Lecture2 Sentence structure• Objectives:

• 1. Grammatical Hierarchy

• 2. Clause elements : subject and predicate

• 3. Two ways of sentence analysis

• 4. Seven basic sentence patterns

• 5. Transformation and expansion of basic clause types

2. Grammatical Hierarchy• Morpheme • (free morpheme, bound morpheme)• Word • 1)classification in terms of word-formation• (simple word, derivative , compound)• 2) classification in terms of grammatical function• (open-class words, closed-class words)• Phrase• (noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase,

adverb phrase, prepositional phrase)

• Clause

• ( independent clause , dependent/subordinate clause)– subject clause– object clause– predicative clause– adverbial clause

• -- appositive clause.

• Sentence (full sentence , minor sentence)

• 1) classification in terms of the purpose of the speaker

• statement, question ( general question, special question ， alternative question ,tag question), imperative sentence , exclamation

2. Clause elements

• Subject and predicate

• Subject— the topic or theme of the sentence, which tells of what the sentence is about. It is generally realized by a noun phrase or an equivalent of noun phrase

•  Predicate—says something about the

• subject and keeps the new information

• which the speaker or writer wants to

• transmit to the listener or reader. It

• generally consists of a verb phrase with or without a complementation.

3.     Two ways of sentence analysis

• 1)  To divide the predicate into predicate verb, object, complement and adverbial. These elements together with the subject make the five clause elements.

• 2)    To divide the predicate into operator (aux. Or the first aux. in a complex verb phrase) and predication (It comprises the main verb with its complementation, which including object, complement or adverbial.)

4. Seven basic sentence patterns

• Simple sentences have seven basic patterns:

• SV （主—动）• SVC ( 主—动—补 )• SVO （主—动—宾）• SV0O （主—动—宾 - 宾）• SVOC （主—动—宾—补）• SVA （主—动—状）• SVOA （主—动—宾—状）

• SV (usu. V is intransitive verb.)

•

• --Day broke.

--Things change.

• SVC ( usu. V is linking verb.)

•

• --He died young.

• --The doctors seemed very capable.

SVO (usu. V is transitive verb/ monotransitive verb.)

•

• --I want a cup of tea.

• --Robbie didn’t deny the facts.

• --She heard whisperings.

• SV0O ( V is ditransitive verb.)

•

• --He gave me a nice present.

• --We gave the baby a bath.

•--Judith paid me a visit.

• SVOC （主—动—宾—补） ( V is complex transitive verb.)

•

• --I found this book easy.

• --He watched the maid come in.

• --I heard him coming up the stairs slowly, as if he were carrying something heavy.

• SVA (A=adverbial)

• --He will flying to shanghai.

• --They stayed in a hotel.

• SVOA

• --I met her at the railway station.

-- I put the material evidence in front of him.

SV0O• In SV0O ， sometimes indirect object can be

shifted to the direct object by using correspondent prepositions such as “to” ，“ for” ，“ of” . that is: “v ＋ sb/sth ＋ prep＋ sb” 。 compare ：

• Betty gave her daughter an apple. • →Betty gave an apple to her daughter. • Father bought him a bike. • →Father bought a bike for him.

He asked me a question. • →He asked a question of me.

SV0O

• 1) Verbs that can be used in “v. ＋sb/sth ＋ to ＋ sb”：

• bring, take, show, pass, lend, return ；owe, offer, leave, give, send, teach ， read, write, pay etc. eg:

• owe money to the bankoffer battle to someone

SV0O

• --We want a teacher to teach us violin.

• --He offered me a glass of wine..

• --She brought her sister to my office.

• --He died two and a half years later, leaving everything to his wife.

• 2) Verbs that can be used in “v ＋ sb/sth ＋ for ＋ sb”：

• find, spare, save, fetch, buy, get, make

• choose, pick, select , sing, play, cook ，

• -- Please fetch some sandwiches for this hungry boy.

• 2) Verbs that can be used in “v ＋ sb/sth ＋for ＋ sb”：

• --Would you please spare me a cup of wine?

• --Has she made you an offer for your car?•

--He never made me an apology.•

5. Transformation and expansion of basic clause types

• 1)      basic clause types statement

• affirmative -> negative

• active-> passive

• 2)  Expansion of basic clause types

•  Compound sentence (coordination: linked by coordinators such as: and, but, so, however, therefore, or )

• -- I don’t like her but John likes her very much

• 2 Complex sentence (by means of adding modifiers or subordinate clauses.)

• --Standing in front of the mirror, Jim looked at his image, wondering at the big change that had come over him in recent years.

• Compound-complex sentence (by means of the combination of coordination and subordination.)

• eg:

• --The policeman looked at me suspiciously, and he asked me what I wanted.