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yxrt}udrfyHkESdyfjcif;1981 ckESpfbmomjyefESifh pmyHkESdfyfXmeArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtkyfa& 2˜000?'kwd,t}udrf yHkESdyfjcif;2015 ckESpf/ pufwifbmArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDA[kd0g'jzef@csda&;Xme?

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TpmtkyfrSm1952 ckESpf/ EkdifiHjcm;bmom xkwfa0a&;Xme/ armfpukdrSt*Fvdyfbmomjzifhxkwfa0aom V.I LENIN:

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1

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(1) ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;. EdkifiHwumhta&;ygr_udk rnfonfh t"dym,fjzifh u|efawmfwdk@ ajymEdkifoenf;? æ 2(2) aAmf&SDApfrsm;. atmifyGJtwGuf tajccHta=umif;tcsufrsm; teufrSwck æ 6(3) aAmf&SDApf0g'ordkif;. t"dutqifhrsm; æ 10(4) tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd rnfonfh&efolrsm;udk qef@usifwdkufyGJqif&if;aAmf&SDApf0g'onf }uD;xGm;+yD;cdkifrmum xkom;ayom; &&SdvmcJhoenf;? æ 17(5) *smreDjynf&Sd“vuf0J*dk%f;”uGefjrLepf0g'acgif;aqmifrsm; - ygwD - vlwef;pm; - vlxkrsm; æ 28(6) awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf azmufjyefaom tvkyform; or*~rsm;wGif vkyfudkifoifhoavm æ 38(7) "e&SifygvDrefrsm;wGif u|efawmfwdk@ yg0ifoihfoavm æ 52(8) rnfonfhaphpyfa&;rS rvkyfbl;avm æ 66(9) *&dwf+Adwdef&Sd“vuf0J*dk%f;”uGefjrLepf0g' æ 82(10) ed*Hk;csKyfcsuftcsdK@ æ 101

aemufqufwGJ æ 1221? *smrefuGefjrLepfrsm;twGif; uGJ+yJr_ æ 1222? *smreDjynf&Sd uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh tif'Dyif;'ifhrsm; æ 1253? tDwvDjynf&Sd wl&yfwDrsm;ESifh taygif;ygrsm; æ 1284? rSefuefonfh a&S;OD;ta=umif;tcsufxJrS rSm;,Gif;onfh ed*Hk;csKyfcsufrsm; æ 1305? æ 137 0dkifukyfxHrSay;pm æ 138

&Sif;vif;csufrsm; æ 140trnf!ef;rsm; æ 148

2

uGefjrLepf0g' v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&S duGefjrLepf0g' v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&S duGefjrLepf0g' v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&S duGefjrLepf0g' v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&S duGefjrLepf0g' v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&S d “vuf0J*dk%f;” oli,fem “vuf0J*dk%f;” oli,fem “vuf0J*dk%f;” oli,fem “vuf0J*dk%f;” oli,fem “vuf0J*dk%f;” oli,fem 11111

( 1 )( 1 )( 1 )( 1 )( 1 )

±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;. Ed ki fi Hwumhta&;ygr_ud k± k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;. Ed ki fi Hwumhta&;ygr_ud k± k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;. Ed ki fi Hwumhta&;ygr_ud k± k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;. Ed ki fi Hwumhta&;ygr_ud k± k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;. Ed ki fi Hwumhta&;ygr_ud k rnfonfh t"dy`m,fjzifh u|efawmfwdk@ ajymEdkifoenf; rnfonfh t"dy`m,fjzifh u|efawmfwdk@ ajymEdkifoenf; rnfonfh t"dy`m,fjzifh u|efawmfwdk@ ajymEdkifoenf; rnfonfh t"dy`m,fjzifh u|efawmfwdk@ ajymEdkifoenf; rnfonfh t"dy`m,fjzifh u|efawmfwdk@ ajymEdkifoenf;

1917 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 25 &uf (Edk0ifbm 7 &uf) ±k&Sm;jynfwGifypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;u EdkifiHa&;tm%m odrf;ydkuf+yD;aemuf yxrvrsm;wGif xifjrifvmp&m&SdonfrSm acwfaemufusaom ±k&Sm;jynfESifh a&S@wef;a&muf taemufOa&mywdkif;jynfrsm;t=um; tvGeftrif; jcm;em;r_&Sdonfhtavsmuf‚wdkif;jynfrsm;&Sd ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;onf u|efawmfwdk@ awmfvSefa&;ESifh wlnDr_ tvGefyifenf;yg;rnf[lIjzpf.? ,cktcgwGifrl u|efawmfwdk@onf tawmfºu,f0aom EdkifiHwumhtawG@t}uHKudk &&SdcJh+yD;jzpf.? TtawG@t}uHKrsm;t&u|efawmfwdk@awmfvSefa&;. tcsKd@aom tajccHvuQ%mrsm;onf a'oqdkif&mr[kwf/ wdkif;jynfwjynf. xl;jcm;csufomr[kwf/ ±k&Sm;jynfwjynfxJom r[kwfbJ EdkifiHwumh ta&;ygr_&Sdaeonf[k twdusqHk; azmfjyvdkufonf? Tae&mwGif EdkifiHwumh ta&;ygr_udk u|efawmfajym&mY pum;vHk;. us,f0ef;aom t"dym,ft& r[kwfay? u|efawmfwdk@ awmfvSefa&;. tajccHvuQ%mtcsKd@om r[kwfbJ &Sd&Sdor#tajccHvuQ%m tm;vHk;ESifh omrnvuQ%mtrsm;tjym;onf wdkif;jynftm;vHk;udk u|efawmfwdk@awmfvSefa&;u =oZmt&Sdefoufa&mufonf[laom t"dy`m,ft& EdkifiHwumhta&;ygr_ &Sdonf[k rqdkvdkay? u|efawmf ajymvdkonfrSm tusOf;ajrmif;qHk; t"ddym,ft& jzpfygonf?EdkifiHwumh ta&;ygr_[kqdk&mY u|efawmfwdk@wdkif;jynfwGif jzpfyGm;cJhonfhtwdkif;EdkifiHwumh twdkif;twmt& xyfrHjzpfyGm;rnfh ordkif;qdkif&mrkcsoabm odk@wnf;r[kwf EdkifiHwumh tusHK;0ifr_&Sdaom oabmt&jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhu|efawmfwdk@ awmfvSefa&;. tajccHvuQ%mtcsKd@onf Todk@aom ta&;ygr_&Sda=umif;udk 0efcH&rnfjzpf.? trSefyif TtrSefw&m;udk um;csJ@jcif;ESifh u|ef

3

awmfwdk@awmfvSefa&;. tajccHvuQ%m tcsKd@xuf ausmfvGefoGm;jcif;wdk@rSmtvGef}uD;rm;aom trSm;w&yf jzpfayvdrf hrnf? a&S @wef;a&mufaomwdkif;jynfrsm;teuf tenf;qHk;wdkif;jynfwjynfwGif ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&; atmifyGJcHvdkufonfESifh t&mtm;vHk;onf ±kwfjcnf;ajymif;vJr_ &SdEdkifp&m &Sda=umif;/±k&Sm;jynfonf (“qdkAD,uf”ESifh qdk&S,fvpft"dym,ft&) pHjywdkif;jynf r[kwfawmhbJ ±kwfjcnf;yif acwfaemufusaom wdkif;jynfjyefI jzpfyGm;Edkifa=umif;vspfvsL±_yguvnf; rSm;,Gif;vdrfhrnf?

odk@aomf rsufarSmufordkif;umv. twdtustajctaewGif ±k&Sm;jynf pHerlemonf wdkif;jynftm;vHk;tm;vHk;tm;vHk;tm;vHk;tm;vHk;udk ‚wdk@. ra0;vSaom rvGJraoG qdkufa&mufvmrnfh tem*wftjcif;t&m wpHkw&mESifh vGefpGmta&;ygaom tjcif;t&m wpHkw&mudk azmfjyvdkufayonf? wdkif;jynftm;vHk;&Sd a&S@wef;a&muftvkyform;rsm;onf Ttcsufudk apmpGmuwnf;u em;vnfcJh+yD;jzpfonf?xdk@jyifolwdk@onf tpOfojzifh Ttcsufudk em;vnfonf[k qdk&rnfxuf awmfvSefaom vlwef;pm;. yifudk,ftodt& od&Sdoabmaygufxm;onf? TtcsufwGifyif qdkAD,uftm%m. aAmf&SDApfoabmw&m;/ enf;y&d,m,ftajccHrsm; EdkifiHwumh “ta&;ygr_”(usOf;ajrmif;aomt"dy`m,ft&) wnf&Sdaeayonf? Tonfudk *smreDjynf&Sd aumufpuD;/ =opwD;,m;&Sd atmfwdkabm0g;ESifh z&uf'&pf tufwvm uJhodk@aom 'kwd, tifwmae&Sife,f.“awmfvSefa&;”acgif;aqmifrsm;u em;rvnfcJh=uay? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@onfazmufjyefa&;orm;rsm;jzpfa=umif; tqdk;0g;qHk; trsKd;tpm;jzpfaom tacsmif0g'ESifh qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk opPmazmufr_wdk@. a&S@aevdkufolrsm;jzpfa=umif; jyocJh.? ta=umif;tm;avsmfpGmyif pma&;ol trnfrygaom “urBmh awmfvSefa&;”(a0g&DaAmfvl;&Sif;)[k acgif;pOfwyfxm;aom pmapmifonf AD,ifem+rdK@ (qdk&S,fvpfpmpOf twGJ 11/ t*~eufb&ef; xkwfa0a&;)wGif 1919 ckESpfu ay:xGufvmonf? TpmapmifwGif olwdk@. awG;ac:r_jzpfpOfwckvHk;ESifh pdwful;t0ef;t0dkif;wckvHk;/ odk@r[kwf olwdk@. rdkufrJr_/ wwfa,mifum; vkyfvdkr_/ ,kwfnHhr_ESifhtvkyform;vlwef;pm; tusKd;pD;yGm;udk opPmazmufr_wdk@tm; tjynfht0jyovdkufonf? xdk@jyif“urBmhawmfvSefa&;”t,ltqudk “umuG,fjcif;”[laomta,mifaqmifr_udk tvGef&Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyvdkufayonf?

4

odk@aomf aemifwcsdefwGif Tpmapmifudk ydkrdktao;pdyfuspGm aqG;aEG;&vdrfhOD;rnf? Tae&mY u|efawmfwdk@onf aemufxyftcsufwcsufudk axmufjyvdkygonf? tawmf=umjrifhcJh+yD jzpfaomumvu rmhufpf0g'Djzpfaeao;+yD; opPmazmufr[kwfcJhpOfu aumufpuD;onf jy\emudk ordkif;q&mwa,mufuJhodk@csOf;uyfum ±k&Sm;jynf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwfonf taemufOa&mytwGuf pHerlemjzpfvmEdkifrnfh tajctaew&yfudk }udKwifjrifcJh.?‚rSm 1902 ckESpfwGif awmfvSefaom tpPu&m;twGuf“qvyfrsm;ESifh awmfvSefa&;”[k acgif;pOfwyfxm;aom aqmif;yg;wapmifudk aumufpuD; a&;om;cJhpOfujzpf.? ‚aqmif;yg;xJwGif ola&;om;cJhyHkum; æ

“rsufarSmuftcsdeftcgwGif”(1848 ckESpfESifh qef@usifpGmyif)“awmfvSefaom trsKd;om;rsm;. wyfzGJ@xJodk@ qvyfrsm;0ifa&mufcJhonfomru awmfvSefa&;awG;ac:r_ESifh awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wdk@. A[dkcsufronf qvyfrsm;qDodk@ydkIydkI ajymif;a&$@aeayonf[k rSwf,lEdkifonf? awmfvSefa&;. A[dkcsufronftaemufrSta&S@odk@ ajymif;a&$@aeay+yD? 19 &mpk. yxr&mpk0ufY ‚onfjyifopfjynfwGif &S dcJ h +yD; wcgw&H t*FvefjynfwGif&S dcJ h.? 1848 ckESpfwGif*smreDjynfonfvnf; awmfvSefaom trsKd;om;rsm;. wyfzGJ@xJodk@ 0ifa&mufcJhonf? æ &mpkESpftopfonf jzpf&yfrsm;jzifh pwifvdkufayonf? ‚uu|efawmfwdk@onf awmfvSefa&;A[kdcsufr. qufvufajymif;a&$@r_/ qdkvdkonfrSm±k&Sm;jynfodk@ ajymif;a&$@r_ eD;uyfvm+yD[laom awG;ac:r_udk ay:aygufaponf?æ taemufwdkif;rSaeI awmfvSefa&;tpjyKr_ rsm;pGmudk &,lcJhaom ±k&Sm;jynfonf ‚udk,fwdkif ,cktcg taemufwdkif;twGuf awmfvSef a&;pGrf;tm;.a&aomufjrpftjzpf tvkyftau|;jyK&ef toifhjzpf vmEdkifp&m&Sdonf? ,cktcgw[kef;[kef; awmufavmifaeaom ±k&Sm; awmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_onf u|efawmfwdk@tv,fwGif jyef@yGm;pjyKaeaom rwufrºu evydef;wHk;0g'pdwf"mwfESifhwGef@qkwfaom EdkifiHa&;wdk@udk awmxkwf&ef tiftm;t}uD;qHk;aom enf;emjzpfvmEdkifp&m&Sdonf? xdk@jyif ‚onf wdkufyGJtwGufawmifhwr_ESifh u|efawmfwdk @. }uD;rm;aom pdwful;pHrsm;tay: twdkif;rodopPm&S dr_ud k xyfrHIw[kef;[kef; awmufavmifvm apvdrfhrnf? ±k&Sm;jynfonf taemufOa&mytwGuf azmufjyefa&;ESif h oufOD;qHydkifpepf. cHwyf}uD;oufouftjzpfrS

5

umv&SnfpGmuyif csKyf+idrf;oGm; chJayonf? ,cktcgwGif tajctaeonfvHk;0ajymif;jyef jzpfae+yD[k ajymqdk&ay rnf? taemuf Oa&myonf ±k&Sm;jynf&Sdazmufjyefa&;ESi f h oufOD;qHy d ki fpepf. cHwyf }uD; jzpfvmaeonf? æ±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf f f f f Zmbk&if. r[mrdwf qdkvdkonfrSm Oa&myt&if;tESD;udkom wcsdefwnf;wGif wdkufrae&ygu Zmbk&ifudk apmpGmuwnf;uyif jzKwfcs+yD; avmufay+yD? Tt}udrfwGif olwdk@onf &efolESpfOD;pvHk;ESifhwdkufcdkuf&mwGif atmifjrifvdrfhrnf[kvnf;aumif;/ “olawmfpif r[mrdwf”topfonf ‚.a&S@awmfajy;rsm;xuf ydkrd kvsifjrefpGm ysufpD;vdrfhrnf[kvnf;aumif; u|efawmfwdk@ ar#mfvifh=uygpdk@? ±k&Sm;jynf. vuf&Sd wdkufyGJonfrnfodk@yif +yD;qHk;ygap ta=umif;rvSpGm usqHk;oGm;cJh&onfh ajrmufjrm; vSpGmaom tmZmenfrsm;.aoG;ESifh 'kuQqif;&JcH&r_rsm;onf tcsnf;tESD; r[kwfay?olwdk@onf ,Ofaus;aom urBmw0ef;vHk;wGif vlr_awmfvSefa&;. ta!‡mifhtwufrsm;ud k tm;opfavmif;ay;vdrf hrnfjzpf+yD; ‚wdk@ud k yd kIa0qmydkIvsifjrefpGm }uD;xGm;vmapvdrfhrnf? 1848 ckESpfwGif qvyfrsm;onf jynfol@aEGOD;.yef;rsm;udk zsufqD;onfh qD;ESif;xkjzpfcJh.? ,cktcgolwdk@onf azmufjyefa&; a&cJxkudk csKd;zsuf+yD; trsKd;om;rsm;twGuf om,maom aEGOD;opfudk wm;r&aom t&Sdeft[kefjzifh aqmif=uOf;vmrnfh rkefwdkif;jzpfvmp&m &Sdayonf?”(um;vf aumufpuD;a&; “qvyfrsm;ESifh awmfvSefa&;”/ ±k&Sm;qdk&S,f 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;owif;pm tpPu&m;tpPu&m;tpPu&m;tpPu&m;tpPu&m; trSwf 18/ rwfv 10 &uf/ 1902 ckESpf?)

vGefcJhonfh 18 ESpfu um;vfaumufpuD;onf pma&;aumif;vSonfwum;?

6

( 2 )( 2 )( 2 )( 2 )( 2 )aAmf&S DApfrsm;. atmifyG JtwGuf tajccHaAmf&S DApfrsm;. atmifyG JtwGuf tajccHaAmf&S DApfrsm;. atmifyG JtwGuf tajccHaAmf&S DApfrsm;. atmifyG JtwGuf tajccHaAmf&S DApfrsm;. atmifyG JtwGuf tajccH

ta=umif;tcsufrsm;teufrS wck ta=umif;tcsufrsm;teufrS wck ta=umif;tcsufrsm;teufrS wck ta=umif;tcsufrsm;teufrS wck ta=umif;tcsufrsm;teufrS wck

trSefyif ,cktcg vlwdkif;vdkvdk odjrif=uonfhtwdkif; u|efawmfwdk@ygwDxJwGif twif;usyfqHk; ppfrSefonfh oHr%dpnf;urf; r&SdcJhygrl tvkyform; vlwef;pm; vlxkw&yfvHk;./ qdkvdkonfrSm pOf;pm;wwfaom/ ±dk;om;aom/ udk,fusKd;pGef@aom/ =oZm&Sdaom/ acwfaemufusaomtv$mudk acgif;aqmifEdkifpGrf; odk@r[kwf ‚wdk@ESifhtwl ac:aqmifoGm;EdkifpGrf;&Sdaom tpdwftydkif;rsm;. c|if;csufr&Sdaom tjynfh0qHk; axmufcHr_udkr&cJhygu aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf 2 ESpfcGJrqdkxm;ESifh2 vcGJyif tm%mudk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?

ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfonf vlwef;pm;opfu ydkrdktiftm;}uD;rm;ydkrdktiftm;}uD;rm;ydkrdktiftm;}uD;rm;ydkrdktiftm;}uD;rm;ydkrdktiftm;}uD;rm;aom aom aom aom aom &efoljzpfonfh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;tm; qef@usifumqifE$Jaom tjywfom;qHk;ESifh t=uifemuif;rJhqHk; ppfyGJjzpfonf? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. ckcHr_onf +zdKcscH&+yD;aemufY q,fqq,fqq,fqq,fqq,fqwdk;vmonf? (tu,fI wdkif;jynfwjynfxJwGifom jzpfonfhwdkif) ,if;. tiftm;onf EdkifiHwumh t&if;tESD;tiftm;ESifh EdkifiHwumhqufoG,fr_rsm;. cdkifrmtm;aumif;r_wdk@wGifomru tusifh"avhtiftm;tusifh"avhtiftm;tusifh"avhtiftm;tusifh"avhtiftm;tusifh"avhtiftm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ xkwfvkyfa&;uav; xkwfvkyfa&;uav; xkwfvkyfa&;uav; xkwfvkyfa&;uav; xkwfvkyfa&;uav; tiftm;wGifvnf;aumif; wnf&Sdayonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ta=umif;rvSpGmyif xkwfvkyfa&;uav;onfurBmay:wGif tvGef@tvGefus,fjyef@pGm &Sdaeao;+yD; xkwfvkyfa&;uav;u t&if;&SifpepfESifh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk tqufrjywf ae@pOfESifhtr# em&Drvyf tvdktavsmuf tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf aygufzGm; aygufzGm; aygufzGm; aygufzGm; aygufzGm; apaoma=umifh jzpf.? Tta=umif;rsm;a=umifh ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfonf vdktyfayonf? xdk@jyif &Snfvsm;aom/tav#mhray;aom/ jyif;xefaom/ olaoudk,f&Sifjzpfaom ppfr&SdbJ/ cHEdkif&nf&Sdr_/pnf;urf;&Sdr_/ }uHhcdkifr_/ tav#mhray;r_/ qENnD!Gwfr_wdk@udk awmif;qdkaeaomppfyGJwckr&SdbJESifh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;tay: atmifyGJcHa&;rSm rjzpfEdkifay?

7

u|efawmfxyfI ajymygOD;rnf? ±k&Sm;jynfwGif ypPnf;rJhtm%m&SifpepfatmifyGJtawG@t}uHKu Tjy\emudk pOf;pm;EdkifpGrf;r&Sdaom odk@r[kwf rpOf;pm;cJh=uaom olrsm;udkyif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. tºuif;rJhA[dkcsKyfudkifr_ESifhtwif;usyfqHk; pnf;urf;onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;tay: atmifyGJcHa&;twGuftajccH ta=umif;tcsufrsm;teufrS wckjzpfonfudk &Sif;vif;pGm jyovdkuf.?

