµπµâÕß®—¥°“√´àÕ¡√∂∑’Ë∂Ÿ°™π)

§”µàÕ‰ª∑’Ë‡√“®–æŸ¥∂÷ß„π∑’Ëπ’È§◊Õ§”«à“ çLawsuité ÷ËßÕ“®®–°≈à“«‰¥â«à“¡’§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß°—∫§”«à“ çSuité ∑’Ë‡√“‰¥â°≈à“«∂÷ß¡“·≈â«§”¥—ß°≈à“«π’ÈÀ¡“¬∂÷ß°√–∫«π°“√∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë§Ÿà°√≥’ΩÉ“¬Àπ÷Ëß‡√‘Ë¡µâπ‡æ◊ËÕ¢Õ„Àâ∫—ß§—∫°“√„Àâ‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡ ‘∑∏‘¢Õßµπ ‰¡à«à“ ‘∑∏‘π—Èπ®–¡’∑’Ë¡“


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®“°∑’Ë„¥°Áµ“¡ ·µà‡¡◊ËÕ„¥∑’Ë ‰¥â‡√‘Ë¡¥”‡π‘π°“√∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬„π»“≈‡æ◊ËÕ∫—ß§—∫µ“¡ ‘∑∏‘π—Èπ‡√“‡√’¬°°√–∫«π°“√∑’Ë∑”¢÷Èπ„π»“≈π’È«à“ çLawsuité

§”«à“ çInsuranceé À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√ª√–°—π¿—¬´÷Ëß‡√“§ß∑√“∫§«“¡À¡“¬°—π¥’Õ¬Ÿà·≈â««à“À¡“¬∂÷ß —≠≠“≈—°…≥–„¥ „π°√≥’π’Èª√–‡¿∑¢Õß°“√ª√–°—π¿—¬∑’Ë ÿ¿“æ µ√’√“¬π’È∑”§◊Õª√–‡¿∑∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“ çHealthinsuranceé À√◊Õ ç°“√ª√–°—π¿—¬ ÿ¢¿“æé ÷Ëß‡ªìπ°√≥’∑’Ë∫√‘…—∑√—∫ª√–°—π¿—¬µ°≈ß™¥„™â§à“ ‘π‰À¡∑¥·∑π·≈–§à“„™â®à“¬µà“ßÊ „Àâ·°àºŸâ‡Õ“ª√–°—π¿—¬„π°√≥’∑’Ë‡°‘¥°“√∫“¥‡®Á∫ ‡®Á∫ªÉ«¬ ∑ÿæ≈¿“æÀ√◊Õ≈â¡µ“¬¢ÕßºŸâ‡Õ“ª√–°—π¿—¬µ“¡‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢·≈–Õ—µ√“∑’Ë°”Àπ¥‰«â °“√ª√–°—π¿—¬ª√–‡¿∑Õ◊Ëπ¬—ß¡’Õ’°¡“° ‡™àπ °“√ª√–°—π¿—¬™’«‘µ ‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ çLife insuranceé°“√ª√–°—π¿—¬√∂¬πµå ‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ çAutomobile insuranceé à«π∫√‘…—∑ª√–°—π¿—¬ ‡√“‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ çInsurance companyé À√◊Õ„π§”∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë‡ªìπ çºŸâ√—∫ª√–°—π¿—¬é ®–‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ çInsureré ·µàÀ“°‡ªìπ∑“ßΩíòß¢Õß çºŸâ‡Õ“ª√–°—π¿—¬é ‡√“®–‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ çInsuredé·µàÀ“°¡’°“√°”Àπ¥ çºŸâ√—∫ª√–‚¬™πåé µ“¡ —≠≠“ª√–°—π¿—¬‰«â‚¥¬‡©æ“– ‡√“®–‡√’¬°ºŸâ√—∫ª√–‚¬™πå§ππ’È«à“‡ªìπ çBeneficiaryéหอ

งสมดอเลกทรอนกสศาลยตธรรม

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Res ipsa loquitur

°ÆÀ¡“¬‰¡à‰¥â°”Àπ¥„Àâ‚®∑°å„π§¥’øÑÕß„Àâ√—∫º‘¥„π§«“¡ª√–¡“∑µâÕßæ‘ Ÿ®πå®πª√“»®“°§«“¡ ß —¬µ“¡ ¡§«√ ‚®∑°å‡æ’¬ß·µàµâÕßæ‘ Ÿ®πå„Àâæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π¡’πÈ”Àπ—°πà “ ‡™◊Ë Õ¡“°°«à “«à “®”‡≈¬≈–‡≈¬∑’Ë®–„™â§«“¡√–¡—¥√–«—ßÕ—π ¡§«√ ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’¢ÕßÀπ—°µ°≈ß¡“®“°Àπâ“µà“ß §«“¡‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥®“°§«“¡ª√–¡“∑‡≈‘π‡≈àÕ¢ÕßºŸâ¥Ÿ·≈√—°…“Õ“§“√¡’Õ¬Ÿà Ÿß¡“° ‚Õ°“ ¡’¡“°°«à“√âÕ¬≈–Àâ“ ‘∫«à“‡®â“¢Õß√â“πÀ√◊Õ§π√—∫„™â®–∑”¥â«¬§«“¡ª√–¡“∑„π°“√®—¥°“√°—∫∂—ß„∫π—Èπ ≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª “¡“√∂®– —ππ‘…∞“π§«“¡ª√–¡“∑‡≈‘π‡≈àÕ¥â«¬°“√π”§«“¡√Ÿâ®“°ª√– ∫°“√≥å¢Õßµπ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫‡Àµÿ°“√≥å≈—°…≥–π’È¡“„™â‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß°—∫¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ß∑’Ë ‰¥â√—∫°“√æ‘ Ÿ®πå·≈â« §¥’¢Õß

The law does not requirea plaintiff in a negligencecase to prove negligencebeyond a reasonable doubt;plaintiff needs only toestablish by a prepon-derance of the evidence thatthe defendant failed to usedue care. When a heavyobject falls out of a window,the l ikelihood of itscustodianûs negligenceis quite high. Chances arebetter than fifty-fifty thatthis storekeeper or hisservants were negligent intheir dealings with thisbarrel. Reasonable jurorscould infer negligence bybringing their own worldlyknowledge about such


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events to bear on the factsproved. The pedestrianûscase was strong enoughto escape a nonsuit; headduced circumstantialevidence tending to showthat the storekeeper wasnegligent. Baron Pollock,using the Latin phrase forthe first time in negligencelaw, put it this way: çThereare certain cases of whichit may be said res ipsa

loquitur, the thing speaksfor itself, and this seems oneof them. In some cases theCourts have held that themere fact of an accidenthaving occurred is evidenceof negligence ...é

§π‡¥‘π∂ππ√“¬π’È¡’πÈ”Àπ—°¡“°‡æ’¬ßæÕ∑’Ë®–À≈ÿ¥æâπ®“°°“√∂Ÿ°¬°øÑÕß ‡¢“π” ◊∫æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë · ¥ß „Àâ ‡ ÀÁ π «à “‡®â“¢Õß√â“π°√–∑”¥â«¬§«“¡ª√–¡“∑ ∫“√ÕπæÕ≈≈ÁÕ§‰¥â„™â»—æ∑å¿“…“≈–µ‘π§”Àπ÷Ëß‡ªìπ§√—Èß·√°„π°ÆÀ¡“¬«à“¥â«¬§«“¡√—∫º‘¥„π§«“¡ª√–¡“∑‚¥¬°≈à“«‰«â«à“ ç¡’∫“ß§¥’∑’ËÕ“®°≈à“«‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ°√≥’¢Õß¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ß∑’Ëæ‘ Ÿ®πå ‰¥â¥â«¬µ—«‡Õß·≈–§¥’π’È¥Ÿ‡À¡◊Õπ«à“‡ªìπ°√≥’Àπ÷Ëß¢Õß§¥’ª√–‡¿∑¥—ß°≈à“« „π∫“ß§¥’»“≈Õ“®µ—¥ ‘π‰¥â«à“‡æ’¬ß·µà¡’¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ß¢ÕßÕÿ∫—µ‘‡Àµÿ∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ°Á ‡ªìπÀ≈—°∞“π¢Õß§«“¡ª√–¡“∑‰¥â ...é


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À≈—°°“√„π‡√◊ËÕß Res ipso loquitur π’ÈÕ“®øíß¥Ÿ‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë‡√“‰¡à§àÕ¬§ÿâπ‡§¬°—π ·µàÀ“°‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫À≈—°°“√µ“¡¢âÕ§«“¡¢â“ßµâπ÷Ëß‡°‘¥®“°§¥’‡√◊ËÕßÀπ÷Ëßπ“π¡“·≈â«°—∫À≈—°°“√∫“ß¡“µ√“„πª√–¡«≈

°ÆÀ¡“¬·æàß·≈–æ“≥‘™¬å ‡√“®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â ‰¡à¬“°«à“À≈—°°“√∑’Ë¥Ÿ‡À¡◊Õπ‰¡à§ÿâπ‡§¬π’È°≈—∫‰¡à ‰¥â·ª≈°Õ¬à“ß∑’Ë§‘¥ ®“°§¥’„π¢âÕ§«“¡π’È‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë¡’∂—ßµ°≈ß¡“®“°Õ“§“√À≈—ßÀπ÷Ëß·≈â«∫—ß‡Õ‘≠À≈àπ„ à§π‡¥‘π∂ππ∑’Ëºà“π‰ª„π∫√‘‡«≥¥—ß°≈à“«æÕ¥’ ºŸâæ‘æ“°…“„π§¥’‡√◊ËÕßπ’È§◊Õ ∫“√Õπ æÕ≈≈ÁÕ§‰¥âµ—¥ ‘π„Àâ‡®â“¢Õß√â“π∑’Ë‡ªìπµâπ‡Àµÿ¢Õß∂—ß∑’ËÀ≈àπ‰ªπ—Èπ√—∫º‘¥µàÕ§π‡¥‘π∂ππ ‡Àµÿº≈∑’Ë ”§—≠∑’Ë¬°¢÷Èπ π—∫ πÿπ§”æ‘æ“°…“§◊Õ‡æ’¬ß·µà¡’‡Àµÿ°“√≥å„π≈—°…≥–¥—ß°≈à“«‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ°ÁæÕ∑’Ë®–· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“¡’°“√°√–∑”‚¥¬ª√–¡“∑‡≈‘π‡≈àÕ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ ‡æ√“–Õ¬ŸàÊ ∂—ßπÈ”§ß®–‰¡àÀ≈àπ≈ß‰ª‰¥â¥â«¬µ—«‡Õß ·¡â«à“æƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë‡ªìπ°“√ª√–¡“∑‡≈‘π‡≈àÕ„π∑’Ëπ’È®–‰¡à‰¥â™—¥‡®π«à“°“√∑’Ë∂—ßπÈ”À≈àπ≈ß‰ªπ—Èπ‡°‘¥®“°°“√°√–∑”Õ–‰√·πà ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ°“√«“ß∂—ßπÈ”„π≈—°…≥–∑’Ë‰¡à¡—Ëπ§ß ∑”„Àâ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’·√ßÕ–‰√¡“°√–∑”∂—ßπÈ”®÷ßÀ≈àπ≈ß‰ª À√◊Õ¡’§π„¥§πÀπ÷Ëß∫—ß‡Õ‘≠‰ª°√–∑∫∂Ÿ°∂—ßπÈ”∑’Ë«“ßÕ¬Ÿà®π‡ªìπ‡Àµÿ„Àâ∂—ßπÈ”À≈àπ≈ß‰ª ·µà‰¡à«à“°√≥’∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®√‘ßÊ®–‡ªìπ≈—°…≥–Õ¬à“ß‰√°Áµ“¡≈â«π·≈â«·µà∫àß∫Õ°∂÷ß§«“¡ª√–¡“∑‡≈‘π‡≈àÕ∑’Ë‡®â“¢ÕßÀ√◊ÕºŸâ¥Ÿ·≈Õ“§“√π—ÈπµâÕß√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫¥â«¬°—π∑—Èß ‘Èπ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥¡’§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¢÷Èπ·°à∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ

À≈“¬Ê ∑à“πÕ“®®–‡√‘Ë¡ ç§ÿâπÊé ∫â“ß·≈â««à“À≈—°°“√„π§¥’‡√◊ËÕßπ’È∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ√âÕ¬ Õß√âÕ¬ªï°àÕπ„πÕ—ß°ƒ…‡À¡◊Õπ‡§¬æ∫‡§¬‡ÀÁπ∑’Ë ‰Àπ¡“°àÕπ À“°∑à“π≈Õß‡ªî¥ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬·æàß·≈–æ“≥‘™¬å·≈â«¥Ÿ„π¡“µ√“ 436 ¥Ÿ°Á®–æ∫§«“¡§≈â“¬§≈÷ß∑’Ë°≈à“«¡“π’È ∂÷ßµÕππ’È∑à“π§ß®”‰¥â·≈â«à“„π¡“µ√“ 436 ∫—≠≠—µ‘‰«â«à“ ç∫ÿ§§≈ºŸâÕ¬Ÿà„π‚√ß‡√◊Õπ


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µâÕß√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫„π§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬Õ—π‡°‘¥‡æ√“–¢Õßµ°À≈àπ®“°‚√ß‡√◊Õππ—Èπ À√◊Õ‡æ√“–∑‘Èß¢«â“ß¢Õß‰ªµ°„π∑’ËÕ—π¡‘§«√é À“°‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫ ‘Ëß∑’Ë¡“µ√“ 436 ∫—≠≠—µ‘‰«â°—∫§¥’∑’Ë∑à“π∫“√ÕπæÕ≈≈ÁÕ§µ—¥ ‘π‰«âπ“π¡“·≈â«®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“·∑∫®–‡À¡◊Õπ°—π¬—ß°– ç·°–é

°àÕπ∑’Ë‡√“®–‰ª§ÿ¬°—π„π√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥‡°’Ë¬«°—∫§«“¡À¡“¬¢ÕßÀ≈—°°“√‡√◊ËÕß Res ipsa loquitur π’È ‡√“§àÕ¬Ê ¥Ÿ§”∑’Ëπà“ π„®‰ªµ“¡≈”¥—∫°àÕπ ‚¥¬‡√‘Ë¡·√°‡√“®–§ÿ¬°—π∂÷ß§”ßà“¬Ê Õ¬à“ß‡™àπ Plaintiff°àÕπ §”Ê π’ÈÀ≈“¬Ê ∑à“π§ÿâπ‡§¬°—π‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß¥’·≈â««à“À¡“¬∂÷ß‚®∑°å´÷Ëß‡ªìπ§Ÿà§«“¡∑’Ë‡√‘Ë¡µâπ§¥’¥â«¬°“√øÑÕß√âÕßµàÕ»“≈ À“°‡√“¡Õß≈ß‰ª„π√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥∑’Ëª√–°Õ∫°—π¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ§”Ê π’È ‡√“®–æ∫«à“§”¥—ß°≈à“«¡’ à«πª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë¡“®“°§”«à“ Plaint ÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß§”øÑÕß∑’Ë‚®∑°å¬◊ËπµàÕ»“≈„π°“√‡√‘Ë¡µâπ§¥’π—Ëπ‡Õß ∑”„Àâ‰¡à·ª≈°∑’Ë‡√“®–∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß§”«à“ Plaintiff „π≈—°…≥–∑’Ë«à“‡ªìπºŸâ∑’Ëπ” Plaint À√◊Õ§”øÑÕß¡“¬◊ËπµàÕ»“≈π—Ëπ‡Õß ·µà§”øÑÕßÀ√◊Õ Plaint „π∑’Ëπ’È‡√“¡—°®–À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√øÑÕß√âÕß„π§¥’·æàß‡∑à“π—Èπ Õ’°§”Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À¡“¬‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫§”«à“Plaint §◊Õ§”«à“ Complaint ∑’Ë‡√“„™â‡√’¬°§”§Ÿà§«“¡∑’Ë „™âµ—Èßµâπ§¥’‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—π ∫“ß§√—Èß‡√“®–æ∫«à“§”«à“ Complaint π’È∂Ÿ°„™â∫àÕ¬§√—Èß°«à“§”«à“ Plaint ‡ ’¬¥â«¬´È” ‡π◊ËÕß®“°∫“ß§√—Èß§”øÑÕß„π§¥’Õ“≠“°ÁÕ“®‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ Complaint ‰¥â¥â«¬ À“°‡√“¡Õß≈ß‰ª„π§”«à“ Complaintπ’È‡√“®–æ∫§”«à“ Complain ®“°π—Èπ‡æ’¬ß·µà‡µ‘¡µ—«Õ—°…√ çté ‡¢â“‰ª°Á®–°≈“¬‡ªìπ§”«à“ Complaint ‰¥âÕ¬à“ß‰¡à¬“°‡¬Áπ §”«à“ Complain∑’Ë‡√“§ÿâπ‡§¬°—π¥’Õ¬Ÿà·≈â«¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√∫àπ«à“„π‡√◊ËÕßµà“ßÊ ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‡√“√Ÿâ ÷°‰¡àæÕ„®À√◊Õ‡¥◊Õ¥√âÕπ√”§“≠ ‡¡◊ËÕ°≈“¬‡ªìπ Complaint ®÷ßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß‡Õ° “√∑’Ë· ¥ß∂÷ß¢âÕ‡√’¬°√âÕß ¢âÕ∑’Ë· ¥ß∂÷ß§«“¡‡¥◊Õ¥√âÕπ


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√”§“≠¢Õß‡√“∑’Ë∑”„ÀâµâÕßæ÷Ëß°√–∫«π°“√∑“ß»“≈‡æ◊ËÕ‰¥â√—∫°“√‡¬’¬«¬“À√◊Õ·°â‰¢§«“¡∑ÿ°¢å§«“¡‡¥◊Õ¥√âÕππ—Èπ¥â«¬«‘∂’∑“ß¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬

§”µàÕ‰ª∑’Ë‡ªìπ§”»—æ∑å∑’Ë ‰¡à¬“°·µà∂◊Õ‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ§”∑’Ë‡ªìπÀ—«„®¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬≈—°…≥–≈–‡¡‘¥∑’Ë‡√“°”≈—ß°≈à“«∂÷ß°—πÕ¬Ÿàπ’È §”¥—ß°≈à“«§◊Õ§”«à“Negligence À“°·ª≈°—πµ√ßÊ ®–À¡“¬∂÷ß§«“¡ª√–¡“∑‡≈‘π‡≈àÕÀ“°„™â„π≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å®–‡¢’¬π«à“ Negligent À“°‡√“¬âÕπ‰ªæ‘®“√≥“‡π◊ÈÕÀ“ “√–¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬≈—°…≥–≈–‡¡‘¥§ßæÕ®–π÷°°—πÕÕ°«à“°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ≈–‡¡‘¥Õ“®®–‡°‘¥®“°°“√°√–∑”‚¥¬ ç®ß„®À√◊Õª√–¡“∑‡≈‘π‡≈àÕé ·µà‡Àµÿ≈–‡¡‘¥∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®”π«π¡“°®πÕ“®®–°≈à“«‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ à«π„À≠àπ—Èπ®–¡’ “‡Àµÿ¡“®“°§«“¡ª√–¡“∑‡≈‘π‡≈àÕ

À“°‡√“æ‘®“√≥“§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß§”Ê π’È„Àâ≈–‡Õ’¬¥Õ’° —°π‘¥‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ ¡°—∫§«“¡ ”§—≠∑’Ë¡’º≈µàÕ°“√∫—ß§—∫„™â°ÆÀ¡“¬≈—°…≥–≈–‡¡‘¥ ‡√“æÕ®–°≈à“«‰¥â«à“°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ Negligence π—Èπ®–À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë‡ªìπ The failure to use such care as a reasonablyprudent and careful person would use under similarcircumstances. À√◊Õ°“√≈–‡≈¬∑’Ë®–„™â§«“¡√–¡—¥√–«—ß‡™àπ∑’Ë∫ÿ§§≈´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡√–¡—¥√–«—ßµ“¡ ¡§«√®–æ÷ß„™â„πæƒµ‘°“√≥å∑’Ë§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—π §”∑’Ë‡ªìπÀ—«„®¢Õßª√–‚¬§¥—ß°≈à“«π’È§◊Õ§”«à“ A reasonably prudent andcareful person À√◊Õ∫“ß§√—ÈßÕ“®®–‡√’¬° —ÈπÊ «à“‡ªìπ A reasonablyprudent person ´÷ËßÕ“®®–‡ª√’¬∫‡ ¡◊Õπ‡ªìπ«‘≠êŸ™π∑’Ë‡√“„™â‡ªìπ¡“µ√∞“π«à“°“√°√–∑”Õ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß‡ªìπ°“√°√–∑”≈–‡¡‘¥À√◊Õ‰¡à¥â«¬°“√‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫¡“µ√∞“π¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈¥—ß°≈à“«°—∫¡“µ√∞“π∑’Ë∫ÿ§§≈´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡√–¡—¥√–«—ßµ“¡ ¡§«√®–„™âÀ√◊Õ°√–∑”„πæƒµ‘°“√≥å∑’Ë§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—π


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À“°‡√“≈Õßπ”§”«à“ Negligence ¡“„™â„π√Ÿªª√–‚¬§Õ“®®–„™â‰¥â¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È

Somsakûs negligence caused Somsriûs injury.(°“√°√–∑”‚¥¬ª√–¡“∑¢Õß ¡»—°¥‘Ï∑”„Àâ ¡»√’‰¥â√—∫∫“¥‡®Á∫)

Somsak negligently drove his car, and ran into Somsri.( ¡»—°¥‘Ï¢—∫√∂¥â«¬§«“¡ª√–¡“∑·≈–™π‡¢â“°—∫ ¡»√’)

§”À√◊Õ«≈’µàÕ‰ª®–¢Õπ”¡“°≈à“«§Ÿà°—π‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß„π‡™‘ß‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°ÆÀ¡“¬≈—°…≥–æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π·≈–°“√™—ËßπÈ”Àπ—°æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π‰¥â·°à«≈’∑’Ë«à“ Beyond a reasonable doubt·≈– Preponderance of the evidence

«≈’∑’Ë«à“ Beyond a reasonable doubt π’È¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“ çª√“»®“°§«“¡ ß —¬µ“¡ ¡§«√é ‡ªìπ¡“µ√∞“π°“√™—ËßπÈ”Àπ—°æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π∑’Ë„™â„π°“√æ‘®“√≥“æ‘æ“°…“§¥’Õ“≠“´÷Ëß‚®∑°å®–µâÕßπ” ◊∫æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π„Àâ‡™◊ËÕ‰¥â«à“®”‡≈¬‡ªìπºŸâ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥µ“¡øÑÕß®π°√–∑—Ëß‰¡à¡’§«“¡ ß —¬∑’ËÕ“®®–∑”„Àâ‡™◊ËÕ‰¥â«à“®”‡≈¬Õ“®®–‰¡à„™àºŸâ∑’Ë°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥µ“¡∑’Ë‚®∑°å°≈à“«À“

§”«à“ doubt À√◊Õ§«“¡ ß —¬„π∑’Ëπ’È®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“‰¡à‰¥â„™â·µà‡æ’¬ß§”«à“ ç§«“¡ ß —¬é ‚¥¬≈”æ—ß À“°·µà®–„™â‚¥¬‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß°—∫§”«à“çreasonableé ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§«“¡ ß —¬∑’Ë®–‡ªìπ‡Àµÿ„Àâ»“≈æ‘æ“°…“¬°øÑÕß‰¡à≈ß‚∑…®”‡≈¬‰¥âπ—Èπ‰¡à„™à§«“¡ ß —¬Õ–‰√°Á‰¥â ∑’ËÕ“®®–π÷°À√◊Õ§‘¥¢÷Èππ‘¬“¡À√◊Õ§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß a reasonable doubt ∑’Ë¡—°®–„Àâ°—π‰«â‡™àπ

çA doubt based on reason and arising from evidenceor lack of evidence, and must be a doubt that a


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reasonable person might have.é (§«“¡ ß —¬∑’Ëµ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà∫πæ◊Èπ∞“π¢Õß‡Àµÿº≈·≈–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“πÀ√◊Õ°“√¢“¥‡ ’¬ ÷Ëßæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π∫“ßÕ¬à“ß·≈–µâÕß¡’≈—°…≥–∑’Ë‡ªìπ§«“¡ ß —¬∑’Ë«‘≠êŸ™πÕ“®®–¡’‰¥â)

®“°§«“¡À¡“¬¢â“ßµâπ‡√“®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“ ç§«“¡ ß —¬é ∑’Ë®–‡¢â“¢à“¬‡ªìπç§«“¡ ß —¬µ“¡ ¡§«√ (a reasonable doubt)é π—Èπ®–ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬2 Õß§åª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë ”§—≠

