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8/12/2019 Lecture22 Ethics
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Ethics and Leadership
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Outline
What is ethics?
Three approaches to resolving ethical
conflicts
Making ethical decisions
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Ethics: What Does It Really Mean?
Definitions
Ethicsinvolves a discipline that examines
good or bad practices within the context of a
moral duty
Moral conductis behavior that is right or
wrong
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Two Key Branches of Ethics
Descriptive ethicsinvolves describing,
characterizing and studying morality
What is
Normative ethicsinvolves supplying and
justifying moral systems
What should be
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3 Models of Leadership Ethics
1. Immoral LeadershipA style devoid of ethical
principles and active opposition to what is ethical.
2. Moral LeadershipConforms to high standards of
ethical behavior.
3. Amoral Leadership Intentional - does not consider ethical factors
Unintentional - casual or careless about ethical
considerations in business
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Resolving Ethical Conflicts
Three Approaches
Conventional
Principles
Ethical tests
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Conventional Approach to Ethics
Conventional approach to ethics involves a
comparison of a decision or practice to
prevailing societal normsPitfall: ethical relativism
Decision or Practice Prevailing Norms
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Leadership and Ethics
Culture Relativism
Many people in contemporary society are
inclined toward relativism - roughly, the
view that there is no objective truth inmorality, right and wrong are only matters
of opinion that vary from culture to
culture, and possibly, from person toperson.
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Leadership and EthicsCulture Relativism
Descriptive relativismclaims that members of
different cultures have different moral beliefs.
Normative relativismclaims that the truth of
moral beliefs depends upon particular cultures,
such that the belief that cannibalism is right
can be true for culture A but false for culture
B.
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Leadership and EthicsCulture Relativism
Normative relativism has some rather undesirable
implications:
it prohibits us from ever morally condemning anothercultures values and practices;
it suggests that we need look no further that our own
culture for moral guidance;
it renders the notions of moral progress and moral reform
incoherent.
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Sources of Ethical Norms
Fellow Workers
Family
Friends
The Law
Regions of
Country
Profession
Employer
Society at Large
Fellow Workers
Religious
Beliefs
The Individual
Conscience
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Making Ethical Judgments
Behavior or act
that has been
committed
Prevailing norms
of acceptability
Value judgments
and perceptions ofthe observer
compared with
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Principles Approach to Ethics
Utilitarianism
Rights
Justice
Caring
Virtue ethics
Servant leadership
Golden Rule
Principles Approach
Anchors decision making
on an ethical principle such as:
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Principles Approach to Ethics
Principle of Utilitarianismfocuses on an
act that produces the greatest ratio of good toevil for everyone
Consequentialist theory
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Principles Approach to Ethics
Principle of Rightsfocuses on examining
and possibly protecting individual moralor
legal rights
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Principles Approach to Ethics
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Principles Approach to Ethics
Principle of justiceinvolves considering
what alternative promotes fair treatment of
people Types of justice
Distributive
Compensatory
Procedural
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Principles Approach to Ethics
Principle of caringfocuses on a person as a
relational (cooperative) and not as an
individualFeminist theory
Virtue ethicsfocuses on individuals
becoming imbued with virtuesAristotle and Plato
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Servant Leadership and Ethics
Listening Empathy
Healing
Persuasion Awareness
Foresight Conceptualization
Commitment to the
growth of people
Stewardship
Building community
Characteristics of Servant Leaders
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Golden Rule
Golden rulefocuses on the premise that you
should of unto others as you would havethem do unto you
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Ethics Test Approach
Ethics Test Approach
Test of common sense
Test of ones best self
Test of making something public
Test of ventilation
Gag test
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Ethical Decision-MakingIdentify decision you
are about to make
Articulateall dimensions
of proposed decision
Conventional Approach
Standards/Norms
-Personal-Organizational
-Societal
-International
Principles Approach
Ethical Principles
-Justice-Rights
-Utilitarianism
-Golden Rule
Ethical Tests Approach
Ethical Tests
-Common sense-Ones best self
-Public disclosure
-Gag test . . .
Course of action passes
ethics screen
Engage in course of
action
Course of action fails
ethics screen
Do not engagein course
of action
Identify new course of
action
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Ethical Decision Models Utilitarian Model
An ethical decision is one that produces the greatest
good for the greatest number of people.
Moral Rights Model
An ethical decision is one that best maintains and
protects the fundamental rights and privileges of the
people affected by it.Justice Model
An ethical decision is one that distributes benefits and
harms among individuals in a fair, equitable, orim artial wa .
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Ethical Models
UtilitarianJustice
Moral Rights
IDEALOutcome
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Steps to Ethical Decision Making
Think through dilemma;
identify all components as objectively as possible.
Consider options
Decide which option is most ethical
How can the option be implemented
What are the consequences
of your decision