Tonfudk r=umc%aqG;aEG;cJh.? odk@aomf rnfonfudkqdkvdkoenf;/rnfonfh ta=umif;tcsufrsm;atmufwGif jzpfEdkifoenf; [lonfwdk@udk vHkavmufpGm rpOf;pm;oavmuf &Sdayonf? qdkAD,uftm%mESifh aAmf&SDApfrsm;tm; *k%fjyKaom E_wfcGef;qufor_rsm;ESifh wcsdefwnf;wGif awmfvSefaom ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;u vdktyfaom pnf;urf;udk tb,fa=umifhtb,fa=umifhtb,fa=umifhtb,fa=umifhtb,fa=umifh aAmf&SDApfrsm; wnfaqmufEdkifonf[laom ta=umif;&if;tm; euf±_dif;pGm cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;udkeuf±_dif;pGm cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;udkeuf±_dif;pGm cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;udkeuf±_dif;pGm cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;udkeuf±_dif;pGm cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;udkt}udrfrsm;rsm; t}udrfrsm;rsm; t}udrfrsm;rsm; t}udrfrsm;rsm; t}udrfrsm;rsm; jyKvdkufv#if roifhawmfaybl;avm?

aAmf&SDApf0g'onf EdkifiHa&;awG;ac:r_w&yfESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf tjzpfjzifh 1903 ckESpfrSpI wnf&SdvmcJhonf? ‚wnf&SdcJhaom umvwav#mufvHk;wav#mufvHk;wav#mufvHk;wav#mufvHk;wav#mufvHk;twGif;&Sd aAmf&SDApf0g'. ordkif;uomv#if tcufcJqHk; tajctaersm;atmufwGif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; atmifyGJtwGuf vdktyfaom oHr%dpnf;urf;udk tb,fa=umifh wnfaqmufxdef;odrf;&ef jzpfEdkifcJhonfudk auseyfavmufatmif&Sif;vif;jyEdkifayonf?

xdk@jyif OD;pGmay:xGufvmaom ar;cGef;um; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; awmfvSefa&;ygwD. pnf;urf;udk rnfodk@xdef;odrf;oenf;? rnfodk@ prf;oyfoenf;?rnfodk@ tm;jznfhwif;oenf;? yxrtcsufrSm ypPnf;rJhwyfOD;. vlwef;pm;tod/awmf vSefa&;udk ‚.opPm&Sdr_/ ‚.cHEdkif&nf&Sdr_/ udk,fusKd;pGef@r_/ &J&ifhr_wdk@a=umifhjzpf.? 'kwd,tcsufrSm ‚onf tus,fjyef@qHk;aom vkyfom;jynfolrsm;/qdkvdkonfrSm t"dutm;jzifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;omru ypPnf;rJhr[kwfaomypPnf;rJhr[kwfaomypPnf;rJhr[kwfaomypPnf;rJhr[kwfaomypPnf;rJhr[kwfaomvkyfom;vlxkrsm;ESif hvkyfom;vlxkrsm;ESif hvkyfom;vlxkrsm;ESif hvkyfom;vlxkrsm;ESif hvkyfom;vlxkrsm;ESif h qufoG,fr_/ eD;uyfpGmxdawG@r_ xdkr#ruajymvdkyguwpHkw&m twdkif;twmtxd wom;wnf;jzpfr_udk vkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? wwd,tcsufrSm wyfOD;. EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifr_ rSefuefjcif;/ ‚.EdkifiHa&;aoe*FAsL[mESifh enf;y&d,m,frsm;. rSefuefjcif;/ Todk@ rSefuefa=umif;udk tus,fjyef@qHk;aom vlxkrsm;u rdrdudk,fydkif tawG@t}uHKt& rdrdudk,fydkif tawG@t}uHKt& rdrdudk,fydkif tawG@t}uHKt& rdrdudk,fydkif tawG@t}uHKt& rdrdudk,fydkif tawG@t}uHKt& ouf0if

8

,Hk=unfr_&Sdjcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? Tta=umif;tcsufrsm;r&Sdygu "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk +zdKcs+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk; ajymif;vJypfa&;udk xrf;aqmifaeaoma&S@wef;a&muf vlwef;pm;. wu,fvkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfh ygwDw&yfjzpfaeaomawmfvSefa&;ygwD. pnf;urf;onf rjzpfajrmufEdkifay? Tta=umif; tcsufrsm;r&Sdygu pnf;urf;owfrSwf&ef }udK;yrf;r_tm;vHk;onf rvGJraoGyif Avm oufoufESifh [dwf[efrsm;jcif;wdk@jzifh ayghysufysuftqHk;owfrnf? tjcm;wzufYTta=umif;tcsufrsm;onf csufcsif; ay:xGufrvmEdkif? xdkta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk a&&Snf}udK;pm;jcif;ESifh tqif;&J tyifyef;cH+yD;onfh tawG@t}uHKrsm;&SdrSom zefwD;Edkifayrnf? ‚wdk@. zefwD;r_udk rSefuefaom awmfvSefa&;oabmw&m;uom wGef;aqmfay;Edkifonf?

wenf;tm;jzifh TawmfvSefaom oabmw&m;onf w&m;ao r[kwfbJ wu,fwrf; vlxkvuQ%maqmifaom/ wu,fwrf; awmfvSefaomv_yf&Sm;r_. vufawG@vkyfudkifr_ESifh eD;uyfpGm qufpyfrSomv#if tqHk;owfyHkay:vmayvdrfhrnf?

aAmf&SDApf0g'onf 1917 - 1920 ckESpftwGif; r}uHKpbl;cufcJaomtajctaersm;atmufwGif twif;usyfqHk; A[dkcsKyfudkifr_ESifh oHr%dpnf;urf;udkwnfaqmufEdkif+yD; atmifjrifpGm xdef;odrf;Edkifjcif;rSm ±k&Sm;jynf. ordkif;qdkif&mxl;jcm;csufrsm;a=umifhom jzpfonf?

tjcm;wzufwGif aAmf&SDApf0g'onf 1903 ckESpfY rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;. tvGefcdkif+rJaom tkwfjrpfay:wGif ay:xGufvmcJhonf? xdk@jyif TawmfvSefa&; oabmw&m;wckwnf;omv#if rSefuefa=umif;udk 19 &mpkESpfwav#mufvHk;&Sd urBmhtawG@t}uHKu oufaojycJhonfomru txl;ojzifh±k&Sm;jynf&Sd awmfvSefa&;awG;ac:r_ e,fy,fwGif prf;w0g;0g;jzpfjcif;ESifh awGa0jcif;trSm;ESifh pdwfysufjcif;ponfhtawG@t}uHKwdk@uvnf; oufaojycJh.? ta=umif;rl +yD;cJhaom&mpkESpf. 40 ydkif;rS 90 ydkif;txd &mpkESpf0ufeD;yg; +ydKifbufr&Sdatmif&ufpufaom/ azmufjyefaom Zmpepf. zdESdyfjcif;cHcJh&onfh ±k&Sm;jynf&Sd a&S@wef;a&mufaom awG;ac:r_onf rSefuefaom awmfvSefa&;oabmw&m;udk tmomief;ief;&SmazG+yD; Oa&myESifhtar&durS Te,fy,fwGif&Sd “aemufqHk;awG@&Sdcsuf”rSefor#udk wckruseftHh=oavmufaom ZGJvHk@vwdk@jzifh rarmryef; aemufa,mifcH

9

cJhayonf? ±k&Sm;jynfonf &mpkESpf0uftwGif;wGif r}uHKpbl;aom emusifyifyef;r_/ pGef@v$wfr_udkdvnf;aumif;/ r}uHKpbl;aom awmfvSefa&; ol&Jaumif;0g'/r,HkEdkifavmufaom pGrf;tm;jzifh xufoefpGm pl;prf;&SmazGjcif;/ avhvmjcif;/vufawG@ppfaq;jcif;/ pdwfysufjcif;wdk@udkvnf;aumif;/ Oa&mytawG@t}uHKudkcsdefxdk;jcif;ESifh E_dif;,SOfjcif;wdk@udkvnf;aumif;/ wu,fwrff; 'kuQqif;&J'kuQqif;&J'kuQqif;&J'kuQqif;&J'kuQqif;&Jrsm;udkjzwfoef;+yD;rSom wckwnf;aom rSefuefonfh awmfvSefa&;oabm w&m;jzpfonfh rmhufpf0g'udk &&SdcJhjcif;jzpfayonf? Zmpepfu EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk wdkif;wyg;odk@ twif;armif;xkwfjcif;a=umifh 19 &mpk 'kwd,ydkif;&Sd awmfvSefaom±k&Sm;jynfonf urBmhawmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_o¿mefrsm;/ oabmw&m;rsm;ESifhywfoufI urBmay:&Sd rnfonfhwdkif;jynfwGifrSr&Sdaom us,fjyef@aom EdkifiHwumh qufoG,fr_rsm;pGmudkvnf;aumif;/ ºu,f0aom taumif;qHk; owif;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; &&SdcJh.?

tjcm;wzufwGif Tausmufqpfyrmcdkifrmonfh oabmw&m; a&;tkwfjrpfay:wGif ay:xGufvmcJhaom aAmf&SDApf0g'onf urBmay:wGif tjcm;rnfonfh ae&mwGifrS tvm;wlr&SdEdkifonfh ºu,f0onfh tawG@t}uHK&&Sdaponfh15 ESpf=um 1903-1917 vufawG@ordkif;umvudk jzwfoef;cJ honf? ta=umif;rl T 15 ESpfwmtwGif; TawmfvSefa&; tawG@t}uHKrsKd;onfvnf;aumif;/ v_yf&Sm;r_o¿mef trsKd;rsKd;jzpfaom Oya'wGif;ESifh Oya'y/ +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh rkefwdkif;qifr_/ ajratmufvkyfjcif;ESifh ajAmifvkyfjcif;/ tpkuav; v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_/ ygvDrefenf;ESifh t=urf;zufenf;wdk@. vsifjref+yD; pHkvifaomqufwdkuf ajymif;vJjcif;rsKd;onfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;rnfonfh wdkif;jynfwGifrS qifwl±dk;rSm;r#yif r&SdcJhay? Tr#wdkawmif;aom tcsdeftwGif; tjcm;rnfonfh wdkif;jynfwGifrS Todk@aom acwfrDvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd vlwef;pm;tm;vHk;tm;vHk;tm;vHk;tm;vHk;tm;vHk;. wdkufyGJo¿mefrsm;/ xl;jcm;csufrsm;ESifh enf;emrsm;tm; ºu,f0pGmpkpnf;Edkifr_r&SdcJhay? xdk@jyif wdkif;jynf.acwfaemufusr_ESifh Zmxrf;ydk;. &ufpufr_a=umifh TwdkufyGJonf txl; vsifjrefpGm &ifhusufvm+yD; tar&duESifh Oa&myEdkifiHa&;tawG@t}uHK. oifhawmfaom“aemufqHk;awG@&Sdcsuf”udk tmom ief;ief;ESifh tatmifjrifqHk; &,lcJhonf?

10

( 3 )( 3 )( 3 )( 3 )( 3 )

aAmf&S DApf0g'ord ki f;. t"dutqif hrsm;aAmf&S DApf0g'ord ki f;. t"dutqif hrsm;aAmf&S DApf0g'ord ki f;. t"dutqif hrsm;aAmf&S DApf0g'ord ki f;. t"dutqif hrsm;aAmf&S DApf0g'ord ki f;. t"dutqif hrsm;

awmfvSefa&;twGuf jyifqifaomESpfrsm; (1903-1905)? }uD;rm;aom rkefwdkif;. eD;uyfvmr_udk ae&mtESH@tjym; cHpm;ae&onf? vlwef;pm;tm;vHk; v_yfv_yf&G&GESifh jyifqifpdkif;jyif;aeaom tajctaewGif &Sdae=uonf?jynfywGifrl EdkifiHa&;t& e,fESifcH&olrsm;. pme,fZif;rsm;onf awmfvSefa&;tajccHjy\em tm;vHk;tm;vHk;tm;vHk;tm;vHk;tm;vHk;. oabmw&m;a&;bufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;=uonf?t"duvlwef;pm; 3 ck/ t"duEdkifiHa&;tEG,f 3 ck jzpfonfh vpfb&,f"e&Sif/"e&Sifaygufp 'Drdkua&pDorm; (“qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD”ESifh “qdk&S,fawmfvSefa&;”wHqdyfrsm;uyfI ±kyfzsufxm;onf)ESifh ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;tEG,fwdk@. udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf vkyfief;pOfqdkif&m/ enf;y&d,m,fqdkif&m tjrifrsm;tay:wGiftjyif;xefqHk;wdkufyGJqifum eD;uyfvmaom twdtvif; vlwef;pm; wdkufyGJtwGuf }udKwifwGufq+yD; jyifqifpdkif;jyif;ae=uonf? xdktcsdefu pme,fZif;rsm;wGif 1905-1907 ckESpfESifh 1917-1920 ckESpfrsm;wGif vlxkrsm; qifE$JaomvufeufudkifwdkufyGJqdkif&m tjriftm;vHk;.tm;vHk;.tm;vHk;.tm;vHk;.tm;vHk;. ueOD;o¿mefrsm;udk avhvmEdkifonf? avhvnf;avhvm&rnf? Tt"du tEG,f 3 ckt=um;wGif trSefyiftv,ftvwfjzpfaom/ ul;ajymif;qJjzpfaom vrf;ckvwfo¿mef tajrmuftjrm; &SdcJhay.? odk@r[kwf ydkrdkrSefuefpGmqdk&v#if pme,fZif;rsm;/ ygwDrsm;/*dk%f;rsm;ESifh tkyfpkrsm;wdkufyGJtwGif;wGif pifppfvlwef;pm;toD;oD; tEG,frsm;jzpfaom TEdkifiHa&;ESifh awG;ac:r_tEG,frsm;onf twdtusyHkay:vm=uayonf? vlwef;pm;toD;oD;onf usa&muftHhqJqJ wdkufyGJrsm;twGuf vdktyfaom EdkifiHa&;ESifh awG;ac:r_ vufeufrsm;udk ykHoGif;xkvkyfae=uonf?

11

awmfvSefa&;ESpfrsm; (1905-1907)? vlwef;pm;tm;vHk;onf twdtvif; xGufvm=uonf? vkyfief;pOfqdkif&mESifh enf;y&d,m,fqdkif&m tjriftm;vHk;onf vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_jzifh prf;oyfjcif;cH&onf? oydwfwdkufyGJonf ‚.twdkif;twm us,fjyef@r_ESifhjyif;xefr_t& urBmay:wGif +ydKifbufuif;vS.?pD;yGm;a&;oydwfonf EdkifiHa&;oydwfodk@vnf;aumif;/ EdkifiHa&;oydwfonfykefuefxºur_odk@vnf;aumif; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;oGm;onf? acgif;aqmifol ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ESifh acgif;aqmifcH&ol ,drf;,dkifawGa0aom v,form;vlwef;pm;t=um;&Sd qufqHa&;rsm;udk vufawG@xJY prf;oyfppfaq;cJhonf? qdkAD,ufpnf;±Hk;a&;o¿mefonf wdkufyGJ. tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_twGif;YaygufzGm;vmonf? xdktcsdefu qdkAD,uf. ta&;ygr_ESifhywfoufaom tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;onf 1917-1920 ckESpf&Sd }uD;jrwfonfhwdkufyGJudk }udKwif edrdwfzwfcJhonf? ygvDrefESifh ygvDrefr[kwfaom wdkufyGJo¿mefrsm;/ ygvDrefudk oydwfarSmufaom enf;y&d,m,fESifh ygvDrefwGif yg0ifaom enf;y&d,m,f/ Oya'wGif;ESifhOya'y wdkufyGJo¿mefrsm;udk wvSnfhpD usifhoHk;jcif;/ xdkr#ru‚wdk@. tjyeftvSefqufpyfjcif;ESifh aygif;pyfjcif;rsm; tm;vHk;onf tHh=oavmufatmifºu,f0aomtESpfom&jzifh xif&Sm;vmonf? vlxkESifhacgif;aqmifrsm; vlwef;pm;rsm;ESifh ygwDrsm;twGuf Tumv. wvwmtwGif; &&Sdvdkufaom EdkifiHa&;odyHynm tajccHrsm;onf “+idrf;csrf;aom” “zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk pnf;rsOf;qdkif&m”jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_. wESpfwmvHk;&&Sdr_ESifh nDr#cJhayonf? 1905 ckESpf. “}udKwifZmwfwdkufr_”r&Sdygu 1917 ckESpf atmufwdkbm awmfvSefa&;onf atmifyGJcHEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwf?

azmufjyefa&;ESpfrsm; (1907 - 1910)? Zmpepfonf atmifyGJ&cJhonf?awmfvSefa&;ygwDESifh twdkuftcHygwDtm;vHk; ±_H;edrfhcJh&onf? pdwf"mwfusqif;r_/pdwf"mwfysufjym;r_/ uGJjym;r_/ tpnf;ajyr_/ opPmazmufr_/ npfnrf;r_wdk@onfEdkifiHa&;ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;vdkuf=uonf? tbd"rRmqdkif&m pdwf0g'qDodk@ a&G@vsm;r_onf ydkrdk}uD;rm;vmonf? odEdkifcJ0g'onf wefjyefawmfvSefa&; pdwfwdrf;!$wfr_rsm;. +cHKxnfjzpfvmonf? odk@aomf wcsdefwnf;rSmyif T}uD;rm;aom±_H;edrfhr_onfyif awmfvSefa&ygwDrsm;ESifh awmfvSefaom vlwef;pm;tm; tvGefwu,f wefzdk;&Sdaomoifcef;pm/ ordkif;qdkif&m tEkyËdavmroifcef;pm/ EdkifiH

12

a&;wdkufyGJtm; em;vnfu|rf;usifpGm wdkufwwf&efoifcef;pmwdk@udk ay;tyfvdkufay.? uHqdk;rdk;arSmifusrS rdwfaqGppfudk odEdkifonf? ppf±_H;aomwyfonfaumif;pGm avhvmwwfvmonf?

atmifyGJ&&Sdaom Zmpepfonf ±k&Sm;jynf&Sd "e&SifrwdkifrD tz}uD;pdk;aomaexdkifa&;b0enf;em tºuif;tusefrsm;udk rwwfombJ vsifjrefpGm zsufqD;vdkuf&onf? wdkif;jynf. "e&Sifvrf;a=umif;twdkif; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_onf txl;yifvsifjrefpGm wufvSrf;vmonf? vlwef;pm;ESifh uif;vGwfaom/ vlwef;pm;txufY&Sdaom pdwful;,Ofr_rsm;/ t&if;&Sif0g'udk a&SmifuGif;Edkifonf[laompdwful;,Ofr_rsm;onf avxJwGifvGifhpif uG,faysmufoGm;awmh.? vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJonf vHk;0opfvGif+yD; ydkrdkjywfom;aom o¿mefaqmifvmonf?

awmfvSefa&;ygwDrsm;onf rdrdwdk@.oif,lr_udk jynfhpHkatmif jznfhqnf;=u&rnf? ‚wdk@onf wdkufcdkufjcif;udk oif=um;+yD;ay+yD? ,cktcgY Ttodynmudk rnfodk@aumif;pGm qkwfcGm&rnfenf;[laom todynmjzifh jznfhpGuf&rnfudk ‚wdk@odjrif&ef vdkvmonf? ‚wdk@onf rnfodk@aumif;pGm wdkufcdkuf&rnf/ rnfodk@aumif;pGm qkwfcGm&rnfqdkonfh ESpfckpvHk;udk oif,lrxm;yguatmifyGJcH&ef rjzpfEdkifa=umif; odjrif&ayrnf? xdk@jyif awmfvSefaom vlwef;pm;onf rdrdudk,fydkifcg;oD;aom tawG@t}uHKt& Todk@odjrifvm&ef oif=um;jcif;cH&onf? ±_H;edrfhaom twdkuftcHygwDrsm;ESifh awmfvSefa&;ygwD tm;vHk;xJwGifaAmf&SDApfrsm;onf rdrdwdk@ “wyfrawmf”udk tqHk;t±_H;tenf;qHk; rdrd. tjrKawudkxdef;odrf;r_taumif;qHk;/ (jyif;xef+yD; rukpm;Edkifaom) uGJjym;r_ tenf;qHk;/pdwf"mwfysufjym;r_tenf;qHk;jzifh tpDtpOftusqHk; qkwfcGmcJh=uonf? xdk@jyif‚tvkyfudk tus,fjyef@qHk;/ trSefuefqHk;ESif h pdwftwufºuqHk;enf;jzifhjyefvnfpwif&ef taumif;qHk; tajctaewGif&Sdonf? aAmf&SDApfrsm; Todk@aomtajctaeudk &&SdcJhjcif;rSm qkwfcGm&rnfudkvnf;aumif;/ rnfodk@ qkwfcGm&rnftm; od&Sdem;vnf&efudkvnf;aumif;/ tazmufjyefqHk;ygvDrefrsm;/ tazmufjyefqHk; tvkyform;or*~rsm;/ or0g,rtoif;rsm;/ tmrcHtzGJ@rsm;ESifh tvm;wl tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif;wGif rnfodk@w&m;0ifpGm tvkyfvkyf&ef vHk;0 oif,l&rnfudkvnf;aumif; jiif;qef=uaom awmfvSefa&; avvHk;xGm;olrsm;udk t=uifemuif;pGmzGifhcs+yD; xkwfy,fypfcJhjcif;a=umifhomjzpf.?

13

'Da&wufonfhESpfrsm; (1910-1914)? tpydkif;wGif wdk;wufr_rSmr,HkEdkifavmufatmif aES;auG;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf 1912 ckESpf vDemta&;tcif;22222

aemufwGif tawmfyifvsifjrefvmcJh.? tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_xJ&Sdrif&SDApfwdk@. "e&Sifvlwef;pm; udk,fpm;vS,ftcef;udk 1905 ckESpf aemufydkif;wGif"e&Sifvlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;u aumif;pGmem;vnfcJh+yD; Ttcsufa=umifh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;w&yfvHk;u aAmf&SDApfrsm;tm; qef@usif&mwGif rif&SDApfrsm;udk enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh axmufcHcJh=uonf? aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf r}uHKpbl;aomtcuftcJrsm;udkausmfeif;&if; rif&SDApfrsm;udk wGef;z,fypfcJhonf? odk@aomf tu,fI aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf Oya'ytvkyfudk “Oya'twGif;tcGifhtvrf;rsm;”rjzpfrae toHk;csr_rsm;ESifh aygif;pyfay;aom rSefuefonfhenf;y&d,m,fudk rusifhoHk;cJhygv#if Ttcsufudk vkyf&mwGif rnfonfhtcgrS atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay? aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf azmufjyefvSaom 'l;rm;v$wfawmfxJ&Sd tvkyform;ae&mtm;vHk;udk &&SdcJh.?

yxre,fcsJ@urBmppf}uD; (1914-1917)? tvGeftrif; azmufjyefaom“ygvDref”ESifhtwl Oya'wGif; ygvDref0g'onf awmfvSefaomypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; ygwDjzpfaom aAmf&SDApfrsm;tm; tvGefw&m tusKd;jyKcJhayonf?aAmf&SDApf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk qdkufaA;&D;,m;odk@ e,fESifypfvdkufonf? jynfyodk@e,fESifcH&olrsm;. pme,fZif;rsm;wGif qdk&S,fe,fcsJ@0g'/ qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'/qdk&S,fjynfcspf0g'/ cdkif+rJaom EdkifiHwumh0g'ESifh rcdkif+rJaom EdkifiHwumh0g'/a&$jynfat;0g'ESifh a&$jynfat;0g'pdwful;,Ofr_udk awmfvSefaom jiif;y,fr_wdk@.ta&miftqif; trsKd;rsKd;wdk@udk tjynfhtpHkqHk; awG@&onf? ±k&Sm;qdk&S,fvpf v_yf&Sm;r_wGif“*d k%f;tkyfpkrsm;”rsm;jym;r_udkvnf;aumif;/ ‚wdk@twGif;wGifjzpfyGm;aom jyif;xefonfhwdkufyGJudkvnf;aumif; rmefrme}uD;pGm raxrJhjrifjyKcJh=uaom 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f. ynm&Sifvlrdkufrsm;ESifh tr,f}uD;tdkrsm;onf olwdk@. ºum;0gxm;aom-a&S@wef;a&mufaom wdkif;jynftm;vHk;tm;vHk;tm;vHk;tm;vHk;tm;vHk;&Sd “Oya'wGif;”tcGifhta&;udk ppfu vufv$wfapvdkufaomtcg-±k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm; qGpfZvefESifh tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;pGmwGif vkyfcJhaomtjrifrsm; vGwfvyfpGm (Oya'y) zvS,fr_ESifh rSefuefaomtjrifrsm; vGwfvyfpGm (Oya'y)&SmazGr_rsKd;ESifh teD;pyfqHk;udkyif pnf;±Hk;vkyfaqmifEdkifjcif; r&SdcJhay? TtwGuf

14

a=umifhyif wdkif;jynftm;vHk;&Sd ajAmifusaom qdk&S,fjynfcspform;rsm;ESifh“aumufpuD; 0g'Drsm;” ESpfrsKd;pvHk;onf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. tqdk;0g;qHk; opPmazmufrsm; jzpfvm=uavonf? xdk@jyif 1917-1920 ckESpfwGif aAmf&SDApf0g'atmifyGJcH&onfh t"duta=umif;&if;wckrSm 1914 ckESpfukefrSp+yD; qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'ESifh“aumufpuD;0g'”(tvm;wlyif jyifopfjynf&Sd avmif*Gwf0g'33333/t*Fvefjynf&Sd tif'Dyif;'ifhavbmygwD44444 acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh azbD,Hrsm;55555 tDwvD&Sd wl&yfwDwdk@. tjrifrsm;). qdk;oGrf;r_/ ,kwfnHhodrfzsif;r_/ pufqkyfzG,f&maumif;r_wdk@udk t=uifemuif;rJhpGm zGifhcscJhjcif;ESifh aemifwGifvlxkonf aAmf&SDApftjrifrsm;. rSefuefr_udk rdrdwdk@udk,fydkif tawG@t}uHKt& ydkIydkI ,Hk=unfvmcJhjcif;wdk@a=umifhyifjzpf.?