Õß§åª√–°Õ∫ª√–°“√·√°§◊Õ°“√µ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà∫πæ◊Èπ∞“π¢Õß‡Àµÿº≈∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π„π§¥’À√◊Õ‡°‘¥®“°°“√¢“¥æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π∑’Ë§«√µâÕß¡’Õ¬Ÿà (a doubt based on reason and arising fromevidence or lack of evidence) ¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷ß‰¡à„™à‡ªìπ§«“¡ ß —¬Õ–‰√°Á‰¥â∑’Ë§π‡√“Õ“®®–§‘¥À√◊Õ ß —¬„π‡√◊ËÕß√“«∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ À“°·µàµâÕß‡ªìπ§«“¡ ß —¬∑’Ë¡’‡Àµÿ¡’º≈√Õß√—∫§«“¡ ß —¬π—Èπ¥â«¬ µ—«§«“¡ ß —¬‡Õß·≈–√«¡∑—Èß‡Àµÿº≈∑’Ë√Õß√—∫‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∞“π¢Õß§«“¡ ß —¬°Á®–µâÕß¡’∑’Ë¡“®“°æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π∑’Ë§Ÿà§«“¡π” ◊∫‡¢â“¡“„π§¥’ (arising from evidence)÷ËßÕ“®®–·µ°µà“ß®“°‡√◊ËÕß√“«À√◊Õ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ëª√“°Øµ“¡ ◊ËÕ¡«≈™π°Á‡ªìπ‰¥â

πÕ°®“°π—Èπ §«“¡ ß —¬¥—ß°≈à“«Õ“®®–‡°‘¥®“°°“√¢“¥æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π∫“ßÕ¬à“ß∑’Ë§«√®–µâÕß¡’Õ¬Ÿà (lack of evidence) ·µàª√“°Ø«à“‚®∑°å‰¡à‰¥âπ”æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π¥—ß°≈à“«¡“ ◊∫∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥¢âÕ ß —¬‰¥â«à“®”‡≈¬Õ“®®–‰¡à„™àºŸâ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë·∑â®√‘ß°Á‰¥â ‡™àπ

There is a reasonable doubt whether the defendantwas the person who actually was swinging thebaseball bat at the injured party, because the two


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witnesses gave conflicting views. (°√≥’¡’§«“¡ ß —¬µ“¡ ¡§«√«à“®”‡≈¬‡ªìπ∫ÿ§§≈ ÷Ëß‰¥â‡À«’Ë¬ß‰¡â‡∫ ∫Õ≈„ àºŸâ‡ ’¬À“¬À√◊Õ‰¡à ‡æ√“–æ¬“π∑—Èß Õß§π„Àâ°“√¢—¥·¬âß°—π)

A witness testified that he had seen the defendantleaving his house to drop the deceased at hisresidence, and returning 40 minutes later, but hefound no bloodstains on his cloth. Since there isno other evidence, the defendant has to be acquittedbecause there is a reasonable doubt arising fromthe lack of evidence proving that the defendantwas the murderer. (æ¬“π§πÀπ÷Ëß‡∫‘°§«“¡«à“‡ÀÁπ®”‡≈¬ÕÕ°®“°∫â“π‡æ◊ËÕ‰ª àßºŸâµ“¬∑’Ë∫â“π·≈–°≈—∫¡“„πÕ’°40 π“∑’µàÕ¡“ ·µàæ¬“π‰¡à‡ÀÁπ§√“∫‡≈◊Õ¥∫π‡ ◊ÈÕºâ“¢Õß®”‡≈¬ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‰¡àª√“°ØÀ≈—°∞“πÕ◊Ëπ„¥Õ’° ®÷ßµâÕß¬°øÑÕß®”‡≈¬‡æ√“–¡’§«“¡ ß —¬µ“¡ ¡§«√∑’Ë‡°‘¥®“°°“√¢“¥æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π∑’Ëæ‘ Ÿ®πå«à“®”‡≈¬‡ªìπ¶“µ°√„π§¥’π’È)

Õß§åª√–°Õ∫ª√–°“√∑’Ë Õß§◊Õ≈—°…≥–∑’Ë‡ªìπ§«“¡ ß —¬∑’Ë«‘≠êŸ™πÕ“®®–¡’‰¥â (a doubt that a reasonable person might have)¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷ß‰¡à„™à‡ªìπ§«“¡ ß —¬∑’Ë„§√°Á‰¥â®–§‘¥À√◊Õ¡’¢÷Èπ ‡æ√“–‡√“·µà≈–§π≈â«π¡’§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ·µ°µà“ß°—π §«“¡ ß —¬∑’Ë®–‡¢â“¢à“¬‡ªìπa reasonable doubt „π∑’Ëπ’È®÷ßµâÕß‡ªìπ§«“¡ ß —¬∑’Ë§π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡§‘¥§«“¡Õà“πª°µ‘∑—Ë«Ê‰ª ‡¡◊ËÕ‡ÀÁπæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π„π§¥’·≈â«Õ“®®–¡’¢âÕ ß —¬¢÷Èπ‰¥â


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À“°ª√“°Ø«à“¡’§«“¡ ß —¬µ“¡ ¡§«√«à“®”‡≈¬®–‡ªìπºŸâ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥®√‘ßµ“¡∑’Ë‚®∑°å°≈à“«À“À√◊Õ‰¡à »“≈°Á®–¬°øÑÕß®”‡≈¬ °“√∑’Ë»“≈¬°ª√–‚¬™πå·Ààß§«“¡ ß —¬„Àâ·°à®”‡≈¬π’È‡√“‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ°“√çGive benefits of the doubté ‚¥¬«≈’¥—ß°≈à“«π’ÈπÕ°®“°®–„™â„π·ßà¢Õß°“√¥”‡π‘π§¥’„π»“≈·≈â« ‡√“¬—ßÕ“®„™â„π°√≥’Õ◊ËπÊ ‰¥âÕ’°À“°‡√“µâÕß°“√®– ◊ËÕ§«“¡À¡“¬„π∑”πÕß∑’Ë®–∫Õ°«à“‡√“µ—¥ ‘π„®∑’Ë®–‡™◊ËÕ§”æŸ¥À√◊Õ°“√°√–∑”¢Õß§π„¥§πÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë·¡âÕ–‰√À≈“¬Õ¬à“ß‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ ‘Ëß∑’Ë∫ÿ§§≈π—ÈπæŸ¥À√◊Õ∑”Õ“®®–‰¡à¡’§«“¡™—¥‡®ππ—°·≈–‡√“Õ“®®–µ—¥ ‘π„®‡™◊ËÕ‰ª„π∑“ß∑’Ë¥’À√◊Õ∑“ß∑’Ë‰¡à¥’‡°’Ë¬«°—∫∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ°Á‰¥â ·µà ÿ¥∑â“¬‡√“‡≈◊Õ°∑’Ë®–µ—¥∑‘Èß§«“¡ ß —¬‡°’Ë¬«°—∫∫ÿ§§≈¥—ß°≈à“«·≈–‡≈◊Õ°‡™◊ËÕ‰ª„π∑“ßÀπ÷Ëß´÷Ëß¡—°®–‡ªìπ‰ª„π∑“ß∑’Ë¥’·∑π §«“¡À¡“¬∑—Èß Õß≈—°…≥–π—ÈπÀ“°‡√“π”¡“„™â„π√Ÿªª√–‚¬§Õ“®®–„™â‰¥â¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È

The court gave the defendant benefits of thedoubt and acquitted the defendant, because therewas no evidence directly relating the defendantto the crime. (»“≈¬°ª√–‚¬™πå·Ààß§«“¡ ß —¬„Àâ·°à®”‡≈¬·≈–µ—¥ ‘π¬°øÑÕß®”‡≈¬‡æ√“–«à“‰¡à¡’æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π∑’Ë‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß®”‡≈¬°—∫°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥‰¥â‚¥¬µ√ß)

Although we are not so sure why the governmenthas carried out such controversial policy, wegive the government benefits of the doubt, andtry our best to fulfill the governmentûs goal.(·¡â«à“‡√“‰¡à·πà„®π—°«à“∑”‰¡√—∞∫“≈∂÷ß‰¥â¥”‡π‘ππ‚¬∫“¬∑’Ë‡ªìπ∑’Ë«‘æ“°…å«‘®“√≥å‡™àππ—Èπ ·µà‡√“¬°ª√–‚¬™πå·Ààß§«“¡


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ß —¬„Àâ·°à√—∞∫“≈·≈–æ¬“¬“¡Õ¬à“ß‡µÁ¡∑’Ë∑’Ë®–∑”„Àâ∫√√≈ÿ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬¢Õß√—∞∫“≈)

§√“«π’È¡“∂÷ß«≈’Õ’°§”Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë ‰¥â°≈à“«∂÷ß‰ª·≈â«·µà¬—ß‰¡à‰¥âæŸ¥∂÷ß√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥‰¥â·°à«≈’∑’Ë«à“ Preponderance of the evidence «≈’¥—ß°≈à“«‡ªìπ¡“µ√∞“π°“√π” ◊∫æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π„π§¥’·æàß ´÷ËßÕ“®„Àâ§«“¡À¡“¬‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ

çEvidence that is of greater weight or more convincingthan the evidence that is offered in opposition to it.é(æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π∑’Ë¡’πÈ”Àπ—°À√◊Õπà“‡™◊ËÕ¡“°°«à“æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π∑’Ëπ” ◊∫‡æ◊ËÕÀ—°≈â“ßæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π¥—ß°≈à“«)

‡√“Õ“®°≈à“«‚¥¬√«¡‰¥â«à“°“√π” ◊∫æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπçPreponderance of the evidenceé ®–µâÕß‡ªìπ°“√π” ◊∫æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π„Àâ¡’πÈ”Àπ—°πà“‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ°«à“æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π∑’Ë§Ÿà§«“¡Õ’°ΩÉ“¬Àπ÷Ëßπ” ◊∫ §”«à“ Preponderance µ“¡ª°µ‘À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ SuperiorÀ√◊Õ°“√∑’Ë¡’≈—°…≥–∑’Ë¥’°«à“ ¡“°°«à“ °“√∑’Ë¥’°«à“À√◊Õ¡“°°«à“„π∑’Ëπ’È®÷ßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß°“√¥’°«à“¡“°°«à“„π‡™‘ß¢Õß çπÈ”Àπ—°é ¢Õßæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π(weight of evidence) ∑’Ë§Ÿà§«“¡·µà≈–ΩÉ“¬π” ◊∫ ‚¥¬°“√æ‘®“√≥“™—ËßπÈ”Àπ—°æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π∑’Ë«à“π’ÈÕ“®°≈à“«‰¥â«à“¡’ªí®®—¬„π°“√æ‘®“√≥“¥—ßπ’È

1. Opportunity for knowledge of the witnessesÀ√◊Õ‚Õ°“ ∑’Ëæ¬“ππ—Èπ®– “¡“√∂√ŸâÀ√◊Õ‡¢â“∂÷ß¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ëπ”¡“‡∫‘°§«“¡À√◊Õπ” ◊∫ ‚¥¬æ‘®“√≥“®“° ¿“ææƒµ‘°“√≥å„π¢≥–∑’Ë‡°‘¥‡Àµÿ°“√≥å¢Õß¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë®–π”¡“‡∫‘°§«“¡«à“®–


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∑”„Àâæ¬“ππ—Èπ “¡“√∂√ŸâÀ√◊Õ‡¢â“∂÷ß¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ëµπ‡∫‘°§«“¡∂÷ßπ—Èπ‰¥â‡æ’¬ß„¥

2. Information possessed by the witnesses À√◊Õ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ëæ¬“π·µà≈–§π√Ÿâ‡ÀÁπ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë®–‡∫‘°§«“¡«à“‡ªìπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠À√◊Õ‡°’Ë¬«æ—π°—∫ª√–‡¥Áπ„π§¥’¡“°πâÕ¬‡æ’¬ß„¥

3. Manner of testifying À√◊Õ≈—°…≥–°‘√‘¬“Õ“°“√¢Õßæ¬“π„π¢≥–∑’Ë‡∫‘°§«“¡„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ëµπ√Ÿâ‡ÀÁπ¡“

πÈ”Àπ—°¢Õßæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π (weight of evidence) ¥—ß°≈à“«¡“π’È‰¡à ‰¥â¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫®”π«π¢Õßæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π∑’Ë§Ÿà§«“¡ΩÉ“¬Àπ÷Ëßπ” ◊∫‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫®”π«π¢Õßæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π∑’ËÕ’°ΩÉ“¬Àπ÷Ëßπ” ◊∫ ·¡â«à“§Ÿà§«“¡ΩÉ“¬Àπ÷Ëß®–π” ◊∫æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π¡“°°«à“Õ’°ΩÉ“¬Àπ÷Ëß°ÁÕ“®®–‰¡à ‰¥â∑”„Àâ¡’πÈ”Àπ—°πà“‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ¡“°°«à“ΩÉ“¬∑’Ëπ” ◊∫æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“ππâÕ¬°«à“°Á‰¥â‡√“Õ“®π”«≈’¥—ß°≈à“«¡“„™â‰¥â¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È

The manufacturer of the car has proved by thepreponderance of the evidence that the car was notdefective by adducing an automotive engineeringprofessor, while the injured party adduced only fiveamateur auto hobbyists. (ºŸâº≈‘µ√∂¬πµå‰¥âæ‘ Ÿ®πå®π¡’πÈ”Àπ—°πà“‡™◊ËÕ¡“°°«à“«à“√∂¬πµå§—π¥—ß°≈à“«‰¡à ‰¥â™”√ÿ¥∫°æ√àÕß¥â«¬°“√π” ◊∫»“ µ√“®“√¬å∑“ß¥â“π«‘»«°√√¡¬“π¬πµå „π¢≥–∑’ËºŸâ‡ ’¬À“¬π” ◊∫‡æ’¬ßºŸâ∑’Ë∑”ß“π‡°’Ë¬«°—∫√∂¬πµå‡ªìπß“πÕ¥‘‡√°®”π«πÀâ“§π)


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The plaintiffûs evidence carries greater weightthan that of the defendant, and thereby proves bythe preponderance of the evidence. (æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π¢Õß‚®∑°å¡’πÈ”Àπ—°¡“°°«à“æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π¢Õß®”‡≈¬·≈–¥â«¬‡Àµÿπ’È®÷ß∂◊Õ«à“‚®∑°åæ‘ Ÿ®πå®ππà“‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ¡“°°«à“)

”À√—∫§”µàÕ‰ª∑’Ë®–¢Õπ”¡“°≈à“«∂÷ß„π∑’Ëπ’È§◊Õ§”«à“ Due care´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß§«“¡√–¡—¥√–«—ßÕ—π ¡§«√ ‚¥¬°àÕπÀπâ“π’È‡√“‰¥âæŸ¥∂÷ß·≈â««à“°“√æ‘®“√≥“∂÷ß§«“¡ª√–¡“∑π—Èπ®–µâÕßæ‘®“√≥“®“°¡“µ√∞“π¢Õß A reasonably prudent person À√◊Õ∫ÿ§§≈ ÷Ëß¡’§«“¡√–¡—¥√–«—ßµ“¡ ¡§«√ „π à«ππ’È‡√“®–¡“¥Ÿ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥„Àâ¡“°¢÷Èπ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫§«“¡√–¡—¥√–«—ß∑’Ë‡√“®–µâÕß„™â„π ∂“π°“√≥å·µà≈–ª√–‡¿∑‡æ◊ËÕ∑’Ë®–∑”„Àâ°“√°√–∑”¢Õß‡√“‰¡à°≈“¬‡ªìπ°“√°√–∑”‚¥¬ª√–¡“∑‡≈‘π‡≈àÕ§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß§”«à“ Due care π’ÈÕ“®®–æÕ √ÿª‰¥â«à“À¡“¬∂÷ß

çThe degree of care that is ordinarily expectedto be exercised by a reasonable person in order toprevent and avoid any harm under the same or similarcircumstances.é (√–¥—∫¢Õß§«“¡√–¡—¥√–«—ß∑’Ëµ“¡ª°µ‘æ÷ß§“¥À¡“¬«à“«‘≠êŸ™π∑—Ë«‰ª®–„™â‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—πÀ√◊ÕÀ≈’°‡≈’Ë¬ßÕ—πµ√“¬¿“¬„µâ ∂“π°“√≥å∑’Ë‡À¡◊ÕπÀ√◊Õ§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—π)

”À√—∫§”«à“ Due ∑’Ë„™â√à«¡°—∫§”«à“ care „π∑’Ëπ’Èπ—Èπ À“°‡√“æ‘®“√≥“§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß§”«à“ due π’È‚¥¬‡©æ“– „π§«“¡À¡“¬Àπ÷Ëß®–À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ ç‡À¡“– ¡À√◊Õ properé ç‡ªìπ∏√√¡À√◊Õ justéçµ“¡ª°µ‘À√◊Õ regularé ç∂Ÿ°À√◊Õ™Õ∫¥â«¬°ÆÀ¡“¬À√◊Õ lawfulé


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‡æ◊ËÕ„™âÕ∏‘∫“¬§ÿ≥≈—°…≥–¢Õß§”π“¡∑’Ëµ“¡¡“«à“¡’§«“¡‡À¡“– ¡ ‡ªìπ∏√√¡‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡ª°µ‘À√◊Õ™Õ∫¥â«¬°ÆÀ¡“¬·≈â« ‡™àπ

Due notice should be given before we can terminatethe contract. (§«√µâÕß àß§”∫Õ°°≈à“«‚¥¬™Õ∫°àÕπ∑’Ë‡√“®– “¡“√∂∫Õ°‡≈‘° —≠≠“‰¥â)

The defendant is entitled to a due process to ensurethat his side of the story is properly heard.(®”‡≈¬¡’ ‘∑∏‘‰¥â√—∫°“√¥”‡π‘π°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“∑’Ë‡ªìπ∏√√¡‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπÀ≈—°ª√–°—π«à“‡√◊ËÕß√“«¢Õß‡¢“®–‰¥â√—∫°“√√—∫øíß‚¥¬™Õ∫)

With due respect to the opinion that has justbeen expressed by my senior colleague, I stronglydisagree because I think the law should not beinterpreted that way. (¥â«¬§«“¡‡§“√æµàÕ§«“¡‡ÀÁπ∑’Ë‡æ◊ËÕπ√à«¡ß“πºŸâÕ“«ÿ‚ ¢Õßº¡‡æ‘Ëß· ¥ßÕÕ°‰ª º¡‰¡à‡ÀÁπ¥â«¬Õ¬à“ß¡“°‡æ√“–º¡§‘¥«à“‡√“‰¡à§«√µ’§«“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬„π∑”πÕßπ—Èπ)

„πÕ’°§«“¡À¡“¬Àπ÷Ëß §”«à“ Due π’ÈÕ“®®–À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√∑’ËÀπ’È∂÷ß°”Àπ¥™”√–·≈â« (·µà„π§«“¡À¡“¬Õ¬à“ß°«â“ß §”«à“ Due π’ÈÕ“®®–À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√∑’Ë¡’Àπ’ÈµàÕ°—π ‰¡à«à“Àπ’Èπ—Èπ®–∂÷ß°”Àπ¥™”√–·≈â«À√◊Õ‰¡à°Á‰¥â)‡™àπ

The loan is due today. If the borrower fails torepay the loan, he has to pay the default interest


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at the rate of 20% per annum. (‡ß‘π°Ÿâ∂÷ß°”Àπ¥™”√–«—ππ’È À“°ºŸâ°Ÿâ ‰¡à™”√–§◊π‡ß‘π°Ÿâ ºŸâ°Ÿâ®–µâÕß™”√–¥Õ°‡∫’È¬º‘¥π—¥„πÕ—µ√“√âÕ¬≈– 20 µàÕªï)

§”µàÕ‰ª∑’Ë®–¢Õπ”¡“°≈à“«∂÷ß„π∑’Ëπ’È§◊Õ§”«à“ Nonsuit ÷Ëß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“‡ªìπ A judgment against a plaintiff for failure toprosecute a case or inability to establish a prima facie case.À√◊Õ§”æ‘æ“°…“∑’Ë‡ªìπº≈√â“¬µàÕΩÉ“¬‚®∑°å ”À√—∫°“√∑’Ë‚®∑°å ‰¡à¥”‡π‘π°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“À√◊Õ‰¡à “¡“√∂· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ„π‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ«à“§¥’¢Õßµπ¡’¡Ÿ≈À√◊ÕÕ“®°≈à“«‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ§”æ‘æ“°…“¬°øÑÕß‚®∑°å‡æ’¬ß·µà “‡Àµÿ¢Õß°“√¬°øÑÕßπ—Èπ¬—ß‰¡à‰¥â‡ªìπ„π™—Èπ∑’Ë¡’°“√ ◊∫æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“πµà“ßÊ ®πÀ¡¥ ‘Èπ·≈â« ·≈–‰¡à‰¥â‡ªìπ°“√∑’Ë»“≈æ‘æ“°…“¬°øÑÕß‚®∑°å ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡ÀÁπ«à“æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π¢Õß®”‡≈¬¡’πÈ”Àπ—°πà“‡™◊ËÕ°«à“ °“√¬°øÑÕß„π≈—°…≥–¢ÕßNonsuit π’ÈÕ“®®–‡ªìπ°“√¬°øÑÕß‡æ’¬ß‡æ√“–«à“»“≈°”Àπ¥„Àâ‚®∑°åµâÕß¥”‡π‘π°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷ËßÕ¬à“ß„¥ ·≈â«‚®∑°å‰¡à¥”‡π‘π°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“π—Èπ¿“¬„π‡«≈“∑’Ë»“≈°”Àπ¥ À√◊ÕÕ“®®–‡ªìπ°√≥’∑’Ë®“°§”øÑÕß¢Õß‚®∑°å‰¡àª√“°Ø«à“§¥’¡’¡Ÿ≈‡æ’¬ßæÕ∑’Ë®–¥”‡π‘πµàÕ‰ª

§”»—æ∑åµàÕ‰ª∑’Ëπà“ π„®§◊Õ§”«à“ Adduce À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ Tooffer as proof or evidence. À√◊Õ°“√π” ◊∫‡ªìπ¢âÕæ‘ Ÿ®πåÀ√◊Õ‡ªìπæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π‡æ◊ËÕ π—∫ πÿπ¢âÕÕâ“ßÀ√◊Õ¢âÕµàÕ Ÿâ¢Õßµπ §”Õ◊Ëπ∑’ËÕ“®¡’§«“¡À¡“¬„°≈â‡§’¬ß°—π‡™àπ§”«à“ to present evidence, to giveevidence, to introduce evidence ‡ªìπµâπ

The plaintiff has adduced an expert witness totestify on the issue of technical malfunction of the car.


