Administrative proceedings use the term official notice to describe a doctrine simi lar to judicialnotice. A presiding administrative officer recognizes as eviden ce, without proof, certain kinds of factsthat are not subject to reasonable di spute. Administrative agencies, unlike courts, have an explicitlegislative fun ction as well as an adjudicative function: they make rules. In rule making, ag encieshave wider discretion in taking official notice of law and policy, label ed legislative facts. Information; knowledge of certain facts or of a particular state of affairs. T he formal receipt of papers that provide specific information. There are various types of notice, each of which has different results. In gen eral, notice deals with information that a party knows or should have known. In this context notice is an essential element of DUE PROCESS. Notice can also refer to commonly known facts that a court or Ad ministrative Agency may take into evidence. Actual notice is information given to the party directly. The two kinds of act ual notice are express notice and implied notice. An individual is deemed to have been given express notice when he orshe actually hears it or reads it. Implied notice is deduced or inferred from the circumstances ratherthan from direct or explicit words. C ourts will treat such information as though actual notice hadbeen given. The concept of notice is critical to the integrity of legal proceedings. Due p rocess requires that legalaction cannot be taken against anyone unless the req uirements of notice and an opportunity to beheard are observed. Legal proceedings are initiated by providing notice to the individual affected . If an individual isaccused of a crime, he has a right to be notified of the charges. In addition, formal papers must beprepared to give the accused notice of the charges. An individual who is being sued in a civil actionmust be provi ded with notice of the nature of the suit. State statutes prescribe the method ofproviding this type of notice. Courts are usually strict in requiring compli ance with these laws, andordinarily a plaintiff must put this information into a complaint that must be served upon thedefendant in some legally adequate man ner. The plaintiff ma Constructive notice is information that a court deems that an individual shoul d have known.According to rule of law that applies in such cases, the court will presume that a person knowsthe informati on because she could have been informed if proper diligence had been exercised .Constructive notice can be based on a legal relationship as well. For example , in the law governingpartnerships, each partner is deemed to have knowledge o f all the partnership business. If onepartner engages in dishonest transaction s, the other partners are presumed to know, regardless ofwhether they had actu
Administrativeproceedingsusethetermofficialnoticetodescribeadoctrinesimilartojudicialnotice.Apresidingadministrativeofficerrecognizesasevidence,withoutproof,certainkindsoffactsthatarenotsubjecttoreasonabledispute.Administrativeagencies,unlikecourts,haveanexplicitlegislativefunctionaswellasanadjudicativefunction:theymakerules.Inrulemaking,agencieshavewiderdiscretionintakingofficialnoticeoflawandpolicy,labeledlegislativefacts.Information;knowledgeofcertainfactsorofaparticularstateofaffairs.Theformalreceiptof
papersthatprovidespecificinformation.Therearevarioustypesofnotice,eachofwhichhasdifferentresults.Ingeneral,noticedealswith
informationthatapartyknowsorshouldhaveknown.Inthiscontextnoticeisanessentialelement
ofdueprocess.NoticecanalsorefertocommonlyknownfactsthatacourtorAdministrative
Agencymaytakeintoevidence.Actualnoticeisinformationgiventothepartydirectly.Thetwokindsofactualnoticeareexpress
noticeandimpliednotice.Anindividualisdeemedtohavebeengivenexpressnoticewhenheorsheactuallyhearsitorreadsit.Impliednoticeisdeducedorinferredfromthecircumstancesratherthanfromdirectorexplicitwords.Courtswilltreatsuchinformationasthoughactualnoticehadbeengiven.Theconceptofnoticeiscriticaltotheintegrityoflegalproceedings.Dueprocessrequiresthatlegalactioncannotbetakenagainstanyoneunlesstherequirementsofnoticeandanopportunitytobeheardareobserved.Legalproceedingsareinitiatedbyprovidingnoticetotheindividualaffected.Ifanindividualisaccusedofacrime,hehasarighttobenotifiedofthecharges.Inaddition,formalpapersmustbepreparedtogivetheaccusednoticeofthecharges.Anindividualwhoisbeingsuedinacivilactionmustbeprovidedwithnoticeofthenatureofthesuit.Statestatutesprescribethemethodofprovidingthistypeofnotice.Courtsareusuallystrictinrequiringcompliancewiththeselaws,andordinarilyaplaintiffmustputthisinformationintoacomplaintthatmustbeserveduponthedefendantinsomelegallyadequatemanner.Theplaintiffma
Constructivenoticeisinformationthatacourtdeemsthatanindividualshouldhaveknown.Accordingto
rule of law that
appliesinsuchcases,thecourtwillpresumethatapersonknowstheinformationbecauseshecouldhavebeeninformedifproperdiligencehadbeenexercised.Constructivenoticecanbebasedonalegalrelationshipaswell.Forexample,inthelawgoverningpartnerships,eachpartnerisdeemedtohaveknowledgeofallthepartnershipbusiness.Ifonepartnerengagesindishonesttransactions,theotherpartnersarepresumedtoknow,regardlessofwhethertheyhadactualknowledgeofthetransaction.Thetermlegalnoticeissometimesusedinterchangeablywithconstructivenotice.Incertaincasesinvolvingthepurchaseofrealproperty,anindividualischargedwithinquirynotice.Whenanindividualwishestopurchaseland,heordinarilyhasthedutyundertherecordingactstocheckthetitletothepropertytodeterminethatthelandisnotsubjecttoanyencumbrances,whichareclaims,liens,mortgages,leases,easementsorrightofways,orunpaidtaxesthathavebeenlodgedagainsttherealproperty.Insomesituations,however,theindividualmustmakeareasonableinvestigationoutsideoftherecords,suchasincasesinvolvingrecordedbutdefectivedocuments.Thistypeofnoticeisknownasinquirynotice.
ypersonallyservethecomplainttothedefendant.Whenthatisnotpractical,thepapersmaybeservedthroughthemail.Insomecasesacourtmayallow,orrequire,servicebypostingorattachingthepapersto