±k&Sm;jynf 'kwd,t}udrfawmfvSefa&; (1917 - azazmf0g&DvrS atmufwdkbmvtxd)? Zmpepf. r,HkEdkifavmufatmif tdkrif;+yD; acwfaemufusr_(tjyif;xefqHk;aomppf. xdk;ESufr_rsm;/ tcuftcJrsm;. xyfavmif;r_) wdk@u‚tm; OD;wnfqef@usifaom r,HkEdkifp&m zsufqD;a&;tiftm;wckudk zefwD;ay;vdkufonf? &uftenf;i,ftwGif;wGif ±k&Sm;jynfonf urBmay:&Sd tjcm;rnfonfhwdkif;jynfxufrqdk ppfjzpfaeaom tajctaersm;atmufwGif ydkrdkvGwfvyfaom "e&Sif'Drdkua&pD orRwEdkifiHtjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;onf? twdkuftcHygwDrsm;ESifh awmfvSefa&;ygwDrsm;. acgif;aqmifrsm;onf “twif;usyfqHk; ygvDrefpepf”orRwEdkifiHrsm;wGif vkyfouJhodk@yif tpdk;&tzGJ@wckudk zGJ@pnf;vdkufonf?vlwa,mufonf ,cifu ygvDreftwGif;/ tazmufjyefqHk; ygvDreftwGif;rSmjzpfygap/ twdkuftcHygwD. acgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfcJhygu awmfvSefa&;wGifqufvuf yg0ifrnfhol.tcef;udk taxmuftultaxmuftultaxmuftultaxmuftultaxmuftul jyKay.?

&ufowWywftcsKd@twGif;wGif rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh“qdk&S,fawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;”onf 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f. Oa&myol&Jaumif;rsm;/ 0ef}uD;0g'orm;rsm;ESifh tjcm;tacsmiform; tr_dufo±dkufrsm;. enf;emrsm;/ vkyfyHkrsm;/taxmuftxm;rsm;ESifh qifajcvdrfrsm; tm;vHk;udk tukeftpif &,lvdkuf=uonf? ,cktcg u|efawmfwdk@ zwf±_&aom &Sdwf'DrefESifh aemhuD;cfta=umif;/aumufpuD;ESifh [Dzm'if;ta=umif;/ &if;em;ESifh =opwmvpfta=umif;/ atmfwdkabm0g;ESifh z&pftuf'vmta=umif;/ wl&yfwDESifh avmif*Gwfta=umif;/ t*F

15

vefjynf&Sd azbD,HESifh tif'Dyif;'ifh avbmygwD acgif;aqmif;rsm;ta=umif;tm;vHk;onf u|efawmfwdk@twGuf ysif;&dzG,f&m xyfrHajymqdkjcif;/ a[mif;EGrf;+yD;=um;aeusaw;oGm;udk jyefoDqdkjcif;uJhodk@ jzpfayonf (wu,fvnf; jzpfonf?)u|efawmfwdk@onf tvm;wltjcif;t&mudk rif&SDApfrsm;Y awG@cJh+yD;jzpfonf?acwfaemufusaom wdkif;jynf&Sd tacsmiform;rsm;onf a&S@wef;a&muf wdkif;jynfrsm;pGm&Sd tacsmiform;rsm;.a&S@odk@ ausmfoGm;av+yD? TonfrSm ordkif;.usDpm;csufyif jzpfonf?

tu,fI 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f ol&Jaumif;tm;vHk;onf c|wf+cHKusoGm;+yD; qdkAD,ufESifh qdkAD,uftm%m. ta&;ygr_ESifh tcef;u¾jy\emudkcef@rSef;&mwGif rdrdwdk@bmom t&SufwuGJ jzpfcJhygv#if ,cktcg 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,fudk pGef@cGmoGm;=uaom tvGefta&;ygaom ygwD 3 ck (‚wdk@rSm*smref tif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwD66666/ jyifopfavmif*Gwf0g'Drsm;ESifh+Adwdo# tif'Dyif;'ifh avbmygwD) . acgif;aqmifrsm;onf Tjy\emtay:wGif“tajymifajrmuf”qHk;aomenf;vrf;jzifh rdrdwdk@bmom t&SufwuGJjzpf+yD;±_yfaxG;oGm;cJhygv#if olwdk@tm;vHk;onf "e&Sifaygufp'Drdkua&pD tpGJtvef;.aus;u|efrsm; (rdrdwdk@udk,fudk“qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;”[k ac:a0:=uaom 1848ckESpf "e&Sifaygufp. pdwf"mwftwdkif;&Sdonf) jzpfoGm;ygv#if ‚wdk@tm;vHk;‚wdk@tm;vHk;‚wdk@tm;vHk;‚wdk@tm;vHk;‚wdk@tm;vHk;udkrif&SDApfrsm;Y u|efawmfwdk@ awG@jrifcJh+yD;jzpfayonf? ordkif;onf Todk@usDpm;cJhjyefonf? æ ±k&Sm;jynfwGif 1905 ckESpfY qdkAD,ufrsm; aygufzGm;vmcJhonf?1917 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvrS atmufwdkbmvtxd ‚wdk@tm; rif&SDApfrsm;utvGJoHk;pm; jyKvkyfcJhonf? ‚wdk@onf qdkAD,ufrsm;. tcef;ESifh ta&;ygr_udkem;vnfEdkifpGrf; r&Sdaoma=umifh c|wf+cHKusoGm;cJhonf? ,cktcgwGifrl qdkAD,uftm%m t,ltqonf urBmtESH@wGifurBmtESH@wGifurBmtESH@wGifurBmtESH@wGifurBmtESH@wGif ay:xGufvm+yD; wdkif;jynftm;vHk;&SdypPnf;rJhrsm;twGif;wGif t[kefjyif;pGmjyef@ESH@aeonf? xdk@jyif 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f. ol&Jaumif;}uD;rsm;onf qdkAD,ufrsm;. tcef;ESifhta&;ygr_udkem;vnfEdkifpGrf; r&Sdaoma=umifh u|efawmfwdk@ rif&SDApfrsm;uJhodk@yif ae&mae&mae&mae&mae&mwumwGif wumwGif wumwGif wumwGif wumwGif c|wf+cHKusae=uonf? tawG@t}uHKrsm;u oufaojyvdkufonfrSmypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;. tvGefta&;}uD;aom jy\emtcsKd@wGif wdkif;jynftm;vHk;tm;vHk;tm;vHk;tm;vHk;tm;vHk;onf ±k&Sm;jynfu jyKvkyfcJhonfhtwdkif; rvGJraoG jyKvkyf&ayvdrfhrnf?

16

Oa&myESifh tar&duwdkufwGif ,ae@r=umc% awG@&aomtjrifrsm;ESifhqef@usifpGmyif aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf ygvDrefpepf (vufawG@tm;jzifh) "e&SiforRwEdkifiHESifh rif&SDApfrsm;udk qef@usifonfh atmifjrifaomwdkufyGJudk owd}uD;pGmjzifh pwifcJhjcif;jzpf+yD; ‚twGuf olwdk@jyKvkyfaom jyifqifr_rsm;onfvnf;rnfonfhenf;ESifhr# vG,fulonfr[kwfacs? u|efawmfwdk@onf azmfjycJhaomumvtpydkif;wGif tpdk;&udkjzKwfcs&ef rv_H@aqmfcJh? qdkAD,ufrsm;. yg0ifr_ tcsKd;tpm;ESifh pdwf"mwfudk OD;pGmajymif;vJypfjcif; r&SdbJ r&SdbJ r&SdbJ r&SdbJ r&SdbJ ‚udkjzKwfcs&ef rjzpfEdkifa=umif;udkom &Sif;vif;jycJhonf? u|efawmfwdk@onf "e&SifygvDref/ qdkvdkonfrSmOya'jyKv$wfawmfudk oydwfarSmuf&ef ra=unmcJh? u|efawmfwdk@ygwD. (1917ckESpf) {+yD uGefz&ifhrSp+yD; ygwDtrnfjzifh w&m;0ifpGm pwifajymqdkcJhonfrSmOya'jyKv$wfawmf&Sdaom "e&SiforRwEdkifiHonf Oya'jyK v$wfawmfr&Sdaom"e&SiforRwEdkifiHxuf ydkIaumif;.? odk@aomf “tvkyform;v,form;”orRwEdkifiHjzpfaom qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHonf rnfonfh "e&Sif"rdkua&pDygvDref orRwEdkifiHxufrqdk ydkIaumif;onf[lIomjzpf.? Todk@aom owd&Sdaom ukefpifaom/ tao;pdwfusaom a&&Snfjyifqifr_rsm;r&SdcJhygu u|efawmfwdk@onf 1917ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif atmifyGJ&&Sdvdrfhrnfr[kwf? TatmifyGJudkvnf; xdef;odrf;Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay?

17

( 4 )( 4 )( 4 )( 4 )( 4 )

tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&S dtvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&S dtvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&S dtvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&S dtvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&S d rnfonfh&efolrsm;udk qef@usifwdkufyG Jqif&if; aAmf&S DApf0g'onf rnfonfh&efolrsm;udk qef@usifwdkufyG Jqif&if; aAmf&S DApf0g'onf rnfonfh&efolrsm;udk qef@usifwdkufyG Jqif&if; aAmf&S DApf0g'onf rnfonfh&efolrsm;udk qef@usifwdkufyG Jqif&if; aAmf&S DApf0g'onf rnfonfh&efolrsm;udk qef@usifwdkufyG Jqif&if; aAmf&S DApf0g'onf }uD;xGm;+yD;cd ki frmum xkom;ayom; &&S dvmcJ hoenf;? }uD;xGm;+yD;cd ki frmum xkom;ayom; &&S dvmcJ hoenf;? }uD;xGm;+yD;cd ki frmum xkom;ayom; &&S dvmcJ hoenf;? }uD;xGm;+yD;cd ki frmum xkom;ayom; &&S dvmcJ hoenf;? }uD;xGm;+yD;cd ki frmum xkom;ayom; &&S dvmcJ hoenf;?

yxrESifht"dutm;jzifh tacsmif0g'udk qef@usifaom wdkufyGJtwGif;wGifjzpf.? Ttacsmif0g'onf 1914 ckESpfwGif qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'tjzpf vHk;0}uD;xGm;oGm;+yD; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;udk qef@usifum "e&Sifvlwef;pm;rsm;ESifhvHk;0yl;aygif;oGm;onf? "rRwmyif‚onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd aAmf&SDApfrsm;. t"du&efol jzpfcJhonf? ‚onf EdkifiHwumh twdkif;twmt&vnf; t"du&efoltjzpf &SdaeqJjzpfonf? aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf T&efoludk txl;tm±HktpdkufqHk; jzpfcJhonf? qufvufIvnf; tm±HkpdkufcJhonf?TbufwGif aAmf&SDApfwdk@. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk ,cktcg jynfyuvnf;/ aumif;pGm od&Sd+yD;ay+yD?

odk@apumrl tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd aAmf&SDApf0g'.tjcm;aom &efoltwGufqdkygrl jcm;em;a=umif;udk ajymqdk&ayrnf? aAmf&SDApf0g'onf "e&SifaygufpawmfvSefa&;0g'"e&SifaygufpawmfvSefa&;0g'"e&SifaygufpawmfvSefa&;0g'"e&SifaygufpawmfvSefa&;0g'"e&SifaygufpawmfvSefa&;0g'udk qef@usifaom a&&SnfwdkufyGJtwGif;wGif }uD;xGm;yHkay:vm+yD; xkom;ayom; &&Sdvmonf? Ttcsufudk jynfywGifjynfhpHkpGm rod&Sdao;ay? TawmfvSefa&;0g'onf rif;rJh0g' taiG@toufjzifhjynfhESufaeaom odk@r[kwf rif;rJh0g'rS wpHkw&mcdk;,lum rnfonfhta&;}uD;aom jy\emrsm;wGifrqdk cdkifrmaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ. ta=umif;tcsufrsm; vdktyfr_rsm;ESifh rudkufnDay? rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;u aumif;pGm

18

pdkufxlxm;+yD; xdkr#ru Oa&myawmfvSefa&;rsm;ESifh awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tawG@t}uHKtm;vHk;u tjynfhtpHkoufaojycJhonfrSm t&if;&SifpepfatmufwGifypPnf;ydkif&Sifuav;/ qdkvdkonfrSm vkyfief;ydkif&Sifuav; (Oa&mywdkif;jynfrsm;pGmwGif tvGefus,fjyef@+yD; xkxnfvdkuf&Sdaeaom vlr_a&; trsKd;tpm;wck) onfzdESdyfr_rsm; tpOfojzifh cHpm;&+yD; r=umc% ‚.tajctaersm;wGif r,HkEdkifavmufatmif jyif;xefvsifjrefpGm av#musysufpD;oGm;I awmfvSefa&; tvGeftu|Hjzpfr_bufodk@ tvG,fwul ul;ajymif;oGm;=ujcif;yif jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif‚onf cHEdkif&nf&Sdr_/ pnf;±Hk;r_/ pnf;urf;&Sdr_ESifh +rJ+rHr_ponfwdk@udk azmfjyEdkifpGrf;r&Sday? t&if;&Sif0g'. a=umufrufzG,f&mrsm;a=umifh“±l;rwwf”jzpfaeaom"e&Sifaygufprsm;onf rif;rJh0g'uJhodk@yif t&if;&Sifwdkif;jynftm;vHk;. xl;jcm;aom vlr_tjcif;t&m wrsKd;jzpfonf? TawmfvSefa&;0g'onf rwnf+idrfr_ESifhtESpfr&Sdr_/ ‚onf acgif;iHk@cHjcif;/ pdwfxufoefr_r&Sdjcif;/ pdwful;,Ofjcif;/xdkr#ru "e&Sif“a&yef;pm;aomt,ltq”wckodk@r[kwf tjcm;wckY“t±l;trl;”jzpfaejcif;wdk@qDodk@ vsifjrefpGm ul;ajymif;oGm;Edkifonfh tvm;tvm&Sdonf? Tt&mtm;vHk;onf trsm;od=uaom t&mrsm;jzpfonf? odk@aomfawmfvSefa&;ygwDrsm;onf TtrSefw&m;rsm;udk oabmw&m;t& taumiftxnfrJhpGm todtrSwfjyK±Hkr#ESifh twdwfu usL;vGefchJzl;aom trSm;rsm; xyfrHusL;vGefjcif;udk a&Smifv$JI r&Edkifay? TtrSm;rsm;onf rar#mfvifhaom tcsdefa=umifh r}uHKpbl;aom ywf0ef;usifESifh xl;jcm;aom/ tenf;ESifhtrsm; xl;jcm;aomtajctaewdk@wGif o¿mefopf wckckjzifh ay:xGufvmwwfonf?

rif;rJh0g'onf r=umc%yif tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_. tacsmif0g'tjypfrsm;twGuf '%fcwfr_wrsKd; jzpfcJhonf? yHko¿mefysuf ESpfckpvHk;onf tjyeftvSef jznfhpGuf=uonf? xdk@jyif ±k&Sm;jynfwGif ‚.vlOD;a&yg0ifr_tcsKd;tpm;t& Oa&mywdkif;jynfrsm;xuf "e&Sifaygufp ydkrdkrsm;aomfvnf;awmfvSefa&;ESpfckpvHk;twGif; (1905 ESifh 1917 ckESpf) Yvnf;aumif;/ awmfvSefa&;qifonfh umvrsm;twGif;Yvnf;aumif;/ rif;rJh0g' =oZmoufr_onfE_dif;,SOfjcif;t& rajymyavmufay? Todk@jzpf&jcif;. ta=umif;&if; wpdwfwydkif;rSm tacsmif0g'udk t=uifemuif;rJhpGmESifh raphpyfpwrf; tpOft+rJ wdkufcdkufcJhaom aAmf&SDApf0g'. aumif;r_a=umifhjzpfonf? Tonfudk oHo, jzpfp&m

19

rvdkay?“wpdwfwydkif;”[k u|efawmfajym&jcif;rSm ±k&Sm;jynf&Sd rif;rJh0g'. =oZmt&Sdefudk tm;enf;ap&mwGif ydkrdkta&;}uD;aom ta=umif;&if;&Sdjcif;a=umifhjzpf.? ‚rSm vGefcJhaom (19 &mpk. 70 ydkif;ESpfrsm;) u rif;rJh0g'onf xl;uJpGmjzpfay: wdk;yGm;vm+yD; ‚.vHk;0rSm;,Gif;r_ESifh awmfvSefaom vlwef;pm;. vrf;!¸efoabmw&m;tjzpf vHk;0roifhawmfr_wdk@ ay:vGifvmjcif;a=umifhjzpf.?

aAmf&SDApf0g'onf 1903 ckESpfY aygufzGm;vmuwnf;u "e&SifaygufpawmfvSefa&;0g'/ rif;rJh0g'wydkif;/ (odk@r[kwf rif;rJh0g'bufodk@ wdrf;!$wfaeaom)awmfvSefa&;0g'udk qef@usifaom t=uifemuif;rJhonfh wdkufyGJtpOftvm &SdcJhonf? TtpOftvmonf awmfvSefaom qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDwGif wav#mufvHk;&SdcJh+yD; ±k&Sm;jynfwGif awmfvSefaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. vlxkvuQ%m aqmifaom ygwDtwGuf tkwfjrpfcscJhonfh 1900-1903 ckESpfwGif txl;tcdkiftrmawmifhwif;vmcJhonf? aAmf&SDApf0g'onf "e&Sifaygufp awmfvSefa&;0g'bufwdrf;!$wfr_udk tjcm;olrsm;xuf ydkrdkazmfjyaom ygwDjzpfonfh“qdk&S,fawmfvSefa&;”ygwDtm; qef@usifaomwdkufyGJudk qufcHcJh+yD; qufvufqifE$JcJhonf?TwdkufyGJudk t"dutcsuf 3 csufay:wGif qifE$JcJh.? yxrtm;jzifh TygwDonfrmhufpf0g'udk jiif;y,fonf? rnfonfhEdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_udkrqdk rvkyfrDwGifvlwef;pm; tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh ‚wdk@. tjyeftvSefqufqHa&;udk wif;usyfaom yuwdbm0usaom tuJjzwfcsuf. vdktyfr_udkem;vnf&ef (odk@r[kwfem;rvnf[kajymv#if ydkrdkrSefuefvdrfhrnf) cg;cg;oD;oD;jiif;y,fonf? 'kwd,tm;jzifh TygwDonf u|efawmfwdk@ rmhufpf0g'orm;rsm;u ,wdjywfy,fcsxm;aom wOD;csif;t=urf;zufr_/ vkyf}uHowfjzwfr_udk todtrSwfjyKjcif;a=umifh xl;uJpGm “awmfvSefa&;usonf” odk@r[kwf “vuf0Jusonf” [k rdrdwdk@bmom ,lqonf? trSefyif wOD;csif;t=urf;zufr_udk u|efawmfwdk@ y,fcs&jcif;rSm ‚onf roifhawmfaoma=umifh jzpfonf? jyifopfawmfvSefa&;}uD;.t=urf;zufr_ odk@r[kwf a,bk,stm;jzifh wurBmvHk;&Sd "e&Sifvlwef;pm; 0dkif;wdkufjcif;cH&aom atmifyGJ&aom awmfvSefa&;ygwDw&yfu usifhoHk;onfht=urf;zufr_udk“rlt&”±_wfcsEdkifpGrf;&S dolrsm;tm; 1900-1903 ckESpfwGifrmhufpf0g'orm;ESifh awmfvSefa&;orm;wa,muf jzpfaeao;onfhyvufcfaemzfhu raxrJhjrif oa&mf+yD;cJhav+yD? wwd,tm;jzifh “qdk&S,fawmfvSefa&;orm;

20

rsm;”onf *smrefqdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD. E_dif;,SOfjcif;t& rxif&Sm;aom tacsmif0g' tjypfrsm;udk ±_wfcsjcif;jzifh “tvGef”vuf0Jusonf[k xifrSwfcJhonf?wcsdefwnf;rSmyif olwdk@udk,fwdkifrSmrl xdkygwD. tpGef;a&muf tacsmif0g' orm;rsm;tm; twkcdk;cJh=uonf? Oyrm ajr,mjy\em odk@r[kwf ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfjy\emwdk@wGifjzpf.?

}uHK}udKufIajym&v#if ordkif;onf u|efawmfwdk@ tpOft+rJ&yfcHajymqdkaom ,lqcsufudk }uD;rm;us,fjyef@aom urBmhordkif; twdkif;twmt& ,cktcg twnfjyKvdkuf.? ‚rSm awmfvSefaom awmfvSefaom awmfvSefaom awmfvSefaom awmfvSefaom *smrefqdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwD(rSwfom;&efrSm vGefcJhaom 1900-1903 ckESpfu bef;pwdef;tm; ygwDrS xkwfypf&ef yvufcfaemhzfu awmif;qdkcJhonf? xdkjyif aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf TtpOftvmudk wav#mufvHk; qufcHcJhonf? 1913 ckESpfwGif vD*sif. vHk;0qdk;oGrf;r_/odrfzsif;r_ESifh opPazmufr_77777 wdk@udk zGifhcscJhonf?) onf awmfvSefaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;u atmifyGJ&&Sd&ef vdktyfaom ygwDtjzpfodk@ a&muf&Sd&ef teD;pyfqHk;teD;pyfqHk;teD;pyfqHk;teD;pyfqHk;teD;pyfqHk;jzpfjcif;yifjzpfonf? ,cktcg 1920 ckESpfwGif ppfumvESifh ppf+yD;tapmydkif;ESpfrsm;. &Sufp&m taumif;qHk;aom qHk;±_H;r_rsm;ESifh tusyftwnf;rsm;tm;}uHKcJh&+yD;aemufY &Sif;vif;pGm jrifvmEdkifonfrSm taemufwdkif; ygwDtm;vHk;xJwGif *smrefawmfvSefaom qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwDonf taumif;qHk;acgif;aqmifrsm; arG;xkwfcJh+yD; jyefvnfemvHxlvmum tjcm;ygwDrsm;xuf tm;opfrsm;ydkrdkvsifjrefpGm &&SdcJhonf? Tonfudk aumufpuD;rsm;/ [Dzm'if;/ vD'Dabmif;rsm;ESifh u&pfydkif;,if;wdk@. tacsmif0g'ESifh ausm±dk;rJhr_wdk@tm; qef@usifaomtqufrjywfonfh wdkufyGJudk qifE$Jae=uaom pyg;wmhpfygwD88888ESifh“*smref tif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDygwD”. vuf0JypPnf;rJh*dk%f;wdk@ ESpfckpvHk;wGifvnf; awG@Edkifayonf? ,cktcg u|efawmfwdk@onf yJ&pfbHktzGJ@rS yxr qdk&S,fvpfqdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHtxdjzpfaom vHk;0+yD;pD;cJhonfh ordkif;umvydkif;udk t=urf;tm;jzifh+cHKI =unfh±_rnfqdkygu rmhufpf0g'u rif;rJh0g'tay: xm;&Sdaom a,bk,soabmxm;udk twdusqHk;ESifh t&Sif;vif;qHk; awG@Edkifayonf? tqHk;owf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm&mwGif rmhufpf0g'onf rSefuefa=umif; jyovdkufayonf? xdk@jyif rif;rJh0g'orm;rsm;onf qdk&S,fvpfygwD trsm;pkxJwGif v$rf;rdk;aeaom EdkifiHawmfESifhywfoufI tacsmif0g' tjrifrsm;udk rSefuefpGm !efjycJhaomfjim;vnf; azmfjy&

21

rnfrSm yxrtm;jzifh Ttacsmif0g'onf EdkifiHawmfESifh ywfoufI rmhufpf.tjrifrsm;udk ±kyfysufqif;ysufvkyfjcif;/ xdkr#ru wrifoufouf xdefcsefxm;jcif;(u|efawmf. “EdkifiHawmfESifh awmfvSefa&;”“EdkifiHawmfESifh awmfvSefa&;”“EdkifiHawmfESifh awmfvSefa&;”“EdkifiHawmfESifh awmfvSefa&;”“EdkifiHawmfESifh awmfvSefa&;”pmtkyfxJwGif EdkifiHawmfESifh ywfoufI acwfpm;aeaom qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD ,lqcsufrsm;. tacsmif0g'udktvGef&Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm zGifhcsxm;aom tdef*,f.pmudk 1875 ckESpfrS 1911ckESpfxd 36 ESpfwdkifwdkifyif bDb,fonf xdefcsef uG,f0Sufxm;onf[k u|efawmfaxmufjycJhonf) wdk@ESifhqufpyfaeonf? xdk@jyif 'kwd,tm;jzifh T tacsmif0g'tjrifrsm;udk jyKjyifjcif;/ qdkAD,uftm%mESifh ‚. "e&SifygvDref 'Drdkua&pDxuf omvGefr_tm; todtrSwfjyKjcif;wdk@udk twdtustm;jzifh Oa&myESifhtar&duwdkufrS qdk&S,fvpfygwDrsm;&Sd rmhufpf0g'tusqHk; tEG,frsm; twGif;wGiftvsifjrefqHk;ESifh tus,fjyef@qHk; jyKvkyfcJhayonf?

rdrdygwDwGif;&Sd “vuf0J”aoGzDa&;udk aAmf&SDApf0g'u qef@usifqifE$JaomwdkufyGJonf txl;}uD;rm;onfh twdkif;twmjzifh ESpf}udrfjzpfyGm;cJhonf? w}udrfrSm 1908 ckESpfwGif tazmufjyefqHk;“ygvDref”ESifh tazmufjyefqHk;aom w&m;Oya'rsm;jzifh uef@owfxm;aom Oya'wGif; tvkyform;tzGJ@rsm;wGif yg0ifrnfavm odk@r[kwf ryg0ifbJaernfavm jy\emwGifjzpf+yD; aemufw}udrfrSm1918 ckESpf (b&ufvpfawmhzf +idrf;csrf;a&;99999) wGif“aphpyfa&;”wck odk@r[kwftjcm;wckudk cGifhjyKEdkif rjyKEdkif jy\emwGifjzpf.?