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(‚®∑°åπ” ◊∫æ¬“πºŸâ‡™’Ë¬«™“≠ ÷Ëß‡∫‘°§«“¡„πª√–‡¥Áπ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß√∂¬πµå∑’Ë¡’§«“¡º‘¥æ≈“¥∑“ß‡∑§π‘§)

The defendant fails to adduce evidence capable ofestablishing that the defendant used due care inhandling the construction. (®”‡≈¬‰¡à “¡“√∂π” ◊∫æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“πæ‘ Ÿ®πå„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“®”‡≈¬‰¥â„™â§«“¡√–¡—¥√–«—ßÕ—π ¡§«√„π°“√¥Ÿ·≈°“√°àÕ √â“ß)

The evidence given to the Commission does notsupport the decision made by the Commission.(æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π∑’Ë ‰¥â„ÀâµàÕ§≥–°√√¡“∏‘°“√‰¡à ‰¥â π—∫ πÿπ§”µ—¥ ‘π¢Õß§≥–°√√¡“∏‘°“√·µàÕ¬à“ß„¥)

The plaintiff presented evidence upon which thecourt can find a pattern of discrimination againstwoman. (‚®∑°åπ”‡ πÕæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π ÷Ëß»“≈ “¡“√∂√—∫øíß‰¥â«à“¡’√Ÿª·∫∫¢Õß°“√‡≈◊Õ°ªØ‘∫—µ‘∑’Ë‰¡à‡ªìπ∏√√¡µàÕºŸâÀ≠‘ß)

§” ÿ¥∑â“¬„π à«ππ’È§◊Õ§”«à“ Circumstantial evidence À√◊Õæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π·«¥≈âÕ¡´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß Evidence that tends to prove a factby proving other events or circumstances which afford abasis for a reasonable inference of the occurrence of the factat issue. À√◊Õæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π∑’Ë¡ÿàßæ‘ Ÿ®πå¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ßÕ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß¥â«¬°“√æ‘ Ÿ®πå‡Àµÿ°“√≥åÀ√◊Õ ¿“æ°“√≥åÕ◊Ëπ∑’Ë®– “¡“√∂„™â‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∞“πÕ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß ”À√—∫∫∑ √ÿª∑’Ë«à“¡’¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ß∑’Ë‡ªìπª√–‡¥Áπ·Ààß§¥’¥—ß°≈à“«‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡™àπ æ¬“π∑’Ë‡ÀÁπ®”‡≈¬«‘ËßÕÕ°¡“®“°∑’Ë‡°‘¥‡Àµÿ¿“¬À≈—ß®“°∑’Ë‡ ’¬ßªóπ¥—ß¢÷Èπ‚¥¬æ¬“π‰¡à‰¥â‡ÀÁπ¢≥–∑’Ë®”‡≈¬¬‘ßªóπ


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Criminal Law

The substantive criminal lawdefines murder, larceny,rape, burglary and all theother specific offenses. Itdeals with general principlesof liabilities to punishmentand the limitations of suchliability by special defenses,such as insanity or self-defense. Criminal procedureis the formal machinerywhich has been establishedto enforce the substantivecriminal law. Its broad out-lines include (1) accusationof crime, (2) determinationof guilt or innocence and(3) disposition of thoseconvicted. Within these broadoutlines are found manyprovisions which include

°ÆÀ¡“¬ “√∫—≠≠—µ‘∑“ßÕ“≠“„Àâπ‘¬“¡§”«à“ ¶à“§πµ“¬‚¥¬‡®µπ“≈—°∑√—æ¬å ¢à¡¢◊π ≈—°∑√—æ¬å„π∑’Ë√‚À∞“π·≈–¢âÕÀ“‡©æ“–‡®“–®ßÕ◊ËπÊ °ÆÀ¡“¬¬—ß°”Àπ¥‡°’Ë¬«°—∫À≈—°∑—Ë«‰ª¢Õß§«“¡√—∫º‘¥∑’Ë®–µâÕß√—∫‚∑…·≈–¢âÕ®”°—¥¢Õß§«“¡√—∫º‘¥¥—ß°≈à“«Õ—π‡π◊ËÕß®“°¢âÕµàÕ Ÿâæ‘‡»… ‡™àπ ®‘µ∫°æ√àÕßÀ√◊Õøíòπ‡øóÕπ À√◊ÕªÑÕß°—π«‘∏’æ‘®“≥“§«“¡Õ“≠“‡ªìπ°≈‰°Õ¬à“ß‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√∑’Ë°àÕµ—Èß¢÷Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ∫—ß§—∫°“√„Àâ‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬ “√∫—≠≠—µ‘∑“ßÕ“≠“‚§√ß√à“ßÕ¬à“ß°«â“ß¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬¥—ß°≈à“«√«¡∂÷ß (1) °“√°≈à“«À“‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“ (2) °“√µ—¥ ‘π§«“¡º‘¥À√◊Õ§«“¡∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï ·≈– (3) °“√®—¥°“√‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ºŸâ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µ—¥ ‘π«à“¡’§«“¡º‘¥ ¿“¬„µâ‚§√ß√à“ßÕ¬à“ß


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among others, the complaint,warrant of arrest, arrest(with or without a warrant),preliminary examination,commitment (or release onbail or discharge at thispoint) ..., indictment orinformation, arraignment,pleading, motion for newtrial, appeal, execution ofsentence, probation, paroleand pardon; to whichmight be added, withoutexhausting the list, such termsas habeas corpus, coram

nobis, and extradition.15

15 Rollin M. Perkins and Ronald N. Boyce, CRIMINAL LAW (3rd

Ed.) p.1.

°«â“ß‡À≈à“π’È®–æ∫∫∑∫—≠≠—µ‘À≈“¬ª√–°“√ „π∫√√¥“∑’Ë ‘Ëß∑’Ë‰¥â∫—≠≠—µ‘‰«â®–√«¡∂÷ß§”øÑÕßÀ¡“¬®—∫ °“√®—∫ (‰¡à«à“®–¡’À√◊Õ‰¡à¡’À¡“¬®—∫) °“√µ√«® Õ∫‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ ¢âÕºŸ°¡—¥ (À√◊Õ°“√ª≈àÕ¬‚¥¬¡’ª√–°—πÀ√◊Õ°“√ª≈àÕ¬µ—«‰ª ≥ ®ÿ¥π’È) ... °“√øÑÕß‚¥¬¡’§”«‘π‘®©—¬§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ«à“§¥’¡’¡Ÿ≈ °“√øÑÕß‚¥¬‰¡àµâÕß‰µà «π¡Ÿ≈øÑÕß °“√°≈à“«‚∑… §”√âÕß¢Õ„Àâ ◊∫æ¬“π„À¡à °“√Õÿ∑∏√≥å°“√∫—ß§—∫‚∑… °“√§ÿ¡ª√–æƒµ‘°“√æ—°°“√≈ß‚∑…·≈–°“√Õ¿—¬‚∑… πÕ°®“°π—Èπ§”π‘¬“¡Õ’°∫“ß à«π∑’ËÕ“®‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡‰ª‰¥âÕ’°‡™àπ °“√æ‘®“√≥“°“√§ÿ¡¢—ß‚¥¬¡‘™Õ∫ °“√¢Õ„Àâæ‘®“√≥“§¥’„À¡à °“√ àßºŸâ√â“¬¢â“¡·¥π


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Murder

„π∫∑π’È®–‡ªìπ∫∑§«“¡·≈–§”»—æ∑å∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“∑’Ë¡’§”∑’Ëπà“ π„®∑—Èß„π·ßà¢Õß§«“¡À¡“¬·≈–°“√π”‰ª„™â §”·√°§◊Õ§”«à“ çmurderé À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∞“π¶à“§πµ“¬‚¥¬‡®µπ“Õß§åª√–°Õ∫ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë®–∑”„Àâ°“√°√–∑”‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥∞“ππ’È §◊ÕºŸâ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥µâÕß°√–∑”‚¥¬¡’Õß§åª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“ çmaliceaforethoughté À√◊Õ°“√°√–∑”°“√„¥Ê ‚¥¬¡’‡®µπ“∑’Ë®–°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥‡™àππ—Èπ À“°‡∑’¬∫‡§’¬ß°—∫§«“¡º‘¥µ“¡ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë‡ªìπ murder π’ÈÕ“®‡∑’¬∫‰¥â°—∫§«“¡º‘¥µ“¡¡“µ√“ 288πà“®–„°≈â‡§’¬ß∑’Ë ÿ¥‡æ√“–∑—Èß Õß°√≥’µà“ß‡ªìπ°“√ ç¶à“é ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ‚¥¬‡®µπ“‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—π

§«“¡º‘¥∞“π¶à“§πµ“¬∑’Ë‡ªìπ murder π’ÈÕ“®‡°‘¥¡’‰¥âÀ≈“¬ª√–‡¿∑ ª√–‡¿∑·√°‡√’¬°«à“ First degree murder ≈—°…≥–·√°¢Õß°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë‡ªìπ First degree murder §◊Õ„π°√≥’§«“¡º‘¥∞“π¶à“§πµ“¬‚¥¬‰µ√àµ√Õß‰«â°àÕπ ÷Ëß§«“¡À¡“¬„π¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…®–„™â§”«à“çMurder committed with deliberately premeditated maliceaforethought.é ¥—ßπ—Èπ πÕ°®“°®–µâÕß¡’Õß§åª√–°Õ∫¢Õß ç‡®µπ“é„π§«“¡º‘¥∞“π∑’Ë‡ªìπ murder µ“¡ª°µ‘·≈â« ‡®µπ“¥—ß°≈à“«®–µâÕß¡’≈—°…≥–¢Õß°“√‰µ√àµ√Õß«“ß·ºπ‰«â≈à«ßÀπâ“¥â«¬ ‡æ√“–§”«à“çpremeditatedé „π∑’Ëπ’È¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“°“√§‘¥«à“®–°√–∑”°“√ ‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß ‘Ëß„¥‰«â≈à«ßÀπâ“ À“°‡∑’¬∫‡§’¬ß°—∫§«“¡º‘¥µ“¡ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë‡ªìπ First degree murder „π§«“¡À¡“¬≈—°…≥–·√°π’Èπà“®–‡∑’¬∫‡§’¬ß‰¥â°—∫§«“¡º‘¥µ“¡¡“µ√“ 289 (4) ´÷Ëß‡ªìπ°√≥’∑’ËçºŸâ„¥¶à“ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ‚¥¬‰µ√àµ√Õß‰«â°àÕπé


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Eric is charged with first degree murder becausehe planned how he would kill Danny since lastmonth. (‡Õ√‘§∂Ÿ°µ—Èß¢âÕÀ“«à“°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∞“π¶à“§πµ“¬‚¥¬‰µ√àµ√Õß‰«â°àÕπ ‡æ√“–«à“‡¢“‰¥â«“ß·ºπ°“√«à“µπ®–≈ß¡◊Õ¶à“·¥ππ’ËÕ¬à“ß‰√µ—Èß·µà‡¡◊ËÕ‡¥◊Õπ∑’Ë·≈â«)

≈—°…≥–ª√–°“√∑’Ë Õß¢Õß°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ Firstdegree murder ¬—ß√«¡∂÷ß°√≥’∑’Ë°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∞“π¶à“§πµ“¬‚¥¬¡’‡Àµÿ©°√√®å∑’Ë¡’≈—°…≥–∑“√ÿ≥‚À¥√â“¬ §«“¡À¡“¬„π¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ… ”À√—∫°√≥’π’È®–„™â§”«à“ çMurder committed with extreme atrocityor cruelty, or the commission of a crime punishable withdeath or imprisonment for life.é ∑—Èß§”«à“ çatrocityé ·≈–§”«à“çcrueltyé µà“ßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß§«“¡∑“√ÿ≥‚À¥√â“¬¥â«¬°—π∑—Èß Õß§” ‚¥¬§«“¡∑“√ÿ≥‚À¥√â“¬∑’Ë®–∑”„Àâ°“√ ç¶à“é ‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë‡ªìπ Firstdegree murder ®–µâÕß¡’≈—°…≥–∑’Ë extreme À√◊Õ¡“°‡ªìπæ‘‡»…°«à“§«“¡∑“√ÿ≥‚À¥√â“¬∑—Ë«Ê ‰ª¥â«¬ „π·ßàπ’ÈÕ“®‡∑’¬∫‡§’¬ß‰¥â°—∫§«“¡º‘¥µ“¡ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“ ¡“µ√“ 289 (5) ´÷Ëß‡ªìπ°√≥’∑’Ë çºŸâ„¥¶à“ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ‚¥¬∑√¡“πÀ√◊Õ‚¥¬°√–∑”∑“√ÿ≥‚À¥√â“¬é

≈—°…≥–ª√–°“√∑’Ë “¡¢Õß°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ Firstdegree murder ‰¥â·°à °√≥’∑’Ë‡ªìπ°“√¶à“ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ„π√–À«à“ß∑’ËºŸâ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥π—Èπ°”≈—ß°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥À√◊Õæ¬“¬“¡°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ◊Ëπ∑’Ë¡’‚∑…√â“¬·√ß ‚¥¬‡©æ“–„π°√≥’∑’Ë§«“¡º‘¥Õ◊Ëππ—Èπ¡’‚∑…ª√–À“√™’«‘µÀ√◊Õ®”§ÿ°µ≈Õ¥™’«‘µ çMurder committed in the commissionor attempted commission of a crime punishable with death


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or imprisonment for life.é §”«à“ çpunishable with deathé„π∑’Ëπ’È¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß‚∑…ª√–À“√™’«‘µ ÷Ëß∫“ß§√—ÈßÕ“®‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπCapital punishment °Á‰¥â à«π§”«à“ çimprisonment for lifeéπ—ÈπÀ¡“¬∂÷ß§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë¡’‚∑…®”§ÿ°µ≈Õ¥™’«‘µ §«“¡º‘¥≈—°…≥–π’È®÷ßÕ“®‡∑’¬∫‡§’¬ß‰¥â°—∫§«“¡º‘¥µ“¡ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“ ¡“µ√“ 289 (6)·≈– (7)

John is charged with first degree murder becausehe killed the security guard before he took awaythe gold necklaces that were put on show in theshop. (®ÕÀåπ¶à“æπ—°ß“π√—°…“§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬°àÕπ∑’Ë®–≈ß¡◊Õ‡Õ“ √âÕ¬§Õ∑Õß§”∑’Ë®—¥· ¥ß‰«â„π√â“π‰ª)

Larceny

§”µàÕ¡“§◊Õ§”«à“ Larceny ‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥∞“π≈—°∑√—æ¬å ‚¥¬Õß§åª√–°Õ∫ ”§—≠∑’Ë∑”„Àâ°“√°√–∑”Àπ÷Ëß‡¢â“≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“ Larceny §◊Õ

°“√∑’ËºŸâ°√–∑”‰¥â‡Õ“∑√—æ¬å¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ‰ª À√◊Õ Takingaway of the property

°“√‡Õ“∑√—æ¬å‰ª¥—ß°≈à“«π—Èπ®–µâÕß‡ªìπ°“√‡Õ“‰ª‚¥¬‰¡à‰¥â√—∫§«“¡¬‘π¬Õ¡À√◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√ΩÉ“ΩóπµàÕ‡®µ®”πß¢Õß‡®â“¢ÕßÀ√◊ÕºŸâ§√Õ∫§√Õß∑√—æ¬åπ—Èπ À√◊Õ Without the consent oragainst the will of the owner or possessor ·≈–

¡’‡®µπ“Õ—π¡‘™Õ∫∑’Ë®–π”∑√—æ¬åπ—Èπ‰ª„™â‡æ◊ËÕª√–‚¬™πå¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊ËππÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°ºŸâ∑’Ë‡ªìπ‡®â“¢Õß∑√—æ¬åπ—Èπ À√◊Õ With


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a felonious intent to convert the property to theuse of someone other than the owner.

§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“ Larceny π’È¬—ßÕ“®·∫àß·¬°ÕÕ°‰ª‰¥âÕ’°À≈“¬ª√–‡¿∑¥â«¬°—π °“√·∫àßª√–‡¿∑«‘∏’°“√Àπ÷Ëß§◊Õ°“√·∫àß‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“ Grand Larceny ·≈– Petit Larceny ¢âÕ·µ°µà“ß√–À«à“ß§«“¡º‘¥∑—Èß Õßª√–‡¿∑π’È —ß‡°µ‰¥â®“°§”∑’Ëπ”Àπâ“∞“π§«“¡º‘¥§◊Õ§”«à“ Grand ·≈–§”«à“ Petit ∑”„ÀâÕ“®§“¥∂÷ß§«“¡À¡“¬‰¥â‰¡à¬“°π—° ‡æ√“–§”«à“ Grand ¬àÕ¡∫àß∫Õ°≈—°…≥–∑’Ë„À≠à‚µæÕ ¡§«√„π¢≥–∑’Ë§”«à“ Petit ‡ªìπ§”∑’Ë¡“®“°¿“…“Ω√—Ëß‡» ´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ „π°√≥’¡’°“√·∫àß§«“¡º‘¥‡ªìπ Õßª√–‡¿∑π’È®÷ß®–¥Ÿ∑’Ëç¡Ÿ≈§à“À√◊Õ√“§“é ¢Õß ‘Ëß∑’Ë∂Ÿ°≈—°‡Õ“‡ªìπ ”§—≠«à“¡’®”π«π¡“°À√◊ÕπâÕ¬ °«à“‡°≥±å∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°”Àπ¥‰«â ‡™àπ „π∫“ß·Ààß Õ“®®–°”Àπ¥„Àâ‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥∞“π Grand Larceny À“°¡Ÿ≈§à“À√◊Õ√“§“¢Õß∑√—æ¬å∑’Ë∂Ÿ°≈—°‡Õ“‰ª‡°‘π°«à“ 100 ‡À√’¬≠ ‡ªìπµâπ

§«“¡º‘¥≈—°…≥–Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ Larceny ·µà‡¡◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“≈—°…≥–°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥·≈â«®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“§àÕπ¢â“ß„°≈â‡§’¬ß°—∫§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë„πª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“¢Õß‡√“®—¥Õ¬Ÿà„πÀ¡«¥∞“π¬—°¬Õ°∑’Ë∫“ß§√—Èß‡√“„™â·∑π¥â«¬»—æ∑å«à“ Misappropriation §«“¡º‘¥≈—°…≥–¥—ß°≈à“«§◊Õ §«“¡º‘¥∞“π∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“ Larceny of property lost ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß°√≥’∑’Ë∫ÿ§§≈„¥∫ÿ§§≈Àπ÷Ëß‰¥â§√Õ∫§√Õß∑√—æ¬å ‘π¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ∑’Ë Ÿ≠À“¬‰ª ·≈â«‰¡à ‰¥â¥”‡π‘π°“√„¥Ê ∑’Ë®–∑”„Àâ∑√—æ¬å ‘ππ—Èπ°≈—∫‰ª Ÿà°“√§√Õ∫§√Õß¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë¡’ ‘∑∏‘‚¥¬¡’‡®µπ“∑’Ë®–∑”„Àâ‡®â“¢Õß∑√—æ¬åπ—Èπ‡ ’¬∑√—æ¬åπ—Èπ‰ª


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à«π§«“¡º‘¥„π≈—°…≥–∑’Ëª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“ ¡“µ√“ 352«√√§ Õß°”Àπ¥‰«âπÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°°“√¬—°¬Õ°∑√—æ¬å ‘πÀ“¬Õ’° à«πÀπ÷Ëß§◊Õ °“√¬—°¬Õ°∑√—æ¬å ‘π∑’ËºŸâÕ◊Ëπ àß¡Õ∫„Àâ‚¥¬ ”§—≠º‘¥π—Èπ®–§àÕπ¢â“ß§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—∫§«“¡º‘¥∞“π∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“ Larceny of property mislaidor delivered by mistake ÷Ëß‰¥â·°à °“√∑’Ë∫ÿ§§≈Àπ÷Ëß‡Õ“∑√—æ¬å∑’Ëµπ√ŸâÀ√◊Õ§«√√Ÿâ«à“‡ªìπ∑√—æ¬å∑’Ë¡’ºŸâ àß„Àâµπ‡Õß‚¥¬ ”§—≠º‘¥‰ª ‰¡à«à“°“√ ”§—≠º‘¥π—Èπ®–‡ªìπ°“√ ”§—≠º‘¥„π‡√◊ËÕß≈—°…≥–¢Õß∑√—æ¬å (Nature ofthe property) ®”π«π¢Õß∑√—æ¬å (Amount of the property) À√◊Õµ—«ºŸâ√—∫¡Õ∫∑√—æ¬åπ—Èπ (Identity of the recipient) ‡™àπ Õ“®®– ”§—≠º‘¥«à“µâÕß àß¡Õ∫¡â“‡æ’¬ß Õßµ—« ·µà°≈—∫ àß¡Õ∫„Àâ “¡µ—« À“°ºŸâ√—∫‡Õ“¡â“µ—«∑’Ë “¡‰ª¢“¬‚¥¬∑’Ë√ŸâÀ√◊Õ§«√√Ÿâ«à“§«“¡®√‘ß·≈â«µπ‡Õß¡’ ‘∑∏‘√—∫¡Õ∫¡â“‡æ’¬ß Õßµ—« °“√°√–∑”¥—ß°≈à“«°ÁÕ“®‡¢â“≈—°…≥–‡ªìπLarceny of property delivered by mistake ‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫°√≥’∑’Ëπ“¬ °. àß¡Õ∫¡â“„Àâπ“¬ ¢. ‚¥¬‡¢â“„®º‘¥«à“π“¬ ¢. §◊Õπ“¬ §. ´÷Ëß§«√®–‡ªìπºŸâ√—∫∑’Ë·∑â®√‘ß°Á®–‡¢â“≈—°…≥–°“√ àß¡Õ∫∑√—æ¬å‚¥¬ ”§—≠º‘¥‡°’Ë¬«°—∫µ—«ºŸâ√—∫ (Identity of the recipient)

Rape§”∑’Ë®–¢Õπ”¡“°≈à“«µàÕ‰ª§◊Õ§”«à“ Rape ´÷Ëßµ“¡ª°µ‘À¡“¬∂÷ß

§«“¡º‘¥∞“π¢à¡¢◊π°√–∑”™”‡√“ §«“¡À¡“¬∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬„πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“®–À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë‡ªìπ°“√¡’‡æ» —¡æ—π∏å°—∫ºŸâÀ≠‘ß‚¥¬∑’ËΩÉ“¬ºŸâÀ≠‘ß‰¡à ¡—§√„®∑’Ë®–¡’‡æ» —¡æ—π∏å¥â«¬ À√◊Õ‡√’¬°«à“ without her consent or against her will‚¥¬°ÆÀ¡“¬∫“ß©∫—∫®–°”Àπ¥‰«â‚¥¬‡©æ“–‡®“–®ß«à“ºŸâÀ≠‘ß∑’Ë¡’‡æ» —¡æ—π∏å¥â«¬¥—ß°≈à“«®–µâÕß‡ªìπÀ≠‘ßÕ◊Ëπ∑’Ë¡‘„™à¿√‘¬“¢ÕßΩÉ“¬™“¬


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°√≥’∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“ΩÉ“¬À≠‘ß¢“¥§«“¡ ¡—§√„® ‡™àπ °“√„™â°”≈—ß∫—ß§—∫ À√◊Õ Compel to submit by force °“√¢à¡¢Ÿà«à“®–¶à“ „™â°”≈—ß∑”√â“¬„Àâ ‰¥â√—∫Õ—πµ√“¬Õ¬à“ß

√â“¬·√ß „Àâ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡‡®Á∫ª«¥Õ¬à“ß¡“° À√◊Õ≈—°æ“µ—«‰ªÀ√◊ÕCompel to submit by threat of imminent death,seriously bodily injury, extreme pain or kidnapping

°“√§«∫§ÿ¡æƒµ‘°√√¡¢ÕßºŸâÀ≠‘ß‚¥¬∑’ËΩÉ“¬À≠‘ß‰¡à√Ÿâµ—«¥â«¬°“√«“ß¬“ °“√¡Õ¡¥â«¬ “√∑’Ë∑”„Àâ¡÷π‡¡“ À√◊Õ¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√Õ◊Ëπ„¥∑’Ë®–∑”„ÀâÕ¬Ÿà„π ¿“«–∑’Ë ‰¡à “¡“√∂¢—¥¢◊π‰¥âÀ√◊Õ Control her conduct by administering oremploying without her knowledge drugs, intoxicantsor other means for the purpose of preventingresistance

°“√°√–∑”„π¢≥–∑’ËºŸâÀ≠‘ß‰¡à¡’ µ‘ —¡ª™—≠≠– À√◊Õ Uncon-scious

§”»—æ∑åÕ’°§”Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫§”«à“ Rape §◊Õ§”«à“ Statutoryrape ÷Ëß∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∞“π¢à¡¢◊π°√–∑”™”‡√“Õ’°≈—°…≥–Àπ÷Ëß §”«à“ Statutory ‡ªìπ§”∑’Ë§ß®–æÕ∑√“∫°—πÕ¬Ÿà·≈â««à“¡“®“°§”«à“ Statute ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë∫—≠≠—µ‘¢÷Èπ ‡¡◊ËÕ∑”„ÀâÕ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª¢Õß§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å®÷ßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë∫—≠≠—µ‘¢÷Èπ‰«â ‡¡◊ËÕπ”¡“„™âª√–°Õ∫§”«à“ Rape ·≈–°≈“¬‡ªìπ§”«à“ Statutory rape ®÷ßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ°“√¢à¡¢◊π°√–∑”™”‡√“¥â«¬‡Àµÿ∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬°”Àπ¥‰«â‚¥¬‡©æ“– ·¡â«à“°“√°√–∑”À√◊Õæƒµ‘°√√¡∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®√‘ßÕ“®


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®–‰¡à ‰¥â¡’≈—°…≥–∑’Ë§√∫Õß§åª√–°Õ∫°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∞“π¢à¡¢◊π°√–∑”™”‡√“‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª Õß§åª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë ”§—≠§◊Õ‡√◊ËÕßÕ“¬ÿ¢ÕßÀ≠‘ß∑’Ë∂◊Õ«à“∂Ÿ°¢à¡¢◊π À“°À≠‘ß¡’Õ“¬ÿπâÕ¬°«à“‡°≥±å∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬°”Àπ¥‰«â·≈â«®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ°“√¢à¡¢◊π°√–∑”™”‡√“µ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬ ‰¡à«à“À≠‘ßπ—Èπ®–¬‘π¬Õ¡„π°“√¡’‡æ» —¡æ—π∏å¥â«¬À√◊Õ‰¡à°Áµ“¡ ∑—Èßπ’È‡æ◊ËÕ§ÿâ¡§√ÕßÀ≠‘ß∑’Ë¬—ß¡’Õ“¬ÿ‰¡à¡“°‡æ’¬ßæÕ∑’Ë®–„™â«‘®“√≥≠“≥¥â«¬µπ‡Õß