1908 ckESpfwGif“vuf0J”aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf tazmufjyefqHk;“ygvDref”xJwGifyg0if&ef vdktyfr_udkem;vnf&ef acgif;rmpGmjiif;y,fonfh twGufa=umifhu|efawmfwdk@.ygwDrS xkwfypfjcif;udkcH&onf?“vuf0Jorm;rsm;”onf txl;ojzifh 1905 ckESpfwGif oydwfarSmufr_. atmifjrifaomtawG@t}uHKudk tajccHcJh.? æ ‚wdk@xJwGif uGefjrKepfygwD0ifwa,muf. trnfudk aemiftcgY*k%foduQm&SdpGmjzifh cH,lcJhaom (,ckvnf;cH,laeqJjzpfaom) awmufajymifaomawmfvSefa&;orm; rsm;pGm&Sdonf? 1905 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif Zmonf twdkifyifcH“ygvDref”wck ac:qdka&;udk a=unmaomtcg twdkuftcHygwDrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh rif&SDApfrsm;udk qef@usifpGmyif aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf oydwfarSmuf&ef a=unmcJhonf? pifppftm;jzifh TygvDrefudk 1905 ckESpf atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;uvSJusif; ypfvdkufonf? xdkt}udrfoydwfarSmufr_ rSefuefcJh&jcif;rSm a,bk,s

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tm;jzifh azmufjyefaom ygvDrefrsm;wGif ryg0ifjcif;onf rSefuefaoma=umifhr[kwfbJ u|efawmfwdk@onf vlxkoydwfrsm;rS EdkifiHa&;oydwfrsm;odk@vnf;aumif;/ xdk@aemuf awmfvSefa&;oydwfodk@vnf;aumif; xdk@aemuf ykefuefr_odk@vsifjrefpGm ul;ajymif;a&;odk@vnf;aumif; a&S;±_cJhaom yuwdbm0 tajctaersm;tm; rSefuefpGm tuJjzwfEdkifjcif; a=umifhjzpf.? xdk@jyif xdktcsdefu wdkufyGJonfyxrudk,fpm;vS,f v$wfawmfac:qdkjcif;udk Zmbk&ifvufxJY xm;rnfavmodk@r[kwf ‚ac:qdka&;udk tkyfpdk;r_a[mif;. vufxJrS &,l&ef }udK;pm;rnfavm[lonfh jy\emwGif A[dkjyKxm;onf? odk@aomf aemufydkif;Y tvm;wlyuwdbm0 tajctaeonf wnf&Sdvdrfhrnf[kvnf;aumif; TuJhodk@aomjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_onf wlnDaom OD;wnfcsufESifh t&Sdeftwdkif;&Sdvdrfhrnf[kvnf;aumif; wxpfcs rajymEdkifv#if ajym&efvnf; rjzpfEdkifv#if oydwfarSmufjcif;onf rrSefuefEdkifawmhay?

1905 ckESpfwGif aAmf&SDApfwdk@u“ygvDref”udk oydwfarSmufjcif;onfawmfvSefaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;udk tzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom EdkifiHa&;tawG@t}uHKjzifh ºu,f0ap+yD; Oya'wGif;udk Oya'yESifhvnf;aumif;/ ygvDrefudk ygvDrefjyifywdkufyGJo¿mefrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; aygif;pyfay;&mwGif ygvDrefo¿mefrsm;udkjiif;y,f&jcif;rSm wcgw&H tusKd;&Sd+yD; vdkvnf;vdktyfa=umif;udk jyovdkufayonf? odk@aomf TtawG@t}uHKudk rwlaom rwlaom rwlaom rwlaom rwlaom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh rwlrwlrwlrwlrwlaomaomaomaomaom tajctaersm;rS rsufuef;qefqef yHkwlul;cs+yD; a0zefydkif;jcm;r_r&SdbJtoHk;jyKjcif;rSm trSefyif}uD;rm;aom trSm;wckjzpf.? odk@apumrl 1906ckESpfwGif aAmf&SDApfrsm;u“'l;rm;”“'l;rm;”“'l;rm;”“'l;rm;”“'l;rm;”udk oydwfarSmufjcif;onf ao;i,f+yD; tvG,f

wulukpm;Edkifaom t&mwckjzpfapumrl trSm;wckjzpf.?· 1907-1908 ckESpf

ESifh aemufESpfrsm;wGif 'l;rm;udk oydwfarSmufcJhygu }uD;av;+yD; ukpm;&ef cJ,Of;------------------------

· wOD;wa,muftwGuf toHk;jyKEdkifaomt&mrsm;udk vdktyfonfh ajymif;vJjyifqifr_rsm; jyKvkyfI EdkifiHa&;ESifh ygwDrsm;twGuf toHk;jyKEdkif.? trSm;rusL;vGefzl;olonf ynm&Sdr[kwf? TuJhodk@aom vlrsKd;r&Sd/ &Sdvnf; r&SdEdkif? tvGef}uD;av;aomtrSm;rsm;udk rusL;vGefolESifh ‚wdk@tm; vG,ful pGmESifh vsifjrefpGm rnfodk@jyifqif&rnfudkod&Sdolom ynm&Sdjzpfay.?

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aom trSm;wck jzpfayvdrf hrnf? tb,fa=umif hqd kaomf wzufwGi fawmfvSefa&;'Da& jrefqefpGm wufvm&efESifh ‚rS ykefuefr_qDodk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;&efudk rar#mfvifhEdkifjcif;/ tjcm;wzufY "e&Sifbk&ifpepftm; jyefvnfrGrf;rHaeaom ordkif;tajctae wckvHk;u Oya'wGif;ESifh Oya'y v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkaygif;pyfay;&ef awmif;qdkjcif;a=umifhyifjzpf.? +yD;pD;cJhaom Tordkif;umvydkif;udkjyefvnf =unfh±_aomtcg aemufumvrsm;ESifh qufpyfr_onf ,cktcg tjynfhtpHk ay:xGufvmay+yD? Oya'wGif;ESifh Oya'ywdkufyGJo¿mefrsm;udk yl;aygif;&efrkcsvdktyfonf[laom tjrifudkvnf;aumif; tazmufjyefqHk;aom ygvDrefESifhazmufjyefaom w&m;Oya'rsm;u uef@owfjcif; cH&aom tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;pGm (tmrcHtoif;rsm; ponf) xJodk@ yg0if&ef rkcsvdktyfonf[laomtjrifudkvnf;aumif; usyfwnf;cufcJaom wdkufyGJxJwGif qkyfudkifrxm;yguaAmf&SDApfrsm;onf 1908-1914 ckESpfwGif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; awmfvSefa&;ygwD. cdkif+rJaomtjrKawudk (cdkifrmawmifhwif; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;+yD; tm;jznfhwif;&ef rqdkxm;ESifh) xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfa=umif; ,cktcg txl;&Sif;vif;vmayonf?

1918 ckESpfwGif udpPrsm;rSm uGJ+yJonftxd ra&mufcJhay? xdktcsdefu“vuf0J”uGefjrLepfrsm;onf u|efawmfwdk@ygwDwGif;Y oD;jcm;tpk odk@r[kwf“*dk%f;” tjzpfom ay:xGufcJh+yD; &Snf=umjcif; r&SdcJhay? 1918 ckESpfxJrSmyif“vuf0J uGefjrLepf0g'”. txif&Sm;qHk;aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm; jzpf=uonfh &Jabmf&m;'ufESifh blcg&ifponfwdk@onf rdrdwdk@trSm;udk twdtvif;0efcHcJh.? b&ufvpfawmhzf +idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyfonf e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;ESifh aphpyfa&;jzpfI ,if;ukdrlt& cGifhrv$wfEdkif[kvnf;aumif;/ awmfvSefaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; ygwDtwGufvnf; tEW&m,f&Sdaponf[kvnf;aumif; olwdk@xifrSwfonf? trSefyif,if;onf e,fcsJ@orm;ESifh aphpyfjcif;yifjzpf.? odk@aomf xdkpOf&Sd tajctaersm;atmufY TuJhodk@aom aphpyfa&;rsKd;onf rkcsvdktyf rkcsvdktyf rkcsvdktyf rkcsvdktyf rkcsvdktyf cJhayonf?

rsufarSmuftcg Oyrm b&ufvpfawmhzf +idrf;csrf;a&;vufrSwf a&;xdk;csdeftwGif;&Sd u|efawmfwdk@ enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk “qdk&S,fawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;”u wdkufcdkufa=umif; u|efawmf=um;&aom tcgwGifjzpfap/ u|efawmfESif hpum;ajym&mwGif &Jabmf vefpfbm&D.æ“u|efawmfwdk@ +Adwdo#tvkyform;

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or*~ acgif;aqmifrsm;u aAmf&SDApfrsm;twGuf aphpyfEdkifcGifh&Sdygv#if olwdk@vnf;aphpyfEdkifcGifh&Sdonf[k ajym=uonf”[laom rSwfcsufudk u|efawmf=um;&aomtcgwGifjzpfap u|efawmfonf OD;pGmyxrtm;jzifh ±dk;±dk;ESifh“toHk;rsm;”aomatmufyg Oyrmjzifh ajz=um;avh&Sdonf?

oif. armfawmfum;udk vufeufudkifvlqdk;rsm;u wm;qD;zrf;,lxm;onf[k qdk=uygpdk@? olwdk@tm; oif.aiG/ c&D;oGm;vmcGifhvufrSwf/ ajcmufvHk;jyL;ESifh armfawmfum;udk oifay;tyfvdkuf&onf? xdk@twGuf oifonf "m;jyrsm;vufrS vGwfcJhonf? Tonfum; aphpyfa&;jzpfonfrSm ajymp&myif rvdkawmhay? (aiG/ vufeuf/ armfawmfum;udk “igay;onf”? xdk@a=umifh +idrf;csrf;pGmxGufcGmcGifhudk ightm;“oifwdk@uay;onf”) odk@aomf Todk@aom aphpyfa&;rsKd;udk“rlt& cGifhrv$wfEdkif” [k a=unmrnfh odk@r[kwf ("m;jyrsm;onf aemufxyf"m;jywdkuf&mwGif armfawmfum;ESifh vufeufudk oHk;onfhwdkifatmifyif) aphpyfoludk "m;jyrsm;ESifh }uH&myg[k a=unmrnfh OD;aESmufrysufolwa,mufudkawG@&Sd&ef cJ,Of;ayvdrfhrnf? *smrefe,fcsJ@0g'. "m;jyrsm;ESifh u|efawmfwdk@.aphpyfa&;rSm Todk@aom aphpyfa&;rsKd;aywnf;?

odk@aomf ±k&Sm;jynf&Sd rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qdk&S,fawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;/ *smreDjynf&Sd &Sdwf'Dref0g'Drsm;ESifh (tawmfrsm;jym;aom aumufpuD;0g'Drsm;)/ =opwD;,m;jynf&Sd atmfwdkabm0g;ESifh z&uf'&pftuf'vm (vl}uD;rif; &ifemESifhtaygif;ygrsm;udk xnfhrajymawmh)/ jyifopfjynf&Sd &ifaemf',fuJhodk@aomolrsm;/avmif*GwfESifh taygif;ygrsm;/ t*Fvefjynf&Sd azbD,Hrsm;/“tif'Dyif;'ifhygwD0ifrsm;”ESifh“avbmygwD0ifrsm;”1010101010onf 1914-1918 ckESpfESifh 1918-1920ckESpfrsm;wGif rdrdwdk@EdkifiHrS "e&Sif"m;jyrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; wcgw&HwGif“r[mrdwf”EdkifiHrsm;rS "e&Sifvlwef;pm; "m;jyrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;“aphpyfa&;rsm;”vkyf+yD; rdrdwdkif;jynf&Sd awmfvSefaom ypPnf;rJhrsm;udk qef@usifaomqef@usifaomqef@usifaomqef@usifaomqef@usifaomtcg Tvl}uD;vlaumif; tm;vHk;onf "m;jywdkuf&mwGif }uH&mygrsm;"m;jywdkuf&mwGif }uH&mygrsm;"m;jywdkuf&mwGif }uH&mygrsm;"m;jywdkuf&mwGif }uH&mygrsm;"m;jywdkuf&mwGif }uH&mygrsm;tjzpf wu,fyifjyKrlcJh=uayonf?

ed*Hk;rSm &Sif;ay.?“rlt&”aphpyfa&;rsm;udk jiif;y,fjcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ rnfodk@aom aphpyfa&;rsKd;udkrqdk jiif;y,fjcif;onfvnf;aumif; ta&;w,lvkyf&efyif cJ,Of;aom uav;uvm;Edkifr_jzpf.? awmfvSefaom ypPnf;rJh

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vlwef;pm;twGuf tusKd;aqmif&ef qEN&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwa,mufonf Todk@aom aphpyfa&;rsKd;udk cGifhrv$wfEdkifaom/ tacsmif0g'ESifh opPmopPmopPmopPmopPmazmufr_ azmufr_ azmufr_ azmufr_ azmufr_ azmfjycsufjzpfaom aphpyfa&;. tcdkiftrmudpPrsm;tm; rnfodk@cGJjcm;&rnfudk od&Sdem;vnf&rnf? Ttcdkiftrmtcdkiftrmtcdkiftrmtcdkiftrmtcdkiftrm aphpyfa&;rsm;udk OD;wnf qef@usifum tpGrf;ukefa0zefI t=uifemuif;rJhqHk; tjynfht0zGifhcsum tav#mhray;aom ppfudk qifE$J&rnf? xdk@jyif“a,bk,s aphpyfa&;rsm;”udk ta=umif;jy+yD;tHwdkaeaom“vufawG@usaom”qdk&S,fvpf0g'. q&m}uD;rsm;ESifh ygvDrefuvdef+cHK}uD;rsm;. acgif;a&Smifr_udk cGifhrjyK&? Tenf;twdkif;yif +Adwdo# tvkyform;or*~rsm;. “acgif;aqmifrsm;” jzpfaom vl}uD;rif;rsm;ESifhwuG azbD,HtzGJ@ESifh“tif'Dyif;'ifh”avbmygwDwdk@. acgif;aqmifrsm;onf olwdk@usL;vGefcJholwdk@usL;vGefcJholwdk@usL;vGefcJholwdk@usL;vGefcJholwdk@usL;vGefcJhaom opPmazmuf a&mif;pm;jcif; twGufvnf;aumif;/ aom opPmazmuf a&mif;pm;jcif; twGufvnf;aumif;/ aom opPmazmuf a&mif;pm;jcif; twGufvnf;aumif;/ aom opPmazmuf a&mif;pm;jcif; twGufvnf;aumif;/ aom opPmazmuf a&mif;pm;jcif; twGufvnf;aumif;/ tqdk;0g;qHk;aomtacsmif0g'ESifh opPazmufr_wdk@ wu,fwef;wnf&Sdaom Todk@aom Todk@aom Todk@aom Todk@aom Todk@aom aphpyfa&;udk jyKvkyfjcif;twGufvnf;aumif; acgif;a&SmifoGm;=uonf?

aphpyfa&;rsm; trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHk&Sd=uonf? aphpyfa&;wckpD. tajctaeESifhtcdkiftrm ta=umif;tcsufrsm;udkjzpfap/ aphpyfa&;wckpD. rwluGJjym;r_udkjzpfap cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnf? wOD;wa,mufonf rdrdtay:usa&mufrnfhtE©&m,favsmhyg;ap&efESifh "m;jyrsm;tm; zrf;qD;okwfoifa&;udk vG,fulap&eftwGuf ‚wdk@xH aiGESifhvufeufay;cJholESifh wdkuf&myg ypPnf;cGJa0&eftwGuf"m;jyrsm;tm; aiGESifhvufeufay;cJolwdk@udk cGJjcm;wwf&rnf? EdkifiHa&;wGifuav;qefqef ±dk;pif;vSaom OyrmxJrSmuJhokd@ rnfonfhenf;ESifhr# tpOft+rJvG,fulvSonf r[kwfay? odk@aomf tvkyform;rsm;. b0ta&;udpPtm;vHk;twGuf tqifoifh}udKwifajz&Sif;&ef aq;!¸ef;wckudk wDxGifol odk@r[kwfawmfvSefaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. ay:vpDonf rnfonfhtcgrS cufcJaomodk@r[kwf ±_yfaxG;aom tajctaersm;ESifh rawG@}uHKEdkif[k tmrcHol rnfolrqdkuvdrf+cHKjzpfayvdrfhrnf?

t"dy`m,faumuf vGJrSm;r_r&Sd&eftwGuf tcdkiftrmaphpyfa&;rsm;udkcGJjcrf;pdwfjzm&mY tajccHpnf;urf;tcsKd@udk tusOf;±Hk;r#jzpfap wifjyygrnf?

b&ufvpfawmzfh +idrf;csrf;a&;vufrSwfxdk;jcif;jzifh *smrefe,fcsJ@orm;rsm;ESifh aphpyfa&;vkyfaom ygwDonf vufawG@tm;jzifh 1914 ckESpfukefuwnf;

26

up+yD; EdkifiHwumh0g'udk csrSwfvkyfaqmifcJhayonf? ‚onf Zmbk&ifpepf±_H;edrfha&;tqdkudk wifjy&efESifh e,fcsJ@"m;jyESpfOD;t=um;&Sd ppftwGif;“tzwdkif;jynfumuG,fa&;” udk±_wfcs&ef ra=umuf&GH@cJhay? TygwD. ygvDrefudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf "e&Siftpdk;&twGif;&Sd 0ef}uD;ae&mrsm;odk@ a&S;±_aomvrf;xufqdkufaA;&D;,m;odk@ tydk@cH&aomvrf;udk a&G;cJhonf? Zmpepfudk+zdKcs+yD; 'Drdkua&pDorRwEdkifiH xlaxmifaom awmfvSefa&;onf TygwDudk opfvGif}uD;rm;aomprf;oyfr_opf wckjyKvkyfonf? TygwDonf“rdrdwdkif;jynf.”e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;ESifh rnfonfhoabmwlcsufrsm;udkrS rvkyfcJh? odk@aomf ‚wdk@tm;+zdKcsa&;udkjyifqif+yD;+zdKcscJh.? EdkifiHa&;tm%modrf;,l+yD;aemuf TygwDonf ajr&Sif odk@r[kwf t&if;&Sif ydkifqdkifr_udk wprusef&Sif;vif;ypfcJhonf? e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;.v#Kd@0Sufaom pmcsKyfrsm;udk vlod&Sif=um;a=unmI y,fzsufcJh+yD;aemuf TygwDonf wdkif;jynftm;vHk;wdkif;jynftm;vHk;wdkif;jynftm;vHk;wdkif;jynftm;vHk;wdkif;jynftm;vHk;odk@ +idrf;csrf;a&;tqdkudk wifjycJhonf? xdk@jyif t*FvdyfESifhjyifopfe,fcsJ@orm;rsm;u +idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyf csKyfqdka&;udk ysufjym;ap+yD; aemufrSom *smreDESifh tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif awmfvSefa&; vsifjrefpGm jzpfEdkifaomt&mtm;vHk;udk aAmf&SDApfrsm; tpGrf;ukefvkyfaqmif+yD; aemufrSom b&ufvpfawmzfh "m;jyrsm;. t=urf;zufr_udk rwwfombJ tav#mhay;cJh &jcif;jzpf.?Todk@aom aphpyfa&;udk Todk@aom ygwDu Todk@aom tajctae atmufwGif jyKvkyfcJh&jcif;onf vHk;0rSefuefa=umif; vlwdkif;tzdk@ wae@wjcm; ydkIydkI&Sif;vif;xif&Sm;vmayonf?

±k&Sm;jynf&Sd rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh qdk&S,fawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;onf (1914-1920 ckESpftwGif; urBmay:&Sd 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f acgif;aqmiftm;vHk;uJhodk@yif) wdkuf±dkufwrsKd; oG,f0dkufwrsKd; “tzwdkif;jynfumuG,fa&;”qdkvdkonfrSm rdrdwdkif;jynfrdrdwdkif;jynfrdrdwdkif;jynfrdrdwdkif;jynfrdrdwdkif;jynf. usL;ausmfvk,ufaom "e&Sifvlwef;pm;bufrS umuG,fa&;udk av#mufvJcsufwifjcif;jzifh opPmazmufr_udk pwifcJh.? rdrdwdk@.rdrdwdk@.rdrdwdk@.rdrdwdk@.rdrdwdk@. wdkif;jynf&Sd"e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh yl;aygif;+yD; rdrdwdk@.rdrdwdk@.rdrdwdk@.rdrdwdk@.rdrdwdk@. "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh vufwGJIrdrdwdk@ wdkif;jynf. awmfvSefaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;udk qef@usifwdkufcdkuf&if;olwdk@onf olwdk@.opPmazmufr_udk qufvufjyKvkyfcJh. olwdk@onf ±k&Sm;jynfwGif OD;pGmtm;jzifh u&ifpuD1111111111 ESifh u'ufrsm;1212121212 ESifhvnf;aumif;/ aemifwGifaumhcsufESifh 'ifeDuifwdk@ESifhvnf;aumif; tkyfpkzGJ@cJh=uonf? ‚tkyfpkzGJ@r_rSm

27

rdrdwdk@oufqdkif&m wdkif;jynfrsm;. "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh tkyfpkjyKvkyfaom jynfy&Sdolwdk@. taygif;ygrsm;taygif;ygrsm;taygif;ygrsm;taygif;ygrsm;taygif;ygrsm; uJhodk@yif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;udk ausmcdkif;qef@usif+yD;"e&Sifvlwef;pm;bufodk@ yl;aygif;oGm;jcif;jzpf.? tprStqHk;xd e,fcsJ@0g' "m;jyrsm;ESifh olwdk@.olwdk@.olwdk@.olwdk@.olwdk@.aphpyfa&; t"dym,fonf olwdk@udk,folwdk@ e,fcsJ@"m;jywdkuf&mwGif }uH&mygrsm;}uH&mygrsm;}uH&mygrsm;}uH&mygrsm;}uH&mygrsm;tjzpf a&muf&Sdapjcif;yifjzpfonf?

28

,ck u|efawmfwdk@ajymqdk&rnfh *smrefuGefjrLepfrsm;onf rdrdwdk@udk,frdrd“vuf0J*dk%fom;rsm;”[krac: odk@aomf tu,fI u|efawmf pum;rrSm;ygv#if“rlt& twdkuftcH*dk%f;om;”[k ac:a0:=uonf? odk@aomf“vuf0Joli,fem”. a&m*gvuQ%mtm;vHk;udk olwdk@zGifhvSpfjyojcif;tm; atmufygtcsufrsm;t& od&SdEdkifayvdrfhrnf?

TtwdkuftcH &yfwnfr_rSaeI a&;om;xm;+yD; “*smreD uGefjrLepfygwDxJ&SduGJ+yJr_”(pyg;wm;uyfpf tzGJ@csKyf) [k acgif;pOfwyfxm;aom pmwrf;udk “rdef;jrpfteD;&Sd z&ifhzwfa'oE©&tpk”rS xkwfa0cJhum TtwdkuftcHtjrifrsm;.tESpfom&udk txif&Sm;qHk;/ twdusqHk;/ t&Sif;vif;qHk;ESifh tusOf;csKyf+yD; wifjyvdkufayonf? ‚wdk@tjrifrsm;. tESpfom&ESifh ywfouf+yD; pmzwfolem;vnf&ef udk;um;csuftcsKd@udk azmfjyv#if vHkavmufayvdrfhrnf?

“uGefjrLepfygwDonf tjywfom;qHk; vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ. ygwDjzpfonfæ ?”

“æ EdkifiHa&;t&qdkv#if ul;ajymif;a&;umv (t&if;&SifpepfESifh qdk&S,fvpfpepft=um;) onf ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf umvjzpf. æ ?”

“Ttm%m&Sifpepfudk rnfolu usifhoHk;rnfenf;? uGefjrLepfygwDuGefjrLepfygwDuGefjrLepfygwDuGefjrLepfygwDuGefjrLepfygwDavm? ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;avm? rlt& avm? ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;avm? rlt& avm? ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;avm? rlt& avm? ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;avm? rlt& avm? ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;avm? rlt& uGefjrLepfygwD. tm%m&SifpepftwGuf u|efawmfwdk@ }udK;pm;rnfavm/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; tm%m&SifpepftwGuf u|efawmfwdk@ }udK;pm;rnfavm[laom ar;cGef;ay:vm. æ ?”

(tm;vHk;aom pmvHk;rJrsm;rSm rl&if;twdkif;jzpf.?)xdk@jyif ‚pmwrf; a&;om;olonf *smreDuGefjrLepfygwD“A[dkaumf

rwD”tm; *smreDjynf tif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDESifh !Gef@aygif;*smreDjynf tif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDESifh !Gef@aygif;*smreDjynf tif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDESifh !Gef@aygif;*smreDjynf tif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDESifh !Gef@aygif;*smreDjynf tif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDESifh !Gef@aygif;

*smreDjynf&S d“vuf0J*d k%f;”uGefjrLepf0g' *smreDjynf&S d“vuf0J*d k%f;”uGefjrLepf0g' *smreDjynf&S d“vuf0J*d k%f;”uGefjrLepf0g' *smreDjynf&S d“vuf0J*d k%f;”uGefjrLepf0g' *smreDjynf&S d“vuf0J*d k%f;”uGefjrLepf0g'acgi f ;aqmifrsm;-ygwD-vlwef;pm;-vlxkrsm;acgi f ;aqmifrsm;-ygwD-vlwef;pm;-vlxkrsm;acgi f ;aqmifrsm;-ygwD-vlwef;pm;-vlxkrsm;acgi f ;aqmifrsm;-ygwD-vlwef;pm;-vlxkrsm;acgi f ;aqmifrsm;-ygwD-vlwef;pm;-vlxkrsm;

(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)

29

zGJ @&ef zG J @&ef zG J @&ef zG J @&ef zG J @&ef enf;vrf;&Smaeonf[kvnf;aumif;/ ygvDref0g'tygt0if wdkufyG J.“Ed kifiHa&;enf;vrf; tm;vHk;ud k rlt& todtrSwf jyKa&; jy\em”“Ed kifiHa&;enf;vrf; tm;vHk;ud k rlt& todtrSwf jyKa&; jy\em”“Ed kifiHa&;enf;vrf; tm;vHk;ud k rlt& todtrSwf jyKa&; jy\em”“Ed kifiHa&;enf;vrf; tm;vHk;ud k rlt& todtrSwf jyKa&; jy\em”“Ed kifiHa&;enf;vrf; tm;vHk;ud k rlt& todtrSwf jyKa&; jy\em”udkwifjy jcif;onf tif'Dyif;'ifhrsm;ESifh !Gef@aygif;zGJ@&ef rdrd. tppftrSefESifht"du}udK;yrf; csufrsm;udk zH k;uG,fxm;jcif;om jzpfonf[kvnf;aumif;pGyfpGJxm;onf? xdkpmapmifu qufvufI qdkxm;onfrSm -

“twdkuftcH*dk%f;onf tjcm;vrf;a=umif;wckudk a&G;cs,fcJh.? olwdk@,lqonfrSmum; uGefjrLepfygwD. tkyfpdk;r_ESifh ygwD.tm%m&Sifpepf jy\emonf enf;y&d,m,fjy\emomjzpf.? rnfodk@yifjzpfap uGefjrLepfygwD.tkyfpdk;r_onf &Sd&Sdor#ygwDtkyfpdk;r_. aemufqHk;o¿mefjzpfonf? rlt&rlt&rlt&rlt&rlt& u|efawmfwdk@onf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; tm%m&SifpepftwGuf }udK;yrf;&rnf? xdk@jyif ygwD.tm;vHk;aom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;/ ‚.pnf;±Hk;a&;/ ‚.wdkufyGJenf;em/ ‚.aoe*FAsL[mESifh enf;y&d,m,fwdk@onf T&nfrSef;csufqDodk@ OD;wnfxm;&rnfjzpfonf? Todk@jzifh tjcm;ygwDrsm;ESifh aphpyfa&;tm;vHk;ukdvnf;aumif;?ordkif;t&/ EdkifiHa&;t& acwfukefvmaom ygvDrefwdkufyGJo¿mefrsm;odk@ y&d,m,fqifr_ESifh oabmwlaphpyfonfh ay:vpDtm;vHk;udkvnf;aumif; tav;xm; uef@uGuf&rnf? æ twdtustm;jzifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJ enf;emrsm;udk txl;tav;xm;&rnf? uGefjrLepfygwD. acgif;aqmifr_atmuf&Sd awmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJxJodk@ tus,fjyef@qHk; ypPnf;rJh todkif;t0dkif;ESifh tv$mrsm;udk tus,fjyef@qHk; yg0ifvm&eftwGuf tus,fjyef@qHk;aomtajccHESifh tus,fjyef@qHk;aom twdkif;twm&Sdonfh pnf;±Hk;a&; o¿mefopfrsm;udk zefwD;&rnf? awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pktm;vHk; pka0;&efae&monfpuf±HktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tay: tajccHaom tvkyform;pkaygif;tzGJ@tvkyform;pkaygif;tzGJ@tvkyform;pkaygif;tzGJ@tvkyform;pkaygif;tzGJ@tvkyform;pkaygif;tzGJ@ jzpf&rnf?‚wGif“tvkyform; or*~rsm;rS xGufcJh=uavmh”[laom aºu;a=umfoHaemufodk@ vdkufygaom tvkyform;tm;vHk; pk±Hk;vmayrnf? ‚wGif wdkufyGJ0if ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;udk tus,fjyef@qHk;aom wdkufyGJ0ifwyfzGJ@tjzpf pkpnf;xm;ayvdrfhrnf? vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ/ qdkAD,ufpepfESifh tm%m&Sifpepfwdk@udk todtrSwfjyKolwdkif; yg0ifEdkifcGifh&Sdonf? aemifwGifvkyfaqmif&rnfh wdkufyGJ0ifvlxkrsm;tm; EdkifiHa&;ynmay;jcif;ESifh wdkuf yGJtwGif;&Sd olwdk@udk EdkifiHa&; vrf;!efr_ay;jcif; tm;vHk;onf tvkyform; pkaygif;tzGJ@. tjyifbufwGif&Sdaom uGefjrL

30

epfygwD. vkyfief;wm0efjzpfonf æ?“xdk@a=umifh uGefjrLepfygwDESpfckonf ,cktcg wOD;udkwOD; qef@usif

umwnf&Sdae.?”“wckum; acgif;aqmifrsm;. ygwDjzpfonf?” “wckum; acgif;aqmifrsm;. ygwDjzpfonf?” “wckum; acgif;aqmifrsm;. ygwDjzpfonf?” “wckum; acgif;aqmifrsm;. ygwDjzpfonf?” “wckum; acgif;aqmifrsm;. ygwDjzpfonf?” ‚onf awmfvSef

a&;wdkufyGJudk txuftxuftxuftxuftxufrSaeI pnf;±Hk;&efESifh !$ef=um;&ef }udK;pm;+yD; vufxJwGiftm%m&Sifpepf &Sdvdrfhrnfjzpfaom !$ef@aygif;tpdk;&xJ yg0ifEdkifapvdrhf rnfjzpfonfh tajctaew&yfudk zefwD;Edkifa&;twGuf aphpyfa&;rsm;ESifh ygvDref0g'udktm;xm;aeonf?

“tjcm;wckum; vlxkygwD jzp fonf?”“tjcm;wckum; vlxkygwD jzp fonf?”“tjcm;wckum; vlxkygwD jzp fonf?”“tjcm;wckum; vlxkygwD jzp fonf?”“tjcm;wckum; vlxkygwD jzp fonf?”‚onf atmufajcatmufajcatmufajcatmufajcatmufajcr SawmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJwck tHkºuvm&ef ar#mfvifhaeonf? yef;wdkifodk@ xif&Sm;pGma&S;±_aom wckwnf;aom enf;emudkom od&SdusifhoHk;+yD; ygvDrefESifh tacsmiform;enf;emtm;vHk;udk jiif;y,f.? Twckwnf;aom enf;emum; aemifwGifqdk&S,fvpfpepf +yD;pD;atmifjrifa&;twGuf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. vlwef;pm;tm%m&Sifpepf wnfaxmif&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh c|if;csufr&Sd "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk"e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk"e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk"e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk"e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk+zdKcsa&; +zdKcsa&; +zdKcsa&; +zdKcsa&; +zdKcsa&; jzpfay.?

“ æ xdkum; acgif;aqmifrsm;. tm%m&Sifpepf? Tum;vlxkrsm;.tm%m&Sifpepf/ ,if;onf u|efawmfwdk@. aºu;a=umfoHaywnf;?”

‚wdk@um; *smreDuGefjrLepfygwDwGif;&Sd twdkuftcH*dk%f;tjrifrsm;udkazmfjyaom ta&;}uD;qHk; tcsufrsm;jzpf.?

1903 ckESpfuwnf;u aAmf&SDApf0g'. jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_wGif tod&SdpGmyg0ifcJhzl;aom odk@r[kwf eD;uyfpGm pl;prf;cJhzl;aom rnfonfhaAmf&SDApfrqdk Tajymqdkcsufrsm;udk ppfaq;+yD;aemuf rnfr#a[mifEGrf;+yD; =um;aeus Avmpum;rsm;ygenf;/ rnfr# “vuf0J”usaom uav;uvm;Edkifr_ygenf; [lI csufcsif;ajymayvdrfhrnf?

odk@aomf Tajymqdkcsufrsm;udk tenf;i,f ydkrdkeD;eD;uyfuyf ppfaq;=unfh =updk@?

“ygwD. tm%m&Sifpepfavm odk@r[kwf odk@r[kwf odk@r[kwf odk@r[kwf odk@r[kwf vlwef;pm;tm%m&Sifpepfavm? acgif;aqmifrsm;. tm%m&Sifpepf (ygwD) avm/ odk@r[kwf odk@r[kwf odk@r[kwf odk@r[kwf odk@r[kwf vlxkrsm;.tm%m&Sifpepf (ygwD) avm?” æ Todk@aom jy\emudkwifjyr_uyif

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36

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38

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40

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41

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44

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45

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46

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47

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48

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49

rdkufrJr_ ydkrdk}uD;rm;onfh qHk;±_H;r_udk pOf;pm;I r&Edkifay? tb,fa=umifhenf;?tu,fI u|efawmfwdk@onf ±k&Sm;"e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh ‚. r[mrdwfrsm;tay: r}uHKpbl; atmifyGJrsm; &&Sd+yD;aemuf 2 ESpfcGJt=um ,ae@±k&Sm;jynfwGiftvkyform;or*~ 0ifa&mufcGifhtwGuf ta=umif;tcsuf wcktjzpf “tm%m&Sifpepf todtrSwfjyKa&;”udk owfrSwfcJhygv#if u|efawmfwdk@onf rdkufrJ&musvdrfhrnf? vlxkrsm;tay: u|efawmfwdk@. =oZmudkzsufqD;&mus+yD; rif&SDApfrsm;udk ulnD&ma&mufayvdrfhrnf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf uGefjrLepfrsm;. vkyfief;wm0ef wckvHk;rSm acwfaemufusaom tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk ouf0if ,Hk=unfouf0if ,Hk=unfouf0if ,Hk=unfouf0if ,Hk=unfouf0if ,Hk=unfvmatmif vmatmif vmatmif vmatmif vmatmif vkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sd&ef ‚wdk@twGif;wGif tvkyfvkyf&efESifh vkyf,lxm;aom uav;qefaom“vuf0J”aºu;a=umfoHrsm;jzif h rdr dbmom+cHcwfrdrdbmom+cHcwfrdrdbmom+cHcwfrdrdbmom+cHcwfrdrdbmom+cHcwfxm;jcif; xm;jcif; xm;jcif; xm;jcif; xm;jcif; rjyK&ef jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfonf? vl}uD;rif; *Gefyg/ [if'gqif/ *sLa[mESifh vD*sifwdk@onf“rlt&”(Todk@aom“rlrsm;”rSuif;vGwf&ef bk&m;ocifu,fyg) *smref twdkuftcHrsm;uJhodk@aom odk@r[kwf tar&duefjynf urBmhpufr_tvkyform;tzGJ@1515151515 xJ&Sd awmfvSefa&;orm; tcsKd@uJhodk@ azmufjyefonfhtvkyform;or*~rsm;tm; pGef@cGma&;udk a&S@aevdkuf+yD; ‚wdk@xJwGif yg0ifvkyfudkif&ef jiif;qefaom“vuf0J”awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;udk tvGefaus;Zl;wifonfrSm oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkay? tacsmif0g'“acgif;aqmifrsm;” jzpf aomTvl}uD;vlaumif;rsm;onf uGefjrLepfrsm; tvkyform;or*~rsm;wGif yg0ifjcif;udk wm;qD;&ef uGefjrLepfrsm;tm; enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh armif;xkwf&eftvkyform;or*~xJ&Sd olwdk@tvkyfudk tqifrajyatmif tpGrf;ukefvkyfjcif;/olwdk@tm; apmfum;jcif;/ axmifacsmufqifjcif;/ ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yef;jcif;wdk@udkjyKvkyf&ef "e&SifEdkifiHjcm;a&; y&d,m,fvSnfhpm;r_ rSefor#ESifh "e&Siftpdk;&rsm;/bkef;}uD;rsm;/ ykvdyfESifh w&m;±Hk;rsm;. ulnDr_wdk@udk tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKrnfrSmoHo,&Sdp&mrvdkay? u|efawmfwdk@onf Tt&mtm;vHk;udk &ifqdkif&ef pGef@v$wfr_rSefor# jyKvkyfEdkif=u&rnf? xdk@jyif tu,fI vdktyfygv#if tvkyform;or*~rsm;xJ a&muf&S d&efESif h qufvuf&yfwnf&eftwGufvnf;aumif;or*~rsm;xJwGif uGefjrLepfvkyfief; vkyfudkifoGm;&ef twGufvnf;aumif; rnfodk@aom vSnfhpm;r_rsm;/ y&d,m,fqifr_rsm;/ Oya'enf;rsm;/ vufwvHk; jcm;vkyfr_rsm;/ ^m%fupm;r_rsm;udkrqdk jyKvkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sd&rnf? ZmpepfatmufwGif 1905

50

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51

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52

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"e&SifygvDrefrsm;wGif u|efawmfwdk @ yg0ifoif hoavm? "e&SifygvDrefrsm;wGif u|efawmfwdk @ yg0ifoif hoavm? "e&SifygvDrefrsm;wGif u|efawmfwdk @ yg0ifoif hoavm? "e&SifygvDrefrsm;wGif u|efawmfwdk @ yg0ifoif hoavm? "e&SifygvDrefrsm;wGif u|efawmfwdk @ yg0ifoif hoavm?

( 7 )( 7 )( 7 )( 7 )( 7 )

*smref“vuf0J”uGefjrLepfrsm;onf tvGefw&m rxDav;pm;jyKr_ESifhtvGefw&mayghqr_jzifh Tar;cGef;udk jiif;y,faom tajzay;cJhonf? olwdk@.taxmuftxm;rsm;um; tb,fenf;?

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onfrSm t=urf;zsif;r#yif rwGufcsufEdkifaom tao;tr$m;udpPw&yf jzpfonf?odk@aomf Tta=umif;a=umifhyif urBmhordkif; twdkif;twmudk vufawG@EdkifiHa&;wGif toHk;csjcif;rSm oabmw&m;a&;t& }uD;rm;vSaom rSm;,Gif;csufyifjzpf.?

ygvDrefpepfonf“EdkifiHa&;t& acwfukef”+yDavm? TonfrSm oD;jcm;udpPwckjzpfonf? TtcsufrSefuefygrl“vuf0Jorm;rsm;”.tae txm;onfcdkifrmayvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf ‚udk taotcsmqHk; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmr_jzifh oufaojy&rnf jzpfonf?“vuf0Jorm;rsm;”rSmrl rnfodk@csOf;uyf&rnfudkyif rod&Sd=u? 1920 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif xkwfa0aom uGefjrLepftifwm ae&Sife,f/trfpwm'rf ,m,DAsL±dk.jyefwrf; trSwf 1 Yyg&Sdaom “ygvDrefpepf ppfwrf;”xJwGif 'wfcsf vuf0Jorm; odk@r[kwf vuf0Jusaom 'wfcsfrsm;. }udK;yrf;csufrsm;udk xif&Sm;pGmazmfjyxm;&m cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmr_onf u|efawmfwdk@ awG@&Sdonfhtwdkif;yif ar#mfvifhcsufr&Sdatmif qdk;0g;vS.?

yxrqHk;taeESifh u|efawmfwdk@ od=uonfhtwdkif; ±dkZmvlZifbwfESifhum;vpfbeufuJhodk@aom xif&Sm;onfh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;. ,lqcsufESifhqef@usifI *smref“vuf0Jorm;rsm;”onf 1919 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvrSmyif ygvDrefpepfudk “EdkifiHa&;t&acwfukef+yD” [k ,lqcJh=u.? “vuf0Jorm;rsm;” rSm;,Gif;a=umif;udk u|efawmfwdk@ od=u.? Ttcsufwckwnf;uyif ygvDref0g'onf“EdkifiHa&;t&acwfukef+yD” [laom aumufcsufudk wcsDwnf;ESifh t&if;tjrpfygrusef zsufqD;ypfvdkuf.? xdktcsdefu rjiif;Edkifatmif rSm;,Gif;aom olwdk@.trSm;onf tb,fa=umifh ,cktcgY trSm;r[kwfawmhonfudk “vuf0Jorm;rsm;”u oufaojyoifhonf? olwdk@onf oufaojycsuf t&dyfta,mifr#yifrjycJh? jyp&mvnf;r&Sday? EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf. rdrdtrSm;rsm;tay: rnfodk@oabmxm;onfqdkjcif;u ygwDonf rnfr#av;eufonfudkvnf;aumif;/rdrdvlwef;pm;rdrdvlwef;pm;rdrdvlwef;pm;rdrdvlwef;pm;rdrdvlwef;pm;ESifh vkyfom;vlxkvlxkvlxkvlxkvlxkrsm;tay: rdrd.wm0ef 0wW&m;rsm;udk vufvufvufvufvufawG@tm;jzifh awG@tm;jzifh awG@tm;jzifh awG@tm;jzifh awG@tm;jzifh jznfhpGrf;Edkif rjznfhpGrf;Edkifonfudkvnf;aumif; tuJjzwfaomta&;}uD;qHk;ESif h taotcsmqHk; enf;vrf;wckjzpfonf? trSm;udk yGif hyGif hvif;vif;0efcHjcif;/ trSm;jzpfaponfh ta=umif;&if;rsm;udk &SmazGjcif;/ trSm;jzpfaponfh ywf0ef;usif tajctaersm;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;ESifh trSm;ukd

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jyifqif&ef enf;vrf;rsm;udk aoao csmcsmaqG;aEG;jcif;wdk@um; av;eufonfhygwDw&yf. trSwfvuQ%mjzpf.? Tenf;jzifhom rdrd.wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif&ayrnf? rdrd.vlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;udkvnf;aumif;/ xdkr#ru vlxkvlxkvlxkvlxkvlxkrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ ynmay;avhusifh&rnf? Twm0efudk jznfhpGrf;&efysufuGufjcif;/rdrdwdk@. xif&Sm;aomtrSm;udk rsufajcrjywf *±kwpdkuf pOf;pm;&SmazG&efysufuGufjcif;jzifh *smreDjynf&Sd (a[mfvefjynf tygt0if) “vuf0Jorm;rsm;”onf ‚wdk@rSm vlwef;pm;. ygwDr[kwfbJ tpkwpkomjzpfa=umif;/ygwDygwDygwDygwDygwDr[kwfbJ ynmwwfrsm;ESifh ynmwwf0g'. tqdk;0g;qHk; vuQ%mrsm;udktwkcdk;enf;,laeonfh tvkyform; vufwqkyfpm. tkyfpkwckomjzpfa=umif;udk oufaojyayonf?