Model Penal Code

°àÕπ∑’Ë®–æŸ¥§ÿ¬°—πµàÕ∂÷ß§”µàÕÊ ‰ª ®–¢Õ°≈à“«∂÷ß‡Õ° “√ —°Àπ÷Ëß©∫—∫∑’Ë®–¡’º≈µàÕ°“√æŸ¥§ÿ¬·≈–∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®§”·≈–·π«§‘¥Õ’°À≈“¬Ê‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“ ‡Õ° “√¥—ß°≈à“«¡’™◊ËÕ‡√’¬°«à“ çModelPenal Codeé À√◊Õ çª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“·¡à·∫∫é øíß¥ŸÕ“®®–√Ÿâ ÷°·ª≈°Ê °—∫§π∑’Ë»÷°…“°ÆÀ¡“¬„π‡¡◊Õß‰∑¬¢Õß‡√“ ®–‡ªìπª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“°Áπà“®–‡√’¬° —ÈπÊ «à“ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬‰ª ∑”‰¡µâÕß¡’§”«à“ ç·¡à·∫∫é ´÷Ëß∂Õ¥§«“¡À¡“¬¡“®“°§”«à“ Model µàÕ∑â“¬Õ’°·µà ”À√—∫Õ’°À≈“¬§π∑’ËÕ“®®–§ÿâπ‡§¬°—∫√Ÿª·∫∫À√◊Õ«‘∏’°“√∑”ß“π¢ÕßÀπà«¬ß“π ‡™àπ§≥–°√√¡“∏‘°“√°ÆÀ¡“¬°“√§â“√–À«à“ßª√–‡∑»·Ààß Àª√–™“™“µ‘ (United Nations Commission on InternationalTrade Law À√◊Õ√Ÿâ®—°°—π„π™◊ËÕ¬àÕ«à“ UNCITRAL) ®–‰¡à§àÕ¬·ª≈°„®π—°‡æ√“–¡’·π«§‘¥∑’Ë§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—π UNCITRAL ‡Õß°Á¡’°“√®—¥∑” ç°ÆÀ¡“¬·¡à·∫∫é À≈“¬©∫—∫ ·µàÀ“°‡∑’¬∫ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å§«“¡‡ªìπ¡“°—π·≈â«Model Penal Code π’ÈÕ“®®–¡“°àÕπ‡ ’¬¥â«¬´È”‰ª

·π«§‘¥∑’Ë«à“§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—ππ’È§◊Õ°“√∑’Ë∑—Èßª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“·¡à·∫∫À√◊Õ°ÆÀ¡“¬·¡à·∫∫∑—ÈßÀ≈“¬‰¡à‰¥â‡ªìπ°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë¡’º≈„™â∫—ß§—∫


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°—∫ª√–™“™π‡À¡◊Õπ°ÆÀ¡“¬∑—Ë«Ê ‰ª∑’Ë‡√“√Ÿâ®—°§ÿâπ‡§¬°—π‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß¥’™◊ËÕ¢Õß‡Õ° “√°Á‰¥â ◊ËÕÕÕ°Õ¬Ÿà·≈â««à“‡ªìπ ç·∫∫é „ÀâºŸâ∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß„™â„π°“√»÷°…“·≈–ª√–°Õ∫°“√æ‘®“√≥“„π°“√∑”ß“π ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ°“√¬°√à“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬À√◊Õ°“√„™â°“√µ’§«“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬ „π°“√π”‰ª„™âπ’È®–„™â·∫∫π”∫∑∫—≠≠—µ‘∑—ÈßÀ¡¥‰ª∫√√®ÿ‰«â„π°ÆÀ¡“¬À√◊ÕÕ“®®–¥—¥·ª≈ß·°â‰¢‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡Õ¬à“ß‰√°Á‰¥â·≈â«·µà®–‡ÀÁπ ¡§«√

Àπà«¬ß“π∑’Ë¬°√à“ß®—¥∑”ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“·¡à·∫∫π’È¡’™◊ËÕ«à“American Law Institute À√◊Õ ∂“∫—π°ÆÀ¡“¬·Ààß À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“´÷ËßÕ“®‡√’¬° —ÈπÊ «à“ ALI Àπà«¬ß“π¥—ß°≈à“«π’È‡ªìπÀπà«¬ß“π„π¿“§‡Õ°™π·µà‡ªìπ·À≈àß∑’Ë√«¡¢ÕßºŸâ‡™’Ë¬«™“≠·≈–ºŸâ¡’™◊ËÕ‡ ’¬ß„π«ß°“√°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õßª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ‡√’¬°‰¥â«à“¡“®“°∑ÿ°¿“§ à«π ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπºŸâæ‘æ“°…“ µÿ≈“°“√ »“ µ√“®“√¬åÀ√◊ÕÕ“®“√¬å Õπ°ÆÀ¡“¬ ∑π“¬§«“¡·≈–π—°°ÆÀ¡“¬·¢πßµà“ßÊ

º≈ß“π∑’Ë ”§—≠¢Õß ALI ∑’Ë‡ªìπ∑’Ë√Ÿâ®—°°—π‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß¥’§◊Õ‡Õ° “√∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“ Restatement ∑’Ë‡ªìπ°“√√«∫√«¡À≈—°°ÆÀ¡“¬„π‡√◊ËÕßµà“ßÊ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–∑’Ëª√“°Ø„π§”æ‘æ“°…“§¥’µà“ßÊ ¡“°≈—Ëπ°√Õß‡æ◊ËÕÀ“À≈—°°“√∑’Ë ”§—≠·≈â«®—¥‡ªìπ¡“µ√“·≈–À¡«¥À¡Ÿà´÷Ëß‡¡◊ËÕ¡’ à«π∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫ Restatement „π‚Õ°“ µàÕÊ ‰ª®–‰¥â°≈à“«∂÷ß‚¥¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¡“°¬‘Ëß¢÷Èπ ·µà‡¡◊ËÕ¡“∂÷ß‡√◊ËÕß°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“ ª√“°Ø«à“§≥–ºŸâ‡™’Ë¬«™“≠¢ÕßALI µ—¥ ‘π„®®—¥∑”‡Õ° “√„π√Ÿª·∫∫∑’Ë·µ°µà“ßÕÕ°‰ª ‚¥¬·∑π∑’Ë®–∑”‡ªìπ Restatement °≈—∫∑”‡ªìπ Model Code ·∑π

‡Àµÿº≈∑’Ë ”§—≠∑’Ë‡ªìπ∑’Ë¡“¢Õß§«“¡‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß¥—ß°≈à“«‡ªìπ‡æ√“–µ“¡ª°µ‘¢Õß°“√®—¥∑” Restatement ®–‡ªìπ‡æ’¬ßπ”À≈—°°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà„π¢≥–¬°√à“ß¡“∫—π∑÷°√«∫√«¡‰«â„Àâ‡ªìπÀ¡«¥À¡Ÿà‡∑à“π—Èπ


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‚¥¬¡—°®–‰¡àæ¬“¬“¡‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ßÀ≈—°°“√∑’Ë§”æ‘æ“°…“„π§¥’µà“ßÊ ‰¥â«“ß‰«â ·µà„π§«“¡§‘¥¢Õß§≥–ºŸâ®—¥∑” Model Penal Code ÷Ëßπ”‚¥¬»“ µ√“®“√¬å Herbert Wechsler16 »“ µ√“®“√¬å∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õß§≥–π‘µ‘»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‚§≈—¡‡∫’¬„ππ§√π‘«¬Õ√å§ ‡ÀÁπ«à“À≈—°°ÆÀ¡“¬„π à«π∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“¢Õßª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“„π¢≥–π—Èπ¡’§«“¡ —∫ π·≈–¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—π§àÕπ¢â“ß¡“°„π√–À«à“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õß√—∞µà“ßÊ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√∑’Ë√–∫∫°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õßª√–‡∑» À√—∞-Õ‡¡√‘°“π—Èπ ‡ªìπ∑’Ë∑√“∫°—π¥’Õ¬Ÿà·≈â««à“‡ªìπ√–∫∫ Àæ—π∏√—∞ (Federal)∑’Ë¡’√–∫∫°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ¬Ÿà Õß√–¥—∫ §◊Õ√–¥—∫¢Õß√—∞∫“≈°≈“ß·≈–√–¥—∫¢Õß¡≈√—∞„π à«π¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“π’È‡ªìπ à«π∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π‡¢µÕ”π“®¢Õß√—∞µà“ßÊ ∑’Ë®–µâÕßÕÕ°°ÆÀ¡“¬‡Õß ∑”„Àâ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“ “√–·≈–À≈—°°“√¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“ „π·µà≈–√—∞·µ°µà“ß°—π§àÕπ¢â“ß¡“° À“°π”À≈—°°“√∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—π¡“°®π∂÷ß¢—Èπ —∫ πÕ≈À¡à“π¢Õß√—∞µà“ßÊ ¡“°≈—Ëπ‡æ◊ËÕÀ“À≈—°°“√°≈“ßÊ √à«¡°—πÕ“®®–‰¡à‡°‘¥ª√–‚¬™πå‡∑à“„¥π—° »“ µ√“®“√¬åWechsler ®÷ß‰¥âª√—∫°√–∫«π∑—»πå„À¡à‚¥¬¬°√à“ß‡Õ° “√∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬„π≈—°…≥–∑’Ë√«∫√«¡À≈—°°“√¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“∑’Ë§‘¥«à“ ç§«√®–‡ªìπé¡“°°«à“√«∫√«¡À≈—°°“√ ç‡∑à“∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿàé

°√–∫«π°“√®—¥∑” Model Penal Code π’È‡√‘Ë¡¡“µ—Èß·µàªï§.». 1931 ·µà¡’Õ—πµâÕßÀ¬ÿ¥‡ªìπ™à«ßÊ ∫“ß™à«ß‡ªìπ√–¬–‡«≈“¬“«π“π‡π◊ËÕß®“°¢“¥‡ß‘π∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ·≈–‡°‘¥ ß§√“¡‚≈° ‚¥¬‰¥â°≈—∫¡“‡√‘Ë¡∑”ß“π°—πÕ¬à“ß®√‘ß®—ß‡¡◊ËÕªï §.». 1951 ≈—°…≥–„π°“√∑”ß“π‡æ◊ËÕ¬°√à“ßModel Penal Code ∑’Ë ”§—≠§◊Õ°“√√–¥¡§«“¡§‘¥‡æ◊ËÕ«“ßÀ≈—°°“√16 Herbert Wechsler, The Challenge of a Model Penal Code, 65 Harv.

L. Rev. 1097 (1952).


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¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“Õ¬à“ß∑’Ë§«√®–‡ªìππ—Èπ‰¡à‰¥â®”°—¥„Àâ‡ªìπ°“√ºŸ°¢“¥∑“ß§«“¡§‘¥·µà‡©æ“– çπ—°°ÆÀ¡“¬é À“°·µà‰¥â√«∫√«¡‡Õ“ºŸâ‡™’Ë¬«™“≠®“°À≈“°À≈“¬ “¢“«‘™“™’æ ‡™àπ π—°®‘µ«‘∑¬“ π—°Õ“™≠«‘∑¬“ π—°∑—≥±«‘∑¬“·¡â·µàπ—°¿“…“»“ µ√å ‡æ◊ËÕ∑’Ë®–∑”„Àâ Model Penal Code ∑’Ë¬°√à“ß¢÷Èπ –∑âÕπ·ßà¡ÿ¡∑’ËÀ≈“°À≈“¬ ‚¥¬√à“ß¢Õß Model Penal Code ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡‡ÀÁπ™Õ∫®“° ALI ‡¡◊ËÕªï §.». 196217

º≈ß“π§«“¡ ”‡√Á®¢Õß Model Penal Code π’È‡ÀÁπ‰¥â®“°°“√∑’Ë¡≈√—∞µà“ßÊ ¡“°°«à“ 30 √—∞‰¥âπ”·π«§‘¥¢Õßª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“·¡à·∫∫π’È ‰ª„™âª√–°Õ∫„π°“√¬°√à“ßª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“¢Õß·µà≈–√—∞ ‡™àπ √—∞π‘«¬Õ√å§„πªï §.». 1967 √—∞ø≈Õ√‘¥“„πªï§.». 1975√—∞π‘«‡®Õ√å ’¬å„πªï§.». 1979 ‡ªìπµâπ18 ‚¥¬Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈°“√π”ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“·¡à·∫∫‰ª„™âπ’ÈÕ“®®–¡’¢âÕ·µ°µà“ß°—π¡“°∫â“ßπâÕ¬∫â“ß„π·µà≈–√—∞

µ—«Õ¬à“ß¢Õß∫∑∫—≠≠—µ‘„πª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“·¡à·∫∫‡™àπ „π à«π∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫§«“¡º‘¥∞“π¶à“ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ∑’Ë‡√“‰¥â‡§¬°≈à“«∂÷ß‰ª·≈â« „πª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“·¡à·∫∫°”Àπ¥Õß§åª√–°Õ∫‰«â«à“®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥∞“π Murder À“°ª√“°Ø«à“

(1) It is committed purposely or knowingly À√◊Õ‰¥â°√–∑”‚¥¬¡’‡®µπ“À√◊Õ√Ÿâ ”π÷°„π°“√°√–∑” À√◊Õ

(2) It is committed recklessly under circumstancesmanifesting extreme indifference to the value of human

17 Paul H. Robinson, The American Penal Code: A Brief Overview,10 New Crim. L. Rev. 319 (2007),

18 Id.


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life. À√◊Õ‰¥â°√–∑”„π≈—°…≥–∑’Ë¢“¥§«“¡¬—∫¬—Èß™—Ëß„®¿“¬„µâ ∂“π°“√≥å∑’Ë· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπª√–®—°…å«à“ºŸâ°√–∑”‰¡à„ à„®Õ¬à“ß√â“¬·√ßµàÕ§ÿ≥§à“¢Õß™’«‘µ¡πÿ…¬å

Burglary and Trespass

§”µàÕ‰ª∑’Ë®–¢Õ°≈à“«∂÷ß§◊Õ§”«à“ Burglary °“√∑’Ë®–∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß§«“¡º‘¥∞“ππ’È‡√“Õ“®®–‡√‘Ë¡®“°°“√æ‘®“√≥“Õß§åª√–°Õ∫¢Õß§«“¡º‘¥µ“¡∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬°”Àπ¥‰«â°àÕπ ‚¥¬°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë®–¢Õπ”¡“„™â„π°“√»÷°…“‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫„π∑’Ëπ’È§◊Õ°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“¢Õß√—∞π‘«¬Õ√å§ ÷Ëß‡ªìπÕ’°√—∞Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë ‰¥â√—∫Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈®“°ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“·¡à·∫∫ (Model Penal Code)

„π§«“¡º‘¥∞“π Burglary ¢—Èπæ◊Èπ∞“π∑’Ë ÿ¥‰¥â°”Àπ¥‰«â«à“çA person is guilty of burglary in the third degreewhen he knowingly enters or remains unlawfullyin a building with intent to commit a crime therein.é

¥—ßπ—Èπ §«“¡º‘¥∞“π Burglary π’È®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ∫ÿ§§≈„¥‡¢â“‰ª„πÕ“§“√À√◊Õ‰¡à¬Õ¡ÕÕ°®“°Õ“§“√‚¥¬‰¡à¡’‡ÀµÿÕ—π™Õ∫¥â«¬°ÆÀ¡“¬‚¥¬¡’‡®µπ“∑’Ë®–°√–∑”°“√Õ—π‡ªìπÕ“™≠“°√√¡„πÕ“§“√¥—ß°≈à“« À“°‡√“¥Ÿ®“°Õß§åª√–°Õ∫¿“¬πÕ°¢Õß°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥®–¡’≈—°…≥–∑’Ë§≈â“¬°—∫§«“¡º‘¥∞“π∫ÿ°√ÿ° ‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥®–µâÕß¡’≈—°…≥–¢Õß°“√‡¢â“‰ª„πÕ“§“√À√◊Õ‰¡à¬Õ¡ÕÕ°®“°Õ“§“√ ·µà‡¡◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“Õß§åª√–°Õ∫µàÕ‰ª·≈â«®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“≈”æ—ß‡æ’¬ß°“√‡¢â“‰ªÀ√◊Õ‰¡à¬Õ¡ÕÕ°®“°Õ“§“√¬—ß‰¡à‡æ’¬ßæÕ∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥∞“π Burglary


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π’È À“°·µàµâÕß¡’‡®µπ“∑’Ë®–‡¢â“‰ª°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“„πÕ“§“√¥—ß°≈à“«ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ Õ¬à“ß‰√°Áµ“¡ ‰¡à®”‡ªìπ«à“°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“∑’ËºŸâ‡¢â“‰ª¡’‡®µπ“®–°√–∑”π—Èπ‰¥â¡’°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®√‘ßµ“¡

∑’Ëµ—Èß„®‰«â

§«“¡º‘¥Õ’°∞“πÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ëπà“®–π”¡“»÷°…“‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫Õ’°§«“¡º‘¥Àπ÷Ëß§◊Õ§«“¡º‘¥∞“π∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“ Trespass ®÷ß¢Õπ”Õß§åª√–°Õ∫§«“¡º‘¥∞“π¥—ß°≈à“«¢Õß√—∞π‘«¬Õ√å§Õ’°‡™àπ°—π¡“„™â„π°“√‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫‚¥¬µ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“¢Õß√—∞π‘«¬Õ√å§‰¥â°”Àπ¥‡°’Ë¬«°—∫§«“¡º‘¥∞“πTrespass ‰«â«à“

çA person is guilty of trespass when he knowinglyenters or remains unlawfully in or upon premises.é

®“°≈—°…≥–§«“¡º‘¥¢â“ßµâπ®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“Õß§åª√–°Õ∫¿“¬πÕ°∑’Ë‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∞“π¢Õß°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∞“π Trespass °—∫§«“¡º‘¥∞“πBurglary „™â°“√°√–∑”Õ¬à“ß‡¥’¬«°—π§◊Õ°“√‡¢â“‰ªÀ√◊Õ°“√‰¡à¬Õ¡ÕÕ°®“° ∂“π∑’Ë„¥ ∂“π∑’ËÀπ÷Ëß §«“¡·µ°µà“ß√–À«à“ß§«“¡º‘¥∑—Èß Õß∞“πª√–°“√·√°∑’Ë‡ÀÁπ‰¥â®“°∫∑∫—≠≠—µ‘§◊Õ„π§«“¡º‘¥∞“π Burglary ®–°”Àπ¥ ç ∂“π∑’Ëé ∑’Ë®–∑”„Àâ°“√‡¢â“‰ª‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥‰«â·§∫°«à“ ”À√—∫§«“¡º‘¥∞“π Burglary ®–µâÕß‡ªìπ°“√‡¢â“‰ª„π çÕ“§“√ (Building)é·µà„π°√≥’¢Õß§«“¡º‘¥∞“π Trespass ®–„™â§”«à“ Premise ´÷Ëßµ“¡π‘¬“¡„π°ÆÀ¡“¬®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬√«¡∂÷ß ‘Ëß∑’Ë‡ªìπ çÕ“§“√é ·≈–Õ —ßÀ“√‘¡∑√—æ¬åÕ¬à“ßÕ◊Ëπ¥â«¬ ¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷ßÕ“®®–°≈à“«‰¥â«à“°√≥’∑’Ë®–‡ªìπ°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∞“π Trespass π’ÈÕ“®®–‡ªìπ°“√‡¢â“‰ªÀ√◊Õ‰¡à¬Õ¡ÕÕ°®“°Õ —ßÀ“√‘¡∑√—æ¬å‚¥¬‰¡à¡’‡ÀµÿÕ—π™Õ∫¥â«¬°ÆÀ¡“¬


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¢âÕ·µ°µà“ßª√–°“√∑’Ë Õß√–À«à“ß§«“¡º‘¥∑—Èß Õß∞“π§◊Õ°√≥’∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∞“π Burglary ®–µâÕßª√–°Õ∫‰ª¥â«¬‡®µπ“∑’Ë®–°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“„πÕ“§“√π—Èπ¥â«¬ ¢≥–∑’Ë„π§«“¡º‘¥∞“π Trespass ‰¡à®”‡ªìπ∑’ËºŸâ°√–∑”®–µâÕß‡¢â“‰ªÀ√◊Õ‰¡à¬Õ¡ÕÕ°‰ª‚¥¬¡’‡®µπ“∑’Ë®–°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“∞“πÕ◊Ëπ¥â«¬

À“°æ‘®“√≥“¥Ÿ‡©æ“–„π∫∑∫—≠≠—µ‘¢Õß∞“π§«“¡º‘¥Õ“®®–‰¡àª√“°Ø«à“Õ“§“√À√◊ÕÕ —ßÀ“√‘¡∑√—æ¬å∑’Ë‡¢â“‰ªÀ√◊Õ‰¡à¬Õ¡ÕÕ°‰ªπ—Èπ®–µâÕß‡ªìπÕ“§“√À√◊ÕÕ —ßÀ“√‘¡∑√—æ¬å¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°Õß§åª√–°Õ∫¢Õß§«“¡º‘¥‰¡à‰¥â¬÷¥∂◊Õ ç°√√¡ ‘∑∏‘Ïé „πÕ“§“√À√◊ÕÕ —ßÀ“√‘¡∑√—æ¬å‡ªìπ ”§—≠ °√≥’∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ°“√‡¢â“‰ªÀ√◊Õ‰¡à¬Õ¡ÕÕ°‰ª ‚¥¬‰¡à¡’‡ÀµÿÕ—π™Õ∫¥â«¬°ÆÀ¡“¬π—ÈπÀ¡“¬∂÷ß°“√‡¢â“‰ªÀ√◊Õ‰¡à¬Õ¡ÕÕ°‰ª„π°√≥’„¥°Áµ“¡∑’Ë∫ÿ§§≈´÷Ëß°√–∑”π—Èπ ç‰¡à¡’ ‘∑∏‘À√◊Õ‰¡à ‰¥â√—∫‡Õ° ‘∑∏‘(not licensed or privileged)é

”À√—∫°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∞“π Burglary π’È¬—ß‰¥â¡’°“√·∫àß√–¥—∫¢Õß§«“¡º‘¥„π°√≥’∑’Ë°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥π—Èπ¡’‡Àµÿ©°√√®å ‚¥¬Õß§åª√–°Õ∫§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë°≈à“«¢â“ßµâππ—Èπ‡ªìπ°√≥’∑’Ë‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë¡’‚∑…‡∫“∑’Ë ÿ¥ ÷Ëß‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ çBurglary in the third degreeéÀ√◊Õ‡ªìπ¢—Èπ∑’Ë “¡ ”À√—∫„π°√≥’∑’Ë‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥¢—Èπ∑’Ë Õß®–µâÕß¡’Õß§åª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë‡ªìπ‡Àµÿ©°√√®å‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡Õ’° ‡Àµÿ©°√√®åπ’È‡™àπ

çWhen, in effecting entry or while in the buildingor in immediate flight therefrom, he or anotherparticipant in the crime is armed with explosives ora deadly weapon, or causes physical injury to anyperson who is not a participant in the crime.é


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¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∞“π Burglary ¢—Èπ∑’Ë Õßπ’È®–‡ªìπ°√≥’∑’ËºŸâ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥‰¥âæ°æ“Õ“«ÿ∏√â“¬·√ßÀ√◊Õ«—µ∂ÿ√–‡∫‘¥„π¢≥–∑’Ë‡¢â“‰ª „π¢≥–∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„πÕ“§“√À√◊Õ„π¢≥–∑’Ë°”≈—ßÀπ’ÕÕ°®“°Õ“§“√∑’Ë‡°‘¥‡Àµÿ À√◊ÕÕ“®®–‡ªìπ°√≥’∑’ËºŸâ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥‰¥â∑”√â“¬√à“ß°“¬∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ∑’Ë‰¡à„™àºŸâ∑’Ë¡’ à«π√à«¡„π°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥¥â«¬