'kwd,tm;jzifh u|efawmfwdk@ tao;pdwf aumufEkwfazmfjycJh+yD;jzpfaom“vuf0Jorm;rsm;”. z&ifhzwftkyfpk. tvm;wlpmapmifxJwGif u|efawmfwdk@ zwf±_&onfrSm -

“ æ A[kd (uufovpf ‘A[dk’ ygwD). ay:vpDudk vdkufygaeqJjzpfaomoef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom tvkyform;rsm;onf wefjyefawmfvSefa&;jzpf.? aus;vufypPnf;rJhrsm;onf ra&rwGufEdkifaom wefjyefawmfvSef;a&; wyfrsm;udkjznfhwif;vsuf&Sdonf?” (‚pmapmif pmrsufESm 3)

Txkwfjyefcsufonf t&rf;uma&m um;csJ@xm;onfrSm xif&Sm;vSayonf? odk@aomf Twifjyxm;jcif;rS tajccHjzpf&yfrSm rjiif;Edkif? ‚wdk@“vuf0Jrsm;”u todtrSwfjyKjcif;onfyif olwdk@trSm;. txl;xif&Sm;aomoufaoom"u jzpf.?“oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom”/“ra&rwGufEd kifaom”ypPnf;rJhrsm;ypPnf;rJhrsm;ypPnf;rJhrsm;ypPnf;rJhrsm;ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh ygvDrefpepftm; vdkvm;ae±Hkru “wefjyefawmfvSefa&;”ppfppfjzpfaeaom tcgwGif “ygvDrefpepfonf EdkifiHa&;t&acwfukef+yD”[k rnfodk@ajymEdkifrnfenf;? *smreDjynf&Sd ygvDref0g'onf EdkifiHa&;t& acwfukefjcif;r&Sdao;r&Sdao;r&Sdao;r&Sdao;r&Sdao;onfrSm xif&Sm;ayonf? *smreD&Sd “vuf0Jrsm;”onf rdrdwdk@.qENrdrdwdk@.qENrdrdwdk@.qENrdrdwdk@.qENrdrdwdk@.qEN/ rdrdwdk@. EdkifiHa&;t&/ awG;ac:r_t& oabmxm;wdk@udkyuwdbm0 tjzpfrSef[lI vGJrSm;,lqae=uonfrSm xif&Sm;ayonf? Tum;awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;twGuf tEW&m,ft}uD;qHk; trSm;jzpf.? ±k&Sm;jynfwGiftxl;&Snfvsm;aom umvESifh tvGeftrif; &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaom Zmpepf

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xrf;ydk;u txl;rsm;jym;aom o¿mefrsm;&Sdonfh awmfvSefa&;orm; rsdK;pHkudkarG;xkwfay;cJh.? ‚wdk@onf tHh=oavmufaom opPm&Sdr_/ pdwftm;xufoefr_/&J&ifhr_ESifh pdwf"mwfcdkifrmr_wdk@udk jyocJh=uonf? ±k&Sm;jynfwGif awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. TtrSm;rsKd;udk u|efawmfwdk@ tvGefeD;uyfpGm awG@jrifcJh=uonf?‚udk u|efawmfwdk@ txl;*±kpdkuf avhvmqef;ppfcJh+yD; ‚ESifhywfoufI aumif;pGmod&SdcJ h.? xdk@a=umifh TtrSm;rsKd;udk tjcm;olrsm; usL;vGefonfhtcgYu|efawmfwdk@ txl;&Sif;vif;pGm odjrifEdkifjcif;jzpfonf? ygvDrefpepfonf trSefyif*smreDjynf&Sd uGefjrLepfrsm;tzdk@ qdk&aomf “EdkifiHa&;t& acwfukef”cJhay+yD?odk@aomf u|efawmfwdk@twGuf acwfukefonfudk vlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;twGuf acwfukef+yD[kvnf;aumif;/ vlxkrsm;vlxkrsm;vlxkrsm;vlxkrsm;vlxkrsm;twGuf acwfukef+yD[kvnf;aumif;/ u|efawmfwdk@oabmrxm;&rxm;&rxm;&rxm;&rxm;&? TonfrSm jy\em. uGif;qufyifjzpf.? Tae&mwGifvnf;“vuf0Jorm;rsm;”onf rnfodk@ ta=umif;jy&rnfudkrod? vlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;vlwef;pm;.ygwDtjzpf/ vlxkrsm;vlxkrsm;vlxkrsm;vlxkrsm;vlxkrsm;.ygwDtjzpf rnfodk@qifjcif&rnf/ rnfodk@vkyfaqmif&rnfudk rodr_tm; u|efawmfwdk@ xyfrHawG@&Sd&onf? oifwdk@onf vlxkrsm;. a&csdefodk@vnf;aumif;/ vlwef;pm;. acwfaemufusaom tv$m.a&csdefodk@ vnf;aumif; usqif;roGm;oifhay? Tum;rjiif;Edkifay? oifwdk@onf olwdk@tm;cg;oD;aom trSefw&m;udk ajymjy&rnf? olwdk@. "e&Sif'Drdkua&pDESifh ygvDreftpGJtvef;rsm;udk tpGJtvef;rsm;[k rkcsac:a0:&rnf? odk@aomf wcsdefwnf;rSmyif oifwdk@onf vlwef;pm;w&yfvHk; (‚. uGefjrLepfwyfOD; omru) tvkyform;vlxkvlxkvlxkvlxkvlxktm;vHk; (‚wdk@. a&S@wef;a&muf tpdwftydkif;rsm;omru) .vlwef;pm;todESifh tqifoifhjzpfr_ wu,fhwu,fhwu,fhwu,fhwu,fhtajctaeudk acgif;at;at;acgif;at;at;acgif;at;at;acgif;at;at;acgif;at;at;jzifhoHk;oyf=unfh±_&rnf?

“oef;aygif;rsm;pGm”ESifh“ra&rwGufEdkifatmif” r[kwfapumrl tawmftwefrsm;jym;aom pufr_tvkyform; tenf;pktenf;pktenf;pktenf;pktenf;pkonf uufovpf bkef;}uD;rsm;. aemufodk@ vdkufyg=u.? tvm;wlyif tawmftwefrsm;jym;aom aus;vuf tvkyform; tenf;pkonf ajr&Sifrsm;ESifh csrf;omaom v,form;rsm;(*a&mhpfabm&if;) aemufodk@ vdkufyg=u.? Todk@jzpfonfhwdkifatmif *smreDjynf&SdygvDref0g'onf EdkifiHa&;t& acwfukefjcif;r&Sdao;onfrSm oHo,&Sdp&moHo,&Sdp&moHo,&Sdp&moHo,&Sdp&moHo,&Sdp&mrvdkayrvdkayrvdkayrvdkayrvdkay? ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;tzdk@ txl;ojzif h rdrdudk,fyd kif vlwef;pm;txl;ojzif h rdrdudk,fyd kif vlwef;pm;txl;ojzif h rdrdudk,fyd kif vlwef;pm;txl;ojzif h rdrdudk,fyd kif vlwef;pm;txl;ojzif h rdrdudk,fyd kif vlwef;pm;.

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acwfaemufusaomtv$mudk ynmay;&ef/ rwdk;wufao;aom/ atmufusaemufus&Sdaeaom ynmrJhaom aus;vufvlxkrsm;vlxkrsm;vlxkrsm;vlxkrsm;vlxkrsm;tm; Edk;=um;vm&ef/ rsufpdyGifhvm&eftwGuf ygvDref a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifjcif;ESifh ygvDrefw&m;a[mpifay:&Sd wdkufyGJwGifyg0ifjcif;udk rkcsjyKvkyf&ef vdktyfayonfvdktyfayonfvdktyfayonfvdktyfayonfvdktyfayonf? oifwdk@onf"e&SifygvDrefESifh tjcm;aom azmufjyefonfh tzGJ@tpnf; trsKd;rsKd;udk zsufodrf;ypf&ef tiftm;r&Sdao;or# ‚wdk@twGif;wGif oifwdk@ 0ifa&muf vkyfudkif&rnf?tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf xdkae&mYomv#if bkef;}uD;rsm;ESif h aus;vufb0+iD;aiG@zG,f&mwdk@. r_dif;wdkufjcif;cH&aom tvkyform;rsm;udk oifwdk@ awG@aeao;aoma=umifhyif jzpfayonf? Todk@rvkyfygu oifwdk@onf avtdk;oufoufomv#if jzpfvmp&m&Sdayonf?

wwd,tm;jzifh “vuf0J” uGefjrLepfrsm;onf u|efawmfwdk@ aAmf&SDApfrsm;udk t}uD;tus,fcsD;usL; ajymqdk=uonf? u|efawmfwdk@tm; csD;usL;jcif;udkav#mhI aAmf&SDApfrsm;. enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk ydkrdkem;vnf&ef/ ydkrdk tu|rf;w0if jzpf&ef }udK;pm;yg[k wcgw&HwGif olwdk@tm;ajymqdkcsifawmhonf? u|efawmfwdk@onf 1917 ckESpf pufwifbmvrS Edk0ifbmvtwGif; jyKvkyfaom±k&Sm;"e&SifygvDref wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifcJh.?u|efawmfwdk@. enf;y&d,m,frsm; rSefovm; rSm;ovm;? rSm;onfqdkyguTonfudk &Sif;vif;pGmazmfxkwf+yD; oufaojy&rnf? ta=umif;rl EdkifiHwumhuGefjrLepf0g'v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf rSefuefaom enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk csrSwf&mwGifvdktyfaoma=umifhwnf;? tu,fI ‚wdk@rSefuefygv#if u|efawmfwdk@onfwpHkwckaom ed*Hk;rsm;xkwf,l=u&rnf? trSefyif ±k&Sm;jynf&Sd tajctaersm;udktaemufOa&my&Sd tajctaersm;ESifh wajy;wnf;oabmxm;&efrSm rjzpfEdkifay?odk@aomf “ygvDref0g'onf EdkifiHa&;t& acwfukefvm+yD” [laom ,lqcsuft"dy`m,f. oD;jcm;jy\emESifh ywfoufIqdkv#if u|efawmfwdk@. tawG@t}uHKudk taotcsmxnfhoGif; wGufq&efvdktyfay.? ta=umif;rl tcdkiftrmtawG@t}uHKudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif; rjyKygu Todk@aom ,lqcsufrsm;onfAvmpmydk'frsm;tjzpf tvGefvG,fulpGm ajymif;vJoGm;ayrnf? u|efawmfwdk@±k&Sm;aAmf&SDApfrsm;tzdk@rl 1917 ckESpf pufwifbmrS Edk0ifbmvtwGif; ±k&Sm;jynfYygvDref0g'onf EdkifiHa&;t& acwfukef+yD[k ,lqcGifhonf rnfonfh taemuf

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wdkif; uGefjrLepfrsm;xufrqdk ydkIyifr&SdcJhoavm? ,lqcGifh&SdonfrSm trSefyifjzpf.? ta=umif;rl "e&SifygvDrefrsm; wnf&Sdr_&Snf=umonf r&Snf=umonf[lonfhjy\ema=umifh r[kwfbJ qdkAD,ufpepfudk vufcH&efESifh "e&Sif 'Drdkua&pDygvDrefudk zsufodrf;&ef (odk@r[kwf zsufodrf;zdk@cGifhjyK&ef) vkyfom;jynfolrsm;.us,fjyef@aom vlxkrsm;onf awG;ac:r_t&/ EdkifiHa&;t&/ vufawG@t& rnfr#jyifqifxm;rxm;jyifqifxm;rxm;jyifqifxm;rxm;jyifqifxm;rxm;jyifqifxm;rxm; [lonfhjy\ema=umifhyif jzpfonf? 1917 ckESpf pufwifbmrS Edk0ifbmvtxd txl;tajctae trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh ±k&Sm;jynf&Sd +rdK@ae tvkyform; vlwef;pm;/ ppfom;rsm;ESifh v,form;rsm;onf qdkAD,ufpepfudkvufcH&efESifh 'Drdkua&pDtusqHk; "e&SifygvDrefrsm;udk zsufodrf;&ef tvGef@ tvGefaumif;pGm jyifqifxm;cJh.? ‚um; vHk;0rjiif;qdkEdkifaom/ vHk;0 twnfjyK+yD;jzpfaom ordkif;jzpf&yfjzpf.? odk@apumrl aAmf&SDApfrsm;onf wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfudk oydwfrarSmufcJhbJrarSmufcJhbJrarSmufcJhbJrarSmufcJhbJrarSmufcJhbJ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;u EdkifiHa&;t& tm%mrodrf;,lrDESifh odrf;,l+yD;aemufwGifaemufwGifaemufwGifaemufwGifaemufwGifyg a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifcJhay.? Ta&G;aumufyGJrsm;onf tvGeftrif; wefzkd;;&Sdaom (xdk@jyif ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;twGuf jrifhrm;pGm toHk;0ifaom) EdkifiHa&; tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; &&SdcJhay.?Ttcsufudk txufazmfjyyg ±k&Sm;wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJ pm&if;rsm;tm; tao;pdwfcGJjcrf; pdwfjzmxm;onfh aqmif;yg;xJwGif oufaojycJh+yD;jzpfa=umif; u|efawmf ,Hk,Hk=unf=unf ajymEdkifygonf?

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70

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72

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76

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84

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85

txufazmfjyyg vl}uD;rif;rsm;tm; axmufcHulnDjcif;omv#if jzpfayonf?TbufYqdkv#if +Adwdo#qdk&S,fvpfygwDonf tenf;i,fr#toHk;r0ifay?Tae&mY vdktyfaeonfrSm cdkifrmawmifhwif;aom/ awmfvSefaom pufr_vkyfief;qdkif&m tzGJ@tpnf;wckESifh &Sif;vif;wdusjywfom;I 0dZ…menf;usaom/vrf;pOfrsm;jzifh vkyfudkifaeaom uGefjrLepfygwDw&yf jzpfayonf? tu,fIu|efawmfwdk@ &Jabmfrsm;onf TuJhodk@ tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd;ESifh ygwDrsKd;udk wnfaqmuf&mY u|efawmfwdk@tm; tultnDay;Edkifrnfqdkygu u|efawmfwdk@0rf;omtm;& }udK qdkyg rnf? tu,fI rulnDEdkifygu azmufjyefa&;orm;tm;axmufcH ulnDjcif;jzifh awmfvSefa&;tm; opPmazmufoGm;rnfudk pdk;&drf&ygubk&m;ociftvdkawmfus a0;&modk@a&Smif&Sm;ay;=uyg? Tazmufjyefa&; orm;rsm;um; ygvDref ‘*k%fxl;rsm;’(pma&;ol. ar;cGef;trSwfjzpfonf)udk irf;irf;wuf rufarmae+yD;‘ocif’vlwef;pm; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; udk,fwdkif tkyfcsKyfouJhodk@ yif rdrdwdk@ vnf; xda&mufpGm tkyfcsKyfEdkifa=umif;udk oufaoxljy&eftvGef pdwfapmae=uolrsm; jzpfayonf?”

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86

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87

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88

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89

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100

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102

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104

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odk@&mwGif u|efawmfwdk@onf xdkolrsm;. jyKrlaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;twGuf ,l&rnfhwm0efudk uGefjrLepfygwDtay:odk@ yHkcsr_udkqef@usif uef@uGuf&vdrfhrnf[kxifygonf? Tonf tvGefyifrwdusay? xyfIqdk&aomf Tonf rw&m;ay? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf a[mfvefuGefjrLepfygwD. xdkygwD0ifrsm;onfygwD. ae@pOfrsufarSmufjyKrl aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;xJwGif tenf;i,fom yg0ifcJhonf? odk@r[kwf vHk;0ryg0ifcJh=uay? xdk@jyifolwdk@onf twdkuftcH aºu;a=umfoHrsm;udk a[mfvef uGefjrLepfygwDxJY wdkuf±dkufjzpfap/ oG,f0dkufIjzpfap taumiftxnfazmf&ef }udK;yrf;ae=uonf? Taºu;a=umfoHrsm;udk ygwDESifhygwD.

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tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u tifwdkuftm;wdkuf qef@usifwdkufyGJqifcJh=uonf? ,ae@xdatmifyif qufvufwdkufyGJ qifae=uonf?

nD&if;tpfudkozG,f E_wfqufjcif;jzifh 'D - tdkif 0dkifukyf

('wfcsfudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@.udk,fpm;)

1920 ckESpf {+yD/ arv wGifa&;onf?1920 ZGefvwGif pmapmiftjzpfyxrt}udrf xkwfa0jzef@csdonf?

140

&Si f ;vif;csufrsm;& Si f ;vif;csufrsm;& Si f ;vif;csufrsm;& Si f ;vif;csufrsm;& Si f ;vif;csufrsm;

1?1?1?1?1? vDeifonf uGefjrLepf0g' v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd “vuf0J*dk%f;oli,fem”uGefjrLepf0g' v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd “vuf0J*dk%f;oli,fem”uGefjrLepf0g' v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd “vuf0J*dk%f;oli,fem”uGefjrLepf0g' v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd “vuf0J*dk%f;oli,fem”uGefjrLepf0g' v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd “vuf0J*dk%f;oli,fem”pmtkyfudk 1920 ckESpf {+yDvwGifvnf;aumif;/ aemufqufwGJudk 1920 ckESp/f arv 12&uf ae@wGifvnf;aumif; a&;om;cJh.? Tpmtkyfonf ±k&Sm;bmomjzifh 1920 ckESpf/ ZGefv8-10 &ufae@wGifxGufcJh+yD; wcsdefwnf;vdkvdkyif ZlvdkifvwGif *smref/ jyifopf/ t*Fvdyfbmom yHkESdyfjcif;rsm; ay:xGufcJhonf? vDeifonf 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf uGefjrLepf tifwmae&Sife,f uGef*&uftrD xkwfa0Edkif&eftwGuf yHkESdyfaepOftawmtwGif; txl;*±kpdkufppfaq;cJhonf? pmtkyfudk uGef*&ufudk,fpm;vS,frsm; tm;vHk;udk a0iScJh.? 1920 ckESpfZlvdkifvrS Edk0ifbmvtxd vdkufyZpf+rdK@wGif *smrefbmom/ yg&pf+rdK@wGif jyifopfbmom/vef'efwGif t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh jyefvnfxkwfa0cJh.?

uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd “vuf0J*dk%f;” vufa&;xJwGif 'kwd,acgif;pOf“rmhufpf0g'aoe*FAsL[mESifh enf;y&d,m,fudk trsm;em;vnfvG,f&ef }udK;pm;csuf” [kyg&SdcJhonf? ‚udk vDeif&SdpOfumvwGif xkwfa0aom yHkESdyfjcif;tm;vHk;wGif csefvSyfxm;cJh.?vuf&SdbmomjyefrSm yHkESdyf+yD; rl=urf;rsm;udk vDeifudk,fwdkif ppfaq;cJhonfh yxrt}udrf±k&Sm;bmom yHkESdyfjcif;rSjzpfygonf? (ESm - 7)

2? vDemta&;tcif;2? vDemta&;tcif;2? vDemta&;tcif;2? vDemta&;tcif;2? vDemta&;tcif; 1912 ckESpf {+yDvwGif qdkufaA;&D;,m;&Sd vDema&$wGif;YZmppfwyfrsm;u tvkyform;rsm;tm; aoewfESifhypfowfjcif;udk &nf!ef;jcif;jzpfonf?vDemtvkyform;rsm;onf pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_. &ufpuf±dkif;jyaom aoG;pkyfr_udk qef@usifuef@uGuf oydwfarSmufcJh=uonf? ±k&Sm;jynfae&mtESH@&Sd tvkyform;rsm;u vDemypfcwfr_tm;EdkifiHa&;oydwfrsm;/ pDwef;vSnfhvnfqENjyr_rsm;jzifh wkH@jyefcJhayonf? Tvlxk EdkifiHa&;oydwfrsm; pDwef;vSnfhvnf qENjyr_rsm;rS awmfvSefaom tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_. jyif;xefaom xºur_ay:xGufvmaponf? (ESm - 18)

141

3? avmif*Gwf0g'3? avmif*Gwf0g'3? avmif*Gwf0g'3? avmif*Gwf0g'3? avmif*Gwf0g' jyifopfqdk&S,fvpf ygwDtwGif;wGif tv,fA[dk*dk%f;wckjzpfI,ef;avmif*Gwfu acgif;aqmifonf?

yxrurBmppftwGif; avmif*Gwf0g'Drsm;onf qdk&S,fa&$jynfat;0g'bufrS&yfwnfcJh=uonf? ±k&Sm;jynfY r[matmufwdkbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; atmifyGJcH+yD;onfh aemufwGif olwdk@onf ypPnf;rJhtm%m&SifpepfESifh ywfoufIolwdk@. axmuf cHcsufudk a=unmcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; wu,fwGifrl ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfudk qufvuf&efrlqJyifjzpfonf? olwdk@onf qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'Drsm;ESifh ajy+idrf;a&;ay:vpDudk qufvufvkyfaqmifae+yD; vk,ufzsufpD;onfh Amaq;+idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyfudk axmufcHayonf? 1920ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif avmif*Gwf0g'Drsm;onf ajAmifjyKjyifa&;orm;rsm;ESifhtwl jyifopfqdk&S,fvpfygwDrS cGJxGufoGm;+yD; ac:qdkavh&Sdonfh (ESpf - ESpfydkif;wydkif;) tifwmae&Sife,fodk@ yg0ifcJhavonf? xdktzGJ@tpnf; +ydKuGJysufpD;+yD;onfhaemufwGif 'kwd, tifwmae&Sife,fxJodk@ jyefvm=uavonf? (ESm - 19)

4? tif'Dyif;'ifhavbmygwDudk4? tif'Dyif;'ifhavbmygwDudk4? tif'Dyif;'ifhavbmygwDudk4? tif'Dyif;'ifhavbmygwDudk4? tif'Dyif;'ifhavbmygwDudk 1893 wGif pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhI *sdrf;pfudkif[m'D/&rfaq;ruUa':e,fESifh tjcm;olrsm;u acgif;aqmifcJhonfh jyKjyifa&;ygwDw&yfjzpfonf?‚u"e&SifygwDrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;t& trSDcdkuif;onf[k a=unmajymqdkcJhonf? wu,frSmum; “‚onf qdk&S,fvpf0g'ESifh trSDcdkuif;cJh+yD; vpfb&,f0g'tay: rSDcdkcJhavonf”[k vDeifu ajymcJhavonf? (ESm - 19)

5? azbD,Hrsm;5? azbD,Hrsm;5? azbD,Hrsm;5? azbD,Hrsm;5? azbD,Hrsm; 1884 ckESpfwGif t*FvefjynfY "e&SifynmwwftpkwckuzGJ@pnf;cJhonfh jyKjyifa&;qefonfh/ tacsmifqefonfh azbD,Htoif;. toif;0ifrsm;jzpf=uonf? ‚u a&mrAdkvfcsKyf azbD,yfpfuef@awwm (“tcsdefqGJol”) trnfudk ,lxm;avonf? xdkolum; tqHk;tjzwfppfyGJrsm;ESifh ywfoufI ol. a&$@qdkif;enf;y&d,m,frsm;ESifha&Smif&Sm;r_rsm;a=umifh emrnfausmfol jzpfavonf? azbD,Htoif;onfum; vDeif ajymqdkouJhodk@yif “tacsmif0g'ESifh vpfb&,f avbmEdkifiHa&;rsm;ESifh ywfouf+yD; t+yD;owfqHk;tacsmudkifxm;onfh azmfjycsuf”udk udk,fpm;jyKcJhavonf? azbD,Hrsm;onf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tm; vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJrS vrf;vGJoGm;ap&ef }uHpnfcJh+yD; t&if;&SifpepfrS qdk&S,fvpfpepfodk@ ao;r$m;aom jyKjyifa&;enf;rsm;jzifh +idrf;csrf;pGm wpwp ul;ajymif;a&;. jzpfEdkif

r_udk &yfcHajymqdkcJh=uonf? 1914-1918 ckESpf e,fcsJ@urBmppftwGif;Y azbD,Hrsm;onfqdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'bufrS &yfwnfcJh=uonf? azbD,Hrsm;ESifhywfoufI vuQ%m owfrSwfa&;twGuf vDeif.“tdkif-tufufzfbufum;/ a*s-'k dif,uf*sif;/ tufzf“tdkif-tufufzfbufum;/ a*s-'k dif,uf*sif;/ tufzf“tdkif-tufufzfbufum;/ a*s-'k dif,uf*sif;/ tufzf“tdkif-tufufzfbufum;/ a*s-'k dif,uf*sif;/ tufzf“tdkif-tufufzfbufum;/ a*s-'k dif,uf*sif;/ tufzftdef*,f/ um;rmhufpfESifh tjcm;olrsm;. tufzfataqmf*DESifh tjcm;olrsm;xHotdef*,f/ um;rmhufpfESifh tjcm;olrsm;. tufzfataqmf*DESifh tjcm;olrsm;xHotdef*,f/ um;rmhufpfESifh tjcm;olrsm;. tufzfataqmf*DESifh tjcm;olrsm;xHotdef*,f/ um;rmhufpfESifh tjcm;olrsm;. tufzfataqmf*DESifh tjcm;olrsm;xHotdef*,f/ um;rmhufpfESifh tjcm;olrsm;. tufzfataqmf*DESifh tjcm;olrsm;xHodk@ay;pmrsm;ay;pmrsm;ay;pmrsm;ay;pmrsm;ay;pmrsm;”±k&Sm;bmomyHkESdyfxkwfa0r_twGuf pum;csD;udkvnf;aumif;/ “±k&Sm;awmfvSef

142

a&;twGif;&Sd qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pD. ajr,mvkyfief;pOf” udkvnf;aumif;/ “t*Fvdyf a&$jynfat;0g'ESifh oabmw&m;udk t*Fvdyfrsm;rESpfoufr_”udkvnf;aumif;/ tjcm; pmapmifrsm;udkvnf;aumif; =unfhyg? (ESm - 19)

6? *smreftif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwD6? *smreftif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwD6? *smreftif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwD6? *smreftif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwD6? *smreftif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwD 1917 ckESpf {+yDvwGifpwifzGJ@pnf;cJhonfh tv,fA[dk0g' wckjzpfonf?