À“°æ‘®“√≥“®“°≈—°…≥–∑—ÈßÀ¡¥¢Õß§«“¡º‘¥∞“π Burglaryπ’È®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“∫∑∫—≠≠—µ‘„πª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“¢Õß‰∑¬∑’Ë„°≈â‡§’¬ß°—∫§«“¡º‘¥¥—ß°≈à“«¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥πà“®–‡ªìπ„πÀ¡«¥∑’Ë 8 §«“¡º‘¥∞“π∫ÿ°√ÿ°·µàÕß§åª√–°Õ∫§«“¡º‘¥µ“¡¡“µ√“ 362 ∂÷ß¡“µ√“ 365 ‰¡à‰¥â°”Àπ¥‰«â¥â«¬«à“°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥∞“π∫ÿ°√ÿ°®–µâÕß¡’Õß§åª√–°Õ∫¿“¬„π¢ÕßºŸâ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë®–µâÕß‡¢â“‰ªÀ√◊Õ‰¡à¬Õ¡ÕÕ°‰ª®“°Õ“§“√ ‚¥¬¡’‡®µπ“®–°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“∞“πÕ◊Ëπª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬µ“¡¡“µ√“ 362 °”Àπ¥Õß§åª√–°Õ∫¿“¬„π«à“‡æ◊ËÕ∂◊Õ°“√§√Õ∫§√Õ∫„π¢≥–∑’Ëµ“¡¡“µ√“ 364 °”Àπ¥Õß§åª√–°Õ∫‰«â‡æ’¬ß«à“‡ªìπ°“√‡¢â“‰ª‚¥¬‰¡à¡’‡ÀµÿÕ—π ¡§«√À√◊Õ‰¡à¬Õ¡ÕÕ°‰ª‡¡◊ËÕºŸâ¡’ ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë®–Àâ“¡‰¥â‰≈à„ÀâÕÕ°

Offense

§”µàÕ‰ª∑’Ë®–¢Õπ”¡“°≈à“«∂÷ß„π∑’Ëπ’È§◊Õ§”«à“ Offense ·¡â§”Ê π’ÈÕ“®®–‰¡à„™à§”∑’Ë¡’§«“¡æ‘‡»…À√◊Õ§«“¡ ≈—∫´—∫´âÕπ∑’Ë¡’‡ß◊ËÕπ·ßàµà“ßÊ„π‡™‘ß°ÆÀ¡“¬¡“°π—° ·µà∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ§”Ê Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë§«√°≈à“«∂÷ßÀ“°µâÕß°“√®–°≈à“«∂÷ß§”∑’Ë„™â „π°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“ §«“¡À¡“¬‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª¢Õß§”π’È®–À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√°√–∑”„¥°Áµ“¡∑’ËΩÉ“ΩóπÀ√◊Õ≈–‡¡‘¥µàÕ∫∑∫—≠≠—µ‘¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë¡’‚∑…∑“ßÕ“≠“ (A violation of law for whichpenalty is prescribed.) ¥—ßπ—Èπ§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë‡√“æ∫‡ÀÁπ°—π∑—Ë«‰ª®÷ß‡ªìπ


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„π à«π∑’Ë‡ªìπ¢âÕÀ“À√◊Õ∞“π§«“¡º‘¥∑“ßÕ“≠“À√◊Õ Criminal offense·µàÀ“°æ∫°—∫§”«à“ Civil offense °Á§ß®–‰¡à„™à‡√◊ËÕß·ª≈°À√◊Õ‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ëº‘¥ ‡æ√“–§”¥—ß°≈à“«°Á¡’§«“¡À¡“¬‡©æ“–‡™àπ°—π ‡æ’¬ß·µà‡ªìπ§«“¡À¡“¬À√◊Õ°“√„™â∑’Ë‡√“Õ“®®–‰¡à§àÕ¬æ∫‡ÀÁππ—° „π°√≥’∑’Ë„™â„π§”«à“ Civil offense ®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√ΩÉ“ΩóπÀ√◊Õ≈–‡¡‘¥°ÆÀ¡“¬‡À¡◊Õπ°—π ‡æ’¬ß·µà‡ªìπ°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë¡—°®–‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°“√√—°…“§«“¡ ß∫‡√’¬∫√âÕ¬¢Õß™ÿ¡™π∑’Ë°“√ΩÉ“ΩóπÀ√◊Õ≈–‡¡‘¥°ÆÀ¡“¬≈—°…≥–¥—ß°≈à“«®–°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥‡ªìπ§«“¡‡¥◊Õ¥√âÕπ√”§“≠µàÕ “∏“√≥–™π„π∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë ‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫ (Public nuisance)

§”Õ’°§”Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë ‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫§”«à“ Offense §◊Õ§”«à“Continuing offense °“√‡∑’¬∫‡§’¬ß§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß§”Ê π’È°—∫∂âÕ¬§”„π∫√‘∫∑¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬‰∑¬Õ“®®–¥Ÿ‰¥â®“°„πª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬«‘∏’æ‘®“√≥“§«“¡Õ“≠“ ¡“µ√“ 19(3) ´÷Ëß°≈à“«∂÷ß°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß∑’Ë ‰¥â°√–∑”µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß°—π„π∑âÕß∑’Ëµà“ßÊ ‡°‘π°«à“∑âÕß∑’ËÀπ÷Ëß¢÷Èπ‰ª à«π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡À¡◊ÕπÀ√◊Õ§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—π§◊Õ à«π∑’Ë°≈à“«∂÷ß«à“°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ Continuing offense ‰¥â®–µâÕß‡ªìπ°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∑’ËµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß°—π‰ª‚¥¬‰¡à„™à°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡æ’¬ß§√—Èß‡¥’¬«·≈â« ‘Èπ ÿ¥‰ª„π∑—π∑’ ·µà à«π∑’ËÕ“®®–¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß°—π∫â“ß§◊Õ°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ Continuing offense π’È ‰¡à‰¥â‡πâπ§«“¡·µ°µà“ß¢Õß ç∑âÕß∑’Ëé∑’Ë¡’°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ °“√°√–∑”∑’Ë∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ Continuingoffense ®÷ßÕ“®‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π ç∑âÕß∑’Ëé ‡¥’¬«µ—Èß·µàµâπ®π®∫°Á‰¥â ‡æ’¬ß·µàµâÕß¡’≈—°…≥–¢Õß§«“¡µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß∑’Ë‰¡à¢“¥™à«ß¢Õß°“√°√–∑”·≈–„π¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π®–µâÕß‡°‘¥®“°‡®µπ“‡¥’¬«°—π∑’Ë®–°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“π—ÈπÕ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß À“°°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥π—Èπ¢“¥™à«ß‰ª·≈â«¡“‡√‘Ë¡°√–∑”„À¡à


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°Á®–‰¡à∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ Continuing offense À√◊ÕÀ“°‡®µπ“„π°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥π—Èπ‰¡à‰¥â‡°‘¥®“°‡®µπ“‡¥’¬«°—π°Á‰¡àÕ“®∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ Continuingoffense ¥â«¬‡™àπ°—π ‡™àπ „π°√≥’¢Õß°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∞“π∫ÿ°√ÿ°µ“¡ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“ ¡“µ√“ 362 À“°°“√‡¢â“‰ª√∫°«π°“√§√Õ∫§√ÕßÕ —ßÀ“√‘¡∑√—æ¬å¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ§ßÕ¬Ÿà‡ªìπ‡«≈“π“π‡∑à“„¥°Á§ß∂◊Õ«à“°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥π—Èπ‡ªìπ Continuing offense ∑’Ë‡ªìπ°√√¡‡¥’¬«Õ¬Ÿà‚¥¬µ≈Õ¥ ·µàÀ“°°“√∫ÿ°√ÿ°π—Èπ ‘Èπ ÿ¥≈ß‚¥¬ºŸâ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥ÕÕ°‰ª®“°Õ —ßÀ“√‘¡∑√—æ¬å·≈â« ·µàµàÕ¡“‡°‘¥‡®µπ“∑’Ë®–‡¢â“‰ª∫ÿ°√ÿ°Õ—π‡ªìπ°“√√∫°«π°“√§√Õ∫§√ÕßÕ’° °“√°√–∑”∑’Ë‡ªìπ°“√∫ÿ°√ÿ°§√—Èß·√°°—∫§√—Èß∑’Ë Õßπ’È¬àÕ¡‰¡àÕ“®∂◊Õ‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ Continuing offense ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡°‘¥®“°‡®µπ“§π≈–§√“«°—π

§”«à“ Included offense ‡ªìπÕ’°§”Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë¡’≈—°…≥–Õ—πÕ“®‡∑’¬∫‡§’¬ß‰¥â°—∫„π∫√‘∫∑¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“¢Õß‰∑¬ ·µàÀ“°®–°≈à“«„Àâ∂Ÿ°¬‘Ëß¢÷Èπ§ßµâÕß°≈à“«„π∑”πÕß∑’Ë«à“‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’ËÕ“®‡∑’¬∫‡§’¬ß‰¥â°—∫∫√‘∫∑¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“·∑∫∑ÿ°ª√–‡∑»∑’Ë¡’≈—°…≥–¢Õß°“√∫—≠≠—µ‘°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“ ¡—¬„À¡à∑’ËÕ“®·∫àßÕß§åª√–°Õ∫§«“¡º‘¥‰¥â‡ªìπ à«πÊÕ¬à“ß™—¥‡®π §”«à“ Included offense ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“∞“πÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë ‰¥â√«¡‡Õ“°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∞“πÕ◊Ëπ∑’ËÕ“®®–¡’≈—°…≥–∑’Ë√â“¬·√ßπâÕ¬°«à“‰«âÕ¬Ÿà„πµ—« ‚¥¬°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥∞“π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡√â“¬·√ß°«à“ (Greater offense) π—Èπ®–µâÕß¡’ à«πª√–°Õ∫∑’ËÕ“®∂◊Õ‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥∞“π∑’Ë√â“¬·√ßπâÕ¬°«à“‰«â¥â«¬„πµ—« (Lesser offense) ‡™àπ °“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ°“√ ç¶à“é ºŸâÕ◊Ëππ—Èπ¬àÕ¡√«¡‡Õ“°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∞“π∑”√â“¬√à“ß°“¬‰«â¥â«¬„πµ—« ‡æ√“–°“√¶à“®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¡à‰¥âÀ“°‰¡à¡’°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ


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°“√∑”√â“¬‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ Õß§åª√–°Õ∫¢Õß§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë√â“¬·√ßπâÕ¬°«à“π’È®–µâÕß∂Ÿ°√«¡Õ¬Ÿà„π§«“¡º‘¥∞“π∑’Ë√â“¬·√ß°«à“¥â«¬ ‡æ’¬ß·µà„π∞“π§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë√â“¬·√ß°«à“Õ“®®–¡’Õß§åª√–°Õ∫ à«πÕ◊Ëπ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàπÕ°‡Àπ◊ÕÕß§åª√–°Õ∫¢Õß∞“π§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë√â“¬·√ßπâÕ¬°«à“Õ¬Ÿà¥â«¬ Õß§åª√–°Õ∫ à«π∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—ππ’ÈÕ“®®–‡ªìπ„π à«π¢Õß çÕß§åª√–°Õ∫¿“¬„πé À√◊Õ ¿“«–∑“ß®‘µ„®(Mental state) „π°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥°Á‰¥â ∫“ß§√—Èß®÷ß‡√’¬°§«“¡º‘¥∞“π∑’Ë√â“¬·√ßπâÕ¬°«à“π’È«à“ Lesser included offense ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§«“¡º‘¥ª√–‡¿∑π’È¡’Õß§åª√–°Õ∫∑’ËπâÕ¬°«à“π—Ëπ‡Õß

§”Õ’° à«πÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫§”«à“ Offense §◊Õ§”«à“ Multipleoffenses §«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß§”Ê π’ÈÕ“®®–§“¥À¡“¬‰¥â‰¡à¬“° ‡æ√“–§”«à“Multiple ¬àÕ¡· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπÕ¬Ÿà„πµ—«‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ ç®”π«πé ¢Õß¢âÕÀ“À√◊Õ∞“π§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë¡“°¢÷Èπ °√≥’∑’Ë‡√“®–„™â§”«à“ Multiple offensesπ’È®–µâÕß‡ªìπ°√≥’∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°“√°√–∑”°√√¡‡¥’¬« (A single act)·µà°“√°√–∑”π—Èπ‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥µàÕ°ÆÀ¡“¬À≈“¬∫∑§≈â“¬°—∫∑’Ë°”Àπ¥‰«â„πª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“ ¡“µ√“ 90 À≈—°°“√¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬„πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“°Á¡’§«“¡§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—∫∑’Ë°”Àπ¥„π¡“µ√“ 90 §◊Õ»“≈®–≈ß‚∑…®”‡≈¬„π∫√√¥“¢âÕÀ“À√◊Õ∞“π§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ëª√–°Õ∫‡ªìπ Multipleoffenses ∑—ÈßÀ¡¥‰¡à ‰¥â §ß≈ß‚∑…‰¥â·µà‡©æ“–„π∞“π§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë¡’‚∑…Àπ—°∑’Ë ÿ¥‡∑à“π—Èπ

„π°√≥’∑’Ë¡’ºŸâ√à«¡°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥À≈“¬§π°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥¢âÕÀ“À√◊Õ∞“π‡¥’¬«°—π ‡√“®–‡√’¬°¢âÕÀ“∑’Ë·µà≈–§π∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“À√◊Õ∂Ÿ°≈ß‚∑…¥â«¬°—π«à“ Joint offense

§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“„π·µà≈–ª√–‡∑»¡’§«“¡§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—π§◊Õ¢âÕÀ“À√◊Õ∞“π§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬°”Àπ¥π—Èπ¡’§«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬ ∫“ß¢âÕÀ“À√◊Õ


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∞“π§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë√â“¬·√ß ·≈–¢âÕÀ“À√◊Õ∞“π§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë ‰¡à√â“¬·√ß·≈–¡’‚∑…‰¡à Ÿßπ—° ∫√√¥“¢âÕÀ“À√◊Õ∞“π§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë‚∑…‰¡à Ÿßπ’È‡√’¬°«à“ Pettyoffense „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ °√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—π¢Õß¢âÕÀ“À√◊Õ∞“π§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë¡’‚∑… Ÿß°—∫‰¡à Ÿßπ—Èπ®–¡’º≈µàÕÕ”π“®æ‘®“√≥“æ‘æ“°…“¢ÕßºŸâæ‘æ“°…“§π‡¥’¬« ·µà„πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“§«“¡·µ°µà“ß¢Õß°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë‡ªìπ Petty offense °—∫∫√√¥“§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë¡’‚∑…√â“¬·√ß®–¡’º≈µàÕ ‘∑∏‘∑’Ë®–‰¥â√—∫°“√æ‘®“√≥“‚¥¬§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπÀ“°‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë¡’‚∑…®”§ÿ° Ÿß°«à“ 6 ‡¥◊Õπ ®”‡≈¬®–¡’ ‘∑∏‘µ“¡√—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠∑’Ë®–„Àâ§¥’¢Õßµπ‰¥â√—∫°“√æ‘®“√≥“‚¥¬§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ

Insanity

§”µàÕ‰ª∑’Ëπà“ π„®§◊Õ§”«à“ Insanity ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß ¿“«–∑’Ë®‘µ∫°æ√àÕßÀ√◊Õøíòπ‡øóÕπ „π à«π§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°ÆÀ¡“¬®–À¡“¬∂÷ß¢âÕµàÕ Ÿâ¢Õß®”‡≈¬‡°’Ë¬«°—∫§«“¡√—∫º‘¥∑“ßÕ“≠“Õ—π‡°‘¥®“° ¿“«–∑“ß®‘µ¢Õß®”‡≈¬∑’Ë¡’º≈∑”„Àâ®”‡≈¬π—Èπ‰¡à “¡“√∂µ—¥ ‘π„®°√–∑”°“√µà“ßÊ ‡™àπ ª°µ‘®π‡ªìπ‡Àµÿ„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“µ“¡∑’Ë∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“¢÷Èπ

µ“¡ çª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“·¡à·∫∫ (Model Penal Code)é¡“µ√“ 4.01 ‰¥â«“ßÀ≈—°‡°≥±å‰«â«à“

ç∫ÿ§§≈‰¡àµâÕß√—∫º‘¥µàÕ°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“ À“° ≥ ‡«≈“∑’Ë°√–∑”°“√‡™àπ«à“π—Èπ ∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπª√“»®“°§«“¡ “¡“√∂Õ¬à“ß ”§—≠∑’Ë®–√Ÿâ∂÷ß§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“¢Õß°“√°√–∑”¢ÕßµπÀ√◊Õ∑”„Àâæƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õßµπ‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡À≈—°‡°≥±å¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬ ‚¥¬°“√ª√“»®“°§«“¡ “¡“√∂π—Èπ‡ªìπº≈®“°‚√§À√◊Õ¢âÕ∫°æ√àÕß∑“ß®‘µ


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(A person is not responsible for criminal conduct if atthe time of such conduct as a result of mental diseaseor defect he lacks substantial capacity either to appre-ciate the criminality (wrongfulness) of his conduct or toconform his conduct to the requirements of law.)é

°“√∑’Ë®–¬°¢âÕµàÕ Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕß®‘µ∫°æ√àÕßÀ√◊Õøíòπ‡øóÕπµ“¡À≈—°‡°≥±å¢â“ßµâπ ®”‡≈¬®–µâÕß· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“„π¢≥–∑’Ëµπ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥‰ªπ—Èπ®”‡≈¬‰¡à “¡“√∂√Ÿâ ‰¥â«à“°“√°√–∑”¢Õßµπ‡ªìπ°“√°√–∑”∑’Ëº‘¥À√◊Õ∂Ÿ°À√◊Õ„π°√≥’∑’ËÕ“®æÕ√Ÿâ ‰¥â«à“°“√°√–∑”¢ÕßµπÕ“®®–‡ªìπ°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥µ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“ ·µà®”‡≈¬‰¡àÕ“®∫—ß§—∫°“√°√–∑”¢Õßµπ„ÀâÕ¬Ÿà„π°√Õ∫¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬‰¥â °“√∑’Ë®”‡≈¬ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë®– ç√Ÿâº‘¥™Õ∫é À√◊Õ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë®–∫—ß§—∫æƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õßµπ‡Õß¥—ß°≈à“«π—ÈπÕ“®®–‰¡à®”‡ªìπ∑’Ë Ÿ≠‡ ’¬§«“¡ “¡“√∂¥—ß°≈à“«‰ª‚¥¬ ‘Èπ‡™‘ß ‡æ’¬ß·µà®”‡≈¬ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬§«“¡ “¡“√∂¥—ß°≈à“«„π à«π∑’Ë ”§—≠∑’Ë®–¡’º≈µàÕ°“√§‘¥À√◊Õ°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®°√–∑”°“√µà“ßÊ ‰ª°Á‡ªìπ°“√‡æ’¬ßæÕ·≈â« Õß§åª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë ”§—≠Õ’°ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëß¢ÕßÀ≈—°‡°≥±åµ“¡ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“·¡à·∫∫¢â“ßµâπ §◊Õ §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßç°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√√Ÿâº‘¥∂Ÿ°À√◊Õ°”Àπ¥æƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß®”‡≈¬é°—∫ ç‚√§À√◊Õ¢âÕ∫°æ√àÕß∑“ß®‘µ (Mental disease or defect)é°≈à“«Õ’°π—¬Àπ÷Ëß§◊Õ°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬§«“¡ “¡“√∂¥—ß°≈à“«®–µâÕß‡ªìπº≈®“°°“√∑’Ë®”‡≈¬¡’‚√§À√◊Õ¢âÕ∫°æ√àÕß∑“ß®‘µÕ¬Ÿà·≈–‚√§À√◊Õ¢âÕ∫°æ√àÕß¥—ß°≈à“«‡ªìπº≈∑”„Àâ®”‡≈¬ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√ ç√Ÿâº‘¥™Õ∫éÀ√◊Õ°”Àπ¥æƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õßµπ


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„π°“√æ‘®“√≥“‡°’Ë¬«°—∫¢âÕµàÕ Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕß ¿“«–∑“ß®‘µ¢Õß®”‡≈¬π—Èπ πÕ°®“°À≈—°‡°≥±åµ“¡ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“·¡à·∫∫¢â“ßµâπ·≈â«¬—ß¡’À≈—°‡°≥±åª√–°“√Õ◊Ëπ∑’Ë»“≈„πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“‰¥â‡§¬«“ß‰«â¥â«¬ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“‡ªìπ°ÆÀ¡“¬„π√–¥—∫¡≈√—∞ ¥—ßπ—ÈπÀ≈—°‡°≥±å∑’Ë»“≈¢Õß¡≈√—∞µà“ßÊ ‰¥â«“ß‰«â„π‡√◊ËÕß¢âÕµàÕ Ÿâ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ ¿“«–∑“ß®‘µ¢Õß®”‡≈¬®÷ßÕ“®¡’¢âÕ·µ°µà“ß°—π‰ª∫â“ß„π·µà≈–√—∞ ‡™àπ

À≈—° Irresistible impulse À√◊Õ·√ß°√–µÿâπ∑’Ë ‰¡àÕ“®¢—¥¢◊πµ“¡À≈—°°“√¥—ß°≈à“«π’È ®”‡≈¬Õ“®¬°‡ªìπ¢âÕµàÕ Ÿâ‰¥â«à“µπ‡Õß‰¥â°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“‰ª‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’·√ß°√–µÿâπ∑’Ë∫’∫∫—ß§—∫„Àâ®”‡≈¬µâÕß°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“π—Èπ‚¥¬‰¡àÕ“®¢—¥¢◊π‰¥â·≈–·√ß°√–µÿâπ¥—ß°≈à“«‡ªìπº≈®“°°“√∑’Ë‚√§∑“ß®‘µ‰¥â∑”≈“¬§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡µπ‡Õß (self-control) ·≈–°“√‡≈◊Õ°µ—¥ ‘π„®°√–∑”°“√Õ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß (choicesof action) ·¡â„π°“√°√–∑”µ“¡∑’Ë¡’·√ß°√–µÿâππ—Èπ ®”‡≈¬®–√Ÿâ¥’«à“°“√°√–∑”¢Õßµπ‡ªìπ°“√°√–∑”∑’Ëº‘¥À√◊Õ∂Ÿ°·≈–µ√–Àπ—°∂÷ß≈—°…≥–°“√°√–∑”¢Õßµπ ·µà®”‡≈¬µâÕß°√–∑”°“√∑’Ë‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“‡π◊ËÕß®“°‰¡à “¡“√∂¢—¥¢◊πµàÕ·√ß°√–µÿâπ∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â

À≈—° MûNaghten Rule ‡ªìπÀ≈—°∑’Ëæ‘®“√≥“®“°§«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡‡¢â“„®¢Õßµ—«®”‡≈¬‡ªìπ ”§—≠«à“„π¢≥–∑’Ë®”‡≈¬°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“π—Èπ®”‡≈¬√Ÿâ∂÷ß≈—°…≥–°“√°√–∑”¢ÕßµπÀ√◊Õ‰¡à«à“µπ°”≈—ß°√–∑”°“√‡™àπ„¥Õ¬Ÿà À√◊ÕÀ“°√Ÿâµ—««à“°”≈—ß°√–∑”°“√‡™àπ„¥Õ¬Ÿà ·µà®”‡≈¬‰¡à√Ÿâ«à“°“√°√–∑”¢Õßµπ‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥ À≈—°‡°≥±åπ’È®÷ß‡ªìπÀ≈—°‡°≥±å∑’Ë·§∫°«à“À≈—° Irresistible impulse ¢â“ßµâπ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°µ“¡À≈—° Irresistibleimpulse ®”‡≈¬Õ“®¬°¢âÕµàÕ Ÿâ¢÷Èπ‰¥â·¡â«à“µπ®–√Ÿâ«à“°“√°√–∑”¢Õßµπ‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥ ·µà®”‡≈¬µâÕß°√–∑”°“√¥—ß°≈à“«‰ª‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’·√ß°√–µÿâπ


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∫“ßª√–°“√∫—ß§—∫„Àâ®”‡≈¬µâÕß°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“≈ß‰ª „π°√≥’¥—ß°≈à“«π’È∑’Ë®”‡≈¬√Ÿâ«à“°“√°√–∑”¢Õßµπ‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥·µà®”µâÕß°√–∑”‡æ√“–¡’·√ß°√–µÿâπ∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ°√≥’∑’Ë ‰¡àÕ“®¬°‡ªìπ¢âÕµàÕ Ÿâ ‰¥âµ“¡À≈—°MûNaghten Rule ¡“µ√∞“π°“√æ‘®“√≥“∑’Ë ”§—≠µ“¡À≈—° MûNaghtenRule π’È®÷ß‡ªìπ°“√æ‘®“√≥“«à“

(1) ®”‡≈¬¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑“ß®‘µ∑’Ë‡æ’¬ßæÕ®–√Ÿâ·≈–‡¢â“„®‰¥â«à“µπ°”≈—ß°√–∑”°“√„¥Õ¬ŸàÀ√◊Õ‰¡à (Did the defendanthave sufficient mental capacity to know andunderstand what he was doing?) ·≈–

(2) ®”‡≈¬√Ÿâ·≈–‡¢â“„®‰¥âÀ√◊Õ‰¡à«à“°“√°√–∑”¢Õßµππ—Èπ‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥·≈–≈–‡¡‘¥ ‘∑∏‘¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊Ëπ (Did the defen-dant know and understand that it was wrongand a violation of the rights of another?)