1920 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif‚. a[mvfuGef*&ufY ygwDuGJcJh+yD; xdkESpf'DZifbmvwGif ‚. ygwD0iftawmfrsm;rsm;onf *smreDuGefjrLepfygwDESifh yl;aygif;cJh=uonf? vuf,m*dk%f;onf oD;jcm;ygwDw&yf zGJ@pnf;cJh+yD; 1922 ckESpftxd tif'Dyif;'ifhqdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpf ygwD[laom trnfa[mif;jzifh wnf&SdcJhonf? 1922 ckwGif “tif'Dyif;'ifh”rsm;onf *smrefqdk&S,f 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDxJodk@ jyefvnf0ifa&mufcJh=uonf?

(ESm - 20)7? “*smreftvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;rS yHkwlrul;oifhonfht&mrsm;”7? “*smreftvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;rS yHkwlrul;oifhonfht&mrsm;”7? “*smreftvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;rS yHkwlrul;oifhonfht&mrsm;”7? “*smreftvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;rS yHkwlrul;oifhonfht&mrsm;”7? “*smreftvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;rS yHkwlrul;oifhonfht&mrsm;”

qdkonfh vDeif. aqmif;yg;udk=unfh? (vufa&G;pifusrf; twGJ 4/ ESm 334-338/t*FvdyfbmomyHkESdyfjcif;/ e,l;a,muf) (ESm - 25)

8? pyg;wmhpftzGJ@0ifrsm8? pyg;wmhpftzGJ@0ifrsm8? pyg;wmhpftzGJ@0ifrsm8? pyg;wmhpftzGJ@0ifrsm8? pyg;wmhpftzGJ@0ifrsm;onf yxrurBmppftwGif; 1916 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGifzGJ@pnf;cJhonfh pygwmuyf toif;0ifrsm; jzpf=uonf? urBmppfpwifpwGif *smrefvuf0Jqdk&S,f'Drdku&ufrsm;onf um;vpfbeuf/ ±kdZmvlZifbuf/ z&ef@ar&if;/ uvm&m Zufuif;ESifh tjcm;olwdk@acgif;aqmifaom “tifwmae&Sife,f” tpkudk zGJ@pnf;cJh=uavonf?“pygwmuyftoif;”[k pwifac:qdkvm=uonfhtpku vlxkrsm;twGif;wGif e,fcsJ@ppfyGJudkqef@usifonfh awmfvSefaom 0g'jzef@csdr_rsm;udk vkyfudkif aqmif&GufcJh+yD; *smrefe,fcsJ@0g'.vk,ufzsufpD;a&;ay:vpDESifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&uf acgif;aqmifrsm;. opPmazmufr_wdk@udk azmfxkwfzGifhcscJh=uavonf? odk@aomfvnf; pyg;wmhpftzGJ@0if *smref vuf0Jorm;rsm;onfoabmw&m;ESifh enf;y&d,m,fqdkif&m tcsuftjcm jy\emrsm;wGif rif&SDApfwydkif; trSm;rsm;. tuef@towfcHae&r_rS ±kef;rxGufEdkifcJhay? *smrefvuf0Jrsm;. trSm;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI a0zefcsufrsm;udk ADtdkifvDeif. “*sL;eD;,yfpf.pmapmif” (usrf;aygif;pHk/ pwkwt}udrf ±k&Sm;bmomxkwf twGJ 22/ ESm 291 -305) “rmhufpf0g'tm; o±kyfzsufjcif;”ESifh“e,fcsJ@orm;. pD;yGm;a&;0g'” (txufygpmtkytxufygpmtkytxufygpmtkytxufygpmtkytxufygpmtkyf twGJ 23/ ESm 16 -64)ESifh tjcm;aoma&;om;csufrsm;xJwGifvnf;aumif;/ a*sADG pwmvif.“aAmf&SDApf0g' ordkif;qdkif&m jy\emtcsKd@”(vDeif0g'jy\emrsm;vDeif0g'jy\emrsm;vDeif0g'jy\emrsm;vDeif0g'jy\emrsm;vDeif0g'jy\emrsm; 1947 armfpudk xkwf/ ESm 378 - 389) xJwGifvnf;aumif;azmfjyxm;avonf? 1917 ckESpfY pyg;wmhpf0g'Drsm;onf rdrdwdk@. pnf;±Hk;a&;t&trSDcdkuif;r_udkxdef;odrf;xm;&if; tv,fA[dk0g'*smref“tif'Dyif;'ifh”qdk&S,f 'Drdku&uf

143

ygwDodk@ 0ifcJh=uonf? 1918 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv *smreDawmfvSefa&; +yD;onfhaemufwGifpyg;wmhpftzGJ@0ifrsm;onf“tif'Dyif;'ihfrsm;”xHrS cGJxGufcJh=u+yD; xdkESpf 'DZifbmvwGif *smreDuGefjrLepfygwDudk wnfaxmifcJh=uavonf? (ESm - 25)

9? b&uf (odk@r[kwf b&ufvpfawmhzf) +idrf;csrf;a&;9? b&uf (odk@r[kwf b&ufvpfawmhzf) +idrf;csrf;a&;9? b&uf (odk@r[kwf b&ufvpfawmhzf) +idrf;csrf;a&;9? b&uf (odk@r[kwf b&ufvpfawmhzf) +idrf;csrf;a&;9? b&uf (odk@r[kwf b&ufvpfawmhzf) +idrf;csrf;a&;onf e,fcsJ@*smreDESifh‚.r[mrdwfrsm;jzpf=uaom =opwD;,m;/ [efa*&D/ bla*;&D;,m;/ wl&uDu 1918 wGifi,f&G,fao;+yD; csnfheJ@tm;enf;wkef;yif &Sdao;onfh qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHawmftay: wifpD;xm;onfh vk,ufaom +idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyf jzpfavonf? xdkpmcsKyfudk 1918 rwfv 3&ufae@wGif vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhonf? pmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;rSm qdkAD,uf±k&Sm;twGuf tvGefxdcdkufaponf? ydkvefjynf/ abmfvfwpfEdkifiH tm;vHk;vdkvdkESifh bdkifvdk±k&Sm;wydkif;udk *smreD/=opwD;,m;/ [efa*&Dwdk@vufodk@ ay;vdkuf&.? ,lu&def;rSm qdkAD,uf±k&Sm;rS cGJxkwfcH&+yD;*smreD.trSDcdkwdkif;jynfjzpfoGm;cJhonf? *smreDjynf 1918 Edk0ifbm awmfvSefa&;+yD;onfhaemufwGif qdkAD,uftpdk;&u ‚udk y,fzsufvdkufavonf? (ESm - 26)

10? avbmygwD0ifrsm;10? avbmygwD0ifrsm;10? avbmygwD0ifrsm;10? avbmygwD0ifrsm;10? avbmygwD0ifrsm;rSm +Adwdo#avbmygwD0ifrsm;udk qdkvdkonf? +Adwd+Adwd+Adwd+Adwd+Adwdo#avbmygwo#avbmygwo#avbmygwo#avbmygwo#avbmygwDudk tvkyform;vlwef;pm; tpnf;t±Hk;rsm;jzpfonfh tvkyform; or*~

rsm;/ qdk&S,fvpfygwDrsm;ESifh tpkrsm;wdk@udkyl;aygif;I 1900 jynfhESpfwGif zGJ@pnf;cJhavonf?ygvDrefodk@ tvkyform;rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm; a&G;cs,fa&;tmrcHcsuf&Sdap&ef &nf&G,f

onf? (odk@a=umifhyif ‚.trnf&if;rSm tvkyform;udk,fpm;jyK aumfrwDjzpf avonf?)1903 wGif avbmygwDtrnfudk cH,lcJhonf? rdrd.tawG;tac:rsm;ESifh enf;y&d,m,frsm;twGif;wGif tvGeftrif; tacsmifqefI vDeifajymouJhodk@ “ajcqHk;acgif;qHk; "e&Sif”jzpf=uonf? (ESm - 29)

11? u&ifpuD11? u&ifpuD11? u&ifpuD11? u&ifpuD11? u&ifpuD }uD;jrwfaom atmufwdkbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;. wGef;vSefjcif;udk cHvdkuf&aom ±k&Sm;"e&Sif ,m,Dtpdk;&. 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfonf?

aumhcsufESifh 'ifeDuifaumhcsufESifh 'ifeDuifaumhcsufESifh 'ifeDuifaumhcsufESifh 'ifeDuifaumhcsufESifh 'ifeDuifwdk@onf EdkifiHjcm;usL;ausmfpGufzufa&; tiftm;rsm;.axmufyHhr_jzifh qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHudk qef@usifaom jynfwGif;ppfyGJudk vkyfudkifaeonfhwefjyefawmfvSefa&; wyfrawmfrsm;udk OD;pD;trdef@ay;cJh=uonf? (ESm - 31)

12? u'ufrsm12? u'ufrsm12? u'ufrsm12? u'ufrsm12? u'ufrsm; (zGJ@pnf;yHk'Drdku&ufygwD)onf ±k&Sm;jynf&Sd t"du"e&Sif ygwDonfvpfb&,frif;rJh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. ygwDjzpfonf? 1905 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvxJwGifzGJ@pnf;cJhonfh twkta,mif'Drdkua&pD rsufESmzHk;jzifh rdrdwdk@udk,fudk/ “jynfol@ vGwfvyfa&;”ygwD[kac:qdk&if;jzifh u'ufrsm;onf v,form;xkudk olwdk@bufygatmif }udK;pm;cJhavonf? olwdk@onf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk&Sdaom bk&ifpepfo¿mefjzifh Zmpepfudk xdef;odrf;&ef}udK;pm;cJhonf? wqufwnf;rSmyif u'ufrsm;onf e,fcsJ@"e&Sifvlwef;pm;ygwD jzpfcJh

144

ayonf? atmufwdkbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; atmifyG JcH+yD;onfhaemufwGifu'ufrsm;onf qdkAD,uforRwEdkifiHudk qef@usifIwefjyefawmfvSefa&; vkyf}uHr_rsm;ESifhykefuefxºur_rsm;udk pnf;±Hk;cJhonf? (ESm - 31)

13? w±la'ghADuD13? w±la'ghADuD13? w±la'ghADuD13? w±la'ghADuD13? w±la'ghADuDonf yxrEdkifiHawmf 'l;rm;v$wfawmf. v,form; tzGJ@0ifwdk@ESifh 1906 ckESpf {+yDvwGif zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh "e&Sifaygufp 'Drdkua&pDtpkjzpfonf? x±la'ghADuDtpkonf 'l;rm; 4 ckpvHk;Y wnf+rJcJhonf? 1914 - 1918 ckESpf e,fcsJ@urBmppf twGif;Yx±la'ghADuDonf a&SmfAif0g'&yfwnfr_udk,lcJh+yD; 1917 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv "e&Sif'Drdk ua&pDawmfvSefa&;Y yg0ifcJhum csrf;omv,form;rsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk udk,fpm;jyKI wefjyefawmfvSefa&;ESifh aygif;cJhavonf? (ESm - 43)

14?14?14?14?14? ygwD0ifOD;a&onf 1917 ckESpf azazmf0g&D awmfvSefa&;t+yD;rS 1919 ckESpfESpfukefumvydkif;twGif; atmufygtwdkif; ajymif;vJcJhonf? 1917 ckESpf ±k&Sm; qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufavbmygwD (aAmf&SDApf) . ±k&Sm;jynfvHk;qdkif&m 7 }udrfajrmufuGefz&ifh ({+yDv)usif;ycsdefY ygwD0if 80˜000 &Sdonf? 1917 ckESpf ZlvdkifvrS =o*kwfvxd usif;yaom±k&Sm;qdk&S,f'Drdku&uf avbmygwD 6 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufumvY ygwD0if 240˜000 &Sdonf? 1918 ckESpf rwfvwGif usif;yaom ±k&Sm;uGefjrLepfygwD (aAmf&SDApf) 7 }udrfajrmufuGef*&ufumvY tenf;qHk;ygwD0if 270˜000 &Sd+yD; 1919 ckESpf rwfvwGif usif;yaom±k&Sm;uGefjrLepfygwD (aAmf&SDApf) 8 }udrfajrmuf uGef*&ufumvY ygwD0if 313˜766 &Sdonf?

(ESm - 44)15? urBmhpufr_tvkyform;rsm;tzGJ15? urBmhpufr_tvkyform;rsm;tzGJ15? urBmhpufr_tvkyform;rsm;tzGJ15? urBmhpufr_tvkyform;rsm;tzGJ15? urBmhpufr_tvkyform;rsm;tzGJ@onf 1905 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifcJh

aom tar&duef tvkyform;tpnf;t±Hk; jzpfonf? ‚. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif rif;rJhqif'Du,f t&dyfvuQ%mrsm;jzpf=uaom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. EdkifiHa&;wdkufyGJ vdktyfr_udktodtrSwfrjyKjcif;/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ygwD. acgif;aqmifr_tcef;/ t&if;&Sif pepf+zdKcs&ef/vufeufudkifykefuefa&; vdktyfr_ESifh ypPnf;rJhtm%m&SifpepftwGuf wdkufyGJqifr_wdk@tm;jiif;y,fjcif;wdk@udk txift&Sm;awG@&onf? urBmhpufr_tvkyform;rsm; tzGJ@onf tar&dueftvkyform; or*~toif;csKyftwGif; 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif&efvnf; jiif;qdkonf?‚aemufwGif *dk%f;*%qefaom rif;rJhqif'Du,f tpktjzpfodk@ av#musoGm;um tvkyform;rsm;twGif;wGif =oZmoufa&mufr_ r&Sdawmhay? (ESm - 54)

16? tDwvDqdk&S,fvpfygw16? tDwvDqdk&S,fvpfygw16? tDwvDqdk&S,fvpfygw16? tDwvDqdk&S,fvpfygw16? tDwvDqdk&S,fvpfygwDudk 1892 ckESpfwGif tDwvDtvkyform;ygwDtrnfjzifh zGJ@pnf;cJh+yD; 1893 ckESpfwGif tDwvDqdk&S,fvpfygwD[k ajymif;vJrSnfhac:cJhonf? ±k&Sm;jynf atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;}uD; +yD;onfhaemufwGif vuf0J*dk%f;onftiftm;awmifhwif;vmonf? xdk@jyif 1921 ckESpf Zefem0g&DvwGif usif;yaom vpfAdkEdk

145

uGef*&ufY vuf0Jorm;rsm;onf ygwDrScGJxGufoGm;=uonf? ‚wdk@bmom uGef*&ufwckudk usif;ycJh=u+yD; tDwvDuGefjrLepfygwDudk xlaxmifcJh=uonf? (ESm - 70)

17? bvefuGD0g'Drsm;17? bvefuGD0g'Drsm;17? bvefuGD0g'Drsm;17? bvefuGD0g'Drsm;17? bvefuGD0g'Drsm;um; jyifopfawmfvSefa&;orm; vl0D=o*wfpf bvefuGD(1805 - 1881 ckESpf) . aemufvdkufrsm; jzpf=uonf? rmhufpfvDeif0g' pHwifusrf;rsm;ubvefuGDudk xl;c|efaom awmfvSefa&;orm; wa,muftjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;/ qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk ouf0if,Hk=unfolwa,muftjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif; rSwf,lcJh&if; wcsdefwnf;wGifol.*dk%f;cGJa&;0g'ESifh vkyf}uHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_enf;emrsm;tm; a0zefxm;avonf?“bvefuGD0g'onf vlwef;pm; wdkufyGJudkypfy,fonfh oabmw&m;jzpfonf? ‚onftcpm;u|efb0rS vlom;wdk@. vGwfajrmufa&;udk ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. vlwef;pm; wdkufyGJenf;jzifh r[kwfbJ ynmwwftenf;pkuav;. vkyf}uHa&;enf;rsm;jzifh &,l&ef ar#mfrSef;cJhonf”[k vDeifua&;om;cJhonf? (uGef*&ufed*Hk;csKyf/ vDeifusrf;aygif;pHk/ ±k&Sm;bmompwkwESdyfjcif;/ wGJ 10/ ESm - 360) (ESm - 71)

18?EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;18?EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;18?EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;18?EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;18?EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;onf yxrurBmhppfESifh 'kwd,urBmppf ESpfckt=um;wGif wnf&SdcJhaom urBmhtzGJ@tpnf; wckjzpfonf? 1919 ckESpfwGif urBmppfudktEdkif&aomtiftm;rsm;. yJ&pf+idrf;csrf;a&;uGefz&ihfrS pwifwnfaxmifcJhonf? EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;.oabmwlnDr_tcsufrsm;rSm 1919 ckESpf Amaq;pmcsKyft&jzpf+yD; 44 EdkifiHu yg0if vufrSwfa&;xdk;=uonf? ‚yËdnmOft&qdkygu usL;ausmfr_qef@usifa&;/ vufeufav#mhaygha&;/+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vHk+cHKr_cdkifrma&;wdk@udk &nf&G,faomfvnf; vufawG@wGif usL;ausmfr_udktumtuG,fjyK&ef/ vufeuf+ydKifqdkif&ef/ 'kwd,urBmppf twGuf jyifqif&efom jzpfcJhonf?1920ESifh 1934 twGif; Ttoif;onf qdkAD,uf ,leD,Hudk &efjyKcJhonf? 1920 ESifh 1921twGif; qdkAD,ufudk vufeufpGufzuf&mY tcsuftcsmwck jzpfcJhonf? (ESm - 75)

19? Zifrm0JuGefz&ifh19? Zifrm0JuGefz&ifh19? Zifrm0JuGefz&ifh19? Zifrm0JuGefz&ifh19? Zifrm0JuGefz&ifhonf 1915 ckESpf pufwifbm 5 &ufrS 8 &uftxdqGpfZmvefjynf Zifrm0JwGifusif;yaom yxrt}udrf EdkifiHwumhqdk&S,fvpf uGefz&ifhjzpfonf? vDeifu TuGefz&ifhtm; ppfqef@usifa&; EdkifiHwumhv_yf&Sm;r_ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_.“yxrajcvSrf;” [kazmfjycJhonf? uD,ifoJuGefz&ifhrSm 1916 ckESpf {+yDv 24 rS 30 txduD,ifoJ+rdK@uav;wGif usif;yaom 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf EdkifiHwumhqdk&S,fvpf uGefz&ifhjzpfonf? TuGefz&ifhrsm;onf taemufOa&my qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ vuf0J*dk%f;om;rsm; twGuf rmhufpf0g'vDeif0g'tajccHay:wGif tawG;tac:t& nD!Gwfr_udk &&Sdap onf?‚wdk@onf xdkEdkifiHrsm;wGif uGefjrLepfygwDrsm; xlaxmif&;/ wwd,uGefjrLepf tif wmae&Sife,f xlaxmifa&;twGuf wufºuaomtcef;rS yg0ifcJh=uonf? (ESm - 79)

20? Amaq;pmcsKyf20? Amaq;pmcsKyf20? Amaq;pmcsKyf20? Amaq;pmcsKyf20? Amaq;pmcsKyfonf yxrurBmppft+yD;wGif csKyfqdkaompmcsKyfjzpfonf?