¥—ßπ—Èπ °√≥’®–∂◊Õ«à“®”‡≈¬‰¡à‰¥â¡’®‘µ∫°æ√àÕßÀ√◊Õøíòπ‡øóÕπ·≈–µâÕß√—∫º‘¥∑“ßÕ“≠“°ÁµàÕ‡¡◊ËÕª√“°Ø¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ß«à“®”‡≈¬ “¡“√∂√Ÿâ·≈–‡¢â“„®≈—°…≥–°“√°√–∑”¢Õßµπ«à“‡ªìπ°“√°√–∑”Õ¬à“ß‰√ ‡™àπ ‡ªìπ°“√¶à“§πµ“¬‡ªìπ°“√∑”√â“¬√à“ß°“¬ ‡ªìπµâπ ·≈–®”‡≈¬µâÕßÕ¬Ÿà„π ¿“«–∑’Ë “¡“√∂·¬°·¬–∂Ÿ°º‘¥‰¥â¥â«¬ Õ¬à“ß‰√°Áµ“¡ °“√∑’Ë®”‡≈¬‰¡à√Ÿâ„π°“√°√–∑”¢Õßµπ·≈–‰¡à “¡“√∂·¬°·¬–∂Ÿ°º‘¥π—Èπ®–µâÕß‡ªìπº≈®“°‚√§∑“ß®‘µ¥â«¬

„π°“√æ‘®“√≥“µ“¡À≈—°‡°≥±åµà“ßÊ ¢â“ßµâπ‡ªìπ°“√æ‘®“√≥“∂÷ß§«“¡√—∫º‘¥∑“ßÕ“≠“¢Õß®”‡≈¬®“° ¿“«–∑“ß®‘µ¢Õß®”‡≈¬„π¢≥–°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥‡ªìπ ”§—≠«à“¡’®‘µ∫°æ√àÕßÀ√◊Õøíòπ‡øóÕπÀ√◊Õ‰¡à À“°„π¢≥–∑’Ë®”‡≈¬∂Ÿ°¥”‡π‘π§¥’π—Èπ®”‡≈¬À≈ÿ¥æâπ®“° ¿“«–∑“ß®‘µ∑’Ë∫°æ√àÕß


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À√◊Õøíòπ‡øóÕπ¥—ß°≈à“«·≈â« §¥’π—Èπ¬àÕ¡ “¡“√∂¥”‡π‘π‰ª‰¥âµ“¡ª°µ‘·µàÀ“°ª√“°Ø«à“„π¢≥–¥”‡π‘π§¥’π—Èπ ¿“«–∑“ß®‘µ¢Õß®”‡≈¬Õ¬Ÿà„π ¿“«–∑’Ë∫°æ√àÕßÀ√◊Õøíòπ‡øóÕπ °“√¥”‡π‘π§¥’π—Èπ°Á‰¡à “¡“√∂¥”‡π‘πµàÕ‰ª‰¥â °√≥’∑’Ë ¿“«–∑“ß®‘µ¢Õß®”‡≈¬¢≥–¥”‡π‘π§¥’¡’≈—°…≥–∑’Ë∫°æ√àÕßÀ√◊Õøíòπ‡øóÕππ’ÈÕ“®®–‡ªìπ‰¥â∑—Èß°√≥’∑’Ë®”‡≈¬¡’ ¿“«–¥—ß°≈à“«Õ¬Ÿàµ—Èß·µà¢≥–°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥À√◊ÕÕ“®®–‡ªìπ°√≥’∑’Ë ¿“«–¥—ß°≈à“«‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ¿“¬À≈—ß·≈–ª√“°ØÕ¬Ÿà„π¢≥–¥”‡π‘π§¥’°Á‰¥â °“√æ‘®“√≥“∂÷ß‡√◊ËÕß¥—ß°≈à“«π’È®–∂◊Õ«à“Õ¬Ÿà„π à«π¢Õß ç§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë®–√à«¡„π°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“ (Competency to stand trial)é

Competency to stand trial

°“√∑’Ë‡√“π”∫ÿ§§≈„¥∫ÿ§§≈Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“«à“°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“‡¢â“ Ÿà°√–∫«π°“√¬ÿµ‘∏√√¡°Á‡æ◊ËÕæ‘ Ÿ®πå§«“¡º‘¥À√◊Õ§«“¡∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈¥—ß°≈à“« À“°∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ‡ªìπºŸâ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥°Á®–‰¥â√Ÿâ∂÷ßº≈°√–∑∫∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥¢Õßµπ ÷ËßÕ“®∑”„Àâ∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ√Ÿâ ”π÷°·≈–‡°√ßº≈√â“¬∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷ÈπÀ“°°√–∑”°“√„π≈—°…≥–§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—πÕ’° ·µàÀ“°∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ‰¡à “¡“√∂√Ÿâ·≈–‡¢â“„®‰¥â«à“ ç°√–∫«π°“√é∑’Ë°”≈—ß¥”‡π‘πÕ¬Ÿàπ—Èπ‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß‰√·≈–‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫µπÕ¬à“ß‰√ °“√¥”‡π‘π°“√µà“ßÊ ¬àÕ¡‰¡à‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡ ç‡®µπ“√¡≥åé ¢Õß°“√ √â“ß°√–∫«π°“√¬ÿµ‘∏√√¡¡“µ—Èß·µàµâπ

πÕ°®“°π—Èπ À“°‡√“®–„Àâ®”‡≈¬ “¡“√∂µàÕ Ÿâ‡æ◊ËÕª°ªÑÕß ‘∑∏‘¢Õßµπ‰¥âÕ¬à“ß∑’Ë§«√®–‡ªìπ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“ß¬‘Ëß‡¡◊ËÕ§”π÷ß∂÷ßÀ≈—°°“√∑’Ë«à“°àÕπ∑’Ë»“≈®–¡’§”æ‘æ“°…“µ—¥ ‘π«à“®”‡≈¬¡’§«“¡º‘¥µ“¡∑’Ë∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“µâÕß∂◊Õ«à“®”‡≈¬‡ªìπºŸâ∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘ÏÕ¬Ÿà ®”‡≈¬®–µâÕß¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë®–


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∫Õ°‡≈à“‡√◊ËÕß√“«À√◊Õª√÷°…“·π«∑“ß„π°“√µàÕ Ÿâ§¥’¢Õßµπ°—∫∑π“¬§«“¡∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë«à“µà“ß·°âµà“ß„Àâ¥â«¬ ‡æ√“–¡‘©–π—Èπ·≈â«∑π“¬§«“¡¬àÕ¡‰¡à “¡“√∂®–ª°ªÑÕß ‘∑∏‘¢Õß®”‡≈¬Õ¬à“ß‡µÁ¡∑’Ë °“√µàÕ Ÿâ§¥’„π ¿“æ∑’Ë®”‡≈¬‰¡àÕ¬Ÿà„π ∂“π–∑’Ë®–„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈À√◊Õ∫Õ°‡≈à“‡√◊ËÕß√“«„Àâ∑π“¬§«“¡‰¥â¬àÕ¡‡ªìπ‡æ’¬ß°“√µàÕ Ÿâ§¥’µ“¡·∫∫æ‘∏’∑’Ë ‰¡à‰¥â™à«¬§ÿâ¡§√Õß ‘∑∏‘¢Õß®”‡≈¬·µàÕ¬à“ß„¥ ¥—ßπ—Èπ °√≥’∑’Ë®–∂◊Õ«à“®”‡≈¬¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë®–√à«¡„π°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“‰¥â®–µâÕß¡’¥—ßπ’È

(1) §«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë®–‡¢â“„®≈—°…≥–·≈–‡ªÑ“À¡“¬¢Õß°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“ (Capacity to understand the nature andobjective of the proceedings)

(2) §«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë®–ª√÷°…“°—∫∑π“¬§«“¡¢Õßµπ‰¥â (Capa-city to consult with counsel)

(3) §«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë®–™à«¬‡µ√’¬¡§¥’‡æ◊ËÕµàÕ Ÿâª°ªÑÕß ‘∑∏‘¢Õßµπ‰¥â (Capacity to assist in preparing his or herdefense)

Self-defense

çª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“·¡à·∫∫é ‰¥â°”Àπ¥À≈—°°“√‡°’Ë¬«°—∫Self-defense À√◊Õ°“√ çªÑÕß°—πé ‰«â¥—ßπ’È

ç∫ÿ§§≈¡’‡ÀµÿÕ—π§«√∑’Ë®–„™â°”≈—ßµàÕºŸâª√–∑ÿ…√â“¬‡¡◊ËÕ·≈–‡∑à“∑’Ëª√“°Ø‡Àµÿ „Àâ∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ‡™◊ËÕ‚¥¬¡’ ‡ÀµÿÕ—π ¡§«√«à“°“√°√–∑”¥—ß°≈à“«®”‡ªìπµàÕ°“√ª°ªÑÕßµπ‡ÕßÀ√◊Õ

A person is justified intheuse of force against anaggressor when and to theextent it appears to him andhe reasonably believes that


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such conduct is necessaryto defend himself or anotheragainst such aggressorûsimminent use of unlawfulforce.One who is not the aggressorin an encounter is justified inusing a reasonable amount offorce against his adversarywhen he reasonably believes:(a) that he is in immediatedanger of unlawful bodily harmfrom his adversary and

(b) that the use of such forceis necessary to avoid thisdanger.It may be reasonable to usenondeadly force against theadversaryûs nondeadly attack(i.e., one threatening onlybodily harm), and to use deadlyforce against his deadly attack(an attack threatening death or

ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ„Àâæâπ®“°°“√„™â°”≈—ßª√–∑ÿ…√â“¬∑’Ë¡‘™Õ∫¥â«¬°ÆÀ¡“¬

∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë ‰¡à ‰¥â‡ªìπºŸâ°àÕ‡Àµÿ„π°“√‡º™‘≠Àπâ“¡’‡ÀµÿÕ—π§«√∑’Ë®–„™â°”≈—ßµ“¡ ¡§«√µàÕºŸâª√–∑ÿ…√â“¬‡¡◊ËÕ∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ‡™◊ËÕ‚¥¬¡’‡ÀµÿÕ—π ¡§«√«à“(°) µπµ°Õ¬Ÿà„π¿¬—πµ√“¬∑’Ë„°≈â®–∂÷ß∑’Ë®–∑”„Àâ‰¥â√—∫Õ—πµ√“¬·°à°“¬‚¥¬¡‘™Õ∫¥â«¬°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ—π‡ªìπº≈®“°°“√°√–∑”¢ÕßºŸâª√–∑ÿ…√â“¬·≈–(¢) ¡’§«“¡®”‡ªìπ∑’Ë ®–µâÕß„™â°”≈—ßπ—Èπ ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâæâπ®“°¿¬—πµ√“¬¥—ß°≈à“«°√≥’Õ“®‡ªìπ°“√ ¡§«√∑’Ë®–„™â°”≈—ß∑”√â“¬∑’Ë ‰¡à‡ªìπÕ—πµ√“¬·°à™’«‘µµàÕºŸâª√–∑ÿ…√â“¬∑’Ë„™â°”≈—ß∑”√â“¬∑’Ë‰¡à‡ªìπÕ—πµ√“¬·°à™’«‘µ (‰¥â·°à°“√„™â°”≈—ß∑’ËÕ“®∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥Õ—πµ√“¬·°à°“¬‡∑à“π—Èπ) ·≈–„™â°”≈—ß∑”√â“¬∑’ËÕ“®‡ªìπÕ—πµ√“¬·°à™’«‘µµàÕ


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Õß§åª√–°Õ∫ ”§—≠ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ëª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“·¡à·∫∫°”Àπ¥‰«â ÷Ëß¡’≈—°…≥–∑’Ë§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—∫∑’Ëª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ“≠“¢Õß‰∑¬¡“µ√“ 68 °”Àπ¥‰«â§◊Õ°“√ª√–∑ÿ…√â“¬∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ ÷Ëß®–‡ªìπ‡Àµÿ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ “¡“√∂°√–∑”°“√ çªÑÕß°—πé ‰¥âπ—Èπ®–µâÕß‡ªìπ Immediate dangerÀ√◊Õ‡ªìπ¿¬—πµ√“¬∑’Ë„°≈â®–∂÷ß ‚¥¬∫“ß§√—ÈßÕ“®‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ çImminentdangeré °“√ª√–∑ÿ…√â“¬∑’Ë®–¡’≈—°…≥–¢Õß Imminent danger π’È®–µâÕß‡ªìπ°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë®”‡ªìπµâÕß≈ß¡◊ÕªÑÕß°—π„π∑—π∑’∑—π„¥π—Èπ‡Õß‚¥¬‰¡à “¡“√∂À≈’°‡≈’Ë¬ß‰¥â¥â«¬°“√¢Õ§«“¡™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ®“°∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊ËπÀ√◊Õ¢Õ§«“¡§ÿâ¡§√Õß®“°‡®â“Àπâ“∑’ËºŸâ√—°…“°ÆÀ¡“¬‰¥â∑—π∑à«ß∑’ (cannot be guardedagainst by calling for the assistance of others or the protectionof the law) §”Õ’°§”Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À¡“¬„°≈â‡§’¬ß·≈–Õ“®ª√“°Ø„π°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫°“√ çªÑÕß°—πé §◊Õ§”«à“ çApparent dangeré÷Ëß®–À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√°√–∑”¢ÕßºŸâª√–∑ÿ…√â“¬∑’Ë· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ∂÷ß‡®µπ“∑’Ë®–∑”

19 Model Penal Code § 3.04.

serious bodily harm), but it isnever reasonable to use deadlyforce against his nondeadlyattack.é19

°“√„™â°”≈—ßª√–∑ÿ…√â“¬∑’ËÕ“®‡ªìπÕ—πµ√“¬·°à™’«‘µ (°“√∑”√â“¬∑’ËÕ“®∑”„Àâ∂÷ß·°à§«“¡µ“¬À√◊Õ‰¥â√—∫∫“¥‡®Á∫ “À— ) ·µà°√≥’®–‰¡à‡ªìπ°“√Õ—π ¡§«√‡≈¬∑’Ë®–„™â°”≈—ß∑”√â“¬∑’ËÕ“®‡ªìπÕ—πµ√“¬·°à™’«‘µµàÕ°“√°√–∑”∑’Ë ‰¡à‡ªìπÕ—πµ√“¬·°à™’«‘µé


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Õ—πµ√“¬·°à™’«‘µÀ√◊Õ∑”„Àâ‰¥â√—∫Õ—πµ√“¬ “À— ∑”„Àâ®”‡ªìπµâÕß°√–∑”°“√Õ—π‡ªìπ°“√ªÑÕß°—π‡æ◊ËÕª°ªÑÕß√—°…“™’«‘µ¢Õßµπ‡Õß ‚¥¬°“√ªÑÕß°—π∑’Ë°√–∑”‰ªπ—ÈπÕ“®®–∂÷ß¢π“¥∑’Ë®–‡ªìπÕ—πµ√“¬·°à™’«‘µ¢ÕßºŸâª√–∑ÿ…√â“¬°Á‰¥â

Guilt and Innocence

§”«à“ çGuilté À√◊Õ ç§«“¡º‘¥é „π∑’Ëπ’ÈÀ“°‡√“µâÕß°“√®–æ‘®“√≥“√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢Õß§«“¡À¡“¬·≈â«®–æ∫«à“‡ªìπ°√≥’∑’Ë°“√°√–∑”¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈„¥∫ÿ§§≈Àπ÷Ëß‡¢â“Õß§åª√–°Õ∫§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“µ“¡∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬°”Àπ¥‰«â ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ„π à«π¢ÕßÕß§åª√–°Õ∫¿“¬πÕ°À√◊ÕÕß§åª√–°Õ∫¿“¬„π ∑”„Àâ°“√°√–∑”¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ‡°‘¥‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“·≈–¡’º≈„ÀâµâÕß∂Ÿ°≈ß‚∑…µ“¡∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬°”Àπ¥

§”∑’Ë‡ªìπ§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å¢Õß§”π’È§◊Õ§”«à“ çGuiltyé ∑’Ë∫àß∫Õ°∂÷ß≈—°…≥–¢Õß°“√°√–∑”¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈·≈–§«“¡√—∫º‘¥∑“ßÕ“≠“¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ«à“¡’≈—°…≥–∑’ËΩÉ“Ωóπ∫∑∫—≠≠—µ‘¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬„π≈—°…≥–∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“ §”Ê π’È¬—ßπ”‰ª„™â„π‡«≈“∑’Ë¡’°“√ Õ∫∂“¡§”„Àâ°“√¢ÕßºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬¥â«¬«à“®–„Àâ°“√√—∫ “√¿“æÀ√◊ÕªØ‘‡ ∏°“√°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“µ“¡∑’Ë∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“ À“°ºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬ª√– ß§å®–„Àâ°“√√—∫ “√¿“æ ºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬π—Èπ®–„Àâ°“√«à“ çGuiltyé §”„Àâ°“√√—∫ “√¿“æ¢Õß®”‡≈¬µàÕ»“≈«à“µπ‡Õß°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥µ“¡∑’Ë∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“π’È‡√’¬°«à“ çGuilty Pleaé ‚¥¬°àÕπ∑’Ë»“≈®–¬Õ¡√—∫§”√—∫ “√¿“æ¢Õß®”‡≈¬π’È»“≈®–µâÕßµ√«® Õ∫„Àâ·πà„®°àÕπ«à“®”‡≈¬‰¥â√—∫°“√·®âß ‘∑∏‘¢Õßµπ‚¥¬™Õ∫ ®”‡≈¬∑√“∫·≈–‡¢â“„®¥’∂÷ß ‘∑∏‘µà“ßÊ ∑’Ëµπ¡’·≈–®”‡≈¬„Àâ°“√√—∫ “√¿“æ¥â«¬§«“¡ ¡—§√„®¢Õß®”‡≈¬‡Õß


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πÕ°®“°π—Èπ „π‡«≈“∑’Ë¡’°“√µ—¥ ‘π§«“¡º‘¥¢Õß®”‡≈¬‚¥¬§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ À“°„§√∑’Ë‡§¬¥Ÿ¿“æ¬πµ√å∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√¥”‡π‘π°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“§¥’Õ“≠“§ßæÕ®–®”°—π‰¥â«à“ ‡¡◊ËÕ°“√æ‘®“√≥“§¥’‡ √Á® ‘Èπ§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ®–ÕÕ°‰ªª√–™ÿ¡ª√÷°…“‡°’Ë¬«°—∫§«“¡º‘¥¢Õß®”‡≈¬ ‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥âº≈ √ÿª¢Õß°“√ª√÷°…“·≈â«®–°≈—∫‡¢â“‰ª„πÀâÕßæ‘®“√≥“„À¡à À—«Àπâ“§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ®–‡ªìπºŸâª√–°“»º≈§”µ—¥ ‘π À“°§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ‡ÀÁπ«à“°“√°√–∑”¢Õß®”‡≈¬‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥°Á®–∫Õ°«à“®”‡≈¬ çGuiltyé §”µ—¥ ‘π¢Õß§≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ„Àâ®”‡≈¬¡’§«“¡º‘¥π’È‡√“‡√’¬°«à“ çGuilty verdicté

µ—«Õ¬à“ß°“√„™â§”µà“ßÊ ‡À≈à“π’È ‡™àπ Daeng admits his guilt to the police after all evidence

has been shown. (·¥ß√—∫ “√¿“æ§«“¡º‘¥¢ÕßµπµàÕµ”√«®¿“¬À≈—ß®“°∑’Ë‰¥â¡’°“√· ¥ßæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π∑—ÈßÀ¡¥)

After a long deliberation, the jury has decidedthat the defendant is guilty as charged. (¿“¬À≈—ß°“√ª√–™ÿ¡À“√◊Õ‡ªìπ‡«≈“π“π §≥–≈Ÿ°¢ÿπ‰¥âµ—¥ ‘π«à“®”‡≈¬¡’§«“¡º‘¥µ“¡∑’Ë∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“)

The court is satisfied that the defendant makesthe guilty plea after he understands all charges.(»“≈‡ÀÁπ«à“®”‡≈¬„Àâ°“√√—∫ “√¿“æ¿“¬À≈—ß®“°∑’Ë®”‡≈¬‡¢â“„®¢âÕÀ“∑—ÈßÀ¡¥·≈â«)

à«π§”∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À¡“¬µ√ß¢â“¡°—∫§”«à“ Guilt π’È§◊Õ§”«à“Innocence ÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß§«“¡∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘ÏÀ√◊Õ°“√ª√“»®“°§«“¡º‘¥„π°“√¥”‡π‘π°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“§¥’Õ“≠“‡√“§ß§ÿâπ‡§¬°—π‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß¥’°—∫§”°≈à“«∑’Ë«à“‡√“µâÕß —ππ‘…∞“π‰«â°àÕπ«à“®”‡≈¬‡ªìπºŸâ∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï®π°«à“®–¡’


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§”µ—¥ ‘πÀ√◊Õ§”æ‘æ“°…“‡ªìπÕ¬à“ßÕ◊Ëπ °“√∑’Ë —ππ‘…∞“π‰«â°àÕπ«à“®”‡≈¬‡ªìπºŸâ∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ïπ’È‡√“‡√’¬°«à“ çPresumption of Innocenceé

Complaint

§”«à“ çComplainté π’Èµ“¡ª°µ‘„π§¥’·æàß®–À¡“¬∂÷ß§”øÑÕß ”À√—∫„π§¥’Õ“≠“π—Èπ µ“¡ ç¢âÕ°”Àπ¥«‘∏’æ‘®“√≥“§¥’Õ“≠“ (FederalRule of Criminal Procedure)é ®–À¡“¬∂÷ß‡Õ° “√∑’Ë· ¥ß¢âÕÀ“·≈–¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ß∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß∑’Ë· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“¡’∫ÿ§§≈„¥∫ÿ§§≈Àπ÷Ëß‰¥â°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“¢÷Èπ20 ‰¡à«à“®– “¡“√∂√–∫ÿ™◊ËÕ∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥‰¥âÀ√◊Õ‰¡à°Áµ“¡ ‡¡◊ËÕ®—¥∑” Complaint ·≈â«®–µâÕß‡ πÕ„Àâ Magistrate‡ªìπºŸâæ‘®“√≥“«à“®“°‡Õ° “√À≈—°∞“π∑’Ëª√“°Ø¡’‡ÀµÿÕ—π§«√‡™◊ËÕ‰¥âÀ√◊Õ‰¡à«à“∫ÿ§§≈µ“¡∑’Ë√–∫ÿ„π Complaint π’È‡ªìπºŸâ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥Õ“≠“µ“¡∑’Ë°≈à“«À“ À“°¡’‡ÀµÿÕ—π§«√‡™◊ËÕ¥—ß°≈à“«‰¥â ®–¡’°“√ÕÕ°À¡“¬®—∫∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ¡“¥”‡π‘π§¥’Õ“≠“µàÕ‰ª21 À“°‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫®“°≈—°…≥–µ“¡∑’Ë°≈à“«∂÷ßπ’È§”«à“ Complaint „π§¥’Õ“≠“®÷ß¬—ß‰¡à∂÷ß¢—ÈπµÕπ∑’Ë®–‡ªìπ

20 Fed.R.Crim.P. 3çThe complaint is a written statement of the essential facts

constituting the offense charged. It must be made under oath beforea magistrate judge or, if none is reasonably available, before astate or local judicial officer.é

21 Fed.R.Crim.P. 4çIf the complaint or one or more affidavits filed with the

complaint establish probable cause to believe that an offense hasbeen committed and that the defendant committed it, the judge mustissue an arrest warrant to an officer authorized to execute it. ...é


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§”øÑÕßµ“¡∑’Ë‡√“‡¢â“„®‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª À“°·µà®–¡’≈—°…≥–∑’Ë§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—∫§”√âÕß¢Õ„ÀâÕÕ°À¡“¬®—∫µ“¡ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬«‘∏’æ‘®“√≥“§«“¡Õ“≠“¡“µ√“ 59 ‡ ’¬¡“°°«à“ ‚¥¬À≈—°°“√µ“¡∑’Ë¢âÕ°”Àπ¥«‘∏’æ‘®“√≥“§¥’Õ“≠“¢Õß À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“√–∫ÿ‰«â°Á¡’≈—°…≥–∑’Ë§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—∫∑’Ëª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬«‘∏’æ‘®“√≥“§«“¡Õ“≠“ ¡“µ√“ 59/1 °”Àπ¥‰«â§◊Õ Magistrate®–ÕÕ°À¡“¬®—∫∫ÿ§§≈„¥¡“¥”‡π‘π§¥’‰¥â®–µâÕßª√“°ØÀ≈—°∞“πÕ—π§«√‡™◊ËÕ‰¥â«à“∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ‡ªìπºŸâ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥

Warrant of Arrest and Arrest

§”«à“ Arrest À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√∑’Ë‡®â“æπ—°ß“πµ”√«®‰¥â§«∫§ÿ¡µ—«∫ÿ§§≈„¥∫ÿ§§≈Àπ÷Ëß‰«â‡æ◊ËÕπ”µ—«‰ª¥”‡π‘π§¥’µ“¡∑’Ë°ÆÀ¡“¬°”Àπ¥µàÕ‰ª à«π§”«à“ Warrant of Arrest À√◊Õ∫“ß§√—ÈßÕ“®®–„™â«à“Arrest Warrant π—Èπ§◊ÕÀ¡“¬®—∫∑’Ë»“≈ÕÕ°¿“¬À≈—ß®“°∑’Ë‰¥âæ‘®“√≥“Complaint µ“¡∑’Ë°≈à“«¢â“ßµâπ·≈â««à“¡’‡Àµÿ∑’Ë§«√ÕÕ°À¡“¬®—∫‰¥â

Bail

§”«à“ çBailé À¡“¬∂÷ß ç°“√ª√–°—πé ºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ‰¥â√—∫°“√ª≈àÕ¬™—Ë«§√“«„π√–À«à“ß∑’Ë¡’°“√¥”‡π‘π§¥’Õ“≠“°—∫ºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬√“¬π—Èπ‚¥¬µ°≈ßÀ√◊Õ —≠≠“«à“‡¡◊ËÕ∂÷ß‡«≈“µ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥ºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬√“¬π—Èπ®–¡“ª√“°Øµ—«µàÕ‡®â“æπ—°ß“πÀ√◊Õ»“≈ °“√ª√–°—ππ—Èπµ“¡ª°µ‘®–°”Àπ¥‡ªìπ®”π«π‡ß‘π∑’ËºŸâ„Àâª√–°—π®–µâÕß√—∫º‘¥„π°√≥’∑’ËºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬√“¬π—Èπ‰¡à¡“ª√“°Øµ—«µ“¡∑’Ëπ—¥‰«âÀ√◊Õº‘¥‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢¢Õß°“√ª≈àÕ¬™—Ë«§√“«


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çºŸâª√–°—πé ´÷Ëß‡ªìπ∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë —≠≠“°—∫‡®â“æπ—°ß“πÀ√◊Õ»“≈‡æ◊ËÕ¢Õª√–°—πµ—«ºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬„π°“√ª≈àÕ¬™—Ë«§√“«‚¥¬∑” —≠≠“°—∫‡®â“æπ—°ß“πÀ√◊Õ»“≈«à“‡¡◊ËÕ∂÷ß‡«≈“À√◊Õ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢µ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥‰«â®–π”µ—«ºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬ºŸâπ—Èπ¡“ àßµ—«‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ çSuretyé

„π°“√∑” —≠≠“‡æ◊ËÕ¢Õ„Àâ¡’°“√ª≈àÕ¬™—Ë«§√“«¥—ß°≈à“« ºŸâª√–°—π®–µâÕß∑” —≠≠“‡ªìπ≈“¬≈—°…≥åÕ—°…√‰«â°—∫‡®â“æπ—°ß“πÀ√◊Õ»“≈‡æ◊ËÕ· ¥ß¢âÕºŸ°¡—¥∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà·≈–‡ªìπÀ≈—°∞“π ”À√—∫§«“¡√—∫º‘¥∑’ËÕ“®®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π°√≥’∑’ËºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬‰¡à¡“ª√“°Øµ—«µ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥π—¥‰«âÀ√◊Õº‘¥‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢¢Õß°“√ª≈àÕ¬™—Ë«§√“« —≠≠“ª√–°—π¥—ß°≈à“«‡√“‡√’¬°«à“çBail bondé §”«à“ Bond π’ÈÀ“°‡ªìπ„π§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ëæ∫‡ÀÁπ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ªÕ“®®–À¡“¬∂÷ßµ√“ “√ª√–‡¿∑Àÿâπ°ŸâÀ√◊Õæ—π∏∫—µ√∑’ËºŸâ∑√ßµ√“ “√¡’ ∂“π–‡ªìπ‡®â“Àπ’È¢Õß ‘∑∏‘‡√’¬°√âÕß∑’Ë®–‡√’¬°„Àâ≈Ÿ°Àπ’È¢Õßµ√“ “√π—Èπ™”√–Àπ’È ‰¥âµ“¡®”π«π∑’Ë√–∫ÿ‰«â ·µà„π§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√ª≈àÕ¬™—Ë«§√“«·≈–°“√ª√–°—πµ—«„π∑’Ëπ’È§ß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß‡ªìπ —≠≠“∑’Ë∑”‡ªìπÀπ—ß ◊Õ∑’Ë· ¥ß‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢§«“¡√—∫º‘¥¢ÕßºŸâª√–°—π∑’Ë ‰¥â„Àâ ‰«â·°à‡®â“æπ—°ß“πÀ√◊Õ»“≈

„π°“√π”ª√–°—πÀ√◊ÕÀ≈—°ª√–°—π‰ª«“ß‰«â°—∫‡®â“æπ—°ß“πÀ√◊Õ»“≈‡æ◊ËÕ¢Õ„Àâª≈àÕ¬™—Ë«§√“«ºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬π—Èπ‡√“®–„™â«≈’∑’Ë«à“ çto postbailé ‡™àπ John has to post bail before he can obtain histemporary release from the court.

ª√–°—πÀ√◊ÕÀ≈—°ª√–°—π∑’Ë®–π”¡“„™â„π°“√¢Õ„Àâª≈àÕ¬™—Ë«§√“«ºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬Õ“®¡’‰¥âÀ≈“¬ª√–‡¿∑À≈“¬≈—°…≥– ª√–‡¿∑Àπ÷Ëß§◊Õª√–°—π∑’Ë‡√’¬°«à“ çCash bail bondé ‡ªìπ°√≥’∑’ËºŸâª√–°—ππ”‡ß‘π ¥‰ª«“ß‰«â°—∫‡®â“æπ—°ß“πÀ√◊Õ»“≈‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπª√–°—π„π°“√ª≈àÕ¬™—Ë«§√“«


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À“°¡’°“√º‘¥‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢°“√ª√–°—π ‡®â“æπ—°ß“πÀ√◊Õ»“≈°Á®–√‘∫‡ß‘π∑’Ë«“ß‰«â‡æ◊ËÕ™”√–Àπ’È∑’ËºŸâª√–°—π¡’§«“¡√—∫º‘¥Õ¬Ÿàµ“¡ —≠≠“ª√–°—π∑’Ëµπ∑”‰«â°—∫‡®â“æπ—°ß“πÀ√◊Õ»“≈ ‡™àπ Jack forfeited the cash thathe posted as a bail with the court because he cannot bringJohn to appear before the court on the designated date.

„π°“√ª≈àÕ¬™—Ë«§√“«ºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬‰ª °“√∑” —≠≠“ª√–°—ππ—ÈπÕ“®®–‡ªìπ —≠≠“ª√–°—π∑’Ë∑”‚¥¬¡’À≈—°ª√–°—πÀ√◊Õ‰¡à°Á‰¥â —≠≠“ª√–°—π∑’Ë‰¡à¡’À≈—°ª√–°—π ”À√—∫Àπ’ÈÀ√◊Õ§«“¡√—∫º‘¥∑’ËºŸâª√–°—πÕ“®‡°‘¥¢÷Èπµ“¡ —≠≠“ª√–°—ππ—Èπ‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ çUnsecured bail bondé à«π —≠≠“ª√–°—π∑’Ë¡’°“√«“ßÀ≈—°ª√–°—π§«“¡√—∫º‘¥‰«â¥â«¬‰¡à«à“À≈—°ª√–°—ππ—Èπ®–Õ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª¢Õß∑√—æ¬å ‘π™π‘¥„¥°Áµ“¡‡√“‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ çSecuredbail bondé

”À√—∫§«“¡º‘¥∫“ß¢âÕÀ“À√◊Õ∫“ß∞“π§«“¡º‘¥ ‡®â“æπ—°ß“πÀ√◊Õ»“≈Õ“®ª≈àÕ¬™—Ë«§√“«ºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬‰ª‚¥¬∑’Ë‰¡àµâÕß„Àâ®”‡≈¬∑” —≠≠“ª√–°—π„¥Ê ‰«â‡≈¬°Á‰¥â ‚¥¬‡ªìπ∑’Ë‡™◊ËÕ«à“ºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬π—Èπ®–¡“ª√“°Øµ—«µàÕ‡®â“æπ—°ß“πÀ√◊Õ»“≈µ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥À√◊Õ√–∫ÿ‡π◊ËÕß®“°§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“À√◊ÕøÑÕßπ—Èπ‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë¡’‚∑…‰¡à√â“¬·√ß®÷ß‡™◊ËÕ«à“®”‡≈¬‰¡àπà“®–À≈∫Àπ’ °“√ª≈àÕ¬™—Ë«§√“«‰ª„π≈—°…≥–¥—ß°≈à“«π’È‡√’¬°«à“ çRelease on own recognizanceé À“°‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫°√≥’µ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬‰∑¬Õ“®®–„°≈â‡§’¬ß°—∫°“√ª≈àÕ¬™—Ë«§√“«‰ªµ“¡ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬«‘∏’æ‘®“√≥“§«“¡Õ“≠“ ¡“µ√“ 110 «√√§ Õß´÷Ëß‡ªìπ°√≥’°“√ª≈àÕ¬™—Ë«§√“«„π§¥’∑’Ë¡’∞“π§«“¡º‘¥Õ¬à“ßÕ◊ËππÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°∑’Ë¡’‚∑…®”§ÿ°Õ¬à“ß Ÿß‡°‘πÀâ“ªï ‡®â“æπ—°ß“πÀ√◊Õ»“≈Õ“® —Ëß„Àâª≈àÕ¬™—Ë«§√“«ºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬‰ª‚¥¬‰¡àµâÕß¡’ª√–°—π°Á‰¥â „π°√≥’¥—ß°≈à“«


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¡“µ√“ 111 °”Àπ¥„ÀâºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬µâÕß “∫“πÀ√◊ÕªØ‘≠“≥µπ«à“®–¡“µ“¡π—¥À√◊ÕÀ¡“¬‡√’¬°

§«“¡º‘¥À√◊Õ¢âÕÀ“∑’ËºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬∂Ÿ°°≈à“«À“«à“°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥π—Èπ¡’À≈“¬≈—°…≥– §«“¡º‘¥∫“ß∞“πÀ√◊Õ∫“ß¢âÕÀ“Õ“®®–¡’≈—°…≥–∑’Ë‰¡à√â“¬·√ßπ—° ∑”„ÀâÀ“°ºŸâµâÕßÀ“À√◊Õ®”‡≈¬π—Èπ¢Õ„Àâ¡’°“√ª≈àÕ¬™—Ë«§√“« ‡®â“æπ—°ß“πÀ√◊Õ»“≈Õ“®æ‘®“√≥“„Àâª≈àÕ¬™—Ë«§√“«‰¥â à«π®–¡’ª√–°—πÀ√◊ÕÀ≈—°ª√–°—π¥â«¬À√◊Õ‰¡àπ—Èπ‡ªìπÕ’°ª√–‡¥ÁπÀπ÷Ëß∑’ËµâÕßæ‘®“√≥“µà“ßÀ“° ∞“π§«“¡º‘¥À√◊Õ¢âÕÀ“∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π«‘ —¬∑’Ë®–„Àâ¡’°“√ª≈àÕ¬™—Ë«§√“«‰¥âπ’È‡√’¬°«à“ çBailable offenceé

Sentence

§”«à“ Sentence ∑’Ëπ”¡“„™â „π°√≥’¢Õß°“√¥”‡π‘π°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“§¥’Õ“≠“®–À¡“¬∂÷ß °“√∑’Ë»“≈æ‘æ“°…“°”Àπ¥‚∑…∑’Ë®–≈ß·°à®”‡≈¬«à“§«√‡ªìπ‡æ’¬ß„¥¿“¬À≈—ß®“°∑’Ë®”‡≈¬„Àâ°“√√—∫ “√¿“æÀ√◊Õ∂Ÿ°µ—¥ ‘π«à“¡’§«“¡º‘¥·≈â« °“√¥”‡π‘π°“√≈—°…≥–π’È∑”„Àâ°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“∂Ÿ°·∫àß‡ªìπ Õß¢—ÈπµÕπ∑’Ë·¬°µà“ßÀ“°®“°°—π ¢—ÈπµÕπ·√°§◊Õ°“√æ‘ Ÿ®πå§«“¡º‘¥À√◊Õ§«“¡∫√‘ ÿ∑∏å¢Õß®”‡≈¬‡ ’¬°àÕπ ‡¡◊ËÕæ‘ Ÿ®πå®πª√“»®“°§«“¡ ß —¬µ“¡ ¡§«√·≈â««à“®”‡≈¬‡ªìπºŸâ°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥µ“¡∑’Ë∂Ÿ°øÑÕßÀ√◊Õ°≈à“«À“®÷ß®–°”Àπ¥‚∑…‡ªìπÕ’°™—ÈπÀπ÷Ëß ‡Àµÿ∑’Ë·¬°°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“∑—Èß Õß¢—ÈπµÕπÕÕ°®“°°—π‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ»“≈‰¥â¡’‚Õ°“ ‰¥â√—∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¡“°¢÷Èπ‡°’Ë¬«°—∫æƒµ‘°√√¡À√◊Õ§«“¡‡ªìπ¡“¢Õß®”‡≈¬ ÷Ëß»“≈®–π”¡“„™âª√–°Õ∫¥ÿ≈æ‘π‘® ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¥—ß°≈à“«Õ“®®–¡“®“°∑—Èß ÕßΩÉ“¬ ‡™àπ ∑“ßΩÉ“¬‚®∑°åÀ√◊ÕºŸâ‡ ’¬À“¬‡Õß∑’ËÕ“®®–π”æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“πÀ√◊Õ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¡“· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“®”‡≈¬§«√µâÕß√—∫‚∑…Àπ—°¡“°πâÕ¬‡æ’¬ß„¥ ·≈–„π¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π®”‡≈¬‡Õß°Á®–


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¡’‚Õ°“ π”¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡°’Ë¬«°—∫µπ‡Õß¡“‡ πÕµàÕ»“≈¥â«¬«à“·¡â®–ª√“°Ø«à“®”‡≈¬°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥ ·µà‚∑…∑’Ë®–≈ß·°à®”‡≈¬Õ“®®–‡ªìπ‚∑… ∂“π‡∫“¥â«¬‡Àµÿ∑’Ë®”‡≈¬‡§¬¡’ª√–«—µ‘À√◊Õ¿Ÿ¡‘À≈—ß∑’Ë¥’¡“°àÕπ ‡ªìπµâπ °√≥’¥—ß°≈à“«π’ÈÕ“®®–·µ°µà“ß®“°°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“∑’Ë∑”µ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬‰∑¬ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°„π°√≥’µ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬‰∑¬π—Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“ ◊∫æ¬“π ‘Èπ ÿ¥ À“°»“≈æ‘æ“°…“«à“®”‡≈¬¡’§«“¡º‘¥ »“≈®–°”Àπ¥‚∑…∑’Ë®–≈ß·°à®”‡≈¬‰«â„π§√“«‡¥’¬«°—π‡≈¬ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°À“°®”‡≈¬¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’ËÕ“®‡ªìπ§ÿ≥·°àµπ„π°“√∑’Ë»“≈æ‘®“√≥“°”Àπ¥‚∑… ®”‡≈¬°Á®–π”‡ πÕµ—Èß·µà°àÕπ∑’Ë»“≈®–æ‘æ“°…“·≈â«

Probation

§”«à“ çProbationé À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√§ÿ¡ª√–æƒµ‘ ”À√—∫„π°√≥’∑’Ë»“≈æ‘æ“°…“«à“®”‡≈¬¡’§«“¡º‘¥ ·µà‡ÀÁπ§«√„Àâ√Õ°“√≈ß‚∑…®”‡≈¬‰«â(suspension of sentence) ‚¥¬„Àâª≈àÕ¬µ—«‰ª ·µà„Àâ§ÿ¡ª√–æƒµ‘®”‡≈¬‰«âµ“¡‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢·≈–√–¬–‡«≈“∑’Ë»“≈°”Àπ¥ æπ—°ß“π§ÿ¡ª√–æƒµ‘®–‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ Probation officer ”À√—∫∫ÿ§§≈ºŸâ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°§ÿ¡ª√–æƒµ‘π—Èπ®–‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ Probationer

§”Õ’°§”Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ë¡’≈—°…≥–§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—π°—∫§”«à“ Probation ·µà¡’§«“¡À¡“¬·µ°µà“ßÕÕ°‰ª‚¥¬ ‘Èπ‡™‘ß§◊Õ§”«à“ Probate À“°¡Õß¥Ÿ≈—°…≥–¢Õß§”Õ“®®–∑”„Àâ¥Ÿ‡À¡◊Õπ«à“‡ªìπ§”°‘√‘¬“¢Õß§”«à“ Probation·µà„π§«“¡‡ªìπ®√‘ß·≈â«§”∑—Èß Õß‰¡à‰¥â¡’§«“¡‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—π·µàÕ¬à“ß„¥§”«à“ Probate ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√‡æ◊ËÕ∑’Ë®–æ‘ Ÿ®πå§«“¡∂Ÿ°µâÕß·∑â®√‘ß¢Õßæ‘π—¬°√√¡·≈–°“√®—¥°“√¡√¥°¢ÕßºŸâµ“¬ °√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“¢Õß»“≈∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫‡√◊ËÕßæ‘π—¬°√√¡·≈–°“√®—¥°“√¡√¥°π’È‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ Probate proceeding ‡¢µÕ”π“®»“≈‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°√–∫«π


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æ‘®“√≥“„π‡√◊ËÕß¥—ß°≈à“«π’È‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ Probate jurisdiction à«π»“≈∑’Ë¡’Õ”π“®æ‘®“√≥“æ‘æ“°…“§¥’‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√®—¥°“√¡√¥°π’È‡√’¬°«à“Probate court ”À√—∫°Õß¡√¥°∑’ËµâÕß¡’°“√®—¥°“√π’È®–„™â§”«à“Probate estate ·µàÀ“°‡ªìπºŸâ®—¥°“√¡√¥°®–‡√’¬°«à“ Executor/Administrator of the estate

§”Õ’° à«πÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë¡’≈—°…≥–§≈â“¬§≈÷ß°—π·µà¡’§«“¡À¡“¬·µ°µà“ß°—πÕÕ°‰ª§◊Õ§”«à“ Probative §”¥—ß°≈à“«¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“„™â ”À√—∫°“√æ‘ Ÿ®πå (serving to prove) ·µà‡π◊ËÕß®“°§”Ê π’È‡ªìπ§”§ÿ≥»—æ∑å¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷ß¡—°®–„™âª√–°Õ∫°—∫§”Õ◊Ëπ ‡™àπ Probative value ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬„π∑”πÕß∑’Ë«à“¡’§ÿ≥§à“µàÕ°“√„™âæ‘ Ÿ®πå¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ßÕ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß‰¥â·πàπÕπ«à“ ‘Ëß∑’Ë®–¡’§ÿ≥§à“¥—ß°≈à“«‰¥â¬àÕ¡µâÕß‡ªìπæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“πÕ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß¥â«¬ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡√“µâÕß°“√®–∫Õ°«à“æ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“ππ—Èπ¡’§ÿ≥§à“µàÕ°“√æ‘ Ÿ®πå¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ß∑’Ëæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“ππ—Èπ¡’§«“¡‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕßÀ√◊Õ —¡æ—π∏å¥â«¬ Õ“®„™â§”«à“ Probative evidence

Parole

§”«à“ Parole π’ÈÀ¡“¬∂÷ß°“√ª≈àÕ¬µ—«®”‡≈¬∑’ËµâÕß‚∑…®”§ÿ°°àÕπ°”Àπ¥∑’Ë«“ß‰«â‡¥‘¡ ®”‡≈¬∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫°“√ª≈àÕ¬µ—«¡“π’È®–µâÕßÕ¬Ÿà¿“¬„µâ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢·≈–¢âÕ°”Àπ¥µà“ßÊ ∑’Ë√–∫ÿ‰«â„π§” —Ëßª≈àÕ¬µ—« Àπà«¬ß“π∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’Ëæ‘®“√≥“„Àâ§«“¡‡ÀÁπ™Õ∫°“√ª≈àÕ¬µ—«®”‡≈¬π’È§◊Õ Parole BoardÀ√◊Õ Parole Commission ·µà„πªí®®ÿ∫—π ·π«∑“ß°“√°”Àπ¥‚∑…(Sentencing Guideline) ‰¥â‡ª≈’Ë¬π∂à“¬Àπâ“∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√æ‘®“√≥“«à“®–ª≈àÕ¬µ—«®”‡≈¬À√◊Õ‰¡à®“°‡¥‘¡∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà°—∫ Parole Board „Àâ°≈“¬‡ªìπÀπâ“∑’Ë¢Õß»“≈·∑π


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Pardon

§”«à“ çPardoné À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√Õ¿—¬‚∑…´÷Ëßµ“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õßª√–‡∑»Õ¬à“ß‡™àπ À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“®–‡ªìπÕ”π“®¢ÕßΩÉ“¬∫√‘À“√ ‡™àπª√–∏“π“∏‘∫¥’À√◊ÕºŸâ«à“°“√√—∞∑’Ë®–„ÀâÕ¿—¬‚∑…·°àºŸâµâÕß‚∑…√“¬„¥√“¬Àπ÷Ëß∫“ß§√—Èß®÷ß‡√’¬°«à“‡ªìπ Executive pardon À√◊Õ Executiveclemency ÷Ëß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬‡À¡◊ÕπÊ °—π„πÕ—π∑’Ë®–∑”„ÀâºŸâµâÕß‚∑…æâπ®“°‚∑…∑’Ë®–µâÕß√—∫À√◊Õ∑’Ë°”≈—ß√—∫Õ¬Ÿà ∑”„ÀâºŸâπ—Èπ‰¥â√—∫°“√ª≈àÕ¬µ—«‰ª„πµà“ßª√–‡∑» °“√Õ¿—¬‚∑…Õ“®®–∑”‚¥¬¡’‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢¥â«¬°Á‰¥â „π°√≥’∑’Ë‡ªìπ°“√Õ¿—¬‚∑…·∫∫¡’‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢‡√’¬°«à“ Conditional pardon´÷Ëß®–∑”„Àâ°“√Õ¿—¬‚∑…¡’º≈‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√°√–∑”Õ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëßµ“¡‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë°”Àπ¥ À√◊ÕÕ“®®–∑”„Àâ°“√Õ¿—¬‚∑… ‘Èπº≈‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√°√–∑”Õ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß¢÷Èπ ”À√—∫°“√Õ¿—¬‚∑…·∫∫‡¥Á¥¢“¥´÷ËßºŸâµâÕß‚∑…‰¥â√—∫°“√ª≈àÕ¬µ—«‰ª‚¥¬‰¡à¡’‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢„¥Ê ºŸ°¡—¥‰«â¥â«¬®–‡√’¬°«à“Absolute/unconditional pardon

Habeas corpus

§”«à“ Habeas corpus π’Èµ“¡ª°µ‘„π§«“¡À¡“¬Õ¬à“ß°«â“ßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß°“√∑’Ë»“≈¡’§” —ËßÀ√◊ÕÕÕ°À¡“¬‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫§¥’¡“ª√“°Øµ—«µàÕÀπâ“»“≈‡æ◊ËÕ¥”‡π‘π°“√Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷ËßÕ¬à“ß„¥‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“ ·µà„π°“√„™âß“ππ—Èπ à«π„À≠à®–„™â§”¥—ß°≈à“«π’È „π§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß°“√∑’Ë»“≈¡’§” —Ëß„ÀâºŸâ∑’Ë§«∫§ÿ¡µ—«∫ÿ§§≈Õ◊ËπÕ¬Ÿàπ”µ—«∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë∂Ÿ°§«∫§ÿ¡¡“· ¥ßµàÕÀπâ“»“≈‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ»“≈‰µà «π§«“¡™Õ∫¥â«¬°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õß°“√§«∫§ÿ¡µ—«¥—ß°≈à“« °“√ÕÕ°§” —Ëß≈—°…≥–¥—ß°≈à“«π’Èª°µ‘®–‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°°“√¡’§”√âÕßÀ√◊Õ¢âÕ√âÕß‡√’¬π«à“°“√§«∫§ÿ¡µ—« ÷Ëß


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Õ“®®–‡ªìπ°“√°√–∑”¢Õß‡®â“æπ—°ß“πµ”√«®À√◊Õ‡®â“æπ—°ß“π√“™∑—≥±å‰¡à™Õ∫¥â«¬°ÆÀ¡“¬¥â«¬‡ÀµÿÕ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß °“√„™â„π§«“¡À¡“¬π’È®–¡“®“°§”‡µÁ¡∑’Ë«à“ Habeas corpus ad subjiciendum

Coram nobis

§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß§”«à“ Coram nobis π—Èπ‡ªìπ°√–∫«πæ‘®“√≥“∑’Ë¡’°“√√âÕß¢Õ„Àâæ‘®“√≥“§¥’„À¡à ‡π◊ËÕß®“°ª√“°Æ¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ßÀ√◊Õæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π„À¡à∑’Ë ‰¡à ‰¥âª√“°ØÀ√◊Õπ” ◊∫„π ”π«π§¥’‡¥‘¡ ´÷ËßÀ“°ª√“°Æ¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ßÀ√◊Õæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π¥—ß°≈à“«„π§¥’‡¥‘¡·≈â«Õ“®∑”„Àâº≈¢Õß§¥’‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß‰ª ·µà°“√∑’Ë ‰¡à‰¥âπ” ◊∫„Àâ‡ÀÁπ∂÷ß¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ßÀ√◊Õæ¬“πÀ≈—°∞“π¥—ß°≈à“«„π§¥’‡¥‘¡π—Èπ®–µâÕß‰¡à‰¥â‡°‘¥®“°§«“¡º‘¥À√◊Õª√–¡“∑‡≈‘π‡≈àÕ¢Õß§Ÿà§«“¡∑’Ë√âÕß¢Õ„Àâæ‘®“√≥“§¥’„À¡àπ—Èπ¥â«¬

Extradition

§”«à“ çExtraditioné π’ÈÀ¡“¬§«“¡∂÷ß°“√ àßºŸâ√â“¬¢â“¡·¥π®“°ª√–‡∑»À√◊Õ√—∞Àπ÷Ëß‰ª¬—ßÕ’°ª√–‡∑»À√◊Õ√—∞Àπ÷Ëß ‡π◊ËÕß®“°∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë∂Ÿ°¢Õ„Àâ àß¢â“¡·¥ππ’È ‰¥â°√–∑”§«“¡º‘¥∑’ËÕ“®∂Ÿ°æ‘®“√≥“≈ß‚∑…‰¥â„πª√–‡∑»∑’Ë√âÕß¢Õ„Àâ¡’°“√ àßºŸâ√â“¬¢â“¡·¥ππ—Èπ µ“¡ª°µ‘ª√–‡∑»À√◊Õ√—∞∑—Èß Õß®–µâÕß¡’ π∏‘ —≠≠“√–À«à“ß°—π‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√ àßºŸâ√â“¬¢â“¡·¥π®÷ß®–∑”„Àâª√–‡∑»À√◊Õ√—∞∑’Ë§«∫§ÿ¡µ—«∫ÿ§§≈π—Èπ‰«â¡’æ—π∏–°√≥’∑’Ë®–µâÕß àßµ—«¢â“¡·¥π ‚¥¬„π π∏‘ —≠≠“À√◊Õ§«“¡µ°≈ß„π‡√◊ËÕßπ’ÈÕ“®®–°”Àπ¥¢âÕ¬°‡«âπ∑’Ë®–∑”„Àâª√–‡∑»À√◊Õ√—∞∑’Ë§«∫§ÿ¡µ—«‰«âÕ“®ªØ‘‡ ∏‰¡à¬‘π¬Õ¡„Àâ àßµ—«¢â“¡·¥π‰¥âÀ“°‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë¡’≈—°…≥–µ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥ ‡™àπ§«“¡º‘¥∑“ß°“√‡¡◊ÕßÀ√◊Õ§«“¡º‘¥∑’Ë¡’‚∑…ª√–À“√™’«‘µ ‡ªìπµâπ


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I have a dream.