146

1919 ckESpf ZGefv 28 &ufae@wGif tar&duef/ +Adwdo#/ jyifopf/ tDwvD/ *syefESifh r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;uwzuf/ *smreDuwzuf vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif; jzpfonf? ppfEdkifaomwdkif;jynfrsm;u urBm}uD;udkcGJa0,lonfh pmcsKyfjzpfonf? urBmhawmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_udkESdrfeif;&ef &nf&G,faompmcsKyfjzpfonf? (ESm - 84)

21? tifwGef21? tifwGef21? tifwGef21? tifwGef21? tifwGef (jyifopfpum;t& oabmwlr_jzpfonf) onf 20 &mpktpydkif;ue,fcsJ@EdkifiH}uD;rsm; jzpf=uonfh t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf/ ±k&Sm;wdk@. r[mrdwftzGJ@tjzpf 1890ckESpf/ ESpfpwGif *smreDjynfu wnfaxmifcJhonfh usL;ausmfa&; 3 EdkifiHr[mrdwf (*smreD/=opwD;,m;/ [efa*&DESifh tDwvD) ESifh qef@usifhbuf r[mrdwftjzpf ay:xGufvmonf?1904 ckESpfwGif t*FvdyfESifh jyifopf 1907 ckESpfwGif t*FvdyfESifh ±k&Sm;wdk@t=um; oabmwl=u+yD;aemuf 3 EdkifiH oabmwlcsuftjzpf tifwGefay:xGufvmonf? ‚tkyfpk 2 ckvHk;

onf urBm}uD;udk topfwzefcGJa0,la&;twGuf t"dut&if;&SifEdkifiH}uD;rsm;. }udK;yrf;csufjzpfonf (txl;ojzifh *smreDonf 1871 ckESpfrS 1913 ckESpftxd t*FvdyfESifhtjcm;Oa&mywdkif;jynfrsm;odk@ pD;yGm;a&;t& ausmfvGefoGm;cJhonf?) tifwGefzGJ@pnf;vdkufjcif;jzifh t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf/ ±k&Sm;t=um; wnf&Sdaeaom yËdyuQrsm;udk ravsmhyg;oGm;aponfhtjyif *smreDESifh ‚wkdif;jynfrsm;. yËdyuQrSm ykdrkdonf;oefvm+yD; urBmppfukdaygufyGm;vmaponf? ppfyGJtwGif; tifwGefxJokd@ tar&duef/ *syef/ tDwvDESifh tjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm; pkpkaygif; 25 jynf yg0ifvmcJhonf? r[matmufwkdbm qkd&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&; atmifjrif+yD;aemuf qkdAD,uforRwEkdifiHonf ppfyGJxJrS EkwfxGufcJhojzifh tifwGefEkdifiHrsm;u ±k&Sm;jynfukd ppfa&;t& usL;ausmfum qkdAD,uftm%m +zdKcs&ef }udKyrf;cJh=uonf? tifwGefe,fcsJ@ EkdifiHrsm;onf ±k&Sm;wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;IqkdAD,uftm; ppfa&;usL;ausmfr_ jyKvkyfonf? okd@aomftifwGef. usL;ausmfr_onft±_H;ESifhtqHk;owfcJh&onf? (ESm - 84)

22? +Adwdo#qdk&S,fvpfygw22? +Adwdo#qdk&S,fvpfygw22? +Adwdo#qdk&S,fvpfygw22? +Adwdo#qdk&S,fvpfygw22? +Adwdo#qdk&S,fvpfygwDudk 1911 ckESpfwGif refcsufpwm+rdK@Y zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?‚onf rmhufpf0g'pdwf"mwftwdkif; 0g'jzef@csda&;ESifh v_H@aqmfa&;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifcJhonf?‚ygwDonf“tacsmiform;r[kwf/ vpfb&,frsm;rS wu,fwrf;wu,fwrf;wu,fwrf;wu,fwrf;wu,fwrf; trSDtcdk uif;onf?”[k vDeifuajymcJhonf? ‚. ygwD0ifOD;a&enf;r_ESifh vlxkrsm;ESifh oD;jcm;uif;uGmaer_wdk@uygwDtm;wpHkw&maom *dk%f;*%vuQ%mudk jzpfapcJhonf?

yxre,fcsJ@urBmppf}uD; (1914-1918) twGif;u ygwDwGif;wGif *dk%f; 2 zGJ@ ay:vmcJhonf? [if'ref acgif;aqmifonfh ajAmifusaom qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'*dk%f;ESifh tjcm;wckonf attifhcfyifESifh tjcm;olrsm; acgif;aqmifonfh EdkifiHwumh0g'*dk%f;jzpfonf? 1916ckESpf {+yDvwGif ygwDuGJr_w&yf jzpfcJhonf? [if'refESifh ol@udkaxmufcHolrsm;onf tenf;

147

pkjzpfoGm;=u+yD; ygwDrSE_wfxGufcJh=uonf? xdktcsdefrSpI EdkifiHwmh0g'Drsm;onf +Adwdo#qdk&S,fvpfygwD. acgif;aqmifr_udk &&SdcJh=uonf? +Adwdo#qdk&S,fvpfygwDonf 1920 ckESpfwGifzGJ@pnf;onfh *&d+Adwdef uGefjrLepfygwD. tpysKd;olrsm; jzpf=uonf? (ESm - 87)

23? qdk&S,fvpfavbmygw23? qdk&S,fvpfavbmygw23? qdk&S,fvpfavbmygw23? qdk&S,fvpfavbmygw23? qdk&S,fvpfavbmygwDudk 1903 ckESpfY qdk&S,f'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfrScGJxGufoGm;onfh vuf0Jqdk&S,f 'Drdku&ufrsm;u zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? a0vawmifydkif; qdk&S,fa0vawmifydkif; qdk&S,fa0vawmifydkif; qdk&S,fa0vawmifydkif; qdk&S,fa0vawmifydkif; qdk&S,fvpftoif;vpftoif;vpftoif;vpftoif;vpftoif;/ a0vausmufrD;aoG; tvkyform;trsm;pkjzifh zGJ@xm;onfh tpkuav;jzpfonf? tvkyform;qdk&S,fvpftzGJ@csKytvkyform;qdk&S,fvpftzGJ@csKytvkyform;qdk&S,fvpftzGJ@csKytvkyform;qdk&S,fvpftzGJ@csKytvkyform;qdk&S,fvpftzGJ@csKyfqdkonfh tzGJ@tpnf;uav;rSm“trsKd;orD;rsm; rJay;cGifh&a&;toif;csKyf”rS aygufzGm;cJhI trsKd;orD;trsm;pkjzifh zGJ@pnf;xm; onf?

T “vuf0J”tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf *&dwf+AdwdefuGefjrLepfygwD wnfaxmifonfhtcgwGif (yxrqHk;t}udrf zGifhvSpfonfh uGef*&ufudk 1920 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 31 rS=o*kwf 1&ufae@ xd usif;ycJhonf?) ‚ygwDxJodk@ yg0if&efjiif;qdkcJh=uonf? ta=umif;rSm ‚.vkyfief;pOfxJY ygvDrefa&G;aumufyGJrsm;odk@ yg0ifa&;ESifh avbmygwDodk@ yl;aygif;a&;wdk@udkwifjyxm;onfh pmydk'fygaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf? a0vawmifydkif; qdk&S,fvpftoif;ESifhtvkyform;qdk&S,fvpftzGJ@csKyf (‚wdk@ emrnfrsm;udk uGefjrLepfavbmygwDESifh uGefjrLepfygwD[lI toD;oD;ajymif;vJcJh=uonf?) wdk@onf *&dwf+AdwdefuGefjrLepfygwDESifh 1921ckESpfwGif usif;y=uonfh *&dwf+AdwdefuGefjrLepfygwD uGef*&ufY yl;aygif;vdkuf=uI *&dwf+Adwdef ,lEdkufwuf uGefjrLepfygwD trnfudk,lcJh=uonf? qdk&S,fvpfavbmygwD. acgif;aqmifrsm;url yl;aygif;&ef jiif;qdkcJh=uonf? (ESm - 84)

24? 'a&;zwfpftr_tcif24? 'a&;zwfpftr_tcif24? 'a&;zwfpftr_tcif24? 'a&;zwfpftr_tcif24? 'a&;zwfpftr_tcif; qdkonfrSm jyifopfppfOD;pD;XmecsKyfrS *sL;vlrsKd; t&m&Sdjzpfol 'a&;zwfpftm; jyifopf&Sd azmufjyefonfh rif;rsKd;rif;EG,f ppfa&;*dk%f;u 1894ckESpfwGif trlqifppfaq;r_ jzpfavonf? 'a&;zwfpfonf olv#Kdr_/ EdkifiHawmf opPm azmufr_[laom rw&m;pGJqdkcsufrsm;jzifh axmif'%fwouf ay;cH&oljzpfonf?

pD&ifcsuftm; jyefvnfppfaq;a&;twGuf trsm;jynfolwdk@. tESH@tjym;wdkufyGJqifr_onf orRw*dk%f;om;rsm;ESifh rif;rsKd;rif;EG,f *dk%f;om;rsm;wdk@t=um; jyif;xefaomwdkufyGJtjzpf xif&Sm;vmI 1906 ckESpfwGif 'a&;zwfpftr_udk yvyf&onftxd jzpfcJhavonf? (ESm - 117)

25? uyfvwf0pf25? uyfvwf0pf25? uyfvwf0pf25? uyfvwf0pf25? uyfvwf0pf ppfa&;t&JpGef@xºur_ ppfa&;t&JpGef@xºur_ ppfa&;t&JpGef@xºur_ ppfa&;t&JpGef@xºur_ ppfa&;t&JpGef@xºur_ 1920 ckESpf rwfvY uyfvwf0pfESifhtjcm;aom rif;rJh0g'Drsm;wdk@u vkyfudkif=uonfh *smreDjynf wefjyefawmfvSefa&;tm%mvkyf}uHr_jzpfavonf? bmviftvkyform;rsm;. tifwdkuftm;wdkuf jyKrlaqmif&Gufcsufa=umifhom Tt}uHtpnfudk &uftenf;i,ftwGif;Y acsr_ef;ypfcJhavonf? (ESm - 130)

148

trnft!¸ef;rsm;trnft!¸ef;rsm;trnft!¸ef;rsm;trnft!¸ef;rsm;trnft!¸ef;rsm;

aumufpuD;aumufpuD;aumufpuD;aumufpuD;aumufpuD; (um;aumufpuD; 1854 - 1938) onf *smrefqdk&S,f'Drdku&ufESifh'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfonf? tpydkif;wGif rmhufpf0g' orm;wOD;jzpfcJhavonf? aemifwGif opPmazmufoGm;onf? tE©&m,ft}uD;qHk;jzpfaom tv,f

A[kd tacsmif0g'Djzpfonf? urBmhpufr_tvkyform;rsm; tzGJ@twGif; EdkifiHwumh0g' ta&+cHKxm;aom qdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'orm; jzpfonf? e,fcsJ@pepfESifh ywfoufI azmufjyefaom oabmw&m;udk zefwD;cJholjzpfonf? ypPnf;rJhtm%m&SifpepfESifh ypPnf;rJh awmfvSefa&;udk twdtvif; qef@usifcJhonf? atmufwdkbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;udk twdtvif;qef@usif wdkufcdkufcJholjzpfonf?

*gvmcsm*gvmcsm*gvmcsm*gvmcsm*gvmcsm (0DvD,H*gvmcsm 1881 - ) onf t*Fveftvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;rS xif&Sm;aom acgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpf+yD; +Adwdefjynf uGefjrLepfygwD. acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf? yxrurBmppftwGif; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.“tvkyf±HkpwD;0yf” vlxk

v_yf&Sm;r_wGif acgif;aqmifcJhonf? tvkyf±HkpwD;0yfaumfrwD. udk,fpvS,ftjzpf wwd,tifwmae&Sife,f/ 'kwd,t}udrf uGef*&ufudk wufcJhonf? vuf0J*dk%f;*% trSm; rsm;udkpGJudkif+yD; "e&SifygvDrefwGif uGefjrLepfrsm;yg0ifr_ESifh avbmygwDodk@ yg0ifjcif;udk qef@usifcJhonf? ‚tm;a0zefr_rsm;jyKojzifh trSm;rsm;udk ausmfeif;EdkifcJhonf? 1921 ckESpfwGif*gvmcsmonf t*FvefuGefjrLepfygwDodk@ 0ifcJhonf? A[dkaumfrwD0ifESifh EdkifiHa&; OD;aqmiftzGJ@0iftjzpf t}udrfrsm;pGmta&G;cHcJh&onf? 1935 ckESpfrS 50 ckESpfrsm;txd t*FvefygvDreftzGJ@0if jzpfcJhonf? 1943 ckESpfrS 56 ckESpftxd +AdwdefuGefjrLepfygwD tr_aqmifobmywd jzpfcJhonf? ‚onf zufqpf0g'ESifh ppfqef@usifa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh qdk&S,fvpfa&;wdkufyGJrsm;wGif wufºupGmyg0ifcJhonf?

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wl&yfwDwl&yfwDwl&yfwDwl&yfwDwl&yfwD (zdvpfydkwl&yfwD 1857 - 1932) onf tDwvDtvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_wGif tDwvDqdk&S,fvpfygwDudk pnf;±Hk;olwOD; jzpfonf? ‚ygwD. vuf,mjyKjyifa&;*dk%f;acgif;aqmifjzpfonf? urBmhpufr_tvkyform;rsm;tzGJ@wGif tv,fA[dk*dk%f;om;jzpfIatmufwdkbmqdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;udk &efjyKcJhonf? 1922 ckESpfwGif tDwvD qdk&S,fvpfygwDuGJ+yD;aemuf jyKjyifa&;ygwDjzpfonfh “qdk&S,fvpfnD!Gwfa&;ygwD”udk acgif; aqmifcJhonf?

yef[yfpyef[yfpyef[yfpyef[yfpyef[yfpf (qDvfAD;,m; tufpw,fvm yef[yfpf 1882 - 1960) onf t*Fvdyftvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifonf? urBmhpufr_tvkyform;rsm;tzGJ@wGif a&$jynfat;0g'udk &yfwnfcJhonf? olronf atmufwdkbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;+yD;aemuf qdkAD,uf±k&Sm;udk e,fcsJ@EdkifiHrsm;u usL;ausmfwdkufcdkuf=ujcif;udk &yfqdkif;&ef ajyma[mv_H@aqmfcJhonf? tvkyform; qdk&S,fvpftzGJ@csKyfwGifyg0ifum ‚tzGJ@csKyf. vuf0JtvGeftu|H acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfcJhonf? “tvkyform;'&ufaemh”owif;pm t,f' Dwmjzpfonf? wwd,tifwmae&Sife,f 'kwd,uGef*&ufodk@ wufa&mufcJhonf? 1921ckESpfwGif +AdwdefuGefjrLepfygwDodk@0ifcJhonf? 1921 ckESpfwGif ygwDrS ygwDpnf;urf; rvdkufemonfh twGuf xkwfy,fjcif;cH&onf?

abmf'D*gabmf'D*gabmf'D*gabmf'D*gabmf'D*g (tmrm'D,dkabmf'D*g 1889 - ) onf tDwvDEdkifiHa&;orm;wOD;jzpf+yD; 1910 ckESpfwGif tDwvDqdk&S,fvpf ygwD0ifwOD;jzpfonf? 1912 ckESpfrSpIrif;rJh0g'DESifh eD;pyfonf? 1919 wGif "e&SifygvDrefrsm;udk oydwfarSmuf&ef vkyfief;pOfudkwifjy+yD; ac:qdkavh&Sdaom uGefjrLepfoydwform;tkyfpkudk acgif;aqmifonf? ‚onf 'kwd, tifwmae&Sife,f udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfonf? 1921 ckESpfwGif tDwvDuGefjrLepfygwDudkwnfaxmif&mwGif yg0ifcJhonf? 1926 ckESpftxd acgif;aqmifr_tzGJ@wGif yg0ifcJhonf?abmf'D*gonf wwd,tifwmae&Sife,f. zufqpfqef@usifa&; wyfaygif;pk enf;y&d,m,fudk qef@usif+yD; vuf0J*dk%f;cGJa&; vkyfaqmifcJhonf? qufvufI xa&mfpuD t,ltqrsm;udk jzef@jzL;+yD; tDwvDuGefjrLepfygwDvrf;pOfudk *dk%f;*%t& wdkufcdkufrljyKcJhonf?xdk@a=umifh 1930 wGif ygwDrSxkwfypfcH&onf? 1944 ckESpfwGif ac:qdkavh&Sdaom “uGefjrLepfEdkifiH wumh 0g'Drsm;ygwD”udkxlaxmifcJhonf?

abm0g;abm0g;abm0g;abm0g;abm0g; (atmfwdkabm0g; 1882 - 1938) onf =opwD;,m; qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufESifh 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf? =opwD;,m; rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;q&mjzpfonf? "e&SifjyKjyifa&;orm; wOD;vnf;jzpfonf? ,Ofaus;r_ trsKd;om; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;/ "e&SiftrsKd;om;a&;0g'udk wDxGifolwOD;jzpfonf? atmufwdkbmqdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;udk vufrcHcJhay? 1918 - 1919 ckESpfwGif =opwD;,m; "e&Sif

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orRwEdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfonf? uGefjrLepf0g' qef@usifa&;orm; zufqpf0g'axmufcHoljzpfonf?

&Sdwf'Dre&Sdwf'Dre&Sdwf'Dre&Sdwf'Dre&Sdwf'Dref (zdvpf&Sdwf'Dref 1865 - 1939) onf *smrefqdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwD.tacsmif0g'D*dk%f; vuf,mtvGeftu|H acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf? 1918 ckESpf *smreDjynfEdkif0ifbmawmfvSefa&;wGif trsKd;om;tr_aqmif aumfrwDwGif yg0ifcJhonf? ‚aumfrwDonf "e&Sifvlwef;pm; wefjyefawmfvSefa&; tusKd;pD;yGm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonf? 1919ckESpf azazmf0g&DrS ZGefvtxd bpfpfrwforRwEdkifiH. !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&udk acgif;aqmifonf?‚onf 1918 ckESpfrS 1921 ckESpftxd *smreftvkyform; v_yf&Sm;r_udk aoG;acsmif;pD;ESdrfeif;&mY pnf;±Hk;olwOD;jzpfonf? ‚aemuf EdkifiHa&;orm; b0udk pGef@v$wfcJhonf?

vpfbeuvpfbeuvpfbeuvpfbeuvpfbeuf (um;vpfbeuf 1871-1919) onf xif&Sm;aom*smrefESifhEdkifiHwumh tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_ acgif;aqmifjzpf+yD; *smrefqdk&S,f 'Drdku&ufygwD.vuf0J*dk%f; acgif;aqmifjzpfonf? 1912 ckESpfwGif &def;pwwf vGwfawmftrwf ta&G;cH&onf? yxrurBmppfwGif awmfvSefaom EdkifiHwumh&yfwnfr_udk &yfwnfcJhonf? EdkifiHwumh0g' “pygwmuyftzGJ@”udk pnf;±Hk;oljzpfcJhonf? 1916 ckESpfwGif e,fcsJ@ppfqef@usifa&;

0g'jzef@r_a=umifh tjypf'%fay;jcif;cH&onf? 1918 ckESpf *smreDjynf Edk0ifbm awmfvSefa&;wGif ±dkZmvlZifbwfESifhtwl *smref tvkyform;wyfOD;udk acgif;aqmifcJhonf? “tvHeD”owif;pmudk xkwfa0cJh+yD; *smreDuGefjrLepfygwDudk pwifwnfaxmifolwOD; jzpfcJhonf?1919 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif bmviftvkyform;ykefuefr_udk acgif;aqmifcJhonf? ykefuefr_ta&;edrfh+yD; wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;. vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif; cHcJh&onf?

vefpfbm&vefpfbm&vefpfbm&vefpfbm&vefpfbm&D (a*smhvefpfbm&D 1859-1940) onf t*FvefavbmygwD acgif;aqmifjzpfonf? 1892 ckESpfwGif qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpf zD'a&;&Sif;xJodk@0if+yD; 1906 ckESpfwGifavbmygwDodk@0ifcJhonf (1910 rS 1912) ESifh (1922 rS 1940) ckESpfrsm; txdygvDreftzGJ@0ifjzpfonf? 1912 ckESpfrS 1922 ckESpfxd“a'vD[m&,f”owif;pmudk xkwfa0+yD;‚rS t,f'Dwmjzpfonf? 1929 rS 1931 xd vlr_vkyfief;0ef}uD;jzpf+yD; 1931 rS 1935 xdavbmygwDOuUÏ jzpfonf?

0dkifukyf 0dkifukyf 0dkifukyf 0dkifukyf 0dkifukyf (a';Apf0dkifukyf 1877-1941) onf a[mfvefqdk&S,f'Drdku&uf ygwD0ifjzpf+yD; ‚aemuf a[mfvefuGefjrLepfygwD0ifjzpfonf? 1907 ckESpfwGif a[mfvefqdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpf tvkyform;ygwD. vuf0Jaºu;a=umfoHjzpfaom“'Dx&DA|ef;” owif;pmwnfaxmifolESifh ‚.t,f'DwmcsKyf jzpfonf? 1909 ckESpfwGif a[mfvef qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwDudkwnfaxmifoljzpf+yD; OuUÏjzpfcJhonf? ‚ygwDudk 1918 ckESpfwGif a[mfvef uGefjrLepfygwDtjzpf jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;onf? yxre,fcsJ@urBmppfyGJwGif EdkifiHwumh 0g'Djzpfonf? Zifrm0J

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vuf0J*dk%f;. oabmw&m;a&; *sme,f “aAmabmh”*sme,fwGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf?a[mfvefuGefjrLepfygwD. acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf vuf0J tvGeftu|H *dk%f;*% &yfwnfcsufudk &yfwnfcJhonf? 1918 rS 1925 txdESifh 1929 rSpI a[mfvefygvDref tzGJ@0ifjzpfonf? wwd,tifwmae&Sife,f 'kwd,uGef*&ufwGif tr_ aqmif aumfrwD0iftjzpfta&G;cH&onf? 1925 ckESpfwGif wwd,tifwmae&Sife,f. udkvdkeDESifh tvkyform; jy\emrsm;tjyif tjcm;jy\emrsm;udkyg qef@usifbufjyKojzifh 1926 ckESpfwGif uGefjrLepfygwDrS xkwfy,fypfcJhonf? 1930 ckESpfwGif rdrdtrSm;rsm;udk odjrif vmojzifh ygwDwGif;wGifjyefvufcHcJhonf? 1935 ckESpfwGif uGefjrLepfygwD A[dkaumfrwD0if tjzpf ta&G;cH&onf?

[if'gqif[if'gqif[if'gqif[if'gqif[if'gqif (tyfwdk;[if'gqif 1863-1935) onf t*Fvdyftvkyform;or*~v_yf&Sm;r_ESifh avbmygwDacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf? 1908 - 1910 ckESpfESifh 1914- 1917 ckESpf rsm;txd avbmygwD. ygvDreftpk. OuUÏjzpfonf? yxrurBmppfwGifqdk&S,fa&SmfAif0g'D wOD;jzpfonf? ±k&Sm;jynf azazmf0g&D"e&Sif 'Drdkua&pD awmfvSefa&;t+yD;wGif ±k&Sm;jynfodk@vm+yD; urBmppfqufwdkufa&;udk v_H@aqmfwdkufwGef;cJhonf? 1919 wGifbef; 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,fudk pnf;±Hk;olwOD;jzpfonf? 1923 ckESpfrSpI ac:qdkavh&Sdaom“qdk&S,fvpf tvkyform;tifwmae&Sife,f” tr_aqmifobmywdjzpfonf? t*Fvdyftpdk;& tzGJ@Y tzGJ@0iftjzpf t}udrf}udrfyg0ifcJhonf?

[Dzm'if[Dzm'if[Dzm'if[Dzm'if[Dzm'if (±l;a'gh[Dzm'if; 1877 - 1941) *smrefqdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwD.tacsmiform;acgif;aqmifESifh 'kwd, tifwmae&Sife,f acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf? ac:qdkavh&Sdaom =opwD;,m; rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;a&; q&mwOD;jzpfonf? 1907 ckESpfrS1915 ckESpfxd *smrefqdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwD. A[dktmabmf “a&S@odk@”owif;pm t,f'DwmjzpfcJhonf? yxrurBmppfwGif tv,fA[dk0g'D wOD;jzpf+yD; qdk&S,fe,fcsJ@0g'orm;rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;cJhonf? ppf+yD;aemuf pnf;±Hk;xm;aom t&if;&Sifpepfoabmw&m;udk wDxGifoljzpf+yD; EdkifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sif0g'udk &yfcHajymqdkol jzpfonf? 1917 ckESpfrSpI*smreftif'Dyif;'ifh qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufygwD. acgif;aqmifjzpf+yD; qdkAD,uftm%mESifh ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfudk twdtvif;qef@usifol jzpfonf? *smreDbpfprwforRwEdkifiH. "e&Sif tpdk;&tzGJ@odk@ t}udrfrsm;pGm yg0ifcJhonf? zufqpfrsm; tm%modrf;+yD;aemuf *smreDrS

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