¢â“æ‡®â“¡’§«“¡Ωíπ

‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 28 ‘ßÀ“§¡ §.». 1963 ¥√. ¡“√åµ‘π≈Ÿ‡∏Õ√å §‘ß ®Ÿ‡π’¬√å ‰¥â°≈à“« ÿπ∑√æ®πå ≥∫√‘‡«≥Õπÿ √≥å ∂“πª√–∏“π“∏‘∫¥’Õ—∫√“Œ—¡≈‘π§Õ√åπ ‡æ◊ËÕµàÕµâ“π°“√‡À¬’¬¥ ’º‘«·≈–°“√‡≈◊Õ°ªØ‘∫—µ‘√–À«à“ß‡™◊ÈÕ™“µ‘ „π√–À«à“ß°“√ç‡¥‘π¢∫«π·Ààß«Õ™‘ßµ—π‡æ◊ËÕß“π·≈–‡ √’¿“æ(March on Washington for Jobs andFreedom)é ´÷Ëß¡’ºŸâ‡¢â“√à«¡¡“°°«à“ Õß· π§π ÿπ∑√æ®πå¢Õß¥√. §‘ß §√—Èßπ’È‰¥â√—∫°“√¬°¬àÕß«à“‡ªìπ ÿπ∑√æ®πå∑’Ë¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥§√—ÈßÀπ÷Ëß„πª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å·Ààß¡πÿ…¬™“µ‘·≈–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ®ÿ¥À—°‡À∑’Ë ”§—≠¢Õß‡√’¬°√âÕß„Àâ¬°‡≈‘°°“√‡À¬’¬¥ ’º‘«·≈–°“√‡≈◊Õ°ªØ‘∫—µ‘„πª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ÿπ∑√æ®πåπ’È√Ÿâ®—°°—π„π™◊ËÕ çI have a dream.é

... I am not unmindful thatsome of you have comehere out of great trials andtribulations. Some of you havecome fresh from narrow jailcells. And some of you havecome from areas where your

... ¢â“æ‡®â“À“‰¥â≈–‡≈¬«à“æ«°∑à“π∫“ß§π¡“ ≥ ∑’Ë·Ààßπ’È®“°°“√æ‘®“√≥“§¥’·≈–§«“¡™—Ë«√â“¬Õ—π¬‘Ëß„À≠à æ«°∑à“π∫“ß§π‡æ‘ËßÕÕ°¡“®“°ÀâÕß¢—ßÕ—π§—∫·§∫ ·≈–æ«°∑à“π∫“ß§π¡“®“°¥‘π·¥π∑’Ë ÷Ëß°“√· «ßÀ“¢Õßæ«°∑à“π-°“√· «ßÀ“


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quest-- quest for freedomleft you battered by thestorms of persecution andstaggered by the winds ofpolice brutality. You havebeen the veterans of creativesuffering. Continue to workwith the faith that unearnedsuffering is redemptive. Goback to Mississippi, go backto Alabama, go back to SouthCarolina, go back to Georgia,go back to Louisiana, go backto the slums and ghettos ofour northern cities, knowingthat somehow this situationcan and will be changed.

Let us not wallow in the valleyof despair, I say to you today,my friends.

And so even though we facethe difficulties of today and

‡ √’¿“æ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ∑à“π∂Ÿ°∑ÿ∫µ’¥â«¬æ“¬ÿ·Ààß°“√∑“√ÿ≥°√√¡·≈–·µ°°√– “π´à“π‡´Áπ¥â«¬≈¡·Ààß°“√°√–∑”Õ—π‚À¥√â“¬¢Õß‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ëµ”√«® æ«°∑à“π®—¥«à“‡ªìπºŸâºà“π»÷°·Ààß°“√∑π∑ÿ°¢å∑’Ë √â“ß √√§å ®ß∑”Àπâ“∑’ËµàÕ‰ª¥â«¬»√—∑∏“∑’Ë«à“§«“¡∑π∑ÿ°¢å∑’Ë ‰¡à ¡§«√‰¥â√—∫‡À≈à“π’È®–‰¥â√—∫°“√™¥„™â ®ß°≈—∫‰ª¬—ß¡‘ ´‘ -´‘ªªï ®ß°≈—∫‰ª¬—ß·Õ≈≈“∫“¡“ ®ß°≈—∫‰ª¬—ß‡´“∑å·§‚√‰≈π“ ®ß°≈—∫‰ª¬—ß®Õ√å‡®’¬ ®ß°≈—∫‰ª¬—ßÀ≈ÿ¬ å-‡ ’¬πà“ ®ß°≈—∫‰ª¬—ß ≈—¡·≈–∑’Ë°—°°—π„π‡¡◊Õß∑“ß‡Àπ◊Õ¢Õß‡√“‚¥¬µ√–Àπ—°‰«â«à“‰¡à«à“®–¥â«¬«‘∏’„¥ ∂“π°“√≥å‡™àππ’È “¡“√∂·≈–®–‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß‰¥â

¢â“æ‡®â“¢Õ∫Õ°∑ÿ°∑à“π„π«—ππ’È‡æ◊ËÕπ¢Õß¢â“æ‡®â“ ®ßÕ¬à“„Àâæ«°‡√“®¡Õ¬Ÿà„πÀÿ∫‡¢“·Ààß§«“¡ ‘ÈπÀ«—ß

·≈–·¡âπ«à“æ«°‡√“®–‡º™‘≠Àπâ“°—∫§«“¡¬“°≈”∫“°¢Õß«—ππ’È·≈–


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tomorrow, I still have a dream.It is a dream deeply rootedin the American dream.

I have a dream that one daythis nation will rise up andlive out the true meaning ofits creed: çWe hold these truthsto be self-evident, that all menare created equal.é

I have a dream that one dayon the red hills of Georgia, thesons of former slaves andthe sons of former slaveowners will be able to sitdown together at the tableof brotherhood.

I have a dream that one dayeven the state of Mississippi,a state sweltering with theheat of injustice, sweltering

«—πæ√ÿàßπ’È ¢â“æ‡®â“¬—ß§ß¡’§«“¡Ωíπ‡ªìπ§«“¡Ωíπ∑’ËÀ¬—Ëß√“°≈÷°Õ¬Ÿà„π§«“¡Ωíπ·∫∫Õ‡¡√‘°—π

¢â“æ‡®â“¡’§«“¡Ωíπ«à“«—πÀπ÷Ëß™“µ‘¢Õß‡√“π’È®–ºß“¥¢÷Èπ·≈–„™â™’«‘µ∫π§«“¡À¡“¬∑’Ë·∑â®√‘ß¢Õß§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ¢Õß™“µ‘¢Õß‡√“∑’Ë«à“ ç‡√“‡™◊ËÕ«à“§«“¡®√‘ß‡À≈à“π’È‡ªìπ∑’Ëª√–®—°…å‰¥â„πµ—«‡Õß«à“¡πÿ…¬å∑ÿ°§π‡°‘¥¡“‡∑à“‡∑’¬¡°—πé

¢â“æ‡®â“¡’§«“¡Ωíπ«à“«—πÀπ÷Ëß∫π∑‘«‡¢“ ’·¥ß·Ààß®Õ√å‡®’¬ ∫ÿµ√™“¬¢ÕßÕ¥’µ∑“ ·≈–∫ÿµ√™“¬¢ÕßÕ¥’µ‡®â“¢Õß∑“ ®– “¡“√∂π—Ëß≈ß¥â«¬°—π ≥ ‚µä–·Ààß¿√“¥√¿“æ

¢â“æ‡®â“¡’§«“¡Ωíπ«à“«—πÀπ÷Ëß·¡â·µà„π√—∞¡‘ ´‘ ´‘∫ªï √—∞∑’Ë‡¥◊Õ¥‰ª¥â«¬§«“¡√âÕπ·Ààß§«“¡Õ¬ÿµ‘∏√√¡‡¥◊Õ¥‰ª¥â«¬§«“¡√âÕπ·Ààß°“√°¥¢’Ë


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with the heat of oppression,will be transformed intoan oasis of freedom andjustice.

I have a dream that my fourlittle children will one day livein a nation where they willnot be judged by the color oftheir skin but by the contentof their character.

I have a dream today!

I have a dream that oneday, down in Alabama, withits vicious racists, with itsgovernor having his lipsdripping with the words ofçinterpositioné and çnulli-ficationé -- one day rightthere in Alabama little blackboys and black girls will beable to join hands with little

®–·ª√‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª‡ªìπ·À≈àß·Ààß‡ √’¿“æ·≈–§«“¡¬ÿµ‘∏√√¡Õ—π√à¡‡¬Áπ

¢â“æ‡®â“¡’§«“¡Ωíπ«à“«—πÀπ÷Ëß∫ÿµ√‡≈Á°Ê ¢Õß¢â“æ‡®â“∑—Èß ’Ë§π®–„™â™’«‘µÕ¬Ÿà„π™“µ‘∑’Ë ‰¡àµ—¥ ‘πæ«°‡¢“®“° ’º‘« ·µà®–µ—¥ ‘π®“° “√–·Ààß§ÿ≥≈—°…≥–¢Õßµ—«æ«°‡¢“‡Õß

«—ππ’È ¢â“æ‡®â“¡’§«“¡Ωíπ

¢â“æ‡®â“¡’§«“¡Ωíπ«à“«—πÀπ÷Ëß ≈÷°≈ß‰ª„π·Õ≈≈“∫“¡“∑’Ë ÷Ëß¡’æ«°‡À¬’¬¥ ’º‘«∑’Ë™—Ë«√â“¬ ∑’Ë´÷Ëß¡’ºŸâ«à“°“√√—∞´÷Ëß√‘¡Ωïª“°‡µÁ¡‰ª¥â«¬∂âÕ¬§”·Ààßç°“√·∑√°·´ßé ·≈– ç°“√∑”„ÀâÀ¡¥ ‘Èπ‰ªé -- «—πÀπ÷Ëß ≥∑’Ë·Ààßπ—Èπ„π·Õ≈≈“∫“¡“ ‡¥Á°™“¬·≈–‡¥Á°À≠‘ßº‘«¥”µ—«‡≈Á°Ê ®– “¡“√∂®Ÿß¡◊Õ°—∫‡¥Á°™“¬·≈–‡¥Á°À≠‘ßº‘«¢“«„π∞“π–æ’Ë “«°—∫


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white boys and white girlsas sisters and brothers.

I have a dream today!

I have a dream that one dayevery valley shall be exalted,and every hill and mountainshall be made low, the roughplaces will be made plain,and the crooked places willbe made straight; çand theglory of the Lord shall berevealed and all flesh shallsee it together.é

This is our hope, and this isthe faith that I go back to theSouth with.

With this faith, we will beable to hew out of themountain of despair a stoneof hope. With this faith,

πâÕß “« ·≈–æ’Ë™“¬°—∫πâÕß™“¬

«—ππ’È ¢â“æ‡®â“¡’§«“¡Ωíπ

¢â“æ‡®â“¡’§«“¡Ωíπ«à“«—πÀπ÷Ëß ∑ÿ°ÊÀÿ∫‡¢“®–∂Ÿ°¬°„Àâ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ·≈–∑ÿ°Ê‡π‘π‡¢“·≈–¿Ÿ‡¢“®–∂Ÿ°∑”„ÀâµË”≈ß∑’Ë∑’Ë¢√ÿ¢√–®–√“∫‡√’¬∫ ∑’Ë§¥‚§âß®–‡ªìπ‡ âπµ√ß ç·≈–™—¬™π–·Ààßæ√–ºŸâ‡ªìπ‡®â“®–‰¥â√—∫°“√‡ªî¥‡º¬·≈–¡πÿ…¬å∑ÿ°§π®–‰¥â‡ÀÁπ ‘Ëßπ—ÈπÕ¬à“ßæ√âÕ¡Àπâ“°—πé

π’Ë§◊Õ§«“¡À«—ß¢Õß‡√“ ·≈–π’Ë§◊Õ»√—∑∏“∑’Ë¢â“æ‡®â“®–π”°≈—∫‰ª¬—ß¥‘π·¥π∑“ß„µâ

¥â«¬»√—∑∏“π’È ‡√“®– “¡“√∂¢ÿ¥§âπæ∫°âÕπÀ‘π·Ààß§«“¡À«—ßÕÕ°®“°¿Ÿ‡¢“·Ààß§«“¡ ‘ÈπÀ«—ß ¥â«¬»√—∑∏“π’È ‡√“®– “¡“√∂·ª√‡ª≈’Ë¬π‡ ’¬ß


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we will be able to transformthe jangling discords of ournation into a beautiful sym-phony of brotherhood. Withthis faith, we will be able towork together, to pray together,to struggle together, to go tojail together, to stand up forfreedom together, knowingthat we will be free oneday.

And this will be the day--thiswill be the day when all ofGodûs children will be able tosing with new meaning:

∗ My countryûtis of thee, sweet

land of liberty, ....

Land where my fathers

died, land of the Pilgrimûs

pride,

‚µâ‡∂’¬ß∑’ËÕ◊ÈÕÕ÷ß„π™“µ‘‡√“„Àâ°≈“¬‡ªìπ‡ ’¬ßª√– “π∑’Ë «¬ ¥ß¥ß“¡·Ààß¿√“¥√¿“æ ¥â«¬»√—∑∏“π’È ‡√“®– “¡“√∂∑”ß“π√à«¡°—π «¥¡πµå√à«¡°—π ∫“°∫—Ëπ√à«¡°—π ‡¢â“§ÿ°√à«¡°—π ¬◊πÀ¬—¥‡æ◊ËÕ‡ √’¿“æ√à«¡°—π ¥â«¬µ√–Àπ—°«à“ «—πÀπ÷Ëß ‡√“®–‡ªìπÕ‘ √–

·≈–π’Ë§◊Õ«—ππ—Èπ π’Ë®–‡ªìπ«—π∑’Ë∫ÿµ√À≈“π·Ààßæ√–ºŸâ‡ªìπ‡®â“®– “¡“√∂√âÕß‡æ≈ß√à«¡°—π¥â«¬§«“¡À¡“¬„À¡à:

çª√–‡∑»¢Õß¢â“æ‡®â“‡ªìπ¥‘π·¥π∗

·Ààß‡ √’¿“æ∑’ËÀÕ¡À«≈ ...

¥‘π·¥π∑’Ë æà Õ¢Õß¢â “æ‡®â “µ“¬

¥‘π·¥π·Ààß§«“¡¿“§¿Ÿ¡‘„®¢Õß

ºŸâ· «ß∫ÿ≠


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From every mountainside, let

freedom ring!

And if America is to be a greatnation, this must become true.And so let freedom ringfrom the prodigious hilltopsof New Hampshire.

Let freedom ring from themighty mountains of NewYork....From every mountainside,let freedom ring.

And when this happens, whenwe allow freedom ring, whenwe let it ring from everyvillage and every hamlet, fromevery state and every city, wewill be able to speed upthat day when all of Godûschildren, black men and

®“°∑ÿ°Ê ‡™‘ß‡¢“ ®ß„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ‰¥â

‡ª√àß‡ ’¬ß√âÕßé

·≈–À“°Õ‡¡√‘°“®–‡ªìπ™“µ‘∑’Ë¬‘Ëß„À≠à ‘Ëßπ’ÈµâÕß°≈“¬‡ªìπ§«“¡®√‘ß·≈–¥—ßπ—Èπ ®ß„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ‰¥â‡ª√àß‡ ’¬ß√âÕß®“°¬Õ¥‡¢“∑’Ë¬‘Ëß„À≠à·Ààßπ‘«·Œ¡‡™’¬√å

®ß„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ‰¥â‡ª√àß‡ ’¬ß√âÕß®“°¿Ÿ‡¢“Õ—π∑√ßæ≈—ß·Ààßπ‘«¬Õ√å§

...®“°∑ÿ°Ê ‡™‘ß‡¢“ ®ß„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ‰¥â‡ª√àß‡ ’¬ß√âÕß

·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ ‘Ëßπ’È‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡√“„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ‰¥â‡ª√àß‡ ’¬ß√âÕß ‡¡◊ËÕ‡√“„Àâ‡ √’¿“æ‰¥â‡ª√àß‡ ’¬ß√âÕß®“°∑ÿ°Ê À¡Ÿà∫â“π·≈–™ÿ¡™π®“°∑ÿ°Ê√—∞·≈–∑ÿ°Ê ‡¡◊Õß ‡√“®– “¡“√∂‡√àß«—π∑’Ë∫ÿµ√À≈“π·Ààßæ√–ºŸâ‡ªìπ‡®â“∑ÿ°Ê §π ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ§πº‘«¥”À√◊Õº‘«¢“« ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ§π¬‘«À√◊Õ


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white men, Jews and Gentiles,Protestants and Catholics, willbe able to join hands and singin the words of the old Negrospiritual:

Free at last! Free at last!

Thank God Almighty, we are

free at last!

‰¡à„™à§π¬‘« ∑—Èß‚ª√·µ ·µπ∑å·≈–§“∑Õ≈‘° ®– “¡“√∂®Ÿß¡◊Õ·≈–√âÕß‡æ≈ß¥â«¬∂âÕ¬§”∑’Ë‡ªìπ®‘µ«‘≠≠“≥¢Õß§πº‘«¥”‚∫√“≥

‡ √’¿“æ„π∑’Ë ÿ¥ ‡ √’¿“æ„π∑’Ë ÿ¥

¢Õ∫§ÿ≥æ√–ºŸâ‡ªìπ‡®â“ ‡√“¡’‡ √’¿“æ

„π∑’Ë ÿ¥


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AAccession 33Accused 37Adhere 31Adhesion 32

Adhesion contract 33Adduce 91Age of majority 67Agreement 59

Course of dealing 61Course of performance 61Usage of trade 62

American Law Institute 102Applicable law 30Arbitrary 35Arrest 123

Warrant of arrest 123

BBail 123

Bailable offence 126Bail bond 124Cash bail bond 124

INDEX

Secured bail bond 125Surety 124Unsecured bail bond 125

Beyond a reasonabledoubt 83Burglary 105

CCharge 21Challenge 47

Challenge for cause 47Preemptory challenge 48

Circumstantial evidence 92Claim 76Competency to standtrial 116Complaint 81,122

Complain 81Consent 66

Age of consent 67Express consent 68Implied consent 69Informed consent 68


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Governing body 29Governing law 30

Government 24Governmental act 28Governmental activity 28Governmental agency 28Governmental agent 28Governmental body 28Governmental building 28Governmental facility 28

Grand jury 39Gubernator 27Guilt 120

Guilty 120Guilty plea 120Guilty verdict 121

HHarbeas corpus 129Heinous 36

IIndictment 39,94Information 40

Contract 59Accessory contract 64Principal contract 64

Contractual 59,63Coram nobis 130Course of dealing 61Course of performance 61Cruel and unusualpunishment 51

DDefendant 38Discrimination 70Due 89Due care 89Due process of law 23

EEvidence

Circumstantial evidence 92Extradition 130

GGovern 25


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Innocence 121Presumption ofinnocence 122

Insanity 112Competency to standtrial 116Irresistible impulse 114Mental defect 113Mental disease 113MûNaghten Rule 114

Insurance 77Automobile insurance 77Beneficiary 77Health insurance 77Insurance company 77Insured 77Insurer 77Life insurance 77

JJury 42

Jury duty 45Jury selection process 45The jury is out. 49

Juror 43Alternate juror 45Prospective juror 45

K

LLawsuit 76Larceny 97

Grand larceny 98Larceny of propertylost 98Larceny of propertymislaid 99Larceny of propertydelivered by mistake 99Petit larceny 98

Legal age 68Liability 65

MMajority 68Malice aforethought 95Minor 68


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Misappropriation 98Model Penal Code 101Murder 95

First degree murder 95

NNegligence 82

OObligate 55Obligation 55

Accessory obligation 55Primary obligation 57Principal obligation 55Secondary obligation 57

Oblige 55Offense 23,108

Continuing offense 109Greater offense 110Included offense 110Joint offense 111Lesser offense 110Multiple offenses 111

Petty offense 112PPlaint 81Plaintiff 81Pardon 129

Absolute pardon 129Conditional pardon 129Executive clemency 129Executive pardon 129Unconditional pardon 129

Parole 128Parole board 128

Premediated 95Preponderance of theevidence 83,87Preordain 36Probate 127

Administrator of theestate 128Executor of the estate 128Probate court 128Probate estate 128Probate jurisdiction 128Probate proceeding 127


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Probation 127Probationer 127Probation officer 127

ProbativeProbative evidence 128Probative value 128

Promise 53Promissory 53

Promissory note 54Prosecution

Prosecution byindictment 38,39Prosecution byinformation 38,40

PunishmentCapital punishment 13,97Imprisonment for life 97Punishable by death 12

QRRape 99

Against her will 99Compel to submit byforce 100

Compet to submit bythreat 100Control conduct byadmistering drug 100Statutory rape 100Without her consent 99

Reasonable doubt 83Right to counsel 50Right to remain silent 41Rule of law 34

SSelf-defense 117

Apparent danger 119Immediate danger 119Imminent danger 119

Sentence 126Sexual harassment 72Suit 70

File the suit 70Suspect 38

TTrespass 106Trial 41


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UUnjust enrichment 69Usage of trade 62

VVoir dire 46

Availability for service 46Racial attitude 46

Death penalty attitude 47

WWeight of evidence 88

Opportunity forknowledge 87Information possessed 88Manner of testifying 88